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The Nature of Man in the Light of Spiritual Science
GA 68d

26 October 1905, Berlin

Translation by John Root, Sr.

1. The Social Question and Theosophy

The social question, which is to occupy us today, did not, as will immediately become clear for everyone, arise out of a mere idea or out of the undoubted need of a few people, but is a question that confronts us with facts as strongly and clearly today as ever. One who looks around just a little in the surrounding world will know what a distinct language these facts speak. It could well be that someone who does not want to hear this language of the facts will find out in the not too distant future that he has closed his ears too long to what was necessarily going on. With regard to the social question, the human being of the present is standing within the battle that is at times still playing itself out under the surface of our social order. One who wants to say, more or less precisely, how the social battle has increased in extent and violence doesn't need to go any further into externals, he needs only to draw attention to the violent workers' movement on the occasion of the work stoppage at Crimmitschau, to the miners' strike on the occasion of the lockout of the electrical workers, and, in sum, to what is going on in Eastern Europe.1Crimmitschau strikes: Among the numerous work stoppages in the first years of the 20th century, the strike of the textile workers of Crimmitschau, from 7 August 1903 to 17 January 1904, stands out especially because the management reacted to the strike of 600 textile workers in five factories with an unprecedented mass lockout: they locked out the entire work force. Subsequently, in Crimmitschau, with a population of 23,000, around 8,000 textile workers and 1500 who worked at home stood in conflict with a management that was obviously intensifying its measures against the workers. For details on this strike see F. Deppe et al., Geschichte der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung (History of the German Trade Union Movement), Cologne, 1978, p.77f.

Miners' strike: A further high point in the strike movement was the miners' strike in the Ruhr from December 1904 to 9 February 1905, at the center of which stood the demands for am eight-hour day, higher pay, better worker protection, and recognition of the workers organizations. For this also see the portrayal of F. Deppe et al. op cit. p. 78f. what's going on in Eastern Europe: On 22 August 1905, “bloody Sunday,” in Petersburg, peaceful demonstrators were shot down by the military. The strike wave now turned into revolutionary unrest that soon spread over all of Russia. In the fall of 1905 the socialistically organized workers called for a general strike and, with the participation of Bolsheviks, Menscheviks, social revolutionaries and independents, formed the first Soviet (Council).
In all this we will have to discern the social question being lived out.

The reproach has often been addressed to Theosophy that it has a number of dreamers among its followers, that it seeks to work only in those areas to which one retreats from the great common questions of the time, where one wants to linger in leisurely contemplation of the human soul, and so they say: Theosophists are a few people who have nothing particular to do, who in an egoistical way want to retreat into the self and cultivate it in the manner of Theosophy. One easily makes the reproach to Theosophy that it wants to stand apart from the great battle of the day, from what touches humanity in the present time. The Theosophist should be setting this right again and again. He should ever and again point out that wherever there is something to investigate and think regarding warranted human affairs in the present, there the Theosophists must be, that he must have a clear heart and clear thinking, that he must not lose himself in some cloudy utopia, but rather must stand within the everyday, helping and caring.

And this other reproach can also easily be made: that Theosophy is touted as a universal cure for all the evils and injuries of the present. That also is otherwise. To be sure, it is claimed that Theosophy, the Theosophical movement, has something to do with all that must prepare itself in the present for a salutary future, but not like a mastering, not as a universal cure do we extol Theosophy; rather we only want to show that with it something so comprehensive is given that without it today we cannot progress in the mosl essential things that we should be concerned about, and that all speculation and reforming must remain half- baked unless the human being approaches the matter with the Theosophical view. The doctrines of thinkers about grand encompassing cosmic connections, about the universal law of world destiny and world events occupy us, in the inner circles of our Theosophical movement, not merely so we can gaze at the starry vastness at leisure, but rather because we know that these laws we are studying and which are active in the great world-all are also active in the human heart, in the soul, and in fact give this soul the capacity really to see into the life of the immediate present. We are sort of like an engineer who absorbs himself for years in his technical studies, but not in order to engage in contemplations of the mysteries of the calculus and marvel at them; rather we seek the laws which we then apply to human life, as the engineer builds bridges and applies the laws to reality.

There is also something here that is universal and widespread and opens up a further horizon. Who would dare to present thinking as a universal remedy, even though this thinking is necessary for what can happen in the cosmos? Theosophy is no dead matter, no dead theory. No, it is something life-awakening. It is not a matter of the concepts, the ideas, that we take on. What is told here does not have the intention of dealing with the ideas as such, nor the intention of developing interesting notions about hidden facts, but rather, what is here passed before the human soul has a very special quality. Non-Theosophists may believe it or not, but one who has occupied himself with it knows that what I am about to say is correct in practice. One that has applied himself to how, in Theosophy, the world and life are considered will notice his life of the senses and of soul becoming something different from what they were before. He learns to think in another way and will observe human circumstances in a more unbiased way than previously.

We have a distant future in mind when we speak of awakening higher powers through inner development. But for the near future we also keep an eye on the life that we can bring about through Theosophical development: that is, the possibility of coming to a comprehensive, clear, and unbiased assessment of the human situations immediately surrounding us. Our culture, with all the scientific character which it has developed up to now, has come up with theories that are impotent regarding life. The Theosophical world-view will not produce such impotent theories. It will teach mankind thinking, awaken thinking forces in mankind that are not powerless regarding reality, but will empower us to take hold of human evolution itself, to take hold of the immediate conduct of life.

Let me bring in a little symptom that will further clarify what I mean to say. Recently a clear example in the political field was provided by a Prussian government councilor who went on leave to find work in America, to take part in and get to know conditions there.2a Prussian government councillor, Alfred Kolb: Rudolf Steiner also deals with him in the essay “Spiritual Science and the Social Question” in Lucifer Gnosis, GA Bibl. No. 134, and in the Hamburg lecture of the same name of 2 March 1908 in Die Welträtsel und die Anthroposophie (Anthroposophy and the Riddle of the World), Bn/GA Bibl. No. 54. A state councilman is normally called upon to be active in human evolution. Taken in a higher sense, it is his duty and obligation to let something live in his heart that corresponds to real conditions and not merely to theories. And if he has nothing that chimes with the conditions, then his theory is impotent. This man, who for years previously had been called upon to deal with the human element, got to know the human element himself. Of course what I am saying entails not the least reproach against the individual man. This deed is to the highest degree honorable and bold, and admirable. But what he has written is a symptom of what is urgent. It shows the discrepancy in his orientation toward the world and toward workers. Here are just a few words from his book As a Worker in America [4th edition, Berlin 1905, p.31] { Bracketed statements [ ] are insertions by the German editor.}: “How often, earlier on, when I saw a healthy man begging, did I ask, with moral indignation, why doesn't the lout go to work? Now I knew why. In theory things look different from practice; even the most unappetizing aspects of the national economy are easy enough to handle at your desk.”

There is no greater mark of poverty than when someone who is called upon to participate says that the theory which he had doesn't agree with the conditions. Here's the point at which one can take hold of the matter, just as logic enables people to think at all, and just as no one can become a mathematician without manipulating logic, just so no one can develop the power of practical thinking without Theosophy. Look at the national economy that is overwhelming our developmental [free] market. If you set about looking into things with healthy, comprehensive thinking, Theosophical thinking, you will find that things that are supposed to be guideposts, emanating perhaps from university professors or party leaders, are gray theory suitable for being dealt with at the desk, but are useless when one is facing reality. Such things reveal themselves, for instance, at congresses. One just has to look more closely. Congresses in general bear this character. If those who busy themselves would care to descend into practical life, they would soon find that they are capable of nothing. Merely gazing at life doesn't do it. Nor can someone who judges from the standpoint of today's customary culture pass judgment on the women's question or the social question, nor can someone judge who merely looks at things, for nothing is done by that either.

Now if you were to ask this gentleman who wrote these words, What can lead to an improvement?, then you would find that he has only learned how it looks; but how things should be done, that is a different question altogether. It is also not a question that can be answered in an hour or a day. It can't be answered at all by theoretical debate. No Theosophist worthy of the name will say to you: I have this program for the social question, for the women's question, for the vivisection question, or about the care of animals and so forth, rather he will say: Put people who are Theosophists into the institutions dealing with all these questions, set such people in professorial chairs of national economy; then they will have the ability to develop the thinking which will lead to making the single branches of their activity into guideposts in the realm of public life. As long as this is not the case, people in this realm will be charlatans and will have to witness the world collapsing around them, and how this idle circumlocution in congresses shows itself in its uselessness.

I say this not out of fanaticism, rather from what in every Theosophist is a real Theosophical attitude, real Theosophical thinking. Theosophical thinking develops clarity about the various realms of life, a clear, objective view of the forces and powers working in the world. To look at the matter rightly, that is what Theosophical life enables you to do. Therefore Theosophy is not a panacea in the ordinary sense, rather it is the foundation of contemporary life.

After these introductory words let us give a few indications about what has given our social question, as it arises from the facts, its special stamp. Whoever wants to see what will happen must know the laws of becoming, may not have gray theories, must know the laws of the becoming of humanity. We cannot find these laws through some sort of abstract science. Theosophy does not proceed abstractly. It proceeds from clear contemplative thinking. And so let me indicate with at least a few words how the life of today has shaped itself, how this life today has come to be. One who looks more closely at life will realize that some self-knowledge also belongs in these realms in order to see clearly. First I will picture the outer facts, then I will say a few things concerning what it is actually all about.

Every one of us knows what the human being needs in order to live. We all have an idea of what food and clothing we need. A few figures will tell us how much the majority has of all these. All we need to do in this regard is to examine the tax structure. It has been told over and over, but we can bring it to mind again and again. In Prussia, someone who has an income of less than 900 marks pays no taxes. One can very easily check how many people in Prussia have an income of less than 800 or 900 marks. That's 21 million people. Ninety five percent of the total population have less than 3,000 marks income. Take England. Only those who have an income over 150 pounds are taxed. [...] You see, we have most ample figures that speak of how many people have what one must have as absolute necessity.

Look at statistics. They speak a distinct language. But what has that to do with our self-knowledge? A lot. For it is a matter of gaining the right standpoint for ourselves regarding these facts. And in this connection people let themselves miss out a great deal on what is right. What are people around us doing? What is the cause of their receiving this low income? It is what we give them for what they do for us. We are now making no distinction between workers and non-workers, between proletariat and non- proletariat. For if one makes this distinction, then the matter is already entirely false. And that is the mistake of all our national economic considerations, that one does not proceed from self-knowledge, but rather from theory.

[The following sentences of the transcript reveal a few discrepancies, so that the original wording cannot be reconstructed. By the gist of it, Rudolf Steiner most likely described how every person lives from the products that another has produced. Even for someone out of work, whose means of livelihood are insufficient, products are produced. Even the seamstress working for starvation wages wears clothes that have been produced in turn for a starvation wage. Compare the paragraphs written in the same year in the essay “Spiritual Science and the Social Question,” in Lucifer Gnosis.]

And if in our emotions and perceptions we are able to feel a certain pain over the fact that the clothes we have on have been produced for a starvation wage, then we are looking deep into the heart of the question. When in all this you think over what you wear in the way of clothing, what you put in your mouth for nourishment, where it comes from, only then will you grasp the social question in all its depth. Not through speculation, but rather through a living contemplation does one get an insight into what it is all about.

It isn't right when they say that today's misery, even if we could portray it in its direst colors, is greater than it was in former centuries. That is not the case. We would decisively be committing a falsification of objective reality. Just try to study conditions objectively in the city of Cologne today and 120 years ago, and you will see that much has gotten better. And even so we have the social question. We have it because human beings have gone through yet another evolution, and this is because in large measure they have come to thinking, to self-consciousness, and because their needs have greatly changed. And there, if we study the question thus, we are indeed of necessity directed toward the broad contexts that arise for us in world history if we are not, like the modern researcher, too shortsighted. In order to judge these things it is necessary to get to know the great laws of life. What has brought it about that social affairs have taken this shape? It is the manner and method which the human spirit has taken on. Look back to the time of the French Revolution. At that time they demanded something else. It was a question tending more toward the juridical that brought out the ideal of Liberty - Equality - Fraternity. The French revolutionary heroes in Western Europe called for Liberty. Those now battling in Eastern Europe call for bread. It is simply two sides of the same coin, two different demands of human beings who have learned to put such questions because their souls have undergone a transformation.

This transformation of the soul we have to study more closely. We must study and understand why the souls of the great masses of human beings today—and this will spread over the centuries—have come to these demands. At this point the Theosophical world conception comes in with practical application, underpinning our comprehension. Only someone who understands the case is qualified to judge it. The only one who is able to look into the soul is one who, in the great world framework, sees what is going on in this soul. And only one who understands something of the laws of the soul is able to effect something in souls and lead into the future.

A small side remark: The sciences of today, biology, Darwinism, Haeckelianism, [The worldview of Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), German naturalist and philosopher.] have brought us great ideas. So also the idea that each living entity, in the first stages of its existence, even in its germinal state, recapitulates the forms of life that have previously been gone through out in nature. This brief recapitulation of the various stages occurs also in that being which includes them all, climbing higher on the ladder of evolution than all others: the human being. Assume that a spirit had consciousness at a time before there were any human beings, then he would have had to know not only what had already happened, but he would also—by contrast—have had to form a picture of future evolution. He would have had to form a picture for the future out of the animal condition of that time. Only the human being, who in his germinal configuration recapitulates the preceding conditions, can show us what to do. It is the doing that must pass beyond all knowing. No knowing occupies itself with anything but what was. But if we want to work into the future, we have to do things that haven't been there yet. The great laws that are to be realized in the future show us this. In a certain way everything that is to come about in the future has already been there in the past, namely through intuition. A spirit who had intervened at that time would have had to have had intuition in order to be able to find out about the hidden laws of existence that apply to the past and the future. That is why Theosophy cultivates intuition. That is what reaches out beyond the mere physical experience of the world. Theosophy looks for the laws that are to be cognized by intuition and which lead us into the future of the human race. [For a characterization of intuition as used by Steiner, see, for example, his essays from 1905, The Stages of Higher Knowledge.]

One of these great world laws that can be a guide for us is the law of reincarnation. First, it renders understandable for us how, in higher spiritual realms, what obtains as law is nothing else but what Darwin and Haeckel have intimated. It renders comprehensible why this or that was felt as a need in any given age. One who steeps himself in this knows the last time in which there was life thirsting for universal freedom, when human beings took up impulses for which they should be calling today. The ones who today call for liberty and equality—I say this with the same objective certainty with which the natural scientist has spoken about the physical—all those souls who today cry for liberty and equality have learned it at another stage of their existence, in an earlier incarnation. The greatest needs of the human being of today were embodied in the early time of Christianity, in the first Christian centuries. All human beings have taken up this press for equality, before which the human being of today stands in spiritual life. Christianity brought the message of equality before God. In times prior to that, there had been no such equality.

I do not say what I have just said in a derogatory way, I say it with the same sober objectivity with which I would speak of any scientific problem. If one considers the actual soul and everything which creates outward inequalities, the same soul that once took to itself as an impulse “they are equal before God and before mankind”—when one considers the actual soul—finds that everything that determines outward inequality has no meaning for contemporary life. When the grave closes over us we will all be and become equal. What the soul has taken up lives on in the soul and emerges in a different form. If we consider cultural progress from the perspective of the macrocosm we come to tremendous implications regarding education. I have already drawn attention to what this pedagogy on earth was like in pre-Christian times. Let us look back into Egyptian times. A large number of people there were occupied with work, the difficulty of which a man of today can no longer estimate. They labored willingly. And why? Because they knew that this life is one among many. Each one said to himself: The one who is in charge of my work is like the person I will be sometime. This life must be compensated in different incarnations, for it directs itself out of this knowledge.

Linked with this is the law of karma. What I have experienced in one life is either deserved or will be compensated for in later times. If it had merely gone on like that, however, then the human being would have overlooked the kingdom of the earth. This one life would not have been important to him. In that regard Christianity took measures for education in order to have this life between birth and death be of importance to him. It is merely illusory when Christianity deviates from that, for it has pointed strongly to the beyond; it has even made eternal punishment and eternal bliss a function of one life. Whoever believes that the one life is of primary importance learns to take this life seriously. It pivots around the truths that are suitable for the human being, and it is suitable for the human being to be raised in the idea of this one earth life. Such were the two tasks: education for the importance of earthly life between birth and death, and, on the other hand, that outside this earthly life everyone is equal before God. This earthly life has been bearable only by being so considered that all are equal before God. Whoever looks at it that way will observe, in the development of mankind since the rise of Christianity, a descent into the physical world. More and more the human being feels committed to physical existence. Through this he transferred the importance of the rule of the equality before God more and more to equality in material existence itself.

That picture should not be misunderstood. The soul that 1800 years ago was accustomed to claiming equality for the beyond now brings the impulse for equality with it, but in connection with what is important today: “equality before Mammon.” Please do not see a criticism or anything pejorative in this, rather the objective confirmation of a cosmic law of the developing soul. One must study the course of time this way. Then one will understand that only one thing will again bring about in this soul a change in direction, an ascent, namely if we get the soul who is calling for equality back into the beyond. Toward the beyond we looked up, from the here-and-now we looked out. Today, due to this impulse, the soul is turned back upon itself. Today it seeks the same thing in the here-and-now. If it is to find an ascent again, it must find the spirit in the present, the inwardness, in the soul element itself. That is what the Theosophical world movement is striving for: to prepare the soul for the third stage, [The German “drei Stadien” translates to “three stages.” We suggest this represents a stenographic error and take the liberty of correcting it for the sake of clarity.] because it is filled with God, filled with divine wisdom, and will thereby again know how to place itself in the world, so that it will again find the harmony between itself and the surrounding world.

Such thoughts have value in giving direction. We can't bring this about from one day to the next. But we also cannot consider only our individual deeds. Every deed must stand under some influence. Then it becomes practical, then it is something, then it is no gray theory, rather immediate life, because we are looking into the workings of the soul.

Our national economists and our social theorists today so often say: the human being is only the product of outer circumstances. The human being has come to this because he has lived in these or those outer conditions. Thus speaks, for example, in earnest, social democracy, saying that the human being becomes what the environment makes of him, that because he has become a proletarian worker, due to the entire development of industry, he has also become one in his soul, the way he has evolved through just these conditions. The human being is a product of circumstances. We can often hear that. Let us study the conditions themselves, let us consider what is round about us, what we are most dependent on. Are we dependent merely on nature? No! We notice what we are dependent on only when we stand starving in front of the bakery and have nothing in our pockets to buy anything with.

All these conditions are made and put into effect in turn by human beings. The spirit that is evolving through history has brought these conditions about. People have thought up, out of concern for their own welfare, sometimes only shortly before, what obtains today; they simply insert it. Thus the one who thinks people are dependent on circumstances is reasoning in a circle, because the circumstances were brought about by people. If we picture this to ourselves we must say: it isn't a matter of the circumstances, rather we have to look at how the circumstances have come to be. It is idle to insist on saying: the human being is dependent on his circumstances. In fifty years the human being will also be dependent on the conditions that surround him. You can concede to every social democrat [Social Democracy is “a political theory advocating the use of democratic means to achieve a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.” American Heritage Dictionary, 1992. Social Democrat (with capitals) refers to a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in Germany, which was founded in the late 19th century.] that the human being is dependent on circumstances, but on those that we cause today, that emanate from our disposition, from our soul. We create the social conditions! And what will live then will be the crystallized perceptions and feelings that we put out into the world today.

This shows us what it is all about: that one must learn the laws under which the world is evolving. It cannot be a matter of science, rather it can only be an intuition of what we must contribute as law. This comes directly out of a perception that seems most fantastic to most people, but which is much clearer and more objective than much of the fantastic fantasy of our scientists. One that can tell what lives in the soul and then crystallizes outwardly, can also, out of the wisdom, out of the divine in the soul, tell what an individual can spread out into the world and what is proper for humanity.

If in the future you want to have such circumstances around you, if you want to have it set up that way, as an institution which will satisfy people, about which people will be able to say: “That's it—we want to live under these conditions,” then you must first pour humanity into these conditions, so that humanity will stream out of them again. The deepest humanity, the deepest soul-inwardness must first stream out of our own hearts into the world. Then the world will be an image of the soul, and in this soul there will be an image of the world. This will be able to satisfy people again. Therefore the human being cannot expect anything from all those quackeries in the social area that are perpetrated by looking at outer circumstances. These outer circumstances are made by human beings; they are nothing else but human souls which have streamed outwards. The first things that have to be worked over, what we have to take up first as the social question, are the souls of today, which produce the environment of tomorrow. You can see how better conditions stream into the environment if only you would study it. Again and again I have had to hear from social politicians: Make the conditions better and human beings will become better. Just let these people study what individual sects, developing themselves cut off from world evolution pursue as soul culture, just let them study what the latter contribute to the shaping of outer conditions. If human beings realize that the improvement of conditions depends on themselves, if they acquire Theosophical knowledge, and if they cognize the first fundamental principle to establish the kernel of a universal brotherhood [Refers to the first fundamental principle of the Theosophical Society: “To form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color.”] and develop it in themselves as a social feeling for the surrounding world, then the actual social is possible, and one is prepared for what will happen in the near future.

Our entire national economy today lives under false premises. Therefore our theories are mostly false because they proceed from assumptions entirely different from those that arise out of the human being and from humanity. One starts with production, or one believes one can achieve something with the development of compensation. All thinking moves in this direction. To be sure, an improvement will not occur immediately with a change in thinking. But it will occur when the direction is changed. Moreover, our proletariat has no inkling about what is here in question. What it demands is more pay and shorter hours. Take a look at the worker in any particular sector, say the electric sector, which has been unionized in order, through this collective, to get better pay and working conditions. What does he want with these better working conditions? He wants a different relation regarding compensation to take place between him and his employer. That's all he wants. The conditions of production don't change. All that happens is that the worker gets higher wages [...]. That's all that happens. If s just a shift in capital.

But that doesn't really change anything much at all, because if one gets more pay today, food will be more expensive tomorrow. It is not at all possible to bring about any kind of improvement for the future in this way. This ongoing endeavor is based on false thinking. There it's a matter of production and consumption. Here a great comprehensive worldwide law about work applies. One has to know this. Certain people who are used to thinking in today's national-economic terms will say perhaps that I am placing a foggy brain in front of them. One who has worked his way through to Theosophy has, as a rule, gone through today's thinking. Theosophy should be active in us as a life impulse. But as every thought will draw into us and stimulate every action in us, just so this also should stimulate us. We needn't think that we can realize it right away. Also, the government councilor who doesn't live in gray theories can look at life entirely differently. He doesn't need to travel to America in order to get the idea that someone who doesn't have any work has to be a lazy lout. In the course of time work has greatly changed its form.

Take a look at ancient Greece. What was work in those days? The worker stood in an entirely different relation to his master. At that time work was slavery. The worker could be compelled by force to work. What he received from his master was his living. But his master took the proceeds of the work; it had nothing whatever to do with the particular relation of the worker to his master. He had to work; moreover, he was maintained under precarious conditions; he was not compensated for the things he did. There we have labor under duress, without pay.

[A] commodity is the result of something other than directly compensated work. Thus its value also has nothing to do with what is to be paid in wages. Look at today's situation. Today we have jobs for which the worker is partly compensated—partly. What they bring in flows as profit into the pockets of the entrepreneur. Thus work is partly compensated. What, thereby, has the worker himself become? He invests his labor power into this work. In Greece, when one was confronting a unit of work, it was a product of slavery. Today's commodity involves something entirely different. Today the luxury that I receive is crystallized labor for which the worker is compensated. If we ponder this we will find that a half freedom has taken over from the old slavery. A contractual relation has taken its place. In that way labor has become a commodity in the figure of the laborer. So we have labor that is half compelled and half voluntary. And the course of evolution is in the direction of completely voluntary work. This path no one will change or reject. Just as the Greek laborer did his work under the compulsion of his master and a present laborer works under the compulsion of wages, just so in the future only freedom will obtain. Labor and compensation will in future be completely separated.

That will constitute the health of social conditions in the future. You can see it already today. Work will be a voluntary performance out of the recognition of necessity, out of the realization that it must be done. People perform it because they look at the person and see that he needs work done for him. What was labor in antiquity? It was tribute, it was performed because it had to be performed. And what is the labor of the present time? It is based on self-interest, on the compulsion that egoism exerts on us. Because we want to exist, we want labor to be paid for. We work for our own sake, for the sake of our pay. In the future we will work for our fellow human beings, because they need what we can provide. That's what we will work for. We will clothe our fellow men, we will give them what they need—in completely free activity. From this, compensation must be completely separated. Labor in the past was tribute, in the future it will be sacrifice. It has nothing to do with self-interest, nothing to do with compensation. If I base my labor on consumer demand, with regard to what humanity needs, I stand in a free relation to labor, and my work is a sacrifice for humanity. Then I will work with all my powers, because I love humanity and want to place my capacities at its disposal.

That has to be possible, and is possible only when one's living is separated from one's labor. And that is going to happen in the future. No one will be the owner of the products of labor. People must be educated for voluntary work, one for all and all for one. Everyone has to act accordingly. If you were to found a small community today in which everyone throws all one's income into a common bank account and everyone works at whatever he can do, then one's living is not dependent on what work one can do, but rather this living is effected out of the common consumption. This brings about a greater freedom than the coordination of pay with production does. If that happens, we will gain a direction which corresponds with needs. Already today this can flow into every law, every decree. Of course, not absolutely, but approximately. Already today one can organize factories in the right way. But that demands healthy, clear, sober thinking in the sense of Theosophy. If such things penetrate into human souls, then something will be able to live again in these human souls. And the way the one determines the other, just so this life of the human soul will also determine that the outer arrangements will be a mirror picture of it, so that our labor will be a sacrificial offering—and no longer self-interest—so that what controls the relations with the outer world is not compensation, but rather what is in us. What we have in our power to do, we offer to humanity. If we can't do much, then we can't offer much; if we have a lot, then we offer a lot.

We must know that every activity is a cause of endless effects and that we may allow nothing that is in our soul to go unused. We will be making every offering out of our soul if we completely renounce any pay that can accrue to us from external conditions. Not for our own sake, not for the sake of our welfare, but rather for the sake of necessity. We want to firm up the soul through the law of its own inner being, so that it learns to place its powers at the disposal of the whole from points of view other than the law of wages and self-interest. There have been thinkers who in some connection have already thought thus. In the first half of the 19th century there have been thinkers who have brought this feature of a grand soul-based contemplation of cosmic law. Is this feature not a sanctification of labor? Isn't it so that we can lay it on the altar of humanity?

Thus labor becomes anything but a burden. It becomes something into which we place what is most sacred for us, our compassion for humanity, and then we can say: Labor is sacred because it is a sacrifice for mankind.

Now there have been people who in the first half of the nineteenth century spoke of “sacred industry.” Saint Simon was one of those who had an inkling of the great ideas of the future.3Saint Simon (Claude Henri de Rouvroy), 1760-1825: social reformer. Lettres d'un habitant de Geneve a ses contemporains (1803) (Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva to his Contemporaries), Réorganisations de la societi europtenne (1814) (The Reorganization of European Society); Le nouveau christianisme (1825) (The New Christianity). Also see A. Voigt, Die sozialen Utopien, Leipzig, 1906 (Social Utopias). This book is also to be found in Rudolf Steiner's private library (Archives of the Rudolf Steiner Estate Administration) and contains numerous underlinings by him concerning Saint Simon. See p,107ff. Whoever studies his writings will, if one deepens them in the theosophical sense, gain endlessly much for our time. Saint Simon spoke in a rudimentary way, but of a type of living together, as in an association. He has projected associations into which the single individuals deposited tribute, and thus existence became independent. He had great ideas about the development of humanity, and discovered several things. He said: The human races correspond to a planned development, and souls make their appearance one after the other and work their way upwards. That's the way to regard the development of humanity, for then one comes to the correct view. He also speaks of a planetary spirit that changes itself into other planets on which humanity will live. In short, here is a national economist whose works you can read and who lived in the first half of the nineteenth century. You read his work like a Theosophical book.

Today the palingenesis [continued rebirth, metempsychosis] of soul existence can be proved. Whoever acknowledges Haeckel will also have to acknowledge reincarnation if one carries Haeckel's ideas further. Fourier4Fourier, François Marie Charles, 1772–1837; Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales (1808) (Theory of Four Movements and General Destinies), Lenouveau monde industrielet sociétair (1829) (The New Industrial and Societal World). See A. Voigt op.cit. p. 95ff. also thought in this way. You can find in him a primitive Theosophy. Thus for one who looks at things the way they are, Theosophy's first major principle for our social life—to establish the kernel of a universal brotherhood—is the only thing that can propagate healthy conditions in the environment. This view of the Theosophists is not impractical, rather it is more practical than the view of all those social theorists (you'll have to admit this if you apply these theories to life), and only someone like that will say, with good old Kolb: Studying theories of national economy is no burden. Only if Theosophy comes to be heard in debates on the social question can a healthy way of looking at it, a healthy thinking come into it. So it is necessary for someone who wants to see and hear in this area to come to terms with Theosophy.

For the Theosophists two things are clear, not out of fanaticism, but rather out of a knowledge that comes from looking at life: it is possible to stick with gray theory and relegate the matter to people who will later have to admit that at the desk it looks different from what it turns out to be in life out there. Then one will have to wait a long time, and what must come will come anyway. In the end, living theory will have to intervene in life—one can hear it already today—already today one can argue about what Theosophy has to say about the social question. Then one can't hear just one lecture, rather one has to deal with Theosophy in its entirety. From it one will derive the gift, the ability, in a healthy way to view life from top to bottom in its most secret and intimate forces, then healing and blessing can soon come into our social order.

Let us achieve in ourselves, as much as we can, what should happen. The reshaping of labor, working not for pay, is a sacrifice. Then we will have done our duty, then we will have regarded life in a healthy way. Or else we will keep looking at the world with gray theories, alien to life. Then it could turn out that future humanity could say: Questions were raised. When these questions were there to be raised, when recovery in a good way was possible, that was just when they did not want to study them. Goethe once said: “Revolutions are entirely impossible if the rulers do their duty.” He knew who was to blame for revolution.5Goethe once said: Literally it says: “I was also completely convinced that any great revolution is never the fault of the people, rather of the government. Revolutions are altogether impossible as long as governments are continually just and continually vigilant, so that they anticipate them with timely reforms and don't hold back until what is necessary is compelled from the bottom up” (Eckermann, 4 January 1824). Let us try to consider what the history of the future can say about our present. You have seen what time has wrought, until the earth was drenched with blood, and how the time has raised the most burning questions in an even more frightful way.

Die Soziale Frage und die Theosophie

Die Frage, die uns heute beschäftigen soll, ist, wie ohne Weiteres für jeden klar [sein wird], nicht aus der bloßen Idee oder aus dem zweifellosen Bedürfnis einzelner weniger Menschen heraus entstanden, die soziale Frage ist eine Frage, die uns heute so stark und klar wie nur irgend möglich die Tatsachen stellen. Wer sich nur (ein) wenig herumsieht in der Welt, der wird wissen, welch deutliche Sprache diese Tatsache spricht. Es könnte wohl sein, dass derjenige, der diese Sprache der Tatsachen nicht hören will, in nicht zu ferner Zeit herausbekommen könnte, dass er zu lange sein Ohr verschlossen hat gegenüber dem, was notwendigerweise vorliegt. In dem Kampfe, der zuweilen noch unter der Oberfläche unserer gesellschaftlichen Ordnung sich abspielt, steht der Mensch der Gegenwart in Bezug auf die soziale Ordnung darinnen, und wer nun einigermaßen genau sagen will, wie der soziale Kampf an Ausdehnung und Gewalt zugenommen hat —- ich will nur aufmerksam machen und nicht weiter auf das Äußere eingehen —, (der braucht) nur aufmerksam (zu) machen auf die gewaltige Arbeiterbewegung anlässlich der Crimmitschauer Arbeitseinstellungen, [auf] den Bergarbeiterstreik anlässlich der Elektrizitäts(Arbeiter-) Aussperrungen und als Zusammenfassung dessen [auf das], was sich im Osten Europas zuträgt. (In all dem) werden wir ein Ausleben der sozialen Frage zu sehen haben.

Oft hat man der Theosophie zum Vorwurf gemacht, dass sie eine Anzahl von Träumern zu ihren Anhängern hat, dass sie nur dort versucht zu wirken, wo man sich zurückzieht von den großen gemeinsamen Fragen der Gegenwart, wo man in müßiger Betrachtung der menschlichen Seele verharren will, sodass man sagt: Theosophen sind einige Leute, die nichts Besonderes zu tun haben, die in egoistischer Weise sich in ihr Selbst zurückziehen wollen und ihr Selbst pflegen wollen im Sinne der Theosophie. Man macht ihr leicht den Vorwurf, dass sie abseitsstehen will von den großen Kämpfen der Gegenwart, von dem, was die Menschheit in der unmittelbaren Jetztzeit berührt. Dies sollte der Theosoph immer und immer wieder berichtigen. (Er sollte) immer wieder darauf aufmerksam machen, dass überall da, wo es etwas zu (er)forschen und zu denken gibt in Bezug auf berechtigte Angelegenheiten der Menschen in der Gegenwart, der Theosoph da sein muss, (der) ein klares Herz und ein klares Denken haben muss, (der) sich nicht verlieren darf in ein Wolkenkuckucksheim, sondern in dem unmittelbaren Alltag helfend und sorgend darinnen stehen muss.

Und der andere Vorwurf könnte (auch) leicht gemacht werden, dass für alle Übel und Schäden der Gegenwart von uns (die) Theosophie wie ein Allheilmittel angepriesen wird. Auch das verhält sich anders, weil behauptet wird, dass die Theosophie, die theosophische Bewegung, etwas zu tun hat mit alledem, was in der Gegenwart sich vorbereiten muss für eine gedeihliche Zukunft, aber nicht wie eine Meisterung, (nicht) wie ein Allheilmittel preisen wir die Theosophie an, sondern wir wollen (nur) zeigen, dass es darin etwas so Umfassendes gibt, dass man ohne sie heute in den allerwesentlichsten Dingen, die uns beschäftigen müssen, nicht vorwärtskommen kann, und dass alles Spekulieren und Reformieren nur eine Halbheit bleiben muss, wenn der Mensch nicht mit der theosophischen Anschauung an die Sache herantritt.

Nicht darum treiben wir in den inneren Kreisen unserer theosophischen Bewegung die Lehren der Denker über die großen umfassenden Weltenzusammenhänge, über das universelle Gesetz vom Weltenschicksal und vom Weltgeschehen, damit wir in müßiger Weise aufschauen können zu Sternenweiten, sondern weil wir wissen, dass diese Gesetze, die wir studieren, und die im großen Weltall tätig sind, auch tätig sind im Menschenherzen, in der Seele und dieser Seele sogar die Fähigkeit geben, wirklich in das unmittelbare Leben hineinzuschauen. Wir sind so wie ein Ingenieur, der sich jahrelang zurückzieht in sein technisches Studium, [aber] nicht um Betrachtungen anzustellen über die Geheimnisse der Infinitesimalrechnung und [um] diese zu bewundern, sondern wir suchen die Gesetze, die wir dann auf das Menschenleben anwenden, wie der Ingenieur Brücken baut und (seine Gesetze) in der Wirklichkeit anwendet.

Es gibt etwas Allgemeines, was übergreifend ist und was uns einen weiteren Horizont eröffnet. Wer würde es wagen, das Denken als solches als (ein) Universalheilmittel anzuklagen, obwohl dieses Denken notwendig ist für das, was im Weltall geschehen kann? Die Theosophie ist keine tote Sache, keine tote Theorie. Nein, sie ist etwas Leben-Weckendes. Nicht um die Begriffe, nicht um die Ideen, die wir uns aneignen, handelt es sich. Was hier erzählt wird, hat nicht die Absicht, durch die Ideen als solche zu wirken, nicht (die Absicht), interessante Dinge über verborgene Tatsachen zu entwickeln, sondern was hier der menschlichen Seele vorgeführt wird, hat eine ganz besondere Eigenschaft; und wer noch nicht Theosoph ist, (der) mag dies glauben oder nicht (glauben). Wer sich aber damit beschäftigt hat, der weiß, dass dies, was ich sagen werde, praktisch richtig ist. Und wer sich beschäftigt damit, in welcher Weise in der Theosophie die Welt und das Leben beherrscht wird, (der wird bemerken, dass) sein Sinnliches und sein Seelisches anders werden, als sie vorher waren; der lernt in anderer Weise denken (und wird) in unbefangenerer Weise als vorher die menschlichen Verhältnisse beobachten.

Nur eine entferntere Zukunft haben wir im Auge, wenn wir davon sprechen, dass wir durch die innere Entwicklung höhere Kräfte erwecken. Aber in der näheren Zukunft haben wir noch im Auge das Leben, das wir auch durch die theosophische Entwicklung herbeiführen können, das ist (die Möglichkeit), zu einer umfassenden, klaren und unbefangenen Beurteilung der uns unmittelbar umgebenden Menschheitsverhältnisse zu kommen. Unsere Kultur mit all ihrer Wissenschaftlichkeit, wie sie sich bisher entwickelt hat, hat Theorien gezeitigt, die dem Leben gegenüber ohnmächtig sind. Die theosophische Weltanschauung wird nicht solche ohnmächtigen Theorien zeitigen. Sie wird die Menschheit ein Denken lehren, denkende Kräfte in der Menschheit erwecken, welche nicht ohnmächtig der Wirklichkeit gegenüber sind, sondern uns befähigen werden, in die Menschheitsentwicklung selbst hineinzugreifen, hineinzugreifen in die unmittelbare Lebenspraxis.

Lassen Sie mich das kleine Symptom (anführen), das noch mehr verdeutlichen wird, was ich sagen will. Vor Kurzem ist ein klares Beispiel [auf politischem Feld] von einem preußischen Regierungsrat geliefert worden, der auf Urlaub gegangen war, um in Amerika Arbeit zu suchen, um da mitzumachen und die Verhältnisse kennenzulernen. Ein Regierungsrat ist doch (dazu) berufen, in der Menschheitsentwicklung mitzuwirken. Es ist — in höherem Sinne aufgefasst — seine Pflicht und Schuldigkeit, dass in seinem Herzen etwas lebt, was stimmt mit den Verhältnissen und nicht bloß mit den Theorien. Und wenn sie nicht etwas haben, das stimmt mit den Verhältnissen, dann ist ihre Theorie ohnmächtig. Jener Mann, der jahrelang vorher berufen war, am Menschheitsbau mitzuwirken, er hat den Menschheitsbau selbst einmal kennengelernt. Selbstverständlich schließt das, was ich sage, nicht den geringsten Vorwurf gegen den einzelnen Mann ein. Im höchsten Grade ehrenwert und kühn ist diese Tat und bewunderungswürdig. Aber für das, was nottut, ist das, was er geschrieben hat, [ein Symptom]. (Es zeigt) immer die [Unstimmigkeit] seiner Gesinnung gegenüber der Welt und den Arbeitern. Hier nur ein paar Worte aus seinem Buche über seine Erfahrungen in Amerika unter den Arbeitern:

Ein Tag nach dem anderen kam und ging, ohne uns dauernd Arbeit zu bringen. Wie oft habe ich mit moralischer Entrüstung gefragt: Warum arbeiten die Lumpen nicht? In der Theorie sieht sich manches anders aus als in der Praxis. Mit Theorien lässt sich manches ganz erträglich hantieren, aber nun kann man gewahr werden, wenn man in Berührung mit dem Leben kommt, und finden, dass sie unanwendbar sind im Leben.

Das beruht darauf, dass unser Bildungseifer ein Denken gezeitigt hat, das ohnmächtig ist gegenüber den Tatsachen. Es gibt kein größeres Armutszeugnis als dieses, wenn einer, der berufen war, mitzuwirken, sagt, dass die Theorie, die er hatte, nicht mit den Verhältnissen übereinstimmte. Hier ist der Punkt, um die Sache anzufassen. Wie die Logik die Menschen befähigt, überhaupt zu denken, und wie niemand Mathematiker werden kann, ohne die Logik zu handhaben, so kann niemals (ohne die Theosophie) die Kraft des praktischen Denkens entwickelt werden. Sehen Sie die Nationalökonomie [an], die unseren Bildungsmarkt überwuchert. Machen Sie sich einmal (daran), mit gesundem und umfassendem Denken, theosophischem Denken, [die Dinge] zu erforschen, dann finden Sie, dass die Dinge, die berufen sind, Wegweiser zu sein, die vielleicht hinführen zu Universitätsprofessoren, Parteiführern, dass es graue Theorien sind, die geeignet sind zur bequemeren Handhabung [der Dinge] am Studiertisch, aber nichts vermögen, wenn man der Wirklichkeit gegenübertritt. Solche Dinge zeigen sich bei den Kongressen. Man braucht nur die Sachen herzunehmen. Sie tragen ganz diesen Charakter. Wenn diejenigen, welche sich damit beschäftigen, hinuntersteigen wollten in das praktische Leben, so würden sie schon finden, dass sie nichts taugen. Das bloße Anschauen des Lebens macht es nicht. Weder kann einer über die Frauenfrage oder über die soziale Frage noch über andere Fragen urteilen, der vom Standpunkte der in der Gegenwart gebräuchlichen Bildung urteilt, noch kann derjenige darüber urteilen, der die Dinge nur anschauen will. Denn damit ist es auch nicht genug.

Wenn Sie jetzt diesen Herrn, der diese Worte geschrieben hat, fragen würden: Was kann nun zur Besserung führen? — dann [werden Sie feststellen, dass] er nur gelernt hat, wie es aussieht, aber wie es gemacht werden soll, das ist noch eine ganz andere Frage. Das ist aber auch keine Frage, die in einer Stunde, auch nicht an einem Tag beantwortet werden kann. Überhaupt lässt es sich nicht durch theoretische Erörterungen beantworten. Kein Theosoph, der dieses Namens würdig ist, wird Ihnen sagen: Ich habe dieses Programm, in der sozialen Frage, in der Frauenfrage, in der Vivisektionsfrage oder in der Pflege der Tiere und so weiter, sondern er wird sagen: Bringe Menschen, die Theosophen sind, in alle diese Fragen [betreffenden Institutionen] hinein. Setze [solche] Menschen auf Lehrstühle der Nationalökonomie, dann werden sie die Fähigkeit haben, das Denken zu entwickeln, welches dazu führen wird, die einzelnen Zweige ihrer Tätigkeit zu Wegweisern auf dem Gebiete des öffentlichen Lebens zu machen. Solange das nicht der Fall ist, so lange werden die Menschen Kurpfuscher auf diesem Gebiete sein und [werden] sehen müssen, wie die Welt um sie herum zusammenbricht, und wie sich das müßige Herumreden auf Kongressen in seiner Nutzlosigkeit zeigt.

Dieses sage ich nicht aus einem Fanatismus heraus, sondern aus demjenigen, was in jedem Theosophen wirkliche theosophische Gesinnung, wirkliches theosophisches Denken ist. Theosophisches Denken entwickelt eine Klarheit über die verschiedenen Lebensgebiete, eine klare, sachliche Anschauung der in der Welt wirkenden Kräfte und Mächte. Um die Sache richtig anzuschauen, dazu wird man fähig durch das theosophische Leben. Deshalb ist die Theosophie nicht im gewöhnlichen Sinne ein Allheilmittel, sondern sie ist die Grundlage des gegenwärtigen Lebens.

Nach diesen einleitenden Worten lassen Sie uns einige Hinweise geben [auf das], was unserer sozialen Frage, wie wir sie jetzt durch die Tatsachen auftauchen sehen, das Gepräge gegeben hat. Derjenige, der sehen will, was werden soll, der muss die Gesetze des Werdens der Menschheit kennen, der darf nicht graue Theorien haben, der muss die Gesetze des Werdens der Menschheit kennen. Diese Gesetze können wir nicht durch irgendeine abstrakte Wissenschaft finden. Die Theosophie geht nicht abstrakt vor. Sie geht auf klares, anschauliches Denken. Und so lassen Sie uns wenigstens mit ein paar Worten hinweisen darauf, wie sich dieses Leben heute gestaltet hat, wie dieses Leben heute geworden ist. Wer ein wenig sehen will, (der] wird klar erkennen, dass etwas Selbsterkenntnis auch auf diesem Gebiete dazugehört, um klarzusehen. Zunächst sehe ich die äußeren Tatsachen, dann sage ich einiges über dasjenige, um was es sich handelt.

Jeder von uns weiß, was der Mensch zum Leben braucht. Jeder hat eine Vorstellung davon, was er zum Essen und an Kleidung gebraucht. Einige Zahlen sagen uns, wie viel die Mehrzahl der Menschen zu alledem haben. Wir brauchen ja nur die Steuersysteme in dieser Beziehung einmal zu [be]fragen. Es ist oft und oft gesagt worden, aber man kann es sich wieder und immer wieder vor die Augen führen. In Preußen bezahlt derjenige, welcher ein Einkommen unter 900 Mark hat, keine Steuern. Man kann sehr leicht kontrollieren, wie viel Menschen in Preußen weniger als 800 oder 900 Mark [an] Einkommen haben; von denen, die überhaupt Steuern bezahlen — das sind noch nicht 30 Millionen - und 21 Millionen von alledem, also mehr als zwei Drittel, haben weniger. Und 95 Prozent der gesamten Bevölkerung haben weniger als 3000 Mark Einkommen. Nur 5 Prozent der Gesamtbevölkerung haben mehr Einkommen. Nehmen Sie England. Es wird da nur besteuert, wer mehr hat als 150 Pfund [Einkommen]. In England gab es 63 000 Steuerpflichtige. Sie sehen, wir haben ganz außerordentliche Zahlen, welche dafür sprechen, wie viele Menschen das haben, was man als unumgänglich nötig haben müsste.

Sehen Sie die Statistik an. Diese spricht eine deutliche Sprache. Was aber hat das mit unserer Selbsterkenntnis zu tun? Sehr viel. Denn es handelt sich darum, den richtigen Standpunkt unseres Selbst zu diesen Tatsachen zu gewinnen. Und in dieser Beziehung lässt es der Mensch sehr an dem Richtigen fehlen. Was machen die Menschen rings um uns her? Wodurch bekommen sie dieses niedrige Einkommen? Das ist dasjenige, was wir ihnen geben für das, was sie für uns schaffen. Wir machen jetzt gar keinen Unterschied zwischen Arbeiter und Nichtarbeiter, zwischen Proletarier und Nichtproletarier. Denn, wenn man diesen Unterschied macht, dann ist die Sache schon ganz falsch. Und das ist der Hauptfehler aller nationalökonomischen Betrachtungen, dass man nicht von der Selbsterkenntnis, sondern von dem Werk, den Kategorien ausgeht.

Was machen für uns nun die Leute? Zum Beispiel die Kleider. Wir tragen alle die Kleider, [die hergestellt werden] unter Verhältnissen, in /unleserlich im Stenogramm], die Kleider, die für einen Arbeitslosen notwendig hergestellt sind, für einen Arbeitslosen, der nicht ausreicht (mit seinen Mitteln) für das Leben. (Das geht nicht); das kann sich jeder (selbst) sagen, auch selbst die Näherin, welche für einen Hungerlohn arbeitet, trägt die Kleider, die wiederum für einen Hungerlohn hergestellt werden. Nicht diese oder jene Klasse ist also schuldig daran. Allen muss es klar sein, dass die Betrachtung hier bei sich selbst anzufangen hat. Dass dies nützlich und notwendig ist, das stellt sich erst heraus, wenn wir die Gedankengänge sich einspielen lassen, wenn wir anfangen, von hier aus die Gedanken herüberzuleiten in unsere Gefühle und Empfindungen. Und wenn wir in diesen [unseren Gefühlen und Empfindungen] einen gewissen Schmerz zu empfinden vermögen darüber, dass die Kleider, die wir anhaben, für einen Hungerlohn hergestellt sind, dann sehen Sie der Frage tief ins Herz hinein. Wenn Sie von alledem, was Sie am Leibe [an Kleidung] tragen und [als Nahrung] zum Munde führen, sich überlegen, woher das kommt, dann werden Sie die soziale Frage erst verspüren. Nicht durch Spekulation, sondern durch lebendige Betrachtung kommt man dazu, [einzusehen], um was es sich handelt.

Es ist nicht richtig, [wenn gesagt wird], dass, trotzdem wir das Elend in schlimmen Farben schildern können, das Elend heute größer wäre, als es in den Zeiten früherer Jahr(hundert)e war. Das ist nicht der Fall. Wir würden entschieden eine Verfälschung der objektiven Wirklichkeit begehen. Versuchen Sie einmal, objektiv die Verhältnisse in der Stadt kennenzulernen von heute und vor 120 Jahren und zu studieren. Sie werden sehen, wie vieles doch besser geworden ist. Und dennoch haben wir die soziale Frage. Wir haben sie, weil die Menschen noch eine andere Entwicklung durchgemacht haben, und zwar deshalb, weil sie innerhalb in großen Massen zum Denken, zum Selbstbewusstsein gekommen sind, weil ihre Bedürfnisse ganz andere geworden sind. Und da werden wir, wenn wir so die Frage studieren, allerdings notwendig darauf hingewiesen, auf große Zusammenhänge, welche dann für uns in der Weltgeschichte entstehen, wenn wir nicht, wie der moderne Forscher, zu kurzsichtig sind.

Um diese Dinge zu beurteilen, ist es nötig, die großen Gesetze des Lebens kennenzulernen. Was bewirkt es, dass das Soziale überhaupt diese Gestalt angenommen hat? Das ist die Art und Weise, die der menschliche Geist angenommen hat. Blicken Sie zurück auf die Zeit der Französischen Revolution. Anderes hat man dazumal gefordert. Eine mehr nach dem Juristischen hinzielende Frage war es, die das Wort «Freiheit — Gleichheit — Brüderlichkeit» hervorgebracht hat. Nach Freiheit riefen die französischen Revolutionshelden im Westen Europas. Nach Brot rufen die im Osten Europas heute Kämpfenden. Es sind nur zwei verschiedene Gestalten einer und derselben Sache, zwei verschiedene Forderungen des Menschen, der gelernt hat, solche Fragen zu stellen, weil sich seine Seele gewandelt hat.

Diese Seelenwandlung müssen wir etwas näher studieren. Wir müssen studieren und verstehen, warum die Seelen der großen Menschenmassen heute — und dieses dehnt sich über Jahrhunderte aus — [solches] fordern. Hier tritt zuerst in praktischer Anwendung, unser Verständnis unterstützend, die theosophische Weltanschauung ein. Nur derjenige, der die Dinge versteht, vermag sie zu beurteilen. Nur der vermag in die Seele hineinzuschauen, der im großen Weltzusammenhange sieht, was in dieser Seele vorgeht. Und nur der vermag in den Seelen etwas zu [be]wirken und zu leiten in die Zukunft, der von den Gesetzen der Seele etwas versteht.

Eine kleine Zwischenbemerkung: Die Wissenschaften der Gegenwart, die Biologie, der Darwinismus, der Haeckelismus, sie haben uns große Ideen gebracht, [so auch] die Idee, dass jegliches Lebewesen auf den ersten Stufen seines Daseins, im Keimzustande noch, wiederholt die Lebensformen, die vorher draußen in der Natur durchgemacht worden sind. Diese kurze Wiederholung der verschiedenen Lebensdurchläufe, der Lebensstadien [gibt es auch] in dem Wesen, das sie alle zusammenfasst und höher steigt als alle [anderen] auf der Stufenleiter der Entwicklung: [im Menschen]. Nehmen Sie an, ein Geist hätte Bewusstsein [gehabt] in der Zeit, als es noch keine Menschen gab, Bewusstsein hätte ihn früher hinleiten sollen durch die ganze Entwicklung bis zum Menschen, dann hätte er nicht nur wissen müssen dasjenige, was schon geschehen war, sondern er hätte auch — im Gegensatz dazu - sich ein Bild machen müssen nach der zukünftigen Entwicklung hin. Er hätte sich aus dem damaligen Tierzustande ein Bild für die Zukunft machen müssen.

Nur ein Mensch, der in seiner Keimanlage die vorhergehenden Gestaltungen wiederholt, kann uns zeigen, was zu tun ist. Tun ist es, was über alles Wissen hinausgehen muss. Kein Wissen beschäftigt sich mit etwas anderem als mit dem, was da war. Wollen wir aber in die Zukunft hineinwirken, so müssen wir das tun, was noch nicht da war. (Das zeigen uns) die großen Gesetze, die in der Zukunft verwirklicht werden sollen. In einer gewissen Weise ist alles schon dagewesen, was in der Zukunft entstehen wird, nämlich durch die Intuition. Der Geist, der damals eingegriffen hätte, hätte Intuition haben müssen, um die verborgenen Gesetze des Daseins, die für die Vergangenheit und die Zukunft gelten, herausfinden zu können. Deshalb pflegt die Theosophie die Intuition. Das ist das, was hinausreicht über die bloße physische Erfahrung der Welt. Die Theosophie sucht die Gesetze, die durch Intuition zu erkennen sind, und die uns hinleiten in die Zukunft des Menschengeschlechtes.

Eines dieser großen Weltgesetze, das uns Führer sein kann, ist das Gesetz der Reinkarnation. Zunächst macht es uns verständlich, dass auf höheren geistigen Gebieten nichts anderes ist als das, was das Gesetz im Sinne Darwins und Haeckels angedeutet hat. Es macht uns begreiflich, warum dies oder jenes in einem bestimmten Zeitalter als Bedürfnis empfunden wird. Wer sich darin vertieft, der weiß, wann das letzte Mal das nach allgemeiner Befreiung dürstende Leben gelebt hat, wann (und was) sie [die Menschen] in sich aufgenommen haben als Impulse, wonach sie heute schreien sollen. Die, welche heute nach Freiheit und Gleichheit schreien — ich sage das mit derselben objektiven Sicherheit, mit der der Naturwissenschaftler über das Physische gesprochen hat —, alle diejenigen Seelen, die heute nach Freiheit und Gleichheit rufen, haben das gelernt auf einer anderen Stufe ihres Daseins, in einer früheren Verkörperung. Die großen [Bedürfnisse] der heutigen Menschen waren in der ersten Zeit des Christentums, in der Zeit der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, verkörpert. Sie haben alle aufgenommen den Drang der Gleichheit, vor dem heute der Mensch im geistigen Leben steht. Das Christentum hat die Botschaft der Gleichheit vor Gott gebracht. In früheren Jahrhunderten gab es eine solche Gleichheit nicht.

Was ich jetzt sage, das sage ich nicht in abträglicher Art, das sage ich mit derselben nüchternen Objektivität, mit der ich über irgendein naturwissenschaftliches Problem sprechen würde. Dieselbe Seele, die einstmals in sich aufgenommen hat als einen Impuls «gleich sind sie vor Gott und vor der Menschheit», wenn man ihre eigentliche Seele betrachtet, und alles, was (äußerliche) Ungleichheit bedingt, hat keine Bedeutung vor dem geistigen Leben. Wenn die Grube sich über uns schließt, werden wir alle gleich sein und gleich werden. Dass das die Seele aufgenommen hat, lebt in der Seele fort und kommt heraus in einer neuen Form. (Die Betrachtung der) großen Welt hat gewaltig große Erziehungs-Perspektiven in ihren Kulturfortschritten. Schon einmal habe ich darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie sich diese Erziehung auf der Erde ausnimmt in den vorchristlichen Zeiten. Sehen wir zurück in die Zeiten des Ägyptertums. Was [für] eine große Anzahl von Menschen, die mit Arbeiten beschäftigt waren, von deren Schwierigkeit sich heute ein Mensch keine Vorstellung mehr machen kann. Willig arbeiteten sie. Und warum? Weil sie wussten: Dieses Leben ist eines unter vielen. Jeder sagte sich: Derjenige, der mir die Arbeit befiehlt, ist ein solcher wie derjenige, der ich auch einstmals sein werde. Dieses Leben muss in verschiedenen Verkörperungen verarbeitet werden. Trotzdem regelt es sich aus diesen Erkenntnissen.

Daran schließt sich das Gesetz vom Karma an. Was ich im Leben erlebt habe, ist verdient, oder es wird mir in späteren Zeiten vergolten. Hätte sich das aber so fortentwickelt, dann hätte der Mensch das Erdenreich übersehen. Es wäre ihm nicht wichtig gewesen, dieses eine Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod. Dazu hat dann das Christentum die Erziehungsmaßnahmen gegeben, um dieses Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod wichtig zu nehmen. Nur scheinbar ist es, wenn das Christentum davon abzweigt, denn es hat auch stark auf das Jenseits hingewiesen. Es hat sogar auf das eine Leben ewige Strafe und ewige Belohnung gesetzt. Wer glaubt, dass das eine Leben von unendlicher Wichtigkeit ist, der lernt dieses Leben in diesem Leben wichtig zu nehmen. Es dreht sich um die Wahrheiten, die dem Menschen frommen, und es frommt dem Menschen, in der Idee dieses einen Erdenlebens erzogen zu werden. Das waren die zwei Aufgaben: Erziehung in der Wichtigkeit des Erdenlebens zwischen Geburt und Tod, und auf der anderen Seite, dass außer diesem Erdenleben vor Gott alle gleich sind. Nur dadurch ist dieses Erdenleben ertragen worden, dass es so aufgefasst wurde, dass vor Gott alle gleich sind. Wer das so betrachtet, der wird in der Entwicklung der Menschheit, seit der Entstehung des Christentums, ein Herabsteigen in die physische Welt beobachten. Mehr und mehr fühlt sich der Mensch dem sinnlichen Dasein verpflichtet. Dadurch übertrug er mehr und mehr die Wichtigkeit des Satzes von der Gleichheit vor Gott auf die Gleichheit im materiellen Dasein selbst.

Das Bild ist nicht misszuverstehen. Die Seele, die vor 1800 Jahren etwa gewohnt war, die Frage der Gleichheit für das Jenseits zu beanspruchen, die bringt den Impuls mit sich, den Impuls der Gleichheit, aber in Bezug auf das, was heute wichtig ist: «Gleichheit vor dem Mammon». Keine Kritik, nichts Abfälliges sehen Sie (bitte) darin, sondern die objektive Feststellung eines Weltgesetzes der sich entwickelnden Seele. So muss man den Gang der Zeiten studieren. Dann wird man verstehen, dass es nur eines gibt, was in dieser Seele wieder eine andere Richtung, ein Aufsteigen veranlassen kann, wenn wir die Seele, die nach Gleichheit ruft, wieder hineinbekommen in das Jenseits. Nach dem Jenseits hatten wir hinaufgeblickt, vor dem Jenseits hatten wir hinausgeblickt, es war irgendwo vorausgesetzt. Heute ist die Seele durch diesen Impuls auf sich selbst zurückgewiesen. Heute sucht sie dasselbe in dem Diesseits. Soll sie wieder einen Aufstieg finden, so muss sie in dem Diesseits den Geist, das Innere finden, im Seelischen selbst. Das ist dasjenige, was die theosophische Weltbewegung erstrebt: die Seele vorzubereiten für die drei Stadien, weil sie innerlich voll des Gottes wird, voll der göttlichen Weisheit, und sich deshalb wieder hineinzustellen weiß in die Welt, sodass sie wieder die Harmonie zwischen sich und der Umwelt finden wird.

Solche Gedanken haben einen richtunggebenden Wert. Nicht von heute auf morgen können wir das bewirken. Aber auch nicht unsere einzelnen Taten können wir betrachten. Jede Tat muss unter einem Einfluss stehen. Dann wird sie praktisch, dann ist sie etwas, dann ist sie keine graue Theorie, sondern unmittelbares Leben, weil wir hineinschauen in das Getriebe der Seele.

Unsere Nationalökonomen und unsere Sozialtheoretiker sagen so oft heute: Der Mensch ist nur das Produkt der äußeren Verhältnisse. Der Mensch ist so geworden, weil er in diesen oder jenen äußeren Verhältnissen lebt. So spricht zum Beispiel die Sozialdemokratie im Ernst [davon], dass der Mensch so wird, wie seine Umgebung ihn macht, dass er, weil er durch die ganze industrielle Entwicklung zum proletarischen Arbeiter geworden ist, so auch der Seele nach so ist, wie er eben durch diese Verhältnisse geworden ist. Der Mensch ist ein Produkt der Verhältnisse. - Das können wir oftmals hören. Studieren wir die Verhältnisse selbst, betrachten wir, was um uns [herum] ist, wovon wir am meisten abhängig sind. Sind wir abhängig von der bloßen Natur? Nein! Wir merken erst, wovon wir abhängig sind, wenn wir als Hungernde vor dem Bäckerladen stehen und nichts in der Tasche haben, um uns etwas zu kaufen.

Alle diese Verhältnisse sind wieder von Menschen gemacht und bewirkt. Der durch die Geschichte sich entwickelnde Geist hat diese Verhältnisse herbeigeführt. Was heute ist, haben die Menschen manchmal vor kurzer Zeit erst als den Menschen heilsam erdacht; das haben sie erst hineingelegt. So bewegt sich derjenige, der meint, dass die Menschen von den Verhältnissen abhängig sind, in einem Kreisschluss, denn die Verhältnisse sind von den Menschen herbeigeführt. Wenn wir uns das vergegenwärtigen, so müssen wir uns sagen: Es kommt nicht auf die Verhältnisse an, sondern darauf, zu sehen, wie die Verhältnisse geworden sind. Es ist müßig, zu konstatieren und zu sagen, der Mensch ist von seinen Verhältnissen abhängig. Der Mensch wird auch in fünfzig Jahren abhängig sein von den Verhältnissen, die ihn umgeben. Sie können es jedem Sozialdemokraten zugeben, dass der Mensch abhängig ist von den Verhältnissen, aber von denen, die wir heute machen, die aus unserem Gemüt, aus unserer Seele hervorgehen. Die sozialen Verhältnisse machen wir! Und das, was dann leben wird, das sind die kristallisierten Empfindungen und Gefühle, die wir heute in die Welt hinaussetzen.

Das zeigt uns, um was es sich handelt: dass man die Gesetze kennenlernen muss, unter denen sich die Welt entwickelt. Nicht Wissenschaft kann es sein, um was es sich da handelt, sondern es kann nur sein Intuition, die Erkenntnis dessen, was wir hineinlegen müssen als Gesetz. Dies kommt uns gerade von einer Betrachtung, die aber den meisten ganz phantastisch erscheint, die aber viel klarer und objektiver ist als vieles von der phantastischen Phantasie unserer Wissenschaftler. Wer sagen kann, was in der Seele lebt und heraustritt aus der Seele, das dann draußen sich kristallisiert, der kann auch sagen, aus der Weisheit des Göttlichen in der Seele, das, was nur einer in der Welt ausstreuen kann, und was der Menschheit frommt.

Wollen Sie in der Zukunft solche Verhältnisse um uns herum haben, wollen Sie das als Einrichtung, als Institution haben, was die Menschen befriedigt, von dem die Menschen sagen werden können: Das ist es, unter den Verhältnissen wollen wir leben — dann müssen Sie Menschlichkeit zuerst hineingießen in diese Verhältnisse, damit Menschlichkeit aus ihnen wieder herausströmt. Die tiefste Menschlichkeit, das tiefste Seeleninnere muss erst von unserem eigenen Herzen hinausströmen in die Welt. Dann wird die Welt ein Abbild sein von der Seele, (und in dieser Seele wird sein ein Abbild der Welt). Dies wird die Menschen wieder befriedigen können.

Deshalb kann sich der Mensch nichts versprechen von all den Kurpfuschereien auf dem sozialen Gebiet, die gemacht werden aus der Betrachtung der äußeren Verhältnisse. Diese äußeren Verhältnisse werden von Menschen gemacht; sie sind nichts anderes als die herausgeströmten menschlichen Seelen. Was zunächst zu bearbeiten ist, was wir zunächst als soziale Frage anzufassen haben, das sind die Seelen von heute, die die Umgebung von morgen schaffen. Sie können es sehen, wie von der Seele bessere Verhältnisse in die Umgebung strömen, wenn Sie es nur studieren wollen. Ich habe es immer wieder hören müssen von Sozialpolitikern: Macht die Verhältnisse besser, und die Menschen werden besser werden. Möchten diese doch nur studieren, was einzelne Sekten, die abgeschieden von der Weltentwicklung sich entwickeln, als Seelenkultur treiben, (möchten sie studieren), was die dazu beitragen, zur Gestaltung der äußeren Verhältnisse. Wenn der Mensch einsehen wird, dass die Verbesserung der Verhältnisse von ihm abhängt, wenn er theosophische Erkenntnisse erlangt haben wird, und wenn er erkannt haben wird den ersten Grundsatz: den Kern einer allgemeinen Brüderschaft zu bilden und ihn in uns selbst herauszubilden als soziale Empfindung für die Umwelt, dann ist (das) Sozial(e) möglich, (und man ist vorbereitet) für das, was in der nächsten Zeit geschehen soll.

Unsere ganze Nationalökonomie lebt heute unter falschen Kategorien. Unsere Theorien sind deshalb zumeist falsch, weil man von ganz anderen Voraussetzungen ausgeht, als diejenigen sind, die sich ergeben aus den (Menschen und aus der) Menschheit. Überall geht man von der Produktion aus. Man glaubt, von (der Entwicklung) der Entlohnung der Produktion etwas erreichen zu können. Alles Denken bewegt sich in dieser Richtung. Nicht gleich wird bei der Veränderung des Denkens auch eine Besserung eintreten. Aber sie tritt ein, wenn die Richtung geändert sein wird. Auch unser Proletariat hat keine Ahnung von dem, was hier vorliegt. Was gefordert ist, ist mehr Lohn und kürzere Arbeitszeit. Betrachten Sie sich den Arbeiter irgendeiner Branche, sagen wir der Elektrizitätsbranche, der sich gewerkschaftlich organisiert hat, um durch diesen Zusammenschluss bessere Löhne und Arbeitsverhältnisse zu schaffen. Was will er denn? Er will, dass zwischen ihm und dem Arbeitgeber ein anderes Verhältnis in der Entlohnung stattfindet. Das ist alles, was er will. Die Produktionsverhältnisse ändern sich nicht. Alles, was geschieht, ist, dass der Arbeiter höheren Lohn bekommt, dass das wegkommt von dem Kapital. Das ist alles, was geschicht, eine Umlegung [von dem Kapital].

Damit wird aber gar nichts Besonderes geändert. Wenn man heute mehr Lohn erhält, werden dafür morgen die Lebensmittel teurer. Es ist gar nicht möglich, auf diesem Wege irgendeine Besserung für die Zukunft herbeizuführen. Dass man (dieses Bestreben) dennoch hat, das beruht auf falschem Denken. Um was es sich da handelt, das sind Produktion und Konsumtion. Hier herrscht ein großes, umfassendes Weltgesetz der Arbeit. Dieses muss man kennen. Vielleicht werden gewisse (Leute) sagen, die gewohnt sind, in den heutigen sozialökonomischen Theorien zu denken, ich stelle ein Hirngespinst vor sie hin. Wer sich zum Theosophen durchentwickelt hat, der ist in der Regel hindurchgegangen durch das heutige Denken. Es soll als Lebensimpuls in uns tätig sein. Aber wie ein jeder Gedanke in uns hineinzieht und jede einzelne Handlung in uns anregen wird, so soll uns das auch anregen. (Wir brauchen) nicht daran [zu] denken, dass wir es [jetzt schon] realisieren können. So kann auch der Regierungsrat, der nicht in grauen Theorien lebt, das Leben ganz anders ansehen. Er braucht nicht erst nach Amerika zu reisen, um die Erkenntnis zu erhalten, dass der, welcher keine Arbeit bekommt, nicht ein Lump zu sein braucht. Das Arbeiten hat seine Formen im Laufe der Zeit sehr geändert.

Sehen Sie zurück ins alte Griechentum. Was war die Arbeit dazumal? Der Arbeiter stand in einem ganz anderen Verhältnis zu seinem Herrn. Damals war der Arbeiter Sklave. Er konnte durch Gewalt zur Arbeit gezwungen werden. Was er bekam von seinem Herrn, das war (sein) Lebensunterhalt. Das Erträgnis der Arbeit aber bekam sein Herr. Gar nichts hatte es zu tun mit dem Verhältnis des Arbeiters zu seinem Herrn. Er hatte zu arbeiten, er wurde (zwar) auch unter misslichen Verhältnissen unterhalten; im Einzelnen aber wurde er nicht entlohnt. Da haben wir eben Arbeit unter Zwang, ohne Lohn.

Ware ist das Resultat von etwas anderem als von unmittelbar entlohnter Arbeit. Ihr Wert hat daher auch nichts zu tun mit dem, was als Lohn zu bezahlen ist. Sehen Sie heute die Verhältnisse an. Heute haben wir Arbeiten, die teilweise dem Arbeiter entlohnt werden, teilweise. Dasjenige, was sie einträgt, fließt als Profit in die Tasche des Unternehmers. Teilweise wird also die Arbeit entlohnt. Was ist der Arbeiter dadurch selbst geworden? Seine Arbeitskraft steckt er in die Arbeit hinein. Wenn man in Griechenland ein Stück Arbeit vor sich hatte, dann war sie ein Produkt der Sklaverei. In Produkt, Ware, von heute steckt ganz etwas anderes darin. Heute ist das Genussmittel, das ich bekomme, kristallisierte Arbeit, die dem Arbeiter entlohnt wird. Wenn wir das so bedenken, werden wir finden, dass eine halbe Freiheit an die Stelle der alten Sklaverei getreten ist. Ein Vertragsverhältnis ist an seine Stelle getreten. Daher ist die Arbeit heute halb Zwang, halb Freiheit. Dadurch ist die Arbeit zur Ware geworden in der Gestalt des Arbeiters. So haben wir halb erzwungene und halb freie Arbeit. Und der Gang der Entwicklung ist (in der Richtung) zur völlig freien Arbeit hin. Diesen Weg (lehnt und) ändert niemand ab. Wie der griechische Arbeiter unter dem Zwang seines Herrn seine Arbeit verrichtete, wie der jetzige Arbeiter aus Zwang für Lohn arbeitet, wird in der Zukunft nur eine Freiheit der Arbeit sein. Arbeit und Lohn werden in der Zukunft vollständig getrennt.

Das ist die Gesundheit der sozialen Verhältnisse in der Zukunft. Sie können es heute schon sehen. Die Arbeit sei eine freie Verrichtung aus der Erkenntnis der Notwendigkeit, (aus der Erkenntnis), dass sie geschehen muss. Die [Menschen] verrichteten sie, weil sie den Menschen sich anschauten, an dem sie sähen, dass er die Arbeit brauchte. Was war die Arbeit im Altertum? Sie war ein Tribut; sie wurde verrichtet, weil sie verrichtet werden musste. Und was ist die Arbeit der Gegenwart? Sie beruht auf Eigennutz, auf Zwang, den der Egoismus auf uns ausübt. Weil wir da sein wollen, wollen wir die Arbeit bezahlt haben. Wir arbeiten um unseretwillen, um unseres Lohnes willen. Wir werden in der Zukunft (um) unserer Mitmenschen willen arbeiten, weil sie das brauchen, was wir arbeiten können. Deshalb werden wir arbeiten. Wir werden unseren Mitmenschen kleiden, (wir werden ihn) versehen mit dem, was ihm nottut — in vollständig freier Beträtigung. [Der] Lohn muss vollständig davon getrennt werden. Tribut (war die Arbeit) in der Vergangenheit, Opfer wird sie in der Zukunft sein. Nichts hat sie zu tun mit Eigennutz, nichts mit Entlohnung. Lasse ich mir die Arbeit von dem Konsum diktieren, von dem Hinblick auf das, was die Menschheit braucht, dann stehe ich in einem freien Arbeitsverhältnis, und meine Arbeit ist ein Opfer für die Menschheit. Dann arbeite ich nach meinen Kräften, weil ich die Mitmenschen liebe und meine Kräfte zur Verfügung stelle.

Das muss möglich sein, und das ist nur möglich, wenn Existenz getrennt wird von Arbeit. Und dies wird in der Zukunft eintreten. Niemand wird Besitzer des Arbeitsproduktes sein. Erzogen muss die Menschheit werden zu freier Arbeit, einer für alle, und alle für einen. Jeder hat danach zu handeln. Wenn Sie heute eine kleine Gemeinde gründen, in der jeder, was er einnimmt, in die gemeinschaftliche Kasse wirft, und jeder arbeitet, was er arbeiten kann, dann ist nicht seine Lebensexistenz abhängig von dem, was er arbeiten kann, sondern diese Lebensexistenz wird von dem gemeinschaftlichen Konsum aus bewirkt. Das bewirkt eine größere Freiheit als die Regelung des Lohnes nach der Produktion. Wenn das geschieht, werden wir eine Richtung bekommen, die (den Bedürfnissen entspricht. Das) kann heute schon in jedes Gesetz, in jede Verordnung hineinfließen. Natürlich nicht absolut, aber schon annähernd. Man kann jetzt schon die Fabrik[en] in der richtigen Weise gestalten. Das erfordert aber gesundes, klares, nüchternes Denken im Sinne der Theosophie. Wenn solche Dinge in die menschliche Seele hineinkommen, dann wird auch innerhalb dieser menschlichen Seele selbst wieder etwas leben können. Und so, wie das eine das andere bedingt, so wird auch dieses Leben der menschlichen Seele bedingen, dass die äußeren Einrichtungen ein Spiegelbild (davon sein werden, so), dass unsere Arbeit ein Opfer — nicht mehr Eigennutz — sein wird, (sodass nicht) die Entlohnung regelt die Verhältnisse zur Außenwelt, sondern das, was in uns ist. Was wir können und vermögen, bringen wir der Menschheit dar. (Vermögen wir wenig, dann) bringen wir wenig dar, haben wir viel, dann [bringen wir] viel.

Wir müssen wissen, dass jedes Tun eine Ursache ist von unendlicher Wirkung, und dass wir nichts ungenützt lassen (dürfen), was in unserer Seele ist. Wir werden aus unserer Seele heraus jedes Opfer bringen, wenn wir auf Lohn, der uns durch die äußeren Verhältnisse (zuteilwerden kann), völlig verzichten. Nicht um unserer selbst willen, nicht [um] unseres Wohlseins willen, sondern um der Notwendigkeit willen. Wir wollen die Seele durch das Gesetz des eigenen inneren Wesens festigen, damit sie lernt, unter anderen Gesichtspunkten ihre Kraft dem Ganzen zur Verfügung zu stellen, als unter dem Gesetze des Lohnes und des Eigennutzes. Es hat schon in gewisser Beziehung Denker gegeben, welche so gedacht haben. In [der] ersten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts hat es solche Denker gegeben, die diesen Zug einer großen, seelischen Betrachtung der Weltgesetze hineingebracht haben. Ist dieser Zug nicht eine Heiligung der Arbeit? (Ist es nicht) so, dass wir sie hinlegen (können) auf den Altar der Menschheit? So wird die Arbeit etwas ganz anderes als eine Last. Sie wird etwas, in das wir unser Heiligstes, unser Mitgefühl für die Menschheit hineinlegen, und wir können dann sprechen: Heilig ist die Arbeit, weil sie ein Opfer ist für die Menschheit.

Nun hat es (Menschen) gegeben, die von der «heiligen Industrie» in der ersten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts lebten. (Einer derselben), weil er eine Ahnung hatte von den großen Zukunftsideen, war Saint-Simon. Wer die Schriften von ihm studiert, wird unendlich (viel) gewinnen für unsere Zeit, wenn er sie im theosophischen Sinne vertieft. Er [Saint-Simon] hat in rudimentärer Weise gesprochen von einer solchen Art und Weise des Zusammenlebens wie von einer Genossenschaft. Er hat Genossenschaften projektiert, in die die einzelnen den Tribut niederlegten, und die Existenz (dadurch) unabhängig wird. Dieser hat große Ideen über die Menschheitsentwicklung gehabt und manches entdeckt. Er hat gesagt: Die Menschenrassen entsprechen einer planvollen Entwicklung, und die Seelen kommen nacheinander zum Vorschein und entwickeln sich hinauf. So muss man anschauen die Menschheitsentwicklung, dann kommt man zur richtigen Anschauung. Er spricht (auch) von einem Planetengeist, der verwandelt sich in andere Planeten, auf die der Mensch kommt. Kurz — es gibt einen Nationalökonomen, den Sie lesen können, und der in der ersten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts lebte. Sie lesen das Werk (von ihm) wie ein theosophisches Buch.

Die Palingenese des Seelendaseins kann heute bewiesen werden. Wer Haeckel zugibt, der wird auch die Wiederverkörperung zugeben müssen, wenn er die Ideen von Haeckel weiter ausführt. Fourier hat auch in dieser Weise gedacht. Sie können bei ihm primitive Theosophie finden. Deshalb ist für denjenigen, der die Dinge betrachtet, wie sie sind, Theosophie für unser soziales Leben mit ihrem ersten großen Grundsatz, den Kern einer allgemeinen Bruderschaft zu gründen, dasjenige, was allein in dieser Umwelt gesunde Zustände verbreiten kann. Diese Anschauung des Theosophen ist keine unpraktische, sondern sie ist praktischer als die Anschauung aller Sozial-Theoretiker, und nur der — das werden Sie erkennen müssen, wenn Sie die Theorien auf das Leben anwenden — wird dasselbe sagen, was der gute Kolb gesagt hat: Mit den Theorien der Nationalökonomie studiert es sich noch ganz erträglich. — Wenn die Theosophie gehört werden wird bei Besprechungen über die soziale Frage, dann erst kann in dieselben eine gesunde Betrachtungsweise, ein gesundes Denken hineinkommen. So ist es (für die), welche auf diesem Gebiete sehen und hören wollen, ist es notwendig, sich mit der Theosophie auseinanderzusetzen.

Für den Theosophen ist zweierlei klar, der sagt — nicht aus Fanatismus, sondern aus einer Erkenntnis, die sich ergibt aus der Betrachtung des Lebens —: Eines ist möglich, bei grauen Theorien zu bleiben und Leuten die Sache anzuvertrauen, die nachher gestehen müssen, dass sie sich am Studiertisch anders ausnimmt als im Leben draußen. Dann werden wir lange zu warten haben und das, was kommen muss, wird doch kommen. Zuletzt wird doch die lebensvolle Theorie einzugreifen haben in das Leben, oder — man kann es heute schon hören — man kann heute schon sich auseinandersetzen mit dem, was die Theosophie zu sagen hat über die soziale Frage. Dann muss man nicht nur einen Vortrag von dem hören, sondern man muss sich mit der ganzen Theosophie auseinandersetzen. Man wird sich die Gabe, die Fähigkeit herausholen, [um] in gesunder Weise das Leben von oben bis unten zu betrachten, in seinen geheimsten und intimsten Kräften. Dann kann bald Heil und Segen in unsere soziale Ordnung hineinkommen.

Vollziehen wir dasjenige, was geschehen soll, in uns selbst, so viel wir können. Umgestaltung der Arbeit, Arbeiten nicht für Lohn, ist ein Opfer. Dann werden wir unsere Pflicht getan haben, (dann werden wir) das Leben gesund betrachtet haben. Oder (wir betrachten) eine Welt mit den grauen, lebensfremden Theorien weiter. Dann könnte es sich herausstellen, dass die zukünftige Menschheit sagen könnte: Fragen sind aufgeworfen worden. Solange diese Fragen zu studieren waren, solange das Heil auf gutem Wege möglich war, so lange haben sie sie nicht studieren wollen. Goethe hat einmal gesagt, Revolutionen könnten nur furchtbar werden, wenn die Regierenden ihre Pflicht nicht tun würden. — Er wusste, wer an den Revolutionen Schuld trägt. Versuchen wir (zu bedenken), was die zukünftige Geschichte über unsere Gegenwart sagen kann. Sie haben gesehen, wie die Zeit gewirkt hat, bis die Erde blutgetränkt war, (und wie) die Zeit in noch furchtbarerer Weise brennendste Fragen aufgeworfen hat.

The Social Question and Theosophy

The question we are to consider today is one that will be clear to everyone without further ado. It did not arise from a mere idea or from the undoubted needs of a few individuals; the social question is one that confronts us today as strongly and clearly as possible with the facts. Anyone who looks around the world even a little will know how clearly these facts speak for themselves. It could well be that those who do not want to hear this language of facts will soon discover that they have closed their ears for too long to what is necessarily present. In the struggle that still sometimes takes place beneath the surface of our social order, the people of the present are involved in relation to the social order, and anyone who wants to say with any degree of accuracy how the social struggle has increased in scope and violence—I only want to draw attention to this and not go into further detail— (one need only) draw attention to the powerful labor movement on the occasion of the Crimmitschau work stoppages, [to] the miners' strike on the occasion of the electricity (workers') lockouts, and, as a summary of this, [to] what is happening in Eastern Europe. (In all of this) we will see the social question played out.

Theosophy has often been accused of having a number of dreamers among its followers, of only trying to work where people withdraw from the great common questions of the present, where they want to remain in idle contemplation of the human soul, so that one says: Theosophists are people who have nothing special to do, who want to withdraw into themselves in a selfish way and cultivate their selves in the spirit of Theosophy. It is easy to accuse them of wanting to stand aside from the great struggles of the present, from what affects humanity in the immediate present. Theosophists should correct this again and again. (They should) repeatedly point out that wherever there is something to explore and think about in relation to the legitimate concerns of people in the present, theosophists must be there, (who) must have a clear heart and clear thinking, (who) must not lose themselves in a cloud cuckoo land, but must stand in the immediate everyday life, helping and caring.

And the other accusation could (also) easily be made that for all the evils and damages of the present, we (the) theosophists are touted as a panacea. This is also not the case, because it is claimed that Theosophy, the Theosophical Movement, has something to do with everything that must be prepared in the present for a prosperous future, but not as a mastery, We do not praise Theosophy as a panacea, but we want (only) to show that there is something so comprehensive in it that without it we cannot make progress today in the most essential things that must occupy us, and that all speculation and reform must remain half-hearted if people do not approach the matter with the theosophical view.

This is not why we promote the teachings of thinkers on the great comprehensive world connections, on the universal law of world destiny and world events in the inner circles of our theosophical movement, so that we can idly gaze up at the stars, but because we know that these laws that we study and which are active in the great universe, are also active in the human heart, in the soul, and even give this soul the ability to truly look into immediate life. We are like an engineer who retreats into his technical studies for years, [but] not to contemplate the mysteries of infinitesimal calculus and [to] admire them, but rather we seek the laws that we then apply to human life, just as the engineer builds bridges and applies (his laws) in reality.

There is something general that is overarching and opens up a broader horizon for us. Who would dare to accuse thinking as such of being a universal panacea, even though this thinking is necessary for what can happen in the universe? Theosophy is not a dead thing, not a dead theory. No, it is something that awakens life. It is not about the concepts, not about the ideas we acquire. What is told here is not intended to work through the ideas as such, not (intended) to develop interesting things about hidden facts, but what is presented here to the human soul has a very special quality; and those who are not yet theosophists may believe this or not (believe). But those who have studied it know that what I am about to say is practically correct. And those who study how theosophy governs the world and life (will notice that) their senses and their soul become different from what they were before; they learn to think in a different way and observe human relationships in a more unbiased manner than before.

We are only looking to the more distant future when we speak of awakening higher powers through inner development. But in the nearer future, we still have in mind the life that we can bring about through theosophical development, which is (the possibility) of arriving at a comprehensive, clear, and unbiased assessment of the human conditions immediately surrounding us. Our culture, with all its scientificity as it has developed so far, has produced theories that are powerless in the face of life. The theosophical worldview will not produce such powerless theories. It will teach humanity to think, awakening thinking powers in humanity that are not powerless in the face of reality, but will enable us to intervene in human development itself, to intervene in the immediate practice of life.

Let me cite a small symptom that will further illustrate what I mean. Recently, a clear example [in the political field] was provided by a Prussian government councilor who had taken leave to seek work in America, to participate there and get to know the conditions. A government councilor is called upon to participate in human development. It is—in a higher sense—his duty and obligation that something lives in his heart that is in tune with the circumstances and not just with theories. And if they do not have something that is in tune with the circumstances, then their theory is powerless. That man, who for years had been called upon to participate in the building of humanity, once got to know the building of humanity himself. Of course, what I am saying does not imply the slightest reproach against the individual man. This act is highly honorable and bold, and worthy of admiration. But for what is needed, what he has written is [a symptom]. (It shows) the [inconsistency] of his attitude toward the world and the workers. Here are just a few words from his book about his experiences in America among the workers:

One day after another came and went without bringing us steady work. How often have I asked with moral indignation: Why don't the riffraff work? In theory, some things look different than in practice. With theories, some things can be handled quite tolerably, but now one can become aware, when one comes into contact with life, and find that they are inapplicable in life.

This is because our zeal for education has produced a way of thinking that is powerless in the face of facts. There is no greater indictment than this, when someone who was called upon to contribute says that the theory he had did not correspond to the circumstances. This is the point at which we must address the issue. Just as logic enables people to think at all, and just as no one can become a mathematician without mastering logic, so too can the power of practical thinking never be developed (without theosophy). Look at the economics that overgrow our education market. Try to explore [things] with healthy and comprehensive thinking, theosophical thinking, and you will find that the things that are called to be be signposts, perhaps leading to university professors, party leaders, are gray theories that are suitable for the more comfortable handling [of things] at the study table, but are useless when confronted with reality. Such things are evident at congresses. One only needs to take up the issues. They have this character. If those who deal with them wanted to descend into practical life, they would soon find that they are useless. Merely observing life is not enough. No one who judges from the standpoint of the education commonly available today can judge the women's question, the social question, or other questions, nor can those who only want to observe things. For that is not enough either.

If you were to ask the gentleman who wrote these words: What can lead to improvement? — then [you would find that] he has only learned how it looks, but how it should be done is another question entirely. However, this is not a question that can be answered in an hour, or even in a day. In fact, it cannot be answered through theoretical discussions. No theosophist worthy of the name will say to you: I have this program for social issues, women's issues, vivisection issues, animal welfare, and so on. Instead, he will say: Bring people who are theosophists into all these issues [and the institutions concerned]. Put [such] people in chairs of economics, and they will have the ability to develop the thinking that will lead to making the individual branches of their activity signposts in the field of public life. As long as this is not the case, people will be quacks in this field and will have to watch as the world around them collapses and as idle talk at conferences proves to be useless.

I say this not out of fanaticism, but out of what is in every theosophist a real theosophical attitude, real theosophical thinking. Theosophical thinking develops clarity about the various areas of life, a clear, objective view of the forces and powers at work in the world. Theosophical life enables one to see things correctly. Therefore, Theosophy is not a panacea in the usual sense, but it is the foundation of present life.

After these introductory words, let us give some indications of what has shaped our social question as we now see it emerging from the facts. Those who want to see what is to come must know the laws of human development; they must not have vague theories, but must know the laws of human development. We cannot find these laws through any abstract science. Theosophy does not proceed abstractly. It proceeds from clear, vivid thinking. And so let us at least point out in a few words how this life has developed today, how this life has become what it is today. Anyone who wants to see a little will clearly recognize that a little self-knowledge is also necessary in this area in order to see clearly. First I see the external facts, then I say a few words about what is involved.

Each of us knows what human beings need to live. Everyone has an idea of what they need to eat and wear. A few figures tell us how much the majority of people have for all of this. We only need to look at the tax systems in this regard. It has been said many times, but it can be brought to mind again and again. In Prussia, anyone with an income of less than 900 marks pays no taxes. It is very easy to check how many people in Prussia have an income of less than 800 or 900 marks; of those who pay taxes at all—that is less than 30 million—21 million, or more than two-thirds, have less. And 95 percent of the total population has an income of less than 3,000 marks. Only 5 percent of the total population has a higher income. Take England. Only those who have more than 150 pounds [income] are taxed there. In England, there were 63,000 taxpayers. You see, we have quite extraordinary figures that show how many people have what one would consider to be the bare necessities.

Look at the statistics. They speak for themselves. But what does this have to do with our self-awareness? A great deal. Because it is a matter of gaining the right perspective on these facts. And in this regard, people are very much lacking in the right perspective. What are the people around us doing? How do they earn this low income? That is what we give them for what they do for us. We are not making any distinction here between workers and non-workers, between proletarians and non-proletarians. Because if you make that distinction, then the whole thing is completely wrong. And that is the main mistake of all economic considerations, that they are based not on self-knowledge, but on work, on categories.

What do people do for us? Take clothes, for example. We all wear clothes [that are manufactured] under conditions [illegible in the stenogram], clothes that are manufactured out of necessity for the unemployed, for the unemployed who do not have enough (with their means) to live on. (That's not possible); everyone can tell themselves that, even the seamstress who works for a pittance wears clothes that are in turn manufactured for a pittance. So it is not this or that class that is to blame. It must be clear to everyone that the consideration here must begin with oneself. That this is useful and necessary only becomes apparent when we allow the trains of thought to settle in, when we begin to transfer the thoughts from here to our feelings and sensations. And if we are able to feel a certain pain in these [our feelings and sensations] about the fact that the clothes we wear are made for a pittance, then look deep into the heart of the question. When you consider where everything you wear on your body [clothes] and put in your mouth [food] comes from, then you will begin to feel the social question. It is not through speculation, but through lively observation that one comes to [understand] what it is all about.

It is not correct [to say] that, even though we can paint a grim picture of misery, misery today is greater than it was in previous centuries. That is not the case. We would be committing a gross distortion of objective reality. Try to objectively learn about and study the conditions in the city today and 120 years ago. You will see how much has improved. And yet we still have the social question. We have it because people have undergone another development, namely because large masses of them have come to think and become self-aware, because their needs have become completely different. And when we study the question in this way, we are necessarily drawn to the attention of the great connections that arise for us in world history, if we are not, like the modern researcher, too short-sighted.

In order to judge these things, it is necessary to learn about the great laws of life. What has caused society to take on this form in the first place? It is the way in which the human spirit has developed. Look back to the time of the French Revolution. People demanded different things back then. It was a more legalistic question that gave rise to the slogan “liberty, equality, fraternity.” The heroes of the French Revolution in Western Europe called for freedom. Those fighting in Eastern Europe today call for bread. These are just two different forms of the same thing, two different demands made by people who have learned to ask such questions because their souls have changed.

We must study this transformation of the soul in more detail. We must study and understand why the souls of the great masses of people today — and this has been going on for centuries — demand [such things]. This is where the theosophical worldview comes in, supporting our understanding in its practical application. Only those who understand things are able to judge them. Only those who see what is going on in the soul in the greater context of the world can look into the soul. And only those who understand the laws of the soul can influence souls and guide them into the future.

A brief interjection: contemporary science, biology, Darwinism, Haeckelism, have brought us great ideas, [including] the idea that every living being, in the early stages of its existence, while still in the embryonic state, repeats the life forms that have previously been experienced in nature. This brief repetition of the various stages of life [also exists] in the being that encompasses them all and rises higher than all [others] on the ladder of development: [in humans]. Suppose a spirit had consciousness at a time when there were no humans yet. Consciousness should have guided it earlier through the entire development up to the human being. Then it would not only have had to know what had already happened, but it would also have had to form a picture of future development. It would have had to form a picture of the future from the animal state of that time.

Only a human being who repeats the previous forms in his germ can show us what to do. Doing is what must go beyond all knowledge. No knowledge deals with anything other than what was there. But if we want to influence the future, we must do what was not there yet. (This is shown to us) by the great laws that are to be realized in the future. In a certain sense, everything that will come into being in the future has already been there, namely through intuition. The spirit that would have intervened at that time would have had to have intuition in order to discover the hidden laws of existence that apply to the past and the future. That is why theosophy cultivates intuition. This is what goes beyond the mere physical experience of the world. Theosophy seeks the laws that can be recognized through intuition and that lead us into the future of the human race.

One of these great world laws that can guide us is the law of reincarnation. First of all, it makes us understand that in higher spiritual realms there is nothing other than what the law in the sense of Darwin and Haeckel has indicated. It makes us understand why this or that is felt to be a necessity in a particular age. Those who delve into it know when life thirsting for general liberation was last lived, when (and what) they [human beings] absorbed within themselves as impulses, which they should now be crying out for. Those who cry out today for freedom and equality — I say this with the same objective certainty with which the natural scientist spoke about the physical — all those souls who cry out today for freedom and equality learned this at another stage of their existence, in an earlier incarnation. The great [needs] of today's human beings were embodied in the early days of Christianity, in the first Christian centuries. They all absorbed the urge for equality that human beings face today in spiritual life. Christianity brought the message of equality before God. In earlier centuries, such equality did not exist.

What I am saying now, I am not saying in a derogatory way; I am saying it with the same sober objectivity with which I would speak about any scientific problem. The same soul that once took in as an impulse “they are equal before God and before humanity,” when one considers its actual soul, and everything that causes (external) inequality has no meaning before spiritual life. When the pit closes over us, we will all be equal and become equal. That the soul has taken this in lives on in the soul and comes out in a new form. (The contemplation of) the great world has enormous educational prospects in its cultural progress. I have already pointed out once how this education took place on earth in pre-Christian times. Let us look back to the times of Egypt. What a large number of people were engaged in work whose difficulty is unimaginable to people today. They worked willingly. And why? Because they knew that this life is one of many. Everyone said to themselves: The one who commands me to work is like the one I will become one day. This life must be processed in different incarnations. Nevertheless, it is regulated by these insights.

This is followed by the law of karma. What I have experienced in life is deserved, or it will be repaid to me in later times. But if this had continued to develop in this way, then man would have overlooked the earthly realm. This one life between birth and death would not have been important to him. Christianity then provided the educational measures to make this life between birth and death important. It only appears to deviate from this, because it also strongly pointed to the hereafter. It even placed eternal punishment and eternal reward on this one life. Those who believe that this one life is of infinite importance learn to take this life seriously in this life. It revolves around the truths that are beneficial to humans, and it is beneficial for humans to be educated in the idea of this one earthly life. These were the two tasks: education in the importance of earthly life between birth and death, and on the other hand, that apart from this earthly life, all are equal before God. Only by understanding that all are equal before God has this earthly life been bearable. Those who view it this way will observe a descent into the physical world in the development of humanity since the emergence of Christianity. More and more, people feel committed to sensual existence. As a result, they increasingly transferred the importance of the principle of equality before God to equality in material existence itself.

The image is not to be misunderstood. The soul, which 1,800 years ago was accustomed to claiming equality for the hereafter, brings with it the impulse of equality, but in relation to what is important today: “equality before Mammon.” Please do not see this as criticism or disparagement, but rather as an objective observation of a universal law of the developing soul. This is how we must study the passage of time. Then one will understand that there is only one thing that can cause this soul to take a different direction, to ascend, if we can get the soul that calls for equality back into the hereafter. We used to look up to the hereafter, we used to look out beyond the hereafter, it was assumed to be somewhere ahead. Today, the soul is turned back on itself by this impulse. Today it seeks the same thing in this world. If it is to find an ascent again, it must find the spirit, the inner self, in this world, in the soul itself. This is what the theosophical world movement strives for: to prepare the soul for the three stages, because it becomes inwardly full of God, full of divine wisdom, and therefore knows how to place itself back into the world so that it will find harmony between itself and its environment again.

Such thoughts have a guiding value. We cannot achieve this overnight. But neither can we consider our individual actions. Every action must be under an influence. Then it becomes practical, then it is something, then it is not a gray theory, but immediate life, because we look into the workings of the soul.

Our economists and social theorists so often say today: Man is only the product of external circumstances. Human beings have become what they are because they live in these or those external circumstances. For example, social democracy seriously argues that human beings become what their environment makes them, that because they have become proletarian workers through industrial development, their souls are also shaped by these circumstances. Human beings are a product of circumstances. We hear this often. Let us study the circumstances themselves, let us consider what is around us, what we are most dependent on. Are we dependent on nature alone? No! We only realize what we are dependent on when we stand hungry in front of the bakery and have nothing in our pockets to buy anything.

All these circumstances are again created and brought about by people. The spirit that has developed throughout history has brought about these circumstances. What exists today was sometimes only recently conceived by people as beneficial to humanity; they themselves created it. Thus, those who believe that people are dependent on circumstances are caught in a circular argument, because circumstances are brought about by people. When we realize this, we must say to ourselves: it is not circumstances that matter, but rather seeing how circumstances have come about. It is pointless to state and say that people are dependent on their circumstances. People will still be dependent on the circumstances that surround them in fifty years' time. You can admit to any social democrat that people are dependent on circumstances, but on those that we create today, that arise from our minds and souls. We create social conditions! And what will then come to life are the crystallized feelings and emotions that we put out into the world today.

This shows us what it is all about: that we must learn the laws under which the world develops. It cannot be science that is at stake here, but only intuition, the knowledge of what we must lay down as law. This comes to us from a consideration that seems quite fantastic to most people, but which is much clearer and more objective than much of the fantastic imagination of our scientists. Those who can say what lives in the soul and emerges from the soul, which then crystallizes outside, can also say, from the wisdom of the divine in the soul, what only one person in the world can spread, and what is beneficial to humanity.

If you want to have such conditions around us in the future, if you want to have this as an institution, as an establishment that satisfies people, of which people will be able to say: This is it, we want to live under these conditions — then you must first pour humanity into these conditions so that humanity flows out of them again. The deepest humanity, the deepest inner soul must first flow out from our own hearts into the world. Then the world will be a reflection of the soul, (and in this soul will be a reflection of the world). This will be able to satisfy people again.

That is why human beings cannot expect anything from all the botched attempts at social reform that are made on the basis of observations of external circumstances. These external circumstances are created by human beings; they are nothing other than the outpourings of human souls. What needs to be worked on first, what we must first address as a social issue, are the souls of today, which will create the environment of tomorrow. You can see how better conditions flow from the soul into the environment, if only you are willing to study it. I have heard social politicians say time and again: improve conditions and people will become better. If only they would study what individual sects, isolated from world developments, are doing in terms of soul culture, (if only they would study) what they are contributing to the shaping of external conditions. When people realize that the improvement of conditions depends on them, when they have attained theosophical knowledge, and when they have recognized the first principle: to form the core of a universal brotherhood and to develop it within ourselves as a social feeling for the environment, then (the) social (is) possible, (and one is prepared) for what is to happen in the near future.

Our entire national economy today lives under false categories. Our theories are mostly wrong because they are based on assumptions that are completely different from those that arise from (human beings and from) humanity. Everywhere, people start from production. They believe that they can achieve something by (developing) the remuneration of production. All thinking moves in this direction. A change in thinking will not immediately bring about an improvement. But it will happen when the direction is changed. Even our proletariat has no idea what is at stake here. What is demanded is higher wages and shorter working hours. Consider the worker in any industry, say the electricity industry, who has organized himself into a union in order to create better wages and working conditions through this association. What does he want? He wants a different relationship between himself and his employer in terms of remuneration. That is all he wants. The conditions of production do not change. All that happens is that the worker receives a higher wage, which comes away from capital. That is all that happens, a redistribution [of capital].

But this does not change anything in particular. If you receive a higher wage today, food will be more expensive tomorrow. It is not possible to bring about any improvement for the future in this way. The fact that people still have this aspiration is based on false thinking. What we are dealing with here is production and consumption. A great, comprehensive world law of labor prevails here. One must be aware of this. Perhaps certain people who are accustomed to thinking in terms of today's socio-economic theories will say that I am presenting them with a pipe dream. Those who have developed into theosophists have generally gone through today's thinking. It should be active in us as a life impulse. But just as every thought draws us in and every single action stimulates us, so too should this stimulate us. We do not need to think that we can realize it [already]. In this way, even a government official who does not live in gray theories can see life in a completely different light. He does not need to travel to America to realize that someone who cannot find work does not have to be a vagrant. The nature of work has changed greatly over time.

Look back to ancient Greece. What was work like back then? The worker had a completely different relationship with his master. At that time, the worker was a slave. He could be forced to work by violence. What he received from his master was (his) livelihood. But the fruits of his labor went to his master. It had nothing to do with the worker's relationship with his master. He had to work, he was (admittedly) also supported under difficult circumstances; but he was not paid for his individual work. So we have work under duress, without pay.

Goods are the result of something other than directly paid labor. Their value therefore has nothing to do with what is to be paid as wages. Look at the conditions today. Today we have work that is partly paid to the worker, partly. What they earn flows into the entrepreneur's pocket as profit. So the work is partially remunerated. What has this made the worker himself? He puts his labor power into his work. In Greece, a piece of work was a product of slavery. Today's products, goods, contain something completely different. Today, the luxury food I get is crystallized labor that is paid to the worker. If we think about it this way, we will find that half freedom has replaced the old slavery. A contractual relationship has taken its place. Therefore, work today is half compulsion, half freedom. As a result, work has become a commodity in the form of the worker. So we have half-forced and half-free labor. And the course of development is (in the direction) of completely free labor. No one (rejects or) changes this path. Just as the Greek worker performed his work under the coercion of his master, just as the current worker works under coercion for wages, in the future there will only be freedom of labor. Work and wages will be completely separated in the future.

This is the health of social relations in the future. You can already see it today. Work is a free activity based on the recognition of necessity, (on the recognition) that it must be done. [People] did it because they looked at the person who needed the work. What was work in ancient times? It was a tribute; it was done because it had to be done. And what is work today? It is based on self-interest, on the pressure that egoism exerts on us. Because we want to be there, we want to be paid for our work. We work for our own sake, for the sake of our wages. In the future, we will work for the sake of our fellow human beings, because they need what we can do. That is why we will work. We will clothe our fellow human beings, we will provide them with what they need—in complete freedom of action. [The] wage must be completely separated from this. Work was a tribute in the past; it will be a sacrifice in the future. It has nothing to do with self-interest, nothing to do with remuneration. If I let my work be dictated by consumption, by consideration of what humanity needs, then I am in a free working relationship, and my work is a sacrifice for humanity. Then I work to the best of my ability because I love my fellow human beings and make my abilities available.

This must be possible, and it is only possible if existence is separated from work. And this will happen in the future. No one will be the owner of the product of their labor. Humanity must be educated to work freely, one for all and all for one. Everyone must act accordingly. If you found a small community today in which everyone puts what they earn into the communal coffers and everyone works what they can, then their livelihood does not depend on what they can work, but this livelihood is brought about by communal consumption. This results in greater freedom than regulating wages according to production. When that happens, we will have a direction that (corresponds to our needs. This) can already be incorporated into every law and every regulation today. Not absolutely, of course, but approximately. Factories can already be designed in the right way. However, this requires healthy, clear, sober thinking in the spirit of theosophy. When such things enter the human soul, then something can live again within that human soul itself. And just as one thing determines another, so too will this life of the human soul determine that the external institutions will be a reflection of it, so that our work will be a sacrifice—no longer self-interest—so that it is not remuneration that regulates our relationship to the outside world, but what is within us. We offer what we can and are able to do to humanity. (If we are able to do little, then) we offer little; if we have much, then [we offer] much.

We must know that every action is a cause of infinite effect, and that we must not leave anything in our soul unused. We will make every sacrifice from our soul if we completely renounce the reward that may be given to us by external circumstances. Not for our own sake, not for our own well-being, but for the sake of necessity. We want to strengthen the soul through the law of our own inner being, so that it learns to make its power available to the whole from a different perspective than that of the law of reward and self-interest. In a certain sense, there have already been thinkers who have thought this way. In the first half of the nineteenth century, there were such thinkers who introduced this aspect of a great, spiritual contemplation of the laws of the world. Is this aspect not a sanctification of work? Is it not so that we can lay it down on the altar of humanity? In this way, work becomes something quite different from a burden. It becomes something into which we place our most sacred feelings, our compassion for humanity, and we can then say: Work is sacred because it is a sacrifice for humanity.

Now there were (people) who lived from “sacred industry” in the first half of the nineteenth century. (One of them), because he had an inkling of the great ideas of the future, was Saint-Simon. Those who study his writings will gain infinitely (much) for our time if they delve into them in a theosophical sense. He [Saint-Simon] spoke in a rudimentary way about a way of living together such as a cooperative. He planned cooperatives in which individuals paid tribute and (thereby) became independent. He had great ideas about human development and discovered many things. He said: The human races correspond to a planned development, and the souls come to the fore one after the other and develop upwards. This is how one must view human development in order to arrive at the correct understanding. He (also) speaks of a planetary spirit that transforms itself into other planets where humans arrive. In short, there is an economist whom you can read who lived in the first half of the nineteenth century. You can read his work as if it were a theosophical book.

The palingenesis of the soul's existence can be proven today. Anyone who accepts Haeckel will also have to accept reincarnation if they continue to develop Haeckel's ideas. Fourier also thought in this way. You can find primitive theosophy in his work. Therefore, for those who see things as they are, theosophy for our social life, with its first great principle of establishing the core of a universal brotherhood, is the only thing that can spread healthy conditions in this environment. This view of the theosophist is not impractical, but more practical than the views of all social theorists, and only he — as you will realize when you apply the theories to life — will say the same thing that the good Kolb said: With the theories of political economy, it is still quite tolerable to study. — When theosophy is heard in discussions about social issues, only then can a healthy perspective and healthy thinking enter into them. So it is necessary for those who want to see and hear in this area to engage with theosophy.

For the theosophist, two things are clear, who says — not out of fanaticism, but out of an insight that arises from the observation of life —: One thing is possible, to stick to gray theories and entrust the matter to people who later have to admit that it looks different at the study table than in life outside. Then we will have to wait a long time, and what must come will come anyway. Ultimately, the theory that is full of life will have to intervene in life, or — as can already be heard today — one can already deal with what theosophy has to say about the social question. Then one must not only listen to a lecture on it, but one must also deal with the whole of theosophy. We will draw out the gift, the ability, to view life in a healthy way from top to bottom, in its most secret and intimate powers. Then healing and blessing can soon enter our social order.

Let us accomplish what needs to be done within ourselves, as much as we can. Transforming work, not working for wages, is a sacrifice. Then we will have done our duty, (then we will have) viewed life in a healthy way. Or (we will continue to view) a world with gray, unrealistic theories. Then it could turn out that future humanity might say: Questions have been raised. As long as these questions were to be studied, as long as salvation was well on its way, they did not want to study them. Goethe once said that revolutions could only become terrible if those in power did not do their duty. He knew who was to blame for revolutions. Let us try to consider what future history may say about our present. You have seen how time has worked until the earth was soaked with blood, and how time has raised the most burning questions in an even more terrible way.