Nature and Spirit Beings
Their Effects in Our Visible World
GA 98
14 June 1908, Munich
XI. Elemental Beings and other Higher Spiritual Beings
We have often emphasized that the worldview based on the Science of the Spirit must not remain just something abstract or conceptual, or something that we present as our worldview only in solemn moments of our lives to satisfy our inner spiritual needs. Rather, our worldview must be something that deeply intervenes in our life and being, in our work from morning to night. This will become very clear to us if we focus our attention on what is always around us, namely the relationships and connections that spiritual beings and the spiritual world in general have with us and our lives.
The physiognomy of the external life will only become clear to a human being, after he looked into that which out of the spiritual world brings about this physiognomy of existence. Not until we know a human being’s soul, will we begin to understand him fully by his physiognomy. We will then know how to interpret his gaze and explain his facial expressions. Likewise, the external world in its large and small manifestations will become understandable once we get to know its spiritual foundations. We are already able to make a lot clear to ourselves when we follow life at every turn and observe it with an eye sharpened by the Science of the Spirit.
Recently, an aperçu came to my mind that I would like to use as an introduction simply to get us in the mood for today’s contemplation. I have often drawn your attention to1 GA 103, Lecture 8, The Gospel of John, 27 May 1908 how strangely in the destiny of the world, in its historical karma, things are interconnected in European culture. I have pointed out to you how in the Nordic mystery world, the mystery world of Druids and of the Trots, a certain tragic streak prevailed during teaching. In the old pre-Christian mystery world, the disciples who were initiated into high spiritual wisdom, high spiritual science, were also always made aware of something. It was pointed out to them that the view of the spiritual world conveyed to them, namely in Northern and North-western Europe, would receive a special illumination through a future event. Prophetically, the later appearance of Christ was alluded to. The whole of European culture becomes understandable to us when we follow the strange threads of how Christianity entwined and interwove itself into the remnants of the ancient Nordic beliefs about the spirit world. And sometimes small external facts really seem to be symptoms even though they are more than symptoms. They are real evidence of what is happening inside. Thus, one following these fine threads unravels for himself the physiognomy of external events.
During one of my last lecture journeys,2In March and April 1908 with lectures in Lund, Malmoe, Stockholm, Uppsala, Kristiana (Oslo), Göteborg and Copenhagen. No transcripts are available of these lectures. it stood quite vividly before my soul, how in the areas of the North, in Sweden and Norway, the after-effects of the ancient Nordic spirit world can still be perceived in detail. It seems one can perceive how these effects are playing into a spiritual view of all that we encountered. And then one feels something very special, when right in the middle of these echoes of the ancient world of the Nordic gods, something manifests itself that points to strange karmic historical connections. Right in the midst of the echoes of this ancient Nordic spirit world, an impressive picture presents itself.
On reaching Uppsala, one is, so to speak, right in the middle of the things that further remind one of the ancient Nordic mystery world. Right there you come across the first Germanic translation of the bible of Ulfilas,3Ulfilas, 331-383, Gothic bishop, translated the bible into Gothic. The translation is partly preserved in the Argent Codex in Uppsala, the largest fragment, and in further parts in Wolfenbüttel, Milano, Rome and Torino, in total 117 of the original 333 sheets. The scripture is the oldest known Germanic book, written on purple coloured vellum in gold and silver lettering. It was discovered in the 16th Century in the Abbey Werden/Ruhr. From there it got to Prague and became the property of Emperor Rudolf II. In 1648 it was carried off to Sweden, then to the Netherlands, where it was purchased by the Swedish Chancellor Graf de la Gardie and gifted to the University of Uppsala that wonderful document about the penetration of Christianity into the European world. Even if we do not go into specific karmic connections, we will feel something of karmic relations when we remember that this document was first in Prague, then was captured during the Swedish war and brought to this place by strange circumstances. It seems to us as if this first translation of the Bible into Germanic is a living monument to the penetration of Christianity into the ancient Nordic spirit world.
When one truly perceives the things that one encounters also as an outer expression of inner spiritual facts then all becomes explainable from the inner perspective and everything comes to life. Thus, today we want to place before our soul and examine some of the many things that show us external events and external facts as a consequence, a physiognomic expression, of inner spiritual natures and occurrences of such spiritual beings and events.
When we survey the life of man, it becomes obvious right away that in today’s world, where materialistic thinking is prevalent, only connections that are well visible from the outside are studied and noted. One will call something harmful when the harm it causes is clearly visible to the eyes. Something is called useful when its utility is obvious.
It will become especially clear to us that spiritual facts play out in between the sensual events of life, so to speak, in between our sensual bodies that are connected with human life, if we first consider certain deeds of beings who exert influence on our world. Of course, these beings cannot be naturally perceived by man’s physical senses but are deeply significant for the entire human life.
We can take a closer look at only one kind of such beings, although there are many. The space that surrounds us is not only filled with air, but with a great variety of spiritual beings. There are those that we call elemental beings. The majority of them can be characterised by something that they do not possess, but rather by what actually makes a human being a human being, namely a feeling of moral responsibility. They cannot have this. They are organised in such a way that they cannot be held responsible in a moral sense. Don’t think that at least some of those beings who go and in out of our bodies, at least a certain kind of them, have no intellect, are not intelligent. Many of them are very smart beings—beings which are hardly inferior to man in terms of cleverness and intellect. Let us first take a look at such beings who are found in the higher worlds, but who have a certain relationship with man himself, which has its effects in life. This is what we want to examine.
We begin with the assumption that a person really lives in two distinct states. Within the duration of twenty-four hours, a typical modern man transitions from the awake state of day to the state of sleep at night. We know from earlier observations that during the day a human being is in a regular way composed of four bodily members—the physical body, the etheric body, the astral body, and the I. During the night, when someone falls asleep, the physical and the etheric body remain lying in bed, whilst the astral body and the I lift themselves out. We have also learnt, that these four members of the human body find their expression in the physical body. We know that the I finds expression in the blood. The blood in its movements is nothing but the material revelation of the I. Likewise, the nervous system is the material revelation of the astral body, and the glands are those of the etheric body. The physical body has its own revelation, so to speak. If you keep that in mind, then you can understand that this human nervous system in the physical body is designed just so that it can only exist when it is permeated by the astral body. This is so because the astral body is its creator and maintainer. It is organising the nervous system that is dependent on it. The nervous system can only live under the influence of the astral body. Similarly, closely connected are the blood and the I. Just imagine what happens when you, disdainfully, leave your physical body each night. You leave the nervous system behind in the physical body but take with you the astral body, that is its nurturer. You leave behind to its own devices, what the astral body should take care of. Likewise, your I steps out and leaves the blood to its own devices. That is what the human being does each night. He leaves his physical body, or rather the nervous- and blood-systems, to their own devices. However, these could not survive, if they had to depend solely on themselves. Because of the way they are, they must in the human form be permeated by an astral body, just as the blood must be permeated by something that is equivalent to the I.
What you do not do yourself, namely, to supply your nervous system, other beings have to do. Therefore, you will see that in the same moment in which the astral body and the I are pulling themselves out of the physical and etheric bodies, higher beings from higher realms are moving in. They sink their astrality into the nervous system and supply the nerves and the blood. Those that descend from the higher realms each night take possession of the physical body when the human being disdainfully leaves it behind. So, we can say that astral substantialities that create the physical and etheric bodies, who are participants in their creation, take care of these bodies again when the human being leaves them. Hereby they find the bodies different from the way they were originally delivered to the human beings. Man lived in it with his astral body and his I and has worked in it. Now the spiritual beings from higher cosmic regions find effects in it that do not correspond to their higher spirituality at all. Effects that are the aftermath of what the human being did during the day in his physical body, instigated by his astrality and his I.
Of course, the materialistic approach knows only roughly the basics. But when we consider the mysterious facts of the spiritual world, we will find that there exist also quite different effects that influence the physical body. One cannot have a single thought, feeling, or emotion without it affecting the physical body.
Although an anatomist cannot prove this, every feeling and every emotional state causes a certain change in the structure of the physical body, and this is what is then discovered by those beings who descend into the human being.
Of special relevance are the effects on the physical body caused by all those things a human being has within his soul of lies, slander, and hypocrisy. The materialistic view is that lies, slander, and hypocrisy are only as harmful as can be observed from the outside. But this is not correct. In reality, very delicate effects are exerted on the physical body, however, these effects cannot even be perceived microscopically. Later, when the soul leaves the body during sleep, the effects remain in the physical body and are found by the higher beings. These consider not only those soul experiences that are, in the gross sense, called lies, slander, and hypocrisy, but also, for example, the subtle, conventional lies that are required by today’s social order. Lies spoken out of politeness or custom, and the whole gamut that can be listed starting with insincerity, hypocrisy, and petty slander even if only in thought, all this expresses itself in effects on the physical body and is found by those descending beings. And as all of this is at night within the physical body something special is brought about.
Through this, pieces are always torn off from the substance of those beings that are descending into the body. Through this, certain pieces of the higher beings must excise themselves. The consequence of lies, hypocrisy, and slander during the day is the excision of certain beings during the night, that are through this somehow related to the physical human body. These beings thus acquire an independent existence in the spiritual world that surrounds us; they are beings that we class as phantoms. Phantoms are spiritual entities that look like physiognomic expressions, in a certain way they are replicas of human limbs and form. They are of such subtle materiality that the physical eye cannot see them, yet they have, so to say, a physical form. The clairvoyant sees parts of human heads, human hands, whole figures flying through the air. Yes, he sees the entrails of human bodies buzzing around, the stomach, the heart, all the phantoms that were set free by excision because of what humans have done to their physical bodies, as the result of lies, hypocrisy, and slander.
Such phantoms that consistently buzz through our spiritual space are proof to you that human life itself is the cause of beings that now, in a not at all particularly advantageous way, influence human beings. Although in some ways they possess certain intelligent characteristics, they do not have any moral accountability. They eke out their existence by placing obstacles in the way of man, obstacles that are much bigger than those we call bacteria. Something else is also happening. Important pathogenic agents can be found in such beings because phantoms, who have been created through people, will find in bacilli and bacteria a very good opportunity in support of their existence—a source of food. They would more or less dry up in their spiritual existence, if this nourishment wasn’t there. But in a sense, these bacteria are in turn created by them. Because the phantoms exist in the physical world, they can be serving a purpose. Through mysterious causes, that which is in some way needed is also available.
Thus, through lies, slander, and hypocrisy man creates an army of spiritual entities of the category of phantoms.
Something similar happens to the etheric body that man leaves behind at night. This has also been organised for life so that it can only exist as a human etheric body when it is permeated by higher beings. When its own astrality is outside, the higher beings dive into the etheric body also. This has to be remembered! Then it becomes comprehensible that effects in the etheric body, caused by certain processes of our soul-life, remain during the night and bring about the excision of beings, according to the etheric body pattern, from what sinks into the etheric body. The soul processes that lead to such entities, are processes caused in human society through what we call “bad laws” or “wrong rules.” Much of the lawful effect of injustice that a man’s soul experiences in dealing with others, impacts the soul in such a way that the after-effects remain in the etheric body at night and lead to the excision of beings that we call ghosts. This is the second kind of beings that man creates.
Then we have to consider that this issue also exists vice versa.
What stepped out of the body at night, the astral body, is organised in such a way that it depends on being present within the nervous system. When it is not within it, then it is not in its proper place. Then he astral body also must be supported from the higher worlds. Higher protective spirits must unite with it. From these higher spirits as well, something can be excised through human soul activity and peculiar soul processes. This occurs through the effect on human nature of what we could call “giving incorrect advice.” For example, this effect happens when someone forces wrong advice on another, or forms insufficiently justified prejudices, or persuades someone and treats his soul in such a way that does not allow him to agree freely, by pushing him, so to say, forcibly to a conviction that one is fanatically devoted to oneself.
When such influences are exerted from one person to another, an effect remains in the astral body during the night, which leads to the higher beings excising certain entities that belong to the category of demons. t. These will be created, in the way described above, because the people do not meet with an attitude that could be expressed as follows, “I want to tell the other person what I think. If he agrees, that is his business!”
Hundreds of demons are created at the gaming table at gatherings, in Germany called Herrenabende (Gentlemen’s evenings), and at afternoon tea, where really rarely an attitude can be found that is based on inner tolerance. Instead, an attitude prevails where an individual thinks, “If you do not want to share my opinion, then you are stupid.” This type of communication from soul to soul is demon-generating to the highest degree.
Thus spiritual beings really spring from human life. They animate the spiritual world, and all these beings, phantoms, ghosts, and demons in turn affect man. If in our surroundings one or another prejudice spreads epidemically or this or that silly fashion spreads, then this is the work of the demons that were created by human beings and are now obstructing the straight line of progress. Man is always encircled and swarmed by the beings he has created.
Thus, we see how man impedes his own progress due to his ability to create in the spiritual world. We must become conscious of the fact that everything we think, feel, or perceive emotionally has a more significant effect in the wider context than what would happen if we shot a bullet. The latter might be bad, but it is only assumed to be more dangerous than the former because man can see it with his gross senses, while he does not observe the other effects.
This is a part of the spiritual life that the human being unfolds himself, as it were. Another part, how someone participates in the interactions with the spiritual world, might become clear to us from certain human cultural activities that, however, are also not merely as they appear to the external senses. To understand this, you have to keep in mind that there are still other beings besides humans.
We can say that the human being presents himself like this. He has a physical body as the lowest member of his being. There are beings who really exist, who in their present stage of development do not possess such gross physical bodies, but for whom the lowest member of their being is an etheric body. Man can draw such beings to his sphere on the basis of his activity, more than would happen if he wasn’t active. Indeed, part of the development of culture consists of attempting to establish contact with these beings, whose lowest member is an etheric body. Such contact is facilitated by man creating, in a particular way, physical corporealities that can be used by those beings to literally latch on to them, to extend themselves through them. In this way, connecting bridges to those beings are built. Imagine that the flower basket on this lectern was a corporeality shaped just like certain forms of the etheric body of those just mentioned higher beings. They would then have a tendency to settle there, play around the flower basket, and connect themselves with it.
We would see how this basket is an incentive for spiritual beings to lower themselves down into it, hug it lovingly, and feel good about being able to descend in this way into the community of human beings. We only need to create suitable forms and then we are able to create bridges between ourselves and these beings. People have always done this at certain times in this or in another way. In the Greek cultural period, human beings actually had to a high degree the ability to establish communication with those spiritual entities they called their gods. These Greek gods are not a fiction of folk fantasy, but these Greek gods are true beings, they exist and have to be regarded as such beings—this Zeus, this Pallas Athene, and so on, whose lowest bodily member is the etheric body.
And how did the Greeks draw the gods into their sphere? The Greeks achieved this by acquiring to a high degree what could be called an architectonic spatial awareness. A person who studies space from the perspective of Spiritual Science knows that space is not the abstract emptiness our modern mathematicians, our physicists, and mechanics dream about, but something very distinct. Space is something that has in itself lines to here and there, lines in all directions. There are strength lines from top to bottom, right to left, front to back, straight and round, and in all directions. There are pressure and pull effects of a spiritual nature in a room. In short, one can feel the space and can permeate it instinctively. I have often used the example that someone who has spatial awareness knows why certain old masters could paint three angels floating in space so wonderfully lifelike; he perceived that these three angels, like three globes, support each other in space by their gravitational pull.
If this is told to an untrained man, he will conclude that they would have to fall down. He cannot comprehend that they are supporting and holding each other up. Such mutually supportive dynamic measurements are those of which the ancient people became aware of, who still had a living feeling of the ancient clairvoyance that was present. For example, it is completely different when looking in this context,at a picture by Boecklin.4Arnold Böcklin, Swiss painter, 1827-1901. Until 1945 his painting Pietà was in the National Museum of Berlin and has since gone missing. In contrast to his usual excellence, against which there is nothing to be said, you will find there, if you have retained the living sense of space, this strange figure of an angel of which you have the feeling that it must fall down at any moment.
In more recent times, the living sense of space has been lost.
The Greeks possessed this sense of space as an architectonical thought associated with the art of building. A Greek temple is a crystallised spatial thought in the truest sense of the word. The column that carries what is horizontally or obliquely lying on it is not something invented but something that, for someone who possesses a spatial feeling, already lies within the room and must not be any different at all. The whole temple is born from the concrete space. This is what someone who can see the lines of the room perceives. He doesn’t need to do anything more than to fit the stone material where he sees the lines, and simply fill with physical material what is already perfectly outlined. In a Greek temple, the spirituality of the room is completely transformed into a visible form. By creating the crystallised spatial thought in this way, forms were made so that spiritual beings whose etheric body is their lowest member could descend into the closed room thus created and find in its forms an opportunity to dwell there.
Therefore, it is not a mere fantasy but the full truth, the real truth, that the Greek temple was the home of the god. Yes, the god dwelled in it. Through the forms of the room, he dwelled in it. It is the peculiarity of the Greek temple that the invisible god descends and takes possession of the forms. You can imagine a Greek temple without people. Far and wide, no people can be seen. Completely abandoned by people could this site be and yet the temple would not be deserted! The god dwells in it! This is what is characteristic about the Greek temple, but it does not apply to the Gothic dome. It is something completely different, if you imagine a Gothic dome without people and that the dome was empty. Then it is not a whole. The Greek temple is complete without people. The Gothic dome is only complete when it holds the community within and when to the pointed arch the folded hands are added, when thoughts and feelings are uniting with the architectonic forms. If you imagine these away, then the Gothic dome is incomplete. This is how it is different from a Greek temple. It is a different architectonic thought, born out of the spiritual space in a magnificent way, but without people it is incomplete. And then again, when it is spiritually populated, when it is filled with the faithful community, then spiritual beings of the kind described are able to descend into it. Thus, each architectonic thought is quite concretely designed for something specific.
Also, the Egyptian pyramid is constructed in such a way that the soul that leaves the body can take the path that is mapped out within the inner passages of the pyramid. The passage of the soul out of the body into the spiritual world is expressed there. The thought expressed in a Romanesque building is one of a grave. A Romanesque church without a crypt, if it cannot be imagined as a vault that curves above corpses, is incomplete. This is part of it. Through this the church is born out of the thought of the resurrected Saviour. It is the worshipful building for the grave of Jesus Christ.
So you can see that the human being builds a bridge from the physical to the spiritual world through the forms he creates. It may be hardly comforting to learn that humans create an army of spiritual beings that impede their development. But to learn that they are also able to pave a way for themselves that leads upwards to higher spiritual beings, by placing such architectonic forms into the world, might be somewhat consolatory.
This is no less the case with other works of the fine arts. It is the same with works of sculpture or painting. Through their forms they offer an opportunity to those beings who are able to adapt their etheric shapes to what is being fashioned and wrap these forms around themselves. They tend to lean more on the outside of the works of sculptors. They surround these sculptural artworks, while architectural works are more filled in. With paintings we reach another kind of beings, beings whose lowest bodily member consists of very fine etheric material. Someone who understands this knows that the astral-etheric beings feel at home where a painter with his colour harmony, gives them, in his line-forms, an opportunity to enter from the spiritual world into ours.
Then there are spiritual beings whose astral body is their lowest bodily member and who consist of even subtler substances.
These beings find in music an opportunity to share the company of people who express themselves in the arts of moving forms. A room filled with the sounds of music is an opportunity for those spiritual beings who have an astral body as their lowest member to descend. Thus, the filling of a room with musical sounds is definitely something by which man can establish interactions between himself and other spiritual beings. Just as the human being attracts through high, remarkable music, so to speak, good beings into his circle, it is also true that repulsive music attracts bad astral beings into man’s sphere of influence. You would not be very edified if I were to describe to you the horrible astral beings that dance around when the orchestra plays at some modern musical performances. These things need to be taken seriously.
We have now seen how our visible world and an invisible world of spiritual beings behind it are interacting.
In addition, the spiritual worlds express themselves in many other species of living entities. For example, where the different realms of nature touch each other, we find there is an inducement for spiritual beings to appear. We can point to elemental beings, which make life even more understandable to us.
An inducement for the manifestation of certain beings is given where metal lies and overlaps next to the ordinary realm of the Earth. Wherever this realm of the Earth is penetrated by metal veins, there can be found very smart elemental beings who use their cleverness to play pranks on humans. Sometimes, however, they are acting in a beneficial way. We call them gnomes. Beings of the gnome species can be found in the interior of the Earth. They huddle in certain places provided the ground is firm. There might be hundreds of them together. But if a vein is exposed, they scatter apart. Then everything lives and teems with those figures who before were crouching together.
As said, this is the case where earth touches metal. At a spring—where the plant kingdom touches the mineral realm, where something mossy entwines the stones fraternally, where things come together in a peculiar way that normally do not belong together—there you find beings that we call undines and nymphs who also are real beings.
And finally, we find elemental beings where the spiritual and the physical interact. When the animal kingdom and the plant realm meet in such a way that initially the beings are distant from each other and later touch, for example when a bee sucks at a flower, an unfolding of taste is happening in the space where the bee and flower are together. A taste effect exists when the bee absorbs the juice of a flower. This effect is perceptible to a spiritual researcher in that he sees something like an aura manifesting around the crown of the flower which is the expression of the savouring process. All of this is an inducement for the beings we call sylphs to manifest. They have a special task in the life of bees, as they do not only appear when a bee sucks on a flower, but also the sylphs show the way when bees are swarming. They are the leaders of the bees.
The following illustrates how the Science of the Spirit will one day become useful. The beekeepers’ wisdom emerged from clairvoyance. What is done in beekeeping,5Compare; Rudolf Steiner, GA 351, Cosmic Workings in Earth and Man, On Beekeeping such as instinctive grips of the hand, has been inherited from ancient times. In the old days, there would still have existed a dim clairvoyance that allowed the beekeepers to use the astuteness of the sylphs for the organisation of the bees’ lives. Modern beekeeping doesn’t know anything about this anymore. That’s why it does many things wrong with its innovations. Modern science lacks the necessary insights. Human beings will be able to shape the nature processes in which they themselves participate much more productively when they are conscious of and knowledgeable about the workings of spiritual beings. One who looks at life in this area will see that, in relation to beekeeping science, what is good stems from the old times, while modern natural scientists partly produce ghastly stuff that is not applicable at all and leads people astray. Most beekeepers are led by sure instincts and luckily do not follow modern science. For example, even what exists as a theory about the fertilisation process, which plays an important role, is wrong and cannot persist in the face of the insights that penetrate reality.
Another inducement for the emergence of such species of elemental beings is created by man, for example, by living together with the animal kingdom like an Arab with his horse or like a shepherd with his herd of sheep, and not like someone in a sports club.
The soul effect between a shepherd and his flock is similar to the interactions between bee and flower, and therefore the feelings between the shepherd and the flock are an inducement for quite special beings, namely salamanders, to emerge. They are beings of a fine substantiality. They are very smart and very wise, even if they do not possess moral accountability. Their wisdom finds expression in what they whisper to one another of the shepherd’s wisdom. It is not stupidity that is attributed to the shepherds. They are not impostors. But it contains much of what is whispered to the shepherds by those who have come into being as a result of the shepherds living together with their flocks.
For those who want to study this, the opportunity will not be available for much longer as such things are dying out. But until recently such studies could still be done quite properly, if one found selfless people6Refer to GA 28 The Story of my Life, Chapter 3, about becoming acquainted with a simple man from among the people. in the countryside who still knew a lot about the principles of health and healing. They knew very important things. Paracelsus7The quotation reads; “At the higher schools the Medicus does not learn and gain knowledge of all that he should be able to do and know, but from time to time he has to go to school to old women, gypsies, black artists, country travellers, old farmers and the like more unremarkable people and learn from them.” in “Philos, occulta II” after R Julius Hartmann “Theophrast von Hohenheim”, Stuttgart and Berlin 1904, page 30. was able to say that he had learnt more by keeping company with such people than he had learnt at all universities. This was not without a reason. Thus, we can see that there is still such an area in our surroundings where spiritual beings exist who enter into our sphere in a peculiar way. One must not ask where these beings come from. The world has in its shoals all sorts of spiritual beings. It is only a matter of an opportunity to bring them somehow to the right place. Although the following comparison is not beautiful, it is correct: In a clean room there are no flies. But if the house is badly managed, if all sorts of leftovers are lying around, flies will soon appear. It is the same in the invisible world that surrounds us—as long as a human being does not create the opportunity, spiritual beings are not there at all. But if we provide an opportunity, they will always be there. Then they step into our sphere. Then they begin to interact with us.
This is something that shows us how the outlook of a person can broaden beyond the physiognomy of the outer world.
The spiritual beings work into our world in the same way as the soul creates its countenance. A period of time will come for human beings when people by necessity will depend on their knowledge of the spiritual world to shape their lives. Nowadays, man can only tackle the world roughly through his senses. But we will see how we will again advance to a time where the human being will act out of the spirit. We will advance to a time where our whole environment is seen as an expression of the spirit, even if this era will at first not be like those ancient eras of the Gothic domes or the Greek temples.
However, in our time of technology and utility it already is possible for more to happen than does happen today. Human beings have lost the ability to feel, perceive, and experience spirits, and thus have also lost the yearning to express spiritual forms externally. But if people again felt the spiritual, then this could be expressed anew even in our utility buildings. Hereby it steps in front of my soul what I have once experienced as a young man. The builder of the Vienna Votive Church, Prof Ferstel,8Heinrich von Ferstel, 1828-1883, Professor for Building Art in Vienna. The quoted sentence “Building styles are not being invented” is part of the following speech excerpt;
“The greatest error of our century lay in the belief that it was possible, through personal willpower, intense effort of individuals, or even through administrative regulations, to reshape or establish the artistic expression of a people, that can only be the result of all external circumstances and influences. Architecture fell under the spell of an oppressive load of aberrations through which the conviction finally came to the fore that building styles cannot be invented at all...., thus likewise art can be developed only following the natural processes of all becoming and emerging. ... Architects are only the priests of that heavenly daughter, who embeds her ideas in stone with immortal script.” (Quoted from, “Speeches held at the occasion of the solemn inauguration of the elected Rector for the study year 1880/81, of the k.k. Technical University in Vienna, Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel, o. oe. Professor of Building Art, on 9 October 1880.” Vienna, o.J. Speech of the newly starting Rector Heinrich, Freiherr v. Ferstel, page 39 f.) gave an inaugural address about building styles and said, “Building styles are not invented. Building styles are born out of the whole culture of the times.” This can be proven by studying the building style of the Egyptian pyramids in the context of the whole spiritual life of that former time. In our time, the only thought that is expressed is the materialistic utility thought. Our time cannot have a building style similar to the Gothic or Greek one. This is something that Anthroposophists should pay attention to.
Out of the spiritual life of the Anthroposophical movement,9In the postscript it says; “...out of the spiritual life of the Theosophical Society.” In the first publication of the lecture, in the News Bulletin No. 30-35/1936, this was changed to read “Anthroposophical Society”. This wording was likewise used for the first book edition. As in the year 1908 an Anthroposophical Society did not yet exist, the editors of the current (1996) edition have changed the respective wording to read “Anthroposophical movement”. a cultural ocean must be created out of which forms will crystallise again into a new building style.10On 20 September 1913, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) laid the foundation stone for the building of the Goetheanum in Dornach/Solothurn. The Goetheanum was then erected as an artistic wooden building based on Steiner’s new, spiritually appropriate forms. In the New Year’s night 1922/23 the Goetheanum fell victim to the flames due to arson. By now a new building in concrete, and in forms that correspond to this material, has been erected as a second Goetheanum on the same spot, based on a sculptured model by Rudolf Steiner. Refer “Ways to a new building style”, GA 286. An expression of humanity is only possible where a common spiritual culture exists. The one really new style of our time is the building style of the warehouse. It is possible that people who later look back at an earlier time will characterise eras by their building styles. The medieval time can be characterised solely on the basis of the Gothic domes. One could leave all other documents out of consideration but would still be able to extrapolate the nature of the mid-Middle Ages just from the Gothic domes. Likewise, this is so with the time between the 19th and 20th century. This can now later be sketched from the style of the warehouse. The warehouse corresponds completely to the materialistic utility thought. This thought shows itself in the warehouse exactly in the same way as the spirit that lived in Tauler11Johann Tauler, around 1300-1361, Dominican and German mystic. or Eckhart12 Meister Eckhart, around 1260-1327, Dominican and German mystic. found expression in the Gothic dome.
Even in our time, it is possible to work stylistically in a different way. Our cultural resources are such capable formative forces, that they could have a much greater educational effect on the soul life of man than they do today. For example, today we have the era of the railways, but there is not yet a building style for railway stations. This is because man does not feel what happens when the train arrives and departs. He does not feel that what happens when the train tracks can be expressed externally. The arriving and departing locomotives which must drive into the buildings can find their expression in their hollow forms.
Hopefully, once mankind masters air travel, it will be ready to connect the thought of the departure with the departure place, so that one feels that only an airplane can take off from a place shaped that way. In everything, the spiritual life can find expression in form. Only when we feel that we are surrounded everywhere by expressions of the soul, like it used to be in the Middle Ages, then the right thing is achieved. This can only happen when culture permeates human life that proceeds from the perspective of the Science of the Spirit. Spiritual Science is not impractical. It is precisely something that must permeate the culture of the world and capture it. It does not consist of abstract thoughts, but it must flow into all cultural streams according to the intention of those who have brought it to life. It must reveal itself in everything. We should permeate everything with the thoughts that the Science of the Spirit offers us.
There is one other thought that we should place in front of our soul, namely the thought that can give us a certain awareness of how the impulses of Spiritual Science must work to become what they are destined to be.
It is good, especially when we are concluding a winter season and depart from each other, that we take along such refreshment of feelings and mind, and let some of this stream into our hearts and carry this out into the world and always feel like members of the global stream of Spiritual Science. It may be that today still many outside cannot know anything about the Science of the Spirit. Just look at our small meetings, and then look at everything that is done outside—nothing is known; nothing is felt of the essence of Spiritual Science.
When something like this is placed in front of our souls, then only one other picture may emerge, a picture to strengthen soul and heart. It is the picture that appears when we look at the very earliest Christian times and see what was setting the tone then, what existed as culture in the time of the old imperial Rome.
Let us visualise what life was like in that ancient imperial Rome. Picture how the ruling circles set up floor after floor for themselves, while at the same time a small heap of people were banished to live down below in the vaulted cellars. How barrels with incense had to be placed so that the stench which oozed from the corpses, from the decaying corpses of those pursued and killed from the ranks of this small heap, would not be noticed so much. Let us follow how the wild beasts jumped out of the kennels and tore apart those who were thrown to them from the rank of this small heap. Let us descend from the palaces of the rulers of imperial Rome into the passages where the first Christians lived, to where just this small heap dwelled. Where they erected their first altars over the bones of their dead ones. Where invisible to the leading imperial Rome, they unfolded their culture. They did this invisibly like the today’s followers of a new spiritual realisation who meet invisibly, spiritually invisible to the official leading culture! Let us follow those down below, who were not even allowed to show themselves to the light of day. How thousands of them were buried there. Hidden were those who were implanting underneath the surface of the Earth a new spiritual culture into humanity. While up above, imperial Rome acted as is well known. Then let us look at the situation a few centuries later. What the then ruling imperial Rome has brought forth has been blown away, has been swept away. And what remained is that which had to eke out its existence in the lower vaults, hidden from the eyes of the rulers. That is what has remained.
This is how cultures originate in the darkness of concealment. Thus, they form and then step out of the darkness. We can take this consciousness into our feeling, that the movement of the Science of the Spirit is really called to be something similar to the first Christian movement. May it lead an underground existence at first, and may those in the worlds above ground have quite different thoughts. No matter how much they still think of themselves as the authorities, in a few centuries things will be different.
Then the Anthroposophist will have the feeling that he will carry upwards into the light that which today works underground; that he will carry the Spiritual Science thinking like the first Christians carried their culture out of the catacombs. Such a consciousness gives us the power and the possibility to absorb spiritual knowledge into our soul life. We want to depart in such a mood, to once again come together in such feelings. We do not want to deal with abstractions, but with something that can become the “nerve” of our life. Thus, we want to pour into our souls what we hear from the higher worlds. We want to arm ourselves with strength and remember a little that the Spiritual Science thinking must have grown so close to our hearts that, even if we are separated for a while, we are together in spirit. And this feeling shall lead us together again.
Elementarwesenheiten und Andere Höhere Geistige Wesenheiten — Geistige Wesen der Naturreiche
[ 1 ] Wenn wir öfter schon betont haben, daß die geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung nicht nur etwas Abstraktes, Begriffliches bleiben soll, nicht nur etwas bleiben soll, was wir in Feieraugenblicken des Lebens zur Befriedigung unserer inneren Seelenbedürfnisse als unsere Weltanschauung hinstellen, sondern daß sie etwas sein soll, was tief eingreift in unser ganzes Leben und Sein, in unser Wirken vom Morgen bis zum Abend, so wird uns das ganz besonders anschaulich, wenn wir die Beziehungen und Verhältnisse von geistigen Wesen und der geistigen Welt überhaupt, die immer um uns herum sind, zu uns, zu diesem unserem Leben ins Auge fassen. Sozusagen wird dem Menschen die Physiognomie des äußeren Lebens erst dann verständlich, wenn er hineinblicken kann in dasjenige, was aus der geistigen Welt heraus diese Physiognomie des Daseins bewirkt. So, wie wir einen Menschen seiner Physiognomie nach erst ganz anfangen zu verstehen, wenn wir seine Seele kennen, wie wir dann seinen Blick zu deuten wissen, seine Mienen zu erklären wissen, so wird uns auch die äußere Welt in ihren großen und kleinen Erscheinungen begreiflich, wenn wir die geistigen Untergründe kennenlernen. Wir können uns ja da schon sehr viel verständlich machen, wenn wir mit dem durch die Geisteswissenschaft geschärften Blick das Leben auf Schritt und Tritt verfolgen und betrachten.
[ 2 ] Wenn ich in der Einleitung von einem Apercu, das sich mir aufgedrängt hat in der letzten Zeit, ausgehen darf, so soll das nur dazu dienen, uns in die Stimmung der heutigen Betrachtung hineinzufinden.
[ 3 ] Öfter habe ich Sie aufmerksam gemacht darauf, wie eigenartig im Weltenschicksal, im geschichtlichen Karma, die Dinge sich verkettet haben in der europäischen Kultur. Ich habe Sie darauf hingewiesen, wie in der nordischen Mysterienwelt, in der Mysterienwelt der Druiden, der Trotten, geherrscht hat beim Unterricht ein gewisser tragischer Zug. Man hat die Schüler in der alten vorchristlichen Mysterienwelt eingeführt in hohe geistige Weisheiten, hohe geistige Wissenschaft, aber man hat sie immer auch auf etwas hingewiesen: man hat sie hingewiesen darauf, daß die Anschauung der geistigen Welt, die man übermitteln konnte, namentlich im nördlichen und nordwestlichen Europa, eine besondere Beleuchtung erfahren wird durch ein Ereignis der Zukunft. Man hat prophetisch hingewiesen auf das spätere Erscheinen des Christus. Und die ganze europäische Kultur wird uns dann verständlich, wenn wir die merkwürdigen Fäden verfolgen, wie sich das Christentum hineinschlingt in dasjenige, was geblieben war von den alten nordischen Anschauungen über die Geisterwelt, wie sich das Christentum in sie hineingezogen hat. Und manchmal erscheinen einem wirklich kleine, äußere Tatsachen wie Symptome - es sind mehr als Symptome: wirkliche Zeugnisse — für das, was im Inneren geschieht; und demjenigen, der die feinen Fäden verfolgt, dem entziffert sich dadurch die Physiognomie der äußeren Ereignisse.
[ 4 ] So war es mir wirklich auf einer meiner letzten Vortragsreisen sehr lebendig vor die Seele getreten, wie in den Gebieten des Nordens, in Schweden und Norwegen, für eine geistige Anschauung in alles, was es da zur linken und rechten Seite der Eisenbahn gibt, die Nachwirkungen der alten nordischen Geisterwelt hereinspielen, wie sie in allem Einzelnen noch wahrzunehmen sind. Und dann fühlt man so etwas ganz besonders, wenn in diese Nachklänge der alten nordischen Götterwelt so etwas mittenhinein sich stellt, was auf merkwürdige karmische Zusammenhänge in der Geschichte hindeutet. Mitten sozusagen in diesen Nachklängen der alten nordischen Geisterwelt bietet sich einem ein eindrucksvolles Bild. Wenn man nach Uppsala kommt und sozusagen mittendrinnen in den Dingen ist, die mehr Erinnerung an die alte nordische Mysterienwelt sind, begegnet einem mittendrinnen die erste germanische Bibelübersetzung des Ulfilas, dieses wunderbare Dokument vom Hereindringen des Christentums in die europäische Welt. Auch wenn wir nicht auf besondere spirituelle Zusammenhänge eingehen, werden wir etwas fühlen von karmischen Zusammenhängen, wenn wir daran denken, daß dieses Dokument zuerst in Prag war, dann im schwedischen Kriege erbeutet worden und damals durch merkwürdige Zusammenhänge an diese Stelle gebracht worden ist. Wie ein lebendiges Denkmal vom Hineindringen des Christentums in die alte nordische Geisteswelt mutet uns diese erste Bibelübersetzung ins Germanische an.
[ 5 ] So wird alles lebendig, alles von innen heraus erklärlich, wenn man die Dinge, die einem entgegentreten, wirklich auch als äußeren Ausdruck innerer geistiger Tatsachen ansieht. Und so wollen wir denn heute mancherlei von demjenigen uns vor die Seele führen, was uns äußere Ereignisse und äußere Tatsachen zeigt als Folge, als physiognomischen Ausdruck von inneren geistigen Wesenheiten und Geschehnissen, von Tatsachen solcher geistiger Wesen und Geschehnisse.
[ 6 ] Wenn wir des Menschen Leben überblicken, so wird uns zunächst in der heutigen materiell denkenden Zeit auffallen können, daß man eigentlich nur diejenigen Zusammenhänge studiert und beachtet, welche wirklich äußerlich im Groben sichtbar sind. Man nennt irgend etwas schädlich, wenn man mit Augen den Schaden sehen kann, den es anrichtet, nützlich, wenn man mit Augen im groben Sinn den Nutzen erblicken kann. Daß zwischen den sinnlichen Ereignissen des Lebens, sozusagen zwischen unseren sinnlichen Leibern geistige Tatsachen sich abspielen, solche geistige Tatsachen, die zusammenhängen mit dem Menschenleben, wird uns insbesondere zu einer klaren Anschauung kommen, wenn wir zunächst im ersten Teil Rücksicht nehmen auf gewisse Taten von Wesenheiten, die in unsere Welt mit ihren Wirkungen hereinspielen, die der Mensch natürlich mit seinen physischen Sinnen nicht wahrnimmt, die aber tiefe Bedeutsamkeit haben für das ganze menschliche Leben.
[ 7 ] Nur eine gewisse Sorte von solchen Wesen können wir, da es viele gibt, betrachten. Der Raum um uns herum ist nicht nur mit Luft ausgefüllt, sondern mit geistigen Wesenheiten der verschiedensten Art. Es gibt da solche, die wir Elementarwesen nennen. Sie sind dadurch zu charakterisieren, daß sie in ihrer Mehrzahl dasjeniige nicht haben, was den Menschen eigentlich zum Menschen macht, nämlich moralisches Verantwortungsgefühl. Das können sie nicht haben; sie sind so organisiert, daß man sie zur Verantwortung im moralischen Sinn nicht ziehen kann. Sie dürfen nicht glauben, daß diese Wesenheiten, die durch unsere Leiber ein- und ausziehen — wenigstens eine gewisse Sorte von ihnen -, nicht Verstand, Intelligenz hätten. Manche von ihnen sind sehr schlaue Wesenheiten, Wesenheiten, die in bezug auf Klugheit und Verstand dem Menschen gar nicht besonders nachstehen. Wir wollen zuerst auf jene Wesen unseren Blick werfen, welche sich in den höheren Welten finden, aber zum Menschen selbst ein gewisses Verhältnis haben, das im Leben seine Wirkungen hat. Das wollen wir betrachten.
[ 8 ] Dabei gehen wir aus davon, daß der Mensch eigentlich in zwei Zuständen lebt. Innerhalb von vierundzwanzig Stunden wechselt der normale Mensch von heute zwischen dem wachen Tageszustand und dem Schlafzustande, und wir wissen aus den früheren Betrachtungen, daß der Mensch während des Tages in regelmäßiger Weise zusammengefügt ist aus vier Gliedern: dem physischen Leib, dem Ätherleib, dem astralischen Leib und dem Ich, daß in der Nacht, wenn der Mensch einschläft, der physische und der ätherische Leib im Bette liegen bleiben und der astralische Leib mit dem Ich herauszieht. Nun haben wir auch gehört, daß diese vier Glieder des menschlichen Leibes ihren Ausdruck im physischen Leib finden. Wir wissen, daß das Ich seinen Ausdruck findet im Blute. Das Blut in seinen Bewegungen ist nichts anderes als die materielle Offenbarung des Ich. Ebenso ist das Nervensystem die materielle Offenbarung des astralischen Leibes, die Drüsen sind es vom Ätherleibe und der physische Leib hat sozusagen seine eigene Offenbarung. Wenn Sie das festhalten, so werden Sie begreifen können, daß dieses menschliche Nervensystem im physischen Leib doch so gestaltet ist, daß es nur bestehen kann, wenn es vom astralischen Leib durchdrungen ist; denn es ist von ihm organisiert, hängt von ihm ab, dieser Astralleib ist sein Schöpfer und Erhalter. Es kann nur leben unter der Einwirkung des astralischen Leibes. Ebenso hängt das Blut mit dem Ich zusammen. Denken Sie, was da geschieht, wenn Sie jede Nacht schnöde verlassen Ihren physischen Leib! Sie lassen Ihr Nervensystem im physischen Leib zurück und nehmen den astralischen Leib, der sein Nährvater ist, heraus. Sie überlassen dasjenige, was dieser Astralleib zu versorgen hat, sich selbst. Ebenso tritt Ihr Ich heraus und überläßt das Blut sich selbst. Das tut der Mensch jede Nacht. Er überläßt seinen physischen Leib, beziehungsweise das Nerven- und das Blutsystem, sich selbst. Die könnten aber nicht bestehen, wenn es bloß auf sie ankäme. Sie müssen nämlich, wie sie sind, in der menschlichen Gestalt von einem Astralleib durchzogen sein, ebenso das Blut von etwas, was dem Ich gleichkommt.
[ 9 ] Was Sie nun selbst nicht tun — Ihr Nervensystem versorgen -, das müssen andere Wesenheiten tun. Daher sehen Sie, wie in demselben Augenblick, wo astralischer Leib und Ich herausziehen aus dem physischen und Ätherleib, da hineinrücken höhere Wesenheiten aus höheren Reichen; sie senken ihre Astralität in das Nervensystem hinein und versorgen Nerven und Blut. Jede Nacht nimmt Besitz vom physischen Leib dasjenige, was aus höheren Welten herunterrückt, wenn der Mensch schnöde seinen Leib verläßt. So daß wir sagen können: Astralische Substantalitäten, die den physischen und den Ätherleib schaffen, an seiner Schöpfung beteiligt sind, die nehmen sich derer wieder an, wenn der Mensch sie verläßt. Dabei finden sie sie anders, als sie sie ursprünglich dem Menschen geliefert haben. Der Mensch war darin mit seinem Astralleib und Ich und hat darin gewirtschaftet; und da finden die geistigen Wesenheiten aus höheren Weltenregionen drinnen Wirkungen vor, die ihnen gar nicht in ihrer höheren Geistigkeit entsprechen, die die Nachwirkungen dessen sind, was der Mensch den Tag über von seiner Astralität und seinem Ich aus in seinem physischen Leib anrichtet. Nun weiß ja eine materialistische Betrachtungsweise vom Groben nur; aber wenn man auf die geheimnisvollen Tatsachen der geistigen Welt eingeht, da findet man, daß noch ganz andere Wir kungen bis in den physischen Leib hinein da sind. Man kann keinen Gedanken haben, keine Empfindung und kein Gefühl haben, ohne daß diese ihre Wirkungen bis in den physischen Leib hinein äußern. Wenn auch der Anatom das nicht nachweisen kann, jede Empfindung, jede Gefühlsform bewirkt eine gewisse Veränderung der Struktur des physischen Leibes, und die finden dann jene Wesenheiten vor, die sich hineinsenken in den Menschen.
[ 10 ] Von besonderer Bedeutung sind jene Wirkungen, die ausgeübt werden auf unseren physischen Leib durch alles dasjenige, was der Mensch in seiner Seele hat an Lüge, Verleumdung, Heuchelei. Der materialistische Sinn glaubt, daß Lüge, Verleumdung, Heuchelei etwas sind, was nur so schädlich wirkt, wie man es äußerlich beobachten kann. Das ist nicht so, sondern ganz feine, allerdings für einen mikroskopischen Apparat nicht wahrnehmbare Wirkungen gehen bis auf den physischen Leib. Geht dann die Seele im Schlaf heraus, so bleiben die Wirkungen im physischen Leib drinnen, und die werden von den Wesenheiten vorgefunden. Und dabei kommen nicht nur in Betracht diejenigen Seelenerlebnisse, die man im Grobsinnlichen als Lüge, Verleumdung, Heuchelei bezeichnet, sondern auch die feinen, konventionellen Lügen, zum Beispiel die, welche die Gesellschaftsordnung heute nötig macht. Lügen aus Höflichkeit oder Sitte und die ganze Skala, die angeführt werden kann von Unaufrichtigkeit und Heuchelei und kleinen Verleumdungen selbst nur in Gedanken -, all das drückt sich aus in den Wirkungen auf den physischen Leib, und das wird vorgefunden von diesen herabrückenden Wesenheiten. Und dadurch, daß das drinnen ist in der Nacht im physischen Leibe, wird etwas besonderes bewirkt. Dadurch werden immer Stücke abgerissen von der Substanz dieser in den Leib sich hineinsenkenden Wesenheiten. Abschnüren müssen sich dadurch gewisse Teile der höheren Wesenheiten. Die Folge von Lüge und Heuchelei und Verleumdung am Tag ist die Abschnürung gewisser Wesenheiten in der Nacht, die dadurch eine gewisse Verwandtschaft haben zum physischen Menschenleib. Diese Wesenheiten gewinnen dadurch ein selbständiges Dasein in der uns umgebenden geistigen Welt; es sind Wesenheiten, die wir rechnen zur Klasse der Phantome. Phantome sind solche geistige Wesenheiten, die also in ihrem Äußeren physiognomische Ausdrücke sind, in einer gewissen Weise Nachbildungen der menschlichen Leibesglieder und Gestalt. Sie sind von so dünner Materialität, daß das physische Auge sie nicht sehen kann, sie sind aber sozusagen von physischer Form. Da sieht der Hellseher durch die Luft schwirren Stücke von menschlichen Köpfen, menschlichen Händen, ganze Gestalten, ja das Innere von menschlichen Leibern sieht er herumschwirren, den Magen, das Herz, er sieht all die Phantome, die auf diese Weise sich losgeschnürt haben, daß der Mensch dasjenige seinem physischen Leib übergeben hat, was die Folge ist von Lüge, Heuchelei und Verleumdung.
[ 11 ] Solche Phantome, die fortwährend unseren geistigen Raum durchschwirren, werden Ihnen ein Beweis sein dafür, daß das Menschenleben selbst die Ursache ist von Wesenheiten, die nun keineswegs in besonders günstiger Weise auf den Menschen einwirken; denn sie haben in gewisser Beziehung intelligente Eigenschaften und keine moralische Verantwortlichkeit. Sie fristen ihr Dasein damit, daß sie den Menschen in ihrem Leben Hindernisse in den Weg legen, viel mehr Hindernisse als dasjenige ist, was man Bakterien nennt. Es findet sogar noch etwas anderes statt. In solchen Wesen sind wichtige Krankheitserreger zu suchen; denn wenn diese Phantome geschaffen sind durch den Menschen, dann finden sie in Bazillen und Bakterien eine sehr gute Gelegenheit zu ihrem Dasein, sie finden sozusagen Nahrung darinnen. Sie würden mehr oder weniger in ihrer geistigen Wesenheit vertrocknen, wenn diese Nahrung nicht da wäre. Aber diese Bakterien werden von ihnen in gewisser Weise wiederum geschaffen. Dadurch, daß sie da sind, sind diese Wesenheiten der physischen Welt etwas, das zu etwas dienen kann. Es ist somit dasjenige, was in einer gewissen Weise gebraucht wird, durch geheimnisvolle Ursachen auch da.
[ 12 ] Es schafft also der Mensch sozusagen durch Lüge, Verleumdung, Heuchelei ein Heer von geistigen Wesenheiten der Klasse der Phantome.
[ 13 ] Auch mit dem Ätherleib ist es ähnlich, den der Mensch in der Nacht verläßt. Den hat er für sein Leben auch so eingerichtet, daß dieser Ätherleib als menschlicher Ätherleib nur bestehen kann, wenn er durchzogen ist von höheren Wesenheiten; wenn die eigene Astralität draußen ist, so tauchen jene Wesenheiten auch in den Ätherleib hinein. Das muß man festhalten! Dann aber wird es uns begreiflich erscheinen, daß durch gewisse Vorgänge unseres Seelenlebens Wirkungen erzielt werden im Ätherleib, die in der Nacht bleiben und Veranlassung geben, nach dem Muster des Ätherleibes, Wesen abzuschnüren von demjenigen, was sich hereinsenkt. Die Seelenvorgänge, die zu solchen Wesenheiten führen, sind Vorgänge, die bewirkt werden im menschlichen Zusammenleben durch dasjenige, was wir nennen können: schlechte Gesetze, verkehrte Maßregeln. Allerlei von dem, was durch gesetzmäßige Wirkungen Verkehrtes im Verkehr von Mensch zu Mensch die Seele erlebt, das wirkt auf die Seele so, daß in der Nacht im Ätherleib die Nachwirkung bleibt, die abschnürt diejenigen Wesenheiten, die wir Gespenster nennen. Das ist die zweite Art der Wesenheiten, die zu der Sorte gehört, die der Mensch schafft.
[ 14 ] Dann müssen wir bedenken, daß die Sache auch umgekehrt ist. Dasjenige, was herausgerückt ist in der Nacht, der astralische Leib, ist so organisiert, daß er darauf angewiesen ist, in dem Nervensystem drinnenzustecken; wenn er außerhalb ist, dann ist er nicht an seinem richtigen Ort. Dann muß auch er von höheren Welten aus versorgt werden, müssen sich mit ihm höhere, behütende Geister vereinigen. Und auch von diesen kann wiederum durch des Menschen Seelentätigkeit etwas abgeschnürt werden, durch eigentümliche Seelenvorgänge, dadurch, daß auf des Menschen Wesenheit dasjenige wirkt, was wir bezeichnen können etwa mit «einen falschen Ratschlag geben», falschen Ratschlag dem anderen aufzwingen, Vorurteile fassen, die nicht genügend begründet sind, den Menschen überreden, so daß man seine Seele so behandelt, daß man ihm nicht die Zustimmung überläßt, sondern ihn sozusagen zwangsmäßig zu einer Überzeugung treibt, der man selbst fanatisch zugetan ist.
[ 15 ] Wenn so von Mensch zu Mensch gewirkt wird, dann bleibt in der Nacht im astralischen Leib eine Wirkung zurück, die von höheren Wesen abschnürt gewisse Wesenheiten, die wir zählen zu der Klasse der Dämonen. Sie werden erzeugt in der geschilderten Weise dadurch, daß die Menschen nicht einander gegenüberstehen mit der Gesinnung, die sich ausdrücken läßt mit den Worten: Ich will dem anderen sagen, was ich meine - ob er zustimmt, das ist seine Sache! - Hunderterlei Dämonen werden erzeugt am Spieltisch, bei dem Zusammensein, das man in deutschen Landen bezeichnet als Herrenabende, bei Kaffeeklatsch, wo tatsächlich die Gesinnung sehr selten herrscht, die aus innerer Toleranz kommt, wo jene Gesinnung herrscht, bei der sich der Einzelne sagt: Willst du nicht meiner Meinung sein, so bist du ein Dummkopf. - Dieses Wirken von Seele zu Seele ist dämonenerzeugend im höchsten Grade. So entspringen förmlich aus dem menschlichen Leben geistige Wesenheiten; die beleben die geistige Welt. Und alle diese Wesenheiten, Phantome, Gespenster und Dämonen wirken wiederum zurück auf den Menschen. Wenn in unserer Umgebung auftritt epidemisch dieses oder jenes Vorurteil, diese oder jene törichte Mode, dann sind es die Dämonen, die von Menschen geschaffen worden sind und die alle die gerade Fortschrittslinie aufhalten. Immer ist der Mensch umsponnen und umschwirrt von den Wesen, die er geschaffen hat.
[ 16 ] So sehen wir, wie der Mensch seinen eigenen Fortschritt aufhält dadurch, daß er in der geistigen Welt schöpferisch sein kann. Wir müssen uns dessen bewußt werden, daß alles, was wir denken, fühlen und empfinden, ebenso, und zwar im großen Zusammenhange bedeutungsvollere Wirkungen hat als dasjenige, was dadurch bewirkt wird, daß wir eine Kugel abschießen. Letzteres mag schlimm sein, wird aber nur für gefährlicher als jenes gehalten, weil es der Mensch mit groben Sinnen wahrnehmen kann, während er das andere nicht beobachtet.
[ 17 ] Das ist ein solcher Teil des geistigen Lebens, den der Mensch sozusagen selbst entfaltet. Ein anderer Teil, wie der Mensch mitwirkt in dem Zusammenspiel der geistigen Welt, mag sich uns aus gewissen menschlichen Kulturbetätigungen ergeben, die auch nicht bloß das sind, als was sie den äußeren Sinnen erscheinen. Um das zu verstehen, müssen Sie sich vergegenwärtigen, daß es noch andere Wesen gibt als die Menschen.
[ 18 ] Der Mensch stellt sich so dar, daß wir sagen: Er hat den physischen Leib als unterstes Glied seiner Wesenheit. Nun gibt es Wesenheiten, die einen solch groben physischen Leib in ihrer gegenwärtigen Entwickelungsstufe nicht haben, sondern den Ätherleib als unterstes Glied ihrer Wesenheit aufweisen, die aber tatsächlich vorhanden sind. Solche Wesenheiten kann nun der Mensch, mehr als es ohne sein Zutun geschieht, in seine Kreise hereinbannen. In der Tat besteht ein Teil der Kulturentwickelung darin, daß ein Verkehr gesucht wird mit diesen Wesenheiten, die zum untersten Gliede den Ätherleib haben. Ein solcher Verkehr wird geschaffen dadurch, daß der Mensch in gewisser Weise physische Leiblichkeiten schafft, welche diese Wesenheiten benützen können, um sich förmlich an sie anzulegen, sich durch sie zu ergänzen; auf diese Weise werden Verbindungsbrücken geschaffen zu diesen Wesenheiten. Denken Sie sich, wir würden uns in diesem Blumenkorb, der hier auf dem Pulte steht, eine Leiblichkeit vorstellen, die so wäre, daß sie in ihren Formen entsprechen würde gewissen Formen des Ätherleibes der genannten höheren Wesenheiten, so würden diese die Neigung haben, sich da niederzulassen, den Blumenkorb zu umspielen, sich mit ihm zu verbinden. Wir würden sehen, wie dieser Korb Veranlassung gibt, daß da geistige Wesen sich niedersenken, die ihn liebevoll umklammern und sich wohl fühlen, in dieser Weise in die Gemeinschaft der Menschen heruntersteigen zu können. Wir brauchen nur die geeigneten Formen zu schaffen, dann schaffen wir solche Brücken zwischen uns und solchen Wesenheiten. Und immer haben das die Menschen getan in gewissen Zeiten durch dieses oder jenes. So haben die Menschen tatsächlich in der Zeit der griechischen Kultur in hohem Maße die Gabe gehabt, Verkehr mit den geistigen Wesenheiten, die sie ihre Götter genannt haben, zu schaffen. Denn diese griechischen Götter sind nicht Erdichtungen der Volksphantasie, sondern diese griechischen Götter sind wahre Wesenheiten, sind vorhanden und zu nehmen als solche Wesenheiten — dieser Zeus, diese Pallas Athene und so weiter —, die zum untersten Glied den Ätherleib haben.
[ 19 ] Und wie haben die Griechen diese Götter in ihren Kreis hereingebannt? — Dadurch, daß sie, diese Griechen, sich im hohen Maße angeeignet haben, was wir nennen können: architektonisches Raumgefühl. Der Mensch, der vom Standpunkt der Geisteswissenschaft aus den Raum studiert, weiß, daß dieser Raum nicht jene abstrakte Leere ist, von der unsere gewöhnlichen Mathematiker träumen, unsere Physiker und Mechaniker träumen, sondern etwas sehr Differenziertes. Er ist etwas, was in sich selber Linien hierhin und dorthin, Linien nach allen Richtungen, Kräftelinien von oben nach unten, von rechts nach links, von vorne nach hinten, gerade und rund, in allen Richtungen hat. Es sind Druckwirkungen im Raum geistiger Art, Zugwirkungen, kurz, man kann den Raum fühlen, ihn gefühlsmäßig durchdringen. Dabei habe ich schon öfter das Beispiel gebraucht, daß derjenige, der ein Raumgefühl hat, weiß, warum gewisse alte Maler so wunderbar naturgetreu drei Engel schwebend malen, so daß derjenige, der ein Raumgefühl hat, weiß, daß sich diese drei Engel gegenseitig halten wie drei Weltkörper im Raum durch ihre Anziehung. Wenn das dem unentwickelten Menschen erzählt wird, so kommt er zu dem Begriff: die müßten herunterfallen. Er kann nicht fassen, daß sie sich gegenseitig tragen und halten. Solche gegenseitig sich haltenden, dynamischen Maße sind es, deren sich die Alten bewußt wurden, die noch ein lebendiges Gefühl von jenem alten Hellsehertum hatten, das vorhanden war. Ganz anders ist es, wenn Sie solch einen Zusammenhang ansehen, wie Sie ihn zum Beispiel bei einem Böcklin-Bilde finden. Gegenüber der sonstigen Vortrefflichkeit desselben, gegen die gar nichts eingewendet werden soll, finden Sie da jene merkwürdige Engelsgestalt, von der Sie das Gefühl haben, wenn Sie sich das lebendige Raumgefühl bewahrt haben, daß sie jeden Augenblick herunterplumpsen muß.
[ 20 ] In neuerer Zeit ist das lebendige Raumgefühl verlorengegangen. Als architektonischen, als baukünstlerischen Gedanken hatten das die Griechen. Ein griechischer Tempel ist ein kristallisierter Raumgedanke im reinsten Sinne des Wortes. Die Säule, die da trägt, was horizontal oder geneigt aufliegt, ist nichts Ausgedachtes, sondern etwas, was für denjenigen, der Raumgefühl hat, im Raume schon darinnenliegt und was gar nicht anders sein darf. Der ganze Tempel ist aus dem konkreten Raum herausgeboren; das sieht derjenige, der die Raumliinten sieht. Und der braucht gar nichts anderes zu machen, als da, wo er die Linien sieht, hineinzufügen das Steinmaterial, um das, was ideal vorgezeichnet ist, lediglich auszufüllen mit dem physischen Material. Im griechischen Tempel ist die Geistigkeit des Raumes gänzlich verwandelt in eine sichtbare Gestalt. Dadurch, daß man auf diese Weise den kristallisierten Raumgedanken geschaffen hat, hat man solche Formen geschaffen, daß jene geistigen Wesenheiten, die den Ätherleib zum untersten Glied haben, in den dadurch geschaffenen abgeschlossenen Raum sich hineinsenken können und an den Formen des Raumes Gelegenheit finden, da zu sein.
[ 21 ] Es ist daher nicht eine bloße Phantasie, sondern volle Wahrheit, richtige Wahrheit, daß der griechische Tempel das Wohnhaus des Gottes war. Ja, der Gott wohnte dariinnen! Durch die Formen des Raumes wohnte er darinnen. Und es ist das Eigentümliche des griechischen Tempels, daß der unsichtbare Gott herniedersteigt und von den Formen Besitz ergreift. Sie können beim griechischen Tempel alle Menschen sich fortdenken, können weit und breit nichts von Menschen sehen, ganz verlassen von Menschen kann sie sein, die Stätte, und dennoch ist der Tempel nicht verlassen! Der Gott ist darinnen! Das ist das Eigentümliche des griechischen Tempels, nicht aber des gotischen Domes. Es ist etwas ganz anderes, wenn Sie sich beim gotischen Dom die Menschen fortdenken und ihn leer sich denken. Da ist er kein Ganzes. Der griechische Tempel ist ein Ganzes ohne die Menschen, der gotische Dom nur, wenn er die Gemeinde in sich birgt und wenn zu den Spitzbogen die gefalteten Hände dazu kommen, wenn die Gedanken und die Gefühle sich vereinigen mit den architektonischen Formen. Denken Sie sich diese weg, so ist der gotische Dom kein Ganzes. Dadurch unterscheidet er sich vom griechischen Tempel. Er ist ein anderer architektonischer Gedanke, herausgeboren aus dem geistigen Raum in grandioser Weise, aber ohne Menschen ist er kein Ganzes. Und dann wiederum: ist er geistig bevölkert, so können sich geistige Wesenheiten der beschriebenen Art heruntersenken dann, wenn er angefüllt ist mit der gläubigen Gemeinde. Und so ist jeder architektonische Gedanke ganz genau konkret auf irgend etwas Bestimmtes hin angelegt.
[ 22 ] Die ägyptische Pyramide ist auch so angelegt, daß die Seele, die den Leib verläßt, diesen Weg nehmen mag, der in den inneren Gängen einer solchen Pyramide vorgezeichnet ist; es ist der Gang der Seele aus dem Leib in die geistige Welt da ausgedrückt. Im romanischen Bau ist architektonisch ausgedrückt der Gedanke des Grabes. Eine romanische Kirche ohne Krypta, wenn sie nicht durchgedacht werden kann als ein Gewölbe, das sich erhebt über Leichnamen, ist nicht ganz. Das gehört dazu. Sie ist dadurch herausgeboren aus dem Gedanken des auferstandenen Erlösers, sie ist der verehrende Bau für das Grab des Christus Jesus.
[ 23 ] Auf diese Weise sehen Sie, daß der Mensch durch dasjenige, was er schafft in seinen Formen, die Brücke schlägt aus der physischen in die geistige Welt. Mag es wenig tröstlich stimmen, daß der Mensch ein Heer von geistigen Wesen schafft, das da aufhält seine Entwickelung, so mag das versöhnen, wenn wir sehen, daß der Mensch durch dasjenige, was er hineinstellt in die Welt an solchen architektonischen Formen, sich die Wege bahnt zu höheren geistigen Wesenheiten hinauf.
[ 24 ] Und so ist es nicht minder mit anderen Werken der bildenden Kunst. Es ist ebenso bei den Werken der Bildhauerkunst, der Malerei, daß sie in ihren Formen Gelegenheit geben denjenigen Wesenheiten, welche sich in ihren Ätherformen sozusagen anzupassen vermögen dem, was ausgestaltet wird, um es um sich herumzulegen. Bei den Bildhauerwerken ist es mehr ein Von-außen-Anlegen, ein diese plastischen Werke Umgeben, bei den Werken der Architektonik mehr eine innere Ausfüllung. Bei der Malerei kommen wir zu anderen Wesenheiten, zu Wesenheiten, die in sehr feiner ätherischer Materie ihr niederstes Leibesglied haben. Der Mensch, der so etwas versteht, weiß, wie sich astralisch-ätherische Wesenheiten heimisch fühlen da, wo der Maler in seiner Farbenharmonie, in seinen Linienformen ihnen Gelegenheit gibt, aus der geistigen Welt hereinzukommen in die unsrige.
[ 25 ] Dann gibt es geistige Wesenheiten, die den Astralleib zum untersten Gliede haben, die also aus noch feinerer Substanz bestehen. Diese Wesenheiten finden wieder die Möglichkeit, mit den Menschen Gemeinschaft zu haben in denjenigen Künsten, die in der bewegten Form sich ausdrücken, in der Musik. Ein Raum, der ausgefüllt ist mit den Klängen der Musik, ist eine Gelegenheit des Hereinsteigens geistiger Wesenheiten mit dem Astralleib als unterstem Glied. So ist die Ausfüllung eines Raumes mit musikalischen Tönen durchaus etwas, wodurch der Mensch die Zusammenwirkung schafft zwischen sich und anderen geistigen Wesenheiten. Wie der Mensch durch hohe, bedeutsame Musik sozusagen gute Wesenheiten in seinen Kreis zieht, so wahr ist es auch, daß abstoßende Musik schlimme astralische Wesenheiten in den Bannkreis der Menschen zieht, und Sie würden wenig erbaut sein, wenn ich Ihnen von manchen modernen musikalischen Leistungen beschreiben würde, was für gräßliche astralische Gestalten da herumtanzen, wenn das Orchester spielt. Diese Dinge sind ernst zu nehmen! Wir haben auf diese Weise gesehen, wie zusammenwirken unsere sichtbare Welt und eine unsichtbare Welt von geistigen Wesenheiten, die dahinterstehen.
[ 26 ] Auch in mancher anderen Art von Wesenheiten leben sich die geistigen Welten noch dar. So können wir namentlich finden, daß da, wo verschiedene Naturreiche sich berühren, auch Veranlassung gegeben ist zu dem Auftreten von geistigen Wesenheiten. Da können wir auf Elementarwesenheiten hindeuten, welche uns das Leben erst recht verständlich machen. So ist Veranlassung, daß sich gewisse Wesenheiten manifestieren, wenn sich das Metall an das gewöhnliche Erdreich anlegt, anschmiegt. Überall da, wo das gewöhnliche Erdreich durchzogen wird von Metalladern, sind zu finden solche Elementarwesenheiten, die sehr klug sind, aber ihre Klugheit ausnützen zum Schabernackspielen gegenüber den Menschen, die aber auch manchmal wohltätig wirken, die wir Gnomen nennen. Gnomenartige Wesen finden wir im Inneren der Erde, und sie sind an gewissen Stellen zusammengekauert, solange das Erdreich fest ist; zu Hunderten sind sie da beisammen. Wird die Ader bloßgelegt, dann sprühen sie auseinander. Es lebt und webt dann alles von solcherlei Gestalten, die da zusammengekauert waren. Das ist der Fall, wie gesagt, wenn die Erde mit dem Metallischen in Berührung kommt. Da, wo wiederum das Reich der Pflanzen sich mit dem Steinreich berührt an einer Quelle, in dem, was sich da so moosig um die Steine brüderlich herumschlingt, wo Dinge zusammen sind, die sonst sozusagen nicht zusammengehören, die in absonderlicher Weise zusammenkommen, da finden wir solche Wesenheiten, die wir nennen Undinen, Nymphen. Das sind auch wirkliche Wesenheiten.
[ 27 ] Und endlich finden wir solche Wesenheiten, solche Elementarwesen, wo das Geistige mit dem Physischen zusammenspielt, wenn das Tierreich mit dem Pflanzenreich in solcher Weise sich berührt, daß die Wesen vorerst voneinander entfernt sind und sich später berühren, zum Beispiel, wenn die Biene saugt an der Blume. Da ist ja an dem Raum, wo Biene und Blume zusammen sind, eine Geschmacksentfaltung, da wird aufgenommen der Blumensaft, da ist eine Geschmackswirkung vorhanden. Diese Wirkung ist für den Geistesforscher so wahrnehmbar, daß er um die Blumenkrone herum etwas wie eine Aura entstehen sieht. Diese ist der Ausdruck des Geschmacksvorganges. Und das Ganze gibt Veranlassung, daß sich hier Wesen manifestieren, die wir Sylphen nennen. Diese Sylphen haben eine besondere Aufgabe im Bienenleben, denn sie treten nicht nur auf, wenn das Bienlein saugt, sondern auch im Schwarm; da weisen sie den Weg, sie sind die Führer der Biene.
[ 28 ] Hier haben wir ein Beispiel, wie einmal die Geisteswissenschaft nützlich werden wird. Die Bienenweisheit des Imkers ist aus dem Hellsehen hervorgegangen. Was in der Bienenzüchterei gemacht wird, hat sich aus alten Zeiten vererbt; das sind instinktive Handgriffe. Früher gab es wohl noch ein dämmerhaftes Hellsehen; da haben die Bienenzüchter die Regsamkeit der Sylphen benützen können, um sie zu verwenden bei der Einrichtung des Bienenlebens. Die moderne Bienenzüchterei weiß nichts mehr davon, macht deshalb manches Verkehrte mit ihren Neuerungen. Der modernen Wissenschaft fehlen die erforderlichen Einblicke. Die Menschen werden solche Naturvorgänge, bei denen sie selbst mitwirken müssen, viel fruchtbarer gestalten können, wenn sie in bewußter Weise das Wirken der geistigen Wesenheiten wiederum kennen. Wer einmal sich das Leben auf diesem Gebiete anschaut, wird sehen, daß in bezug auf Bienenwissenschaft dasjenige gut ist, was aus alten Zeiten stammt, während die Naturforscher von heute da zum Teil schauderhaftes Zeug machen. Das ist ganz und gar nicht anwendbar, führt die Leute irre. Die meisten Imker sind durch sichere Instinkte geleitet und merken zum Glück nicht auf die moderne Wissenschaft. Sogar dasjenige, was zum Beispiel eine große Rolle spielt, ‚was als Theorie über den Befruchtungsvorgang existiert, ist falsch, kann nicht bestehen vor der in die Wirklichkeit eindringenden Erkenntnis.
[ 29 ] Dann gibt Veranlassung zum Entstehen solcher Arten von Elementarwesen der Mensch, wenn er nicht etwa wie im Sportverein, sondern zum Beispiel so zusammenlebt mit dem Tierreich wie der Araber mit seinem Pferd oder der Schäfer mit seiner Schafherde. Die Seelenwirkung zwischen Schäfer und Schafherde ist ähnlich wie das Zusammenwirken zwischen Biene und Blume, und daher sind die Gefühle zwischen Schäfer und Schafherde Veranlassung zum Entstehen ganz besonderer Wesenheiten, der Salamander. Diese sind Wesenheiten feiner Substantialität, die sehr gescheit sind, sehr weise sind, wenn sie auch keine moralische Verantwortlichkeit haben. Und ihre Weisheit kommt zum Ausdruck in demjenigen, was sie sich zuraunen von der Schäferweisheit. Das ist keine Dummheit, was den Schäfern, die nicht Schwindler sind, zugeschrieben wird, darinnen liegt sehr viel von dem, was den Schäfern zuraunen solche Wesenheiten, die durch das Zusammenleben des Schäfers mit der Schafherde entstehen.
[ 30 ] Wer aber diese Studien machen will, hat nimmer lang Gelegenheit dazu, denn solche Dinge sterben aus. Aber man konnte vor einiger Zeit noch recht gut solche Studien machen, wenn man so selbstlose Leute fand auf dem Lande, die allerlei wußten über Gesundheits- und Heilregeln. Sehr Wichtiges wußten sie. So daß Paracelsus sagen konnte, er habe im Umgang mit solchen Leuten mehr gelernt als an allen Universitäten. -— Das war nicht ohne Grund. So sehen wir also, wie es auch noch ein solches Gebiet gibt, wo geistige Wesenheiten in unserer Umgebung sind, die auf eigentümliche Weise hereinkommen in unsere Sphäre. Man darf nicht fragen: Ja, woher kommen diese Wesenheiten? — Die Welt hat in ihren Untiefen alle möglichen geistigen Wesenheiten. Es handelt sich nur um die Gelegenheit, sie irgendwie an den richtigen Ort zu bringen. Wenn auch der Vergleich nicht schön ist, richtig ist er: In einem reinen Zimmer gibt es keine Fliegen; wenn aber schlechte Wirtschaft im Hause herrscht, wenn alle möglichen Speisereste liegenbleiben, dann sind die Fliegen bald da. Ebenso ist es in der unsichtbaren Welt um uns herum: solange der Mensch nicht Gelegenheit gibt, sind allerdings geistige Wesen nicht da, aber wenn wir Gelegenheit bieten, dann sind sie immer da, dann treten sie herein in unseren Kreis, dann treten sie mit uns in Verkehr.
[ 31 ] Das ist etwas, was uns zeigt, wie der Blick des Menschen sich erweitern kann hinaus über die Physiognomie der äußeren Welt. Wie die Seele sich ihr Antlitz schafft, so schaffen die geistigen Wesenheiten herein, wirken herein in unsere Welt. Und es wird ein Zeitalter kommen für die Menschen, wo der Mensch notwendigerweise darauf angewiesen sein wird, aus der Kenntnis dieser geistigen Welt heraus sein Leben zu gestalten. Heute kann er die Welt nur grob-sinnlich angreifen; aber wir werden sehen, wie wir wiederum vorrücken dazu, daß der Mensch aus dem Geistigen heraus schafft, wie wir vorrücken zu einem Zeitalter, wo unsere ganze Umgebung ein Ausdruck sein wird des Geistes, wenn auch dieses Zeitalter nicht so wird sein können, wie alte Zeitalter, wenn das auch nicht zunächst ein Zeitalter wird sein können, wie das der gotischen Dome oder der griechischen Tempel.
[ 32 ] Aber schon in unserer Zeit der Technik und Nützlichkeit ist es möglich, daß mehr geschieht als heute geschieht. Die Menschen haben verloren die Fähigkeit, Geister zu fühlen, zu empfinden, zu erleben, deshalb haben wir auch die Sehnsucht verloren, in den äußeren Formen geistige Gestalten auszuprägen. Aber selbst in unseren Nützlichkeitsbauten kann, wenn der Mensch das Geistige wieder fühlt, dies wiederum ausgeführt werden. Es tritt mir dabei vor die Seele, was ich als junger Mensch einmal erlebt habe. Als der Erbauer der Wiener Votivkirche, Ferstel, seine Rektoratsrede hielt über die Baustile, da sprach er: Baustile werden nicht erfunden, Baustile werden geboren aus der ganzen Kultur der Zeiten. — Das kann man belegen, wenn man den Baustil der ägyptischen Pyramiden im Zusammenhang mit dem ganzen Geistesleben der damaligen Zeit studiert. In unserer Zeit, da findet nur der materialistische Nützlichkeitsgedanke seinen Ausdruck; unsere Zeit kann keinen Baustil ähnlich dem gotischen oder griechischen haben. Das ist etwas, worauf der Anthroposoph hinhorchen soll.
[ 33 ] Aus dem geistigen Leben der anthroposophischen Bewegung muß ein solches Kulturmeer geschaffen werden, aus dem sich wieder herauskristallisieren Formen, die einen neuen Baustil bedeuten. Ein Ausdruck der Menschheit ist nur da möglich, wo eine gemeinschaftliche geistige Kultur ist. Einen Stil, der wirklich neu ist, hat ja unsere Zeit, das ist der Baustil des Warenhauses. Es ist die Möglichkeit vorhanden, daß der Mensch, aus einer späteren Zeit in eine frühere blickend, die Zeiten nach ihren Stilen charakterisiert. Man kann das Zeitalter des Mittelalters charakterisieren lediglich anhand der gotischen Dome. Alle anderen Dokumente könnte man unberücksichtigt lassen, aber man könnte die Natur des mittleren Mittelalters ganz allein aus den gotischen Domen ersehen. Ebenso ist es mit der Zeit zwischen dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert; diese kann man später aus dem Stil des Warenhauses zeichnen; es entspricht das Warenhaus ganz dem materialistischen Nützlichkeitsgedanken. Der zeigt sich in ihm genau so, wie in den gotischen Domen dasjenige zum Ausdruck kommt, was in Tauler oder Eckhart geistig lebte.
[ 34 ] Aber selbst in unserer Zeit ist es möglich, in anderer Beziehung stilistisch zu wirken. Unsere Kulturmittel sind so fähig einer Formprägung, daß sie doch noch viel erzieherischer wirken können auf das Seelenleben des Menschen, als sie das heute tun. Wir haben zum Beispiel heute das Zeitalter der Eisenbahnen, aber noch keinen Baustil für die Bahnhöfe, weil der Mensch nicht empfindet, was geschieht, wenn die Eisenbahn ankommt und abfährt, weil der Mensch nicht empfindet, daß das, was da geschieht, wenn die Eisenbahn fährt, zum äußeren Ausdruck kommen kann. Ankommende und abfahrende Lokomotiven, das, was hineinfahren muß, kann in den Hohlformen der Bauten zum Ausdruck kommen. Hoffentlich wird die Menschheit, wenn sie die Luftschiffahrt beherrscht, so weit sein, daß sie auch den Gedanken verbinden kann der Abfahrt mit der Abfahrtsstelle, daß man empfindet in der Form derselben, daß da nur ein Luftschiff abfliegen kann. In allem kann das geistige Leben formaliistisch zum Ausdruck kommen. Nur wenn wir fühlen, daß wir überall umgeben sind vom Ausdruck der Seele, wie es im Mittelalter der Fall war, dann ist das Richtige erreicht. Das kann nur geschehen, wenn eine solche Kultur die Menschenleben durchflutet, wie sie von den Anschauungen der Geisteswissenschaft ausgeht. Geisteswissenschaft ist nicht eine unpraktische Sache, sie ist so recht etwas, was die Kultur der Welt durchsetzen und ergreifen muß. Sie besteht nicht in abstrakten Gedanken, sondern soll nach der Intention derer, die sie ins Leben gerufen haben, einfließen in alle Kulturströmungen. In allem soll sie sich ausprägen. Alles sollen wir mit diesen Gedanken, die die Geisteswissenschaft uns bietet, durchdringen,
[ 35 ] Noch einen anderen Gedanken wollen wir uns vor die Seele stellen, jenen Gedanken, der uns ein gewisses Bewußtsein davon geben kann, wie die geisteswissenschaftlichen Impulse wirken müssen, wenn sie das werden sollen, was sie bestimmt sind zu werden. Und es ist gut, wenn wir insbesondere dann, wenn wir eine Wintersaison abschließen und auseinandergehen, solche Gefühls- und Gemütsstärkung mitnehmen; wenn wir etwas von dem in unsere Herzen einströmen lassen und hinaustragen und uns immer fühlen als Glieder der geisteswissenschaftlichen Weltenströmung. Mag sein, daß heute noch viele draußen nichts wissen können von Geisteswissenschaft. Seht Euch diese kleinen Zusammenkünfte an, und seht Euch an alles, was draußen gemacht wird: das weiß nichts, spürt nichts von geisteswissenschaftlichem Wesen!
[ 36 ] Wenn so etwas vor unsere Seele hingestellt wird, möge nur ein anderes Bild auftauchen, ein Bild zur Seelen- und Herzstärkung, das Bild, das wir haben können, wenn wir hinblicken auf die allerersten christlichen Zeiten, wenn wir sehen, was da tonangebend war, was als Kultur lebte in der Zeit des alten kaiserlichen Rom. Vergegenwärtigen wir uns, was es dem Leben nach war, dieses alte kaiserliche Rom, wie sich die tonangebenden Kreise hingesetzt haben Stockwerk über Stockwerk, und wie gleichzeitig ein kleines Häuflein unten in Kellergewölben verbannt lebte; wie man Weihrauchfässer hat aufstellen müssen, damit der Leichengeruch, der von den verwesenden Leibern der Verfolgten und Getöteten aus der Reihe dieses Häufleins ausströmte, nicht so sehr bemerkt würde. Verfolgen wir, wie in den Zwingern die wilden Tiere herausstürzten, zerfleischend diejenigen, die aus der Reihe jenes kleinen Häufleins ihnen vorgeworfen worden waren, steigen wir hinunter von den Palästen der Tonangebenden des kaiserlichen Roms in die Gänge, wo die ersten Christen, eben jenes Häuflein, gehaust haben, wo sie über den Gebeinen ihrer Toten ihre ersten Altäre errichtet haben und ihren Kultus entfaltet haben, unsichtbar für das tonangebende kaiserliche Rom, unsichtbar wie die heutigen Anhänger einer neuen Geist-Erkenntnis, die da tagen unsichtbar, geistig unsichtbar für die offizielle, tonangebende Kultur! Verfolgen wir da unten jene, die nicht einmal dem Tageslicht sich haben zeigen dürfen, wie sie nach Tausenden da begraben lagen, verborgen, sie, die eine neue, spirituelle Kultur unter der Erdoberfläche in die Menschheit pflanzten, als oben das kaiserliche Rom so wirkte, wie es bekannt ist, und betrachten wir dann die Verhältnisse einige Jahrhunderte später: Was das damals tonangebende kaiserliche Rom hervorgebracht hat, ist wie weggeblasen, wie weggefegt. Und was übriggeblieben ist, das ist dasjenige, was unsichtbar vor den Blicken der Tonangebenden unten in den Gewölben sein Leben fristen mußte. Das ist geblieben.
[ 37 ] So entstehen die Kulturen im Dunkel der Verborgenheit, so bilden sie sich, so treten sie dann aus der Finsternis hervor. Und dieses Bewußtsein können wir in unser Gefühl aufnehmen, daß diese geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung wirklich zu etwas Ähnlichem berufen ist wie die erste christliche Bewegung. Mag sie zunächst ein noch so unterirdisches Dasein führen, mögen diejenigen, die in oberirdischen Welten ganz andere Gedanken haben, sich noch so sehr als die Maßgebenden betrachten, in einigen Jahrhunderten wird die Sache sich geändert haben. Da wird der Anthroposoph das Gefühl haben, daß er das hinauftragen wird ins Licht, was heute im Unterirdischen waltet; daß er die geisteswissenschaftlichen Gedanken tragen wird, wie die ersten Christen ihre Kultur getragen haben aus den Katakomben hinauf nach oben. Solches Bewußtsein gibt uns die Kraft und die Möglichkeit, Geist-Erkenntnis in unser Seelenleben aufzunehmen. In solchen Gefühlen wollen wir hinausgehen, um uns wieder in solchen Gefühlen zusammenzufinden. Wir wollen nicht Abstraktionen treiben, sondern etwas, was der Nerv unseres Lebens werden kann. So wollen wir dasjenige, was wir hören aus höheren Welten, in unsere Seelen gießen. Wir wollen uns mit Kraft ausstatten und ein wenig gedenken, daß der geisteswissenschaftliche Gedanke uns so ans Herz gewachsen sein soll, daß, wenn wir auch eine Weile getrennt sind, wir doch im Geistigen zusammen sind. Und dieses Gefühl soll uns wiederum zusammenführen!
Elementary beings and other higher spiritual beings — spiritual beings of the natural kingdoms
[ 1 ] We have often emphasized that the spiritual scientific worldview should not remain something abstract and conceptual, something we put forward as our worldview in moments of celebration to satisfy our inner spiritual needs. but that it should be something that deeply influences our entire life and being, our activities from morning to night, this becomes particularly clear when we consider the relationships and connections between spiritual beings and the spiritual world in general, which are always around us, and us, and our life. In a sense, the physiognomy of external life only becomes understandable to human beings when they can look into what causes this physiognomy of existence from the spiritual world. Just as we only begin to understand a person's physiognomy when we know their soul, when we know how to interpret their gaze and explain their expressions, so too does the external world, in its large and small manifestations, become comprehensible to us when we get to know its spiritual underpinnings. We can already make a great deal clear to ourselves if we follow and observe life at every turn with a gaze sharpened by spiritual science.
[ 2 ] If I may start in the introduction with an aperçu that has impressed itself upon me recently, it is only to help us get into the mood for today's consideration.
[ 3 ] I have often drawn your attention to how strangely things have become intertwined in European culture in the destiny of the world, in historical karma. I have pointed out to you how, in the Nordic world of mysteries, in the world of mysteries of the Druids, the Trotten, a certain tragic trait prevailed in teaching. In the ancient pre-Christian world of mysteries, students were introduced to high spiritual wisdom and high spiritual science, but they were always made aware of one thing: they were told that the view of the spiritual world that could be conveyed, especially in northern and northwestern Europe, would be illuminated in a special way by an event in the future. They pointed prophetically to the later appearance of Christ. And the whole of European culture becomes understandable to us when we follow the strange threads of how Christianity became entangled in what remained of the old Nordic views of the spirit world, how Christianity drew itself into them. And sometimes small, external facts really appear to be symptoms—they are more than symptoms: they are real testimonies to what is happening within; and to those who follow the fine threads, the physiognomy of external events becomes decipherable.
[ 4 ] This became very vivid to me on one of my last lecture tours, how in the northern regions, in Sweden and Norway, the after-effects of the old Nordic spirit world play into a spiritual view of everything that exists to the left and right of the railroad, as they can still be perceived in every detail. And then you feel this particularly strongly when something comes into the midst of these echoes of the old Norse world of gods that points to strange karmic connections in history. In the midst of these echoes of the old Norse spirit world, so to speak, an impressive picture presents itself. When you come to Uppsala and find yourself, so to speak, in the midst of things that are more reminiscent of the ancient Norse world of mystery, you encounter Ulfilas' first Germanic translation of the Bible, this wonderful document of Christianity's entry into the European world. Even if we do not go into any particular spiritual connections, we will feel something of karmic connections when we think that this document was first in Prague, then captured during the Swedish War and brought to this place through strange circumstances. This first translation of the Bible into Germanic seems to us like a living monument to the penetration of Christianity into the ancient Nordic spiritual world.
[ 5 ] Thus everything becomes alive, everything can be explained from within, if one truly regards the things that confront us as the outer expression of inner spiritual realities. And so today we want to bring before our souls some of what external events and facts show us as consequences, as physiognomic expressions of inner spiritual beings and events, of facts of such spiritual beings and events.
[ 6 ] When we look at human life, we notice first of all, in our present materialistic age, that we study and pay attention only to those connections that are actually visible in the external world. Something is called harmful if we can see the damage it causes with our eyes, useful if we can see its benefit in a general sense with our eyes. That spiritual facts take place between the sensory events of life, between our sensory bodies, so to speak, spiritual facts that are connected with human life, will become clear to us in particular when we first take into account certain actions of beings that play a role in our world with their effects, which humans naturally do not perceive with their physical senses, but which have profound significance for the whole of human life.
[ 7 ] Since there are many such beings, we can only consider a certain type. The space around us is not only filled with air, but with spiritual beings of various kinds. There are those we call elemental beings. They can be characterized by the fact that, for the most part, they lack what actually makes human beings human, namely a sense of moral responsibility. They cannot have this; they are organized in such a way that they cannot be held responsible in a moral sense. You must not believe that these beings, which enter and leave our bodies—at least a certain kind of them—do not have understanding or intelligence. Some of them are very clever beings, beings who are not particularly inferior to humans in terms of cleverness and understanding. Let us first turn our attention to those beings who are found in the higher worlds but who have a certain relationship to humans that has an effect on their lives. Let us consider this.
[ 8 ] In doing so, we start from the assumption that human beings actually live in two states. Within twenty-four hours, normal human beings today alternate between the waking state and the sleeping state, and we know from earlier considerations that during the day human beings are regularly composed of four members: the physical body, the etheric body, the astral body, and the ego. At night, when human beings fall asleep, the physical and etheric bodies remain in bed, and the astral body withdraws with the ego. Now we have also heard that these four members of the human body find their expression in the physical body. We know that the ego finds its expression in the blood. The blood in its movements is nothing other than the material manifestation of the ego. Similarly, the nervous system is the material manifestation of the astral body, the glands are that of the etheric body, and the physical body has, so to speak, its own manifestation. If you keep this in mind, you will be able to understand that the human nervous system in the physical body is structured in such a way that it can only exist when it is permeated by the astral body; for it is organized by the astral body, depends on it; the astral body is its creator and sustainer. It can only live under the influence of the astral body. In the same way, the blood is connected with the ego. Think about what happens when you leave your physical body every night! You leave your nervous system behind in the physical body and take out the astral body, which is its nourishing father. You leave what this astral body has to provide for itself. Likewise, your ego steps out and leaves the blood to itself. This is what human beings do every night. They leave their physical body, or rather the nervous and blood systems, to themselves. But these could not exist if it depended solely on them. For, as they are, they must be permeated by an astral body in human form, just as the blood is permeated by something equivalent to the ego.
[ 9 ] What you do not do yourself — supplying your nervous system — must be done by other beings. Therefore, you see that at the very moment when the astral body and the ego withdraw from the physical and etheric bodies, higher beings from higher realms move in; they lower their astrality into the nervous system and supply the nerves and blood. Every night, when the human being contemptuously leaves his body, that which descends from higher worlds takes possession of the physical body. So we can say that the astral substances that create the physical and etheric bodies, and are involved in their creation, take them back when the human being leaves them. In doing so, they find them different from how they originally delivered them to the human being. The human being was in them with his astral body and I, and he worked in them; and there the spiritual beings from higher regions of the world find effects that do not correspond at all to their higher spirituality, which are the after-effects of what the human being does during the day from his astrality and his I in his physical body. Now, a materialistic view only knows about the gross, but when one enters into the mysterious facts of the spiritual world, one finds that there are quite different influences at work even in the physical body. One cannot have a thought, a sensation, or a feeling without these expressing their effects in the physical body. Even if the anatomist cannot prove it, every sensation, every form of feeling causes a certain change in the structure of the physical body, and these are then found by those beings who sink into the human being.
[ 10 ] Of particular significance are those effects exerted on our physical body by everything that a person has in their soul in the way of lies, slander, and hypocrisy. The materialistic mind believes that lies, slander, and hypocrisy are things that are only as harmful as can be observed externally. This is not the case, however. Very subtle effects, imperceptible to a microscopic apparatus, penetrate the physical body. When the soul leaves the body during sleep, these effects remain in the physical body, where they are found by the beings. And this includes not only those soul experiences that we call lies, slander, and hypocrisy in the gross sense, but also the subtle, conventional lies, for example those that are necessary for the social order today. Lies out of politeness or custom and the whole range that can be cited, from insincerity and hypocrisy to small slanders, even if only in thought — all of this is expressed in the effects on the physical body, and this is found by these descending beings. And because this is inside the physical body at night, something special is brought about. This causes pieces to be torn away from the substance of these beings sinking into the body. Certain parts of the higher beings must thereby be cut off. The consequence of lying, hypocrisy, and slander during the day is the cutting off of certain beings at night, which thereby have a certain relationship to the physical human body. These beings thereby gain an independent existence in the spiritual world surrounding us; they are beings that we classify as phantoms. Phantoms are spiritual beings that are physiognomically expressive in their outward appearance, in a certain sense replicas of human limbs and form. They are of such a thin materiality that the physical eye cannot see them, but they are, so to speak, of physical form. The clairvoyant sees pieces of human heads, human hands, entire figures whirling through the air; he even sees the insides of human bodies whirling around, the stomach, the heart; he sees all the phantoms that have detached themselves in this way, because the person has surrendered to his physical body what is the result of lies, hypocrisy, and slander.
[ 11 ] Such phantoms, which constantly swirl through our spiritual space, will be proof to you that human life itself is the cause of beings that now have a less than favorable influence on humans; for they have, in a certain sense, intelligent qualities and no moral responsibility. They eke out their existence by placing obstacles in the way of human beings in their lives, many more obstacles than what we call bacteria. Something else even takes place. Important pathogens are to be found in such beings; for when these phantoms are created by humans, they find in bacilli and bacteria a very good opportunity for their existence; they find, so to speak, nourishment in them. They would more or less dry up in their spiritual essence if this nourishment were not there. But these bacteria are in a sense created by them. By their very existence, these entities of the physical world are something that can serve a purpose. They are therefore something that is needed in a certain way, and through mysterious causes they are also there.
[ 12 ] Thus, through lies, slander, and hypocrisy, human beings create, so to speak, an army of spiritual beings of the phantom class.
[ 13 ] It is similar with the etheric body, which human beings leave behind at night. They have also arranged it for their life in such a way that this etheric body can only exist as a human etheric body if it is permeated by higher beings; when their own astrality is outside, those beings also enter the etheric body. This must be remembered! Then it will become clear to us that certain processes in our soul life produce effects in the etheric body that remain there during the night and cause beings to be cut off from what sinks in, following the pattern of the etheric body. The soul processes that lead to such beings are processes that are brought about in human coexistence by what we can call bad laws and wrong measures. All kinds of things that the soul experiences through lawful effects in human relationships have such an effect on the soul that their after-effects remain in the etheric body during the night, severing those beings that we call ghosts. This is the second type of beings that belong to the kind created by human beings.
[ 14 ] Then we must consider that the opposite is also true. That which emerges at night, the astral body, is organized in such a way that it is dependent on being inside the nervous system; when it is outside, it is not in its proper place. Then it too must be supplied from higher worlds, higher, protective spirits must unite with it. And something can also be cut off from these by the soul activity of the human being, through peculiar soul processes, through the fact that what we can describe as “giving wrong advice,” imposing false advice on others, forming prejudices that are not sufficiently justified, persuading people in such a way that their souls are treated in a manner that does not allow them to give their consent, but rather forces them, as it were, into a conviction to which one is oneself fanatically devoted.
[ 15 ] When people act on each other in this way, an effect remains in the astral body during the night, which cuts off certain entities that we classify as demons from higher beings. They are created in the manner described above because people do not face each other with the attitude that can be expressed in the words: I want to tell the other person what I think—whether he agrees is his business! Hundreds of demons are created at the card table, at gatherings known in Germany as “Herrenabende” (gentlemen's evenings), at coffee klatches, where the attitude that comes from inner tolerance is very rare, where the attitude prevails in which the individual says: If you don't agree with me, you're a fool. - This soul-to-soul interaction is extremely demon-generating. Spiritual beings literally spring from human life and enliven the spiritual world. And all these beings, phantoms, ghosts, and demons in turn have an effect on humans. When this or that prejudice, this or that foolish fashion, becomes epidemic in our environment, it is the demons created by human beings that are holding back the line of progress. Human beings are always surrounded and swirling around with the beings they have created.
[ 16 ] Thus we see how human beings hinder their own progress by being creative in the spiritual world. We must become aware that everything we think, feel, and sense has, in the greater context, more significant effects than what is caused by firing a bullet. The latter may be bad, but it is only considered more dangerous than the former because humans can perceive it with their gross senses, while they cannot observe the latter.
[ 17 ] This is a part of spiritual life that human beings develop themselves, so to speak. Another part, namely how human beings participate in the interaction of the spiritual world, may arise from certain human cultural activities, which are also not merely what they appear to be to the outer senses. To understand this, you must realize that there are other beings besides human beings.
Now there are beings who do not have such a coarse physical body in their present stage of development, but who have the etheric body as the lowest member of their being, and who nevertheless actually exist. Human beings can now summon such beings into their circles, more than happens without their intervention. In fact, part of cultural development consists in seeking communication with these beings, whose lowest member is the etheric body. Such communication is established by means of the human being creating, in a certain sense, physical entities which these beings can use to attach themselves to and complement themselves through; in this way, bridges of connection are created to these beings. Imagine that we were to imagine a physical entity in this flower basket standing here on the desk, which would correspond in its forms to certain forms of the etheric body of the higher beings mentioned above. These beings would then have a tendency to settle there, to play around the flower basket, to connect with it. We would see how this basket causes spiritual beings to descend, lovingly clinging to it and feeling comfortable in this way, descending into the community of human beings. We need only create the appropriate forms, and then we will create such bridges between ourselves and such beings. And people have always done this at certain times through this or that. Thus, during the time of Greek culture, people actually had a high degree of ability to communicate with the spiritual beings they called their gods. For these Greek gods are not figments of the popular imagination, but are true beings, existing and to be taken as such — this Zeus, this Pallas Athena, and so on — whose lowest member is the etheric body.[ 19 ] And how did the Greeks conjure these gods into their circle? — By acquiring to a high degree what we might call an architectural sense of space. The person who studies space from the standpoint of spiritual science knows that this space is not the abstract emptiness that our ordinary mathematicians dream of, that our physicists and mechanics dream of, but something very differentiated. It is something that has lines within itself, lines in all directions, lines of force from top to bottom, from right to left, from front to back, straight and round, in all directions. These are spiritual pressures in space, tensile forces; in short, one can feel space, penetrate it emotionally. I have often used the example that someone who has a sense of space knows why certain old painters were able to paint three angels floating so wonderfully lifelike, so that someone who has a sense of space knows that these three angels hold each other like three celestial bodies in space through their attraction. When this is told to an undeveloped person, they come to the conclusion that they must fall down. They cannot comprehend that they are supporting and holding each other. It is these mutually supporting, dynamic dimensions that the ancients were aware of, who still had a living sense of the ancient clairvoyance that existed at that time. It is quite different when you look at such a connection as you find, for example, in a Böcklin painting. In contrast to the otherwise excellent quality of the painting, which is not to be criticized in any way, you find this strange angelic figure, which, if you have retained your sense of living space, gives you the feeling that it must fall down at any moment.
[ 20 ] In more recent times, this lively sense of space has been lost. The Greeks had this as an architectural, artistic idea. A Greek temple is a crystallized idea of space in the purest sense of the word. The column that supports what lies horizontally or at an angle is not something invented, but something that, for those who have a sense of space, already exists within the space and cannot be anything else. The entire temple is born out of the concrete space; this is what the person who sees the lines of the space sees. And all they need to do is add the stone material where they see the lines, simply filling in what has been ideally pre-drawn with physical material. In the Greek temple, the spirituality of space is completely transformed into a visible form. By creating the crystallized idea of space in this way, forms have been created in which those spiritual beings whose lowest link is the etheric body can sink into the enclosed space thus created and find an opportunity to exist in the forms of space.
[ 21 ] It is therefore not mere fantasy, but complete truth, true truth, that the Greek temple was the dwelling place of God. Yes, God dwelt within it! He dwelt there through the forms of the space. And it is the peculiarity of the Greek temple that the invisible God descends and takes possession of the forms. In the Greek temple, you can imagine all human beings gone, you can see no human beings far and wide, the place can be completely deserted by human beings, and yet the temple is not deserted! God is there! This is the distinctive feature of the Greek temple, but not of the Gothic cathedral. It is something completely different when you imagine the Gothic cathedral without people and think of it as empty. Then it is not a whole. The Greek temple is a whole without people, the Gothic cathedral only when it holds the congregation within itself and when the pointed arches are joined by folded hands, when thoughts and feelings unite with the architectural forms. If you imagine these away, the Gothic cathedral is not a whole. This is what distinguishes it from the Greek temple. It is a different architectural idea, born out of the spiritual realm in a grandiose manner, but without people it is not a whole. And then again: if it is spiritually populated, spiritual beings of the kind described can descend when it is filled with the faithful congregation. And so every architectural idea is very precisely designed for something specific.
[ 22 ] The Egyptian pyramid is also designed so that the soul leaving the body may take the path that is traced in the inner passages of such a pyramid; it expresses the passage of the soul from the body into the spiritual world. The idea of the tomb is expressed architecturally in Romanesque buildings. A Romanesque church without a crypt, if it cannot be conceived as a vault rising above the corpses, is not complete. It is part of it. It is born out of the idea of the risen Savior; it is the venerable building for the tomb of Christ Jesus.
[ 23 ] In this way, you can see that through what he creates in his forms, man builds a bridge from the physical to the spiritual world. It may be of little comfort that man creates an army of spiritual beings that halt his development, but it may be consoling to see that through what he places in the world in such architectural forms, man paves the way for himself to higher spiritual beings.
[ 24 ] And so it is no less with other works of the plastic arts. It is the same with the works of sculpture and painting, that in their forms they give opportunity to those beings who, in their etheric forms, are able, so to speak, to adapt themselves to what is being formed in order to surround it. In sculptures, it is more a matter of applying something from outside, of surrounding these plastic works, while in architectural works it is more a matter of filling them from within. In painting, we encounter other entities, entities whose lowest limb is in very fine etheric matter. People who understand this know how astral-ethereal entities feel at home where the painter, in his harmony of colors and lines, gives them the opportunity to come from the spiritual world into ours.
[ 25 ] Then there are spiritual beings whose lowest limb is the astral body, which therefore consist of an even finer substance. These beings find the opportunity to commune with human beings again in those arts that express themselves in moving form, in music. A room filled with the sounds of music is an opportunity for spiritual beings with the astral body as their lowest limb to enter. Thus, filling a room with musical tones is something through which human beings create interaction between themselves and other spiritual beings. Just as human beings draw good beings into their circle through high, meaningful music, so it is also true that repulsive music draws evil astral beings into the sphere of human influence, and you would be little edified if I were to describe to you some modern musical performances and the hideous astral figures that dance around when the orchestra plays. These things are to be taken seriously! In this way, we have seen how our visible world interacts with an invisible world of spiritual beings that lies behind it.
[ 26 ] The spiritual worlds also manifest themselves in many other kinds of beings. We can find, for example, that where different natural realms touch each other, there is also cause for spiritual beings to appear. We can point to elemental beings that make life even more understandable to us. Thus, there is a cause for certain beings to manifest themselves when metal comes into contact with ordinary earth. Wherever ordinary earth is permeated by metal veins, we find such elemental beings, which are very clever but use their cleverness to play pranks on humans, although they sometimes also act beneficially. We call them gnomes. We find gnome-like beings inside the earth, and they huddle together in certain places as long as the earth is solid; they are there by the hundreds. When the vein is exposed, they scatter. Then everything that was huddled together there comes to life and weaves. This is what happens, as I said, when the earth comes into contact with metal. Where the plant kingdom touches the mineral kingdom at a spring, in the moss that entwines itself fraternally around the stones, where things come together that otherwise do not belong together, that come together in a peculiar way, there we find such beings that we call undines and nymphs. These are also real beings.
[ 27 ] And finally, we find such beings, such elemental beings, where the spiritual interacts with the physical, when the animal kingdom touches the plant kingdom in such a way that the beings are initially separated from each other and later come into contact, for example, when a bee sucks on a flower. In the space where the bee and the flower are together, there is a development of taste, the flower juice is absorbed, and a taste effect is present. This effect is so perceptible to the spiritual researcher that he sees something like an aura forming around the flower's corolla. This is the expression of the taste process. And the whole thing causes beings that we call sylphs to manifest themselves here. These sylphs have a special task in the life of bees, for they appear not only when the little bee sucks, but also in the swarm; there they show the way, they are the guides of the bees.
[ 28 ] Here we have an example of how spiritual science will one day prove useful. The beekeeper's knowledge of bees has its origins in clairvoyance. What is done in beekeeping has been handed down from ancient times; these are instinctive movements. In the past, there was probably still a dim clairvoyance; beekeepers were able to use the activity of the sylphs to organize the life of the bees. Modern beekeeping knows nothing of this and therefore does many things wrong with its innovations. Modern science lacks the necessary insights. People will be able to shape such natural processes, in which they themselves must participate, much more fruitfully if they consciously recognize the work of spiritual beings. Anyone who takes a look at life in this field will see that, when it comes to bee science, what comes from ancient times is good, while today's natural scientists are doing some truly appalling things. This is completely inapplicable and leads people astray. Most beekeepers are guided by sure instincts and fortunately do not pay attention to modern science. Even what plays a major role, for example, ‘what exists as theory about the process of fertilization,’ is false and cannot stand up to the knowledge that is penetrating into reality.
[ 29 ] Then, humans give rise to such types of elemental beings when they live together with the animal kingdom, not as in a sports club, but as, for example, the Arab with his horse or the shepherd with his flock of sheep. The soul interaction between shepherd and flock is similar to the interaction between bee and flower, and therefore the feelings between shepherd and flock give rise to very special beings, the salamanders. These are beings of fine substance, who are very intelligent and very wise, even if they have no moral responsibility. And their wisdom is expressed in what they whisper to each other about the wisdom of shepherds. This is not stupidity, which is attributed to shepherds who are not swindlers, but contains much of what such beings whisper to shepherds, beings that arise from the shepherd's life with the flock of sheep.
[ 30 ] But anyone who wants to undertake such studies will never have the opportunity to do so, for such things are dying out. Some time ago, however, it was still quite possible to undertake such studies if one could find selfless people in the countryside who knew all kinds of things about health and healing. They knew very important things. So much so that Paracelsus could say that he had learned more from associating with such people than at all the universities. — This was not without reason. So we see that there is still such a realm where spiritual beings are present in our environment and enter our sphere in a peculiar way. One must not ask: Yes, where do these beings come from? — The world has all kinds of spiritual beings in its depths. It is only a matter of opportunity to bring them to the right place somehow. Although the comparison is not nice, it is correct: there are no flies in a clean room; but if the house is dirty, if all kinds of food scraps are left lying around, then the flies will soon be there. It is the same in the invisible world around us: as long as human beings do not provide an opportunity, spiritual beings are not there, but when we provide an opportunity, they are always there, they enter our circle, they interact with us.
[ 31 ] This is something that shows us how human vision can expand beyond the physiognomy of the external world. Just as the soul creates its own face, so spiritual beings create and influence our world. And there will come an age for humans when they will necessarily have to shape their lives based on knowledge of this spiritual world. Today, they can only approach the world in a coarse, sensual way; but we will see how we advance toward where humans create out of the spiritual, how we advance toward an age where our entire environment will be an expression of the spirit, even if this age cannot be like the ages of old, even if it cannot initially be an age like that of the Gothic cathedrals or the Greek temples.
[ 32 ] But even in our age of technology and utility, it is possible for more to happen than is happening today. People have lost the ability to feel, sense, and experience spirits, which is why we have also lost the longing to express spiritual forms in outer forms. But even in our utilitarian buildings, if people can feel the spiritual again, this can be achieved once more. What I experienced as a young man comes to mind. When Ferstel, the architect of the Votive Church in Vienna, gave his rector's speech on architectural styles, he said: Architectural styles are not invented; architectural styles are born out of the entire culture of the times. This can be proven by studying the architectural style of the Egyptian pyramids in connection with the entire spiritual life of that time. In our time, only the materialistic idea of utility finds expression; our time cannot have an architectural style similar to the Gothic or Greek. This is something to which anthroposophists should listen.
[ 33 ] From the spiritual life of the anthroposophical movement, a cultural sea must be created from which forms will crystallize again that represent a new architectural style. An expression of humanity is only possible where there is a communal spiritual culture. Our age has a style that is truly new, namely the architectural style of the department store. It is possible that people in a later age will look back on earlier times and characterize them according to their styles. The Middle Ages can be characterized solely on the basis of Gothic cathedrals. All other documents could be disregarded, but the nature of the Middle Ages could be seen solely from Gothic cathedrals. The same is true of the period between the 19th and 20th centuries; this can be deduced later from the style of department stores, which correspond entirely to the materialistic concept of utility. This is evident in them just as the Gothic cathedrals express what lived spiritually in Tauler or Eckhart.
[ 34 ] But even in our time, it is possible to have a stylistic effect in other ways. Our cultural resources are so capable of shaping form that they can still have a much more educational effect on the soul life of human beings than they do today. For example, we now live in the age of railways, but we do not yet have an architectural style for railway stations, because people do not feel what happens when a train arrives and departs, because people do not feel that what happens when a train runs can be expressed outwardly. Arriving and departing locomotives, that which must enter, can be expressed in the hollow forms of the buildings. Hopefully, when humanity masters air travel, it will be advanced enough to connect the idea of departure with the point of departure, so that one senses in the form of the latter that only an airship can take off there. Spiritual life can find formal expression in everything. Only when we feel that we are surrounded everywhere by the expression of the soul, as was the case in the Middle Ages, will we have achieved what is right. This can only happen when a culture such as that which arises from the insights of spiritual science permeates human life. Spiritual science is not an impractical thing; it is something that must permeate and take hold of the culture of the world. It does not consist of abstract thoughts, but, according to the intention of those who brought it into being, should flow into all cultural currents. It should be expressed in everything. We should permeate everything with these thoughts that spiritual science offers us.
[ 35 ] Let us consider another thought, one that can give us a certain awareness of how spiritual science impulses must work if they are to become what they are destined to be. And it is good, especially when we are coming to the end of the winter season and going our separate ways, to take such strengthening of our feelings and mood with us; to let something of this flow into our hearts and carry it out with us, and always feel ourselves to be members of the spiritual world stream. It may be that many people outside still know nothing about spiritual science. Look at these small gatherings, and look at everything that is being done outside: they know nothing, feel nothing of the spiritual nature of science!
[ 36 ] When something like this is placed before our soul, may only another image appear, an image that strengthens the soul and the heart, the image we can have when we look back to the earliest Christian times, when we see what was dominant there, what lived as culture in the time of ancient imperial Rome. Let us remember what life was like in that ancient imperial Rome, how the influential circles sat down floor upon floor, and how at the same time a small group lived banished in cellars; how incense burners had to be set up so that the smell of death emanating from the decomposing bodies of those persecuted and killed from among this small group would not be so noticeable. Let us follow how the wild animals rushed out of the kennels, tearing apart those who had been thrown to them from the ranks of that small group, let us descend from the palaces of the influential circles of imperial Rome into the passages where the first Christians, that very small group, lived, where they erected their first altars over the bones of their dead and developed their cult, invisible to the influential imperial Rome, invisible like today's followers of a new spiritual knowledge, who meet there invisible, spiritually invisible to the official, influential culture! Let us follow those down there who were not even allowed to see the light of day, how they lay buried there by the thousands, hidden, they who planted a new, spiritual culture among humanity beneath the surface of the earth, while above, imperial Rome acted as we know it did, and then let us consider the circumstances a few centuries later: What the then dominant imperial Rome produced has been blown away, swept away. And what remains is that which had to eke out its existence invisible to the eyes of those in power down below in the vaults. That is what has remained.
[ 37 ] This is how cultures arise in the darkness of obscurity, how they form, how they then emerge from the darkness. And we can take this awareness into our feelings, that this spiritual-scientific movement is truly called to something similar to the first Christian movement. No matter how underground its existence may be at first, no matter how much those in the above-ground worlds may consider themselves to be the authorities, in a few centuries things will have changed. Then the anthroposophist will feel that he will carry up into the light what is now reigning underground; that he will carry spiritual-scientific ideas, just as the first Christians carried their culture up from the catacombs. Such awareness gives us the strength and the possibility to take spiritual knowledge into our soul life. Let us go out with these feelings, so that we may find each other again in these feelings. Let us not pursue abstractions, but something that can become the nerve of our life. Let us pour into our souls what we hear from higher worlds. We want to equip ourselves with strength and remember a little that spiritual scientific thinking should be so dear to our hearts that even if we are separated for a while, we are still together in the spiritual realm. And this feeling should bring us together again!