Historical Necessity and Freewill
GA 179
16 December 1917, Dornach
6. New Spiritual Impulses in History, Their Rejection by the Materialistic World Conception, Result of the Catastrophic Events of the Great War
In the background of all these considerations stands a question which is looked upon in the present age in the light of materialism, and which is far more materialistic in its fundamental conceptions than can be imagined. This question refers to the origin of certain historical events. People speak of historical necessity; namely, that the events which took place, for instance, in the past year, were historically the result, as it were, of events which took place in the preceding years.
What I characterize here as “historical” reaches, of course, into everything that proceeds out of human actions—that is, into social life and civilized life in general. The materialistic conception does not only consist in leading spiritual phenomena back to the sphere of natural science or to a material cause, but it also consists in many other things. The materialistic conception would like to investigate the idea of free will in a full light. It would also like to interpret the events taking place in the course of history in the same way in which it contemplates scientific matters; namely, that a preceding cause always produces, with a certain necessity, something which follows it as an effect. Then people say, and believe they are thinking very clearly when they say this, that all events, also those that have broken into our world-happenings with such a catastrophic force, are a necessity.
In this sense, that is, in the meaning of scientific necessity, this is perfect nonsense, although the expression—all events are a necessity—is justified in other directions. If you consider the things that passed before our souls yesterday—namely, the complicated organization of human nature, you will gain an insight, not only with your understanding but also with your feeling, into the depths of the universal order of laws. You will also gradually lose the habit of thinking that this reality can be embraced in abstract scientific ideas limited to strict laws. Then your gaze will fall on certain phenomena in Nature that reveal many things, if they are looked upon in their true light. For instance, a phenomenon like the following one: Every year a great number of life-germs develop in the ocean, germs which do not become living beings. The life-germs, or eggs, are laid—and perish. Only a small part of these grow into real living beings. This, of course, does not only happen in the wide ocean, but in the whole of Nature. Consider how many life-germs are supposed to become living beings, even in the short space of one year! How much is meant to become alive and does not attain life, when eggs are laid which do not develop! Must we not say that all these germs of life contain causes that do not produce effects? Indeed, anyone who does not consider Nature with theoretical prejudices, especially not with the precise theoretical opinion that every cause has its effect and every effect has its cause—anyone who considers Nature in an unprejudiced way will find that there are countless things in Nature which must be designated, in the fullest meaning of the word, as causes, although they do not produce effects such as should be the case if the causes would live themselves out completely. There are countless instances where life is interrupted, as it were, and does not attain its goal.
This is something that you can see outside in physical Nature. If the spiritual investigator asks himself what corresponds to this in the spiritual world—he will find something very strange. He will find something which corresponds, in a certain sense, exactly to this standing still of life in Nature, but in the way in which spiritual things correspond to things in Nature. Many considerations have shown us that often, not always, the spiritual must be characterized as follows:—Its qualities are the exact opposite of the qualities to be found in Nature—they are the exact opposite. Just as we have seen natural causes that bring about no results—that is, the process is interrupted and what is inherent in the cause (“inherent” is one of the worst possible words for the comprehension of reality) does not develop further—so spiritual investigation shows us that effects arise in the spiritual world; we can say just as little that these are determined by causes, as in the cases which we have just characterized. Yet here we have effects.
Let us ask concretely:—What does the spiritual investigator see when the eye of his soul sees such repressed processes of life? The physical eye sees that eggs, or germs, perish in this case, but the eye of the soul, or of the spirit, sees that where such eggs apparently perish, something endowed with being arises in an earlier stage, in a stage which is not as yet material. If we wish to investigate what really happens in such a case in which material causes have, as it were, no results, then we must dream in a cosmic sense, if I may use this expression. In our usual consciousness we can only dream egoistically. When we dream at night, our dreams are connected with the organism; in our dreams we are not connected with the surroundings. If we are connected with the surroundings and develop the same forces that we develop otherwise in dreams, we experience in the form of imaginations. What is kept back in the processes of Nature and does not reach the stage of physical living beings, becomes something which can very well be experienced in the consciousness of imaginative thought. Beings arise from such repressed life-germs that are only accessible to imaginative thought.
If we would not dream as human beings, but as beings belonging to the Hierarchy of the Angeloi, we could dream of them. In fact, if I may use ttii.s expression, the Angeloi dream of the beings that rise up every year in great numbers from the sea and from the earth, as elementary forms; these are nothing but the products of the life-germs that have apparently perished.
If you try to picture this very vividly, you can see a kind of elementary life rising out of the earth; in this elementary life we ourselves are embedded with our own soul. But we are in this elementary life more intensely still, for we take part in the process I have just mentioned. As human beings we participate very intensely in this process, and also the animals take part in this. How? Well, there is no difference between that which happens when a certain quantity of fish eggs are laid in the sea—eggs that do not develop and only give rise to elementary existence—and that which happens when we see the seeds growing out of the earth, let us say wheat. How many grains of wheat are predestined to become wheat halms,1haulm: stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding. and yet they do not grow into halms because we eat them! In this case we ourselves and our processes are linked up with the universe; we connect ourselves with what arises as elementary existence.
In the grains of wheat and in other products that we use for our food, we interrupt the progressive process. We do not allow the life germs to become real beings, but through our own existence we cause that, which was destined for something else, to become an elementary process, which can be seen only through imagination. But the reality that lies at the foundation of this imaginative life takes place because we ourselves are placed into the process and participate in it. From the grains of wheat or rye, from everything else in Nature which we consume in this way, from all this, an elementary life arises. This elementary life permeates us. We take up this elementary life and are placed within it.
You have here the foundation of elementary life. We can, as it were, exist only because we interrupt another progressive process and spiritualize it. Even when we eat, we spiritualize a process that would otherwise take a purely material course.
The opposite is to be found in the spiritual world. There we find effects which have no causes, for instance, like a moving billiard ball which moves because another one hits it these effects exist as it were without a cause, no cause can be indicated in their case; when we contemplate such things, the idea of cause and effect loses its meaning. Effects arise in the life of our soul and spirit, effects from the spiritual world, of which we cannot say that they have been caused. We face the elementary results (which arise as it were in the form of vapor from the processes just described) with desires arising from necessities of life. We must eat; hence we must spin ourselves into these elementary processes. Just as we face such elementary processes with a certain lust, or desire, so we face spiritual effects, which are in a certain sense devoid of causes, with antipathy, inasmuch as we are human beings on the physical plane. Inasmuch as we are physical human beings, we strive to prevent these effects from the spiritual world from entering into us.
If you try to grasp this somewhat subtle thought, you will see that we are, as it were, surrounded by a spiritual will, which strives to enter into us; at first we do not face it with desire; we are not even inclined to accept it. It is as if will motions were constantly floating around us in the air, motions which we reject. When the clairvoyant consciousness develops, it soon comes into the insight that imaginative things surround us and that we are hindered by inner obstacles from taking up this imaginative element.
Let us consider this imaginative element as a reality. Just as here on the earth a certain number of life-germs perish every year, so do spiritual imaginative things live in the world that always surrounds us as a spiritual world; they can indeed be reached through imagination, but through our human disposition we place obstacles in the way. These obstacles are not to be looked upon in an abstract way, or in general; they must be grasped as concrete and differentiated obstacles. What develops every year from physical life as an ascending elementary life, develops spiritually at some other time. Then it descends and becomes something that we reject in another period. These periods of time are not very regular, for there are times in which the spiritual life surges around us very strongly and many things wish to come to us. There are other times in which the spiritual air around us is not so full. We may take up a more or less receptive attitude, although generally speaking we do not feel inclined to take up this imaginative kind of existence that can be reached only through imagination. But certain conditions may enable us to take up a receptive attitude—we shall still speak of this—or we may take up an entirely rejecting attitude.
Let us suppose that in a certain period of time many such Beings are there, Beings who wish, as it were, to approach man in a spiritual way, and that man is disinclined to accept them. What will happen? It then happens that by rejecting these spiritual beings who wish to come to him, man creates the possibility (he creates the opportunity within mankind itself) for a continuation of the old processes within him, processes that have withered, and continue to spin their dry threads, so that they produce dead results instead of bringing about a living result. It is just the same as if a plant that has reached the end of its life were not taken away, but were to continue as a dried-up, lifeless plant to the damage of its surroundings.
In the course of historical events this takes place in the following way:—An age approaches—the beginning of the 20th century was essentially such an age—in which spiritual Beings wait, as it were, to approach man, an age in which man is called upon in every way to open his soul to new revelations. Yet he does not take up these new revelations, but rejects them. Then the old continues to spin beyond its limits, for this old needs to be fertilized anew through man. This does not happen. What has not been fertilized continues to spin on in a dry and barren way and this causes such events as the present catastrophic one.
One of the most important causes to be found in the spiritual world is the fact that, as the 20th century approached, evolution took a course that made human beings oppose the new revelation, for reasons which we shall still discuss. One might say that the spiritual world was full of all that was offered to mankind in the form of new spiritual knowledge, new spiritual impulses, yet mankind rejected this. Why? Undoubtedly such things are connected with conditions of human evolution. We know that the materialistic age had to come—it has its good qualities from certain other aspects. The materialistic age came, and one of its consequences was that man formed ideas which were connected only with one side of human nature. Think of what we discussed yesterday.
Yesterday we said that the human being, consisting of four members, physical, etheric, and astral body and ego (roughly speaking) is really of a different age, as far as each one of these members is concerned. When a human being is 28 years old, he is 28 only as far as his physical body is concerned (I said this yesterday); as far as his so-called etheric body is concerned he is 21; as far as the astral body is concerned, 14; and as far as the ego is concerned only 7 years old. Yesterday's considerations can very well show you this. A human being of 28, is really 28 years old only as a physical human being. The ego lives in him, for instance (without considering the other members) and lives more slowly, so that it is still a child of 7 years when the human being has reached the age of 28. When a man is 28 years old according to his physical body, this child of 7 is indeed connected with quite different worlds from the one where scientific necessity is to be found. But in the materialistic age man has become accustomed to form only those ideas that can be applied to the relationship of the physical body with its surroundings, and everything is judged according to this. The human being, such as he stands in the world, is really a complicated being, as we have seen yesterday from many aspects. What a human being believes that he knows about himself, what he says about himself in our materialistic age, is only a quarter of all that concerns man. It is only that part which concerns the physical body. We can speak of a scientific necessity only in regard to the relationship of the physical body with its surroundings. Of what must we speak when we consider, for instance, what is contained, as a child of 7, in a man of 28 (without taking into consideration the other members)? Here we must speak of something quite different, something from which this illuminated age, this infinitely clever age, has turned away completely. Strange as it may sound to a modern human being, we must speak in this case of wonders, of miracles. Wonders in the sense in which people often imagine them, or as they are imagined by people who like to go to spiritistic séances, are things which cannot be considered by a real spiritual science. Wonders lie in entirely different spheres; wonders lie in spiritual happenings. Just as necessities lie in the outer events of Nature, so do wonders lie in spiritual events. No human being who enters the physical world from the spiritual world, and proceeds to a physical incarnation, is a physical necessity. He is a necessity only inasmuch as he himself determines this necessity, because he has taken the superconscious decision in the spiritual world to connect himself with a certain hereditary stream. The cause need not lie in father and mother; they merely provide an opportunity. The appearance of every human being in the physical world is a miracle, a wonder. The entrance into the physical world of the human being that is 7 years old when the physical body is 28 is always a true wonder, and in respect to this, every question from a scientific point of view concerning the "cause" is nonsense. It is nonsense to ascribe to heredity that part in us which lives so slowly that it is only 7 years old, when we are 28. If we really want to find out its origin, and ask whence comes that which is only 7 years old when we are 28, we reach the spiritual world, the world that we share with the so-called dead, and in which we lived before descending to our body. Men who were able to think in an unprejudiced way could, indeed, form thoughts concerning such things, even though with great difficulty in our materialistic age.
Think how much Goethe occupied himself with scientific thoughts and how exemplary his scientific thoughts are. He had, as you know a constant longing to go to Italy before he ever saw Italy. And when he finally saw the great works of art in Italy which gave him a conception of the creative artistic activity of the Greek, he wrote to his friends at Weimar: “Here is necessity—here is God.” He wrote of a necessity that is not the one of natural science. His previous scientific thoughts gave him an inkling of the other necessity—the necessity that shines from the spiritual world and is the same as wonder, or miracle. This is what he felt when he saw Italy.
But our age is an illuminated one; our contemporaries are very clever. For this reason they have not only rejected the unjustified conception of “wonder,” but have banished wonder as such even from the spiritual world. But to banish wonder from the spiritual world implies nothing less than to do everything possible in order to misunderstand the spiritual world thoroughly. For the things coming from the spiritual world appear to us only as effects; if we look for the causes we cannot find them. For a spiritual investigator, this is an unquestionable truth. At the end of the 19th century men had no feelings of wonder and reverence for that which sought to come to them as a revelation from the spiritual world; this lack of feeling had increased to such an extent that there was an aversion to such revelations. For these revelations come to man in the same measure in which he develops reverence for all that is profound in the world.
That which can enter into the world's order of laws as wonders may also not take place—not be there. This dulling of human feelings in respect to wonder is the consequence of the omissions in the age approaching the 20th century. If we wish to speak of the causes of our present catastrophic events, we will find that these causes are not things done by human beings. Instead these causes are sins of omission. This is the essential point.
In lectures which I have held repeatedly in past years, I have pointed out that an excellent philosopher lived in the middle of the 19th century, Karl Christian Planck. In many places I have seized the opportunity of drawing attention to Karl Christian Planck, because he wrote a book that is, as it were, his philosophical, literary testament. This book sketches the details, even the spiritual details, of the present world catastrophe. Indeed, one may say that he describes them in advance. The book was written in 1880. Why? Because Karl Christian Planck belongs to those spirits who saw at the right time what was taking place. If you have a house that begins to grow dilapidated, it must be repaired in time. If you wait until it cannot be repaired any more, it falls together and the catastrophe occurs. Our present catastrophe is nothing but a collapse. If we look at it from a real aspect it is a collapse. The right time to bring about what might have taken place instead was during the decades 1870, 1880 of the past century. Men like Karl Christian Planck, who pointed out what was bound to come, never become—as we all know—leading personalities in outer life. When a leading personality is sought, when a statesman or someone similar must be found, one does not naturally turn to those who know something in the sense of Karl Christian Planck! These cannot be used—is it not so? Instead one chooses others, who very often can do nothing to repair and support the falling house. If we only look into the backgrounds of life, it can be proved historically (Karl Christian Planck is not the only one, there are many others) that the revelations from the spiritual world were given to many men at the right moment—the revelation of the event which mankind was facing. There might still have been time to avert the course of such an event. Of course, no one listened to Karl Christian Planck, and even now, who listens to those who speak of what must be said years before the catastrophe takes place, if this is to be averted?
Unfortunately we must say that the way in which humanity has lived through this catastrophic event up to now clearly shows that if it lasts another four years, human beings will have grown accustomed to it and will accept it as they accept normal life. Indeed, this has progressed to a high degree. He who understand the times, however, asks today:—What must take place? For, if something does not take place, the consequences will necessarily arise after decades, because something was left undone at the right time.
But what should take place according to the present conditions of time cannot be discovered in the surrounding physical world. If we wish to hear the right things it is, indeed, necessary today to listen to those who are able to speak out of the spiritual world. Of course, in less important things, events take place more quickly. One may say, in five years perhaps, human beings will recognize that they ought to have listened to many things, and they might already have known many things, if they had listened at the right moment. But they do not like to hear these things. They only like to hear things that show visible signs in the outer physical world. But this physical world has no significance for the historical course of events. It does not show the impulse, the motive force behind events. That which is to be the starting point and impulse for events in the social and ethical life must come from the spiritual world.
In our age humanity should be educated to understand a very great event in the course of human evolution, namely, to believe in free will also in historical evolution. At a certain point of spiritual life humanity today should be led with the greatest force to believe in freedom or free will—and wonder is identical with this. This point lies in the conception of the Christ impulse, of the Mystery of Golgotha. In earlier times humanity took an entirely different attitude toward the Mystery of Golgotha, and the more we go back in history the greater we find this difference. We have often spoken of this. Today it is not possible for human beings—especially for those human beings who are most advanced in the sense of the spirit of the age—to understand the Event of Golgotha as an historical event resembling other historical events. As a foundation for the argument to be dealt with here, I only need to point out that the significance of the Gospels as historical documents has, as you know, been shaken. We cannot consider the Gospels as historical documents in the same way in which we consider the documents concerning Socrates, Plato, Alcibiades, or Caesar as historical documents. We cannot, according to methods of historical research, consider the Gospels or the other writings in the New Testament dealing with the Event of Golgotha, as documents in the same sense. The way of thinking adopted in modern historical research loses every possibility of considering the Gospels as historical documents and of looking upon the Event of Golgotha, described in the Gospels, as an historical event, in the sense in which other historical events and facts are historically proved. It is not possible to speak of Christ Jesus as an historical personality in the same way in which one speaks of Charlemagne as an historical personality, according to so-called historical sources.
He who sees through such things will realize that the time has come in which those who love truth and try to understand things through truth must say that what used to be considered as historical sources for the Mystery of Golgotha has been shaken, owing to the attitude adopted by modern historical investigation. One must, indeed, be very dull—for instance like Adolph Harnack, the famous theologian, to stand up again and again and state that what can be asserted concerning Christ Jesus on a quarto page constitutes an historical document in the meaning of modern history! Of course, these things standing on a quarto page are just as little historical documents as the Gospels—according toe Harnack—are historical documents. But an attempt like the one of Harnack (to which hundreds and hundreds of others may be added) is connected with the lack of truthfulness of our age in regard to such things; it is never willing to draw radical conclusions, nevertheless just these are the right conclusions.
The conclusion which must be drawn is that, in accordance with what lies before us, we must confess that it is impossible to find Christ Jesus if we seek him in an outward historical way; we cannot find him in this way. We must find him through spiritual investigation. But in this way we shall surely find him. We shall find the historical event of Golgotha. Why? Because the historical event of Golgotha occurred in human evolution through freedom—freedom of will, in a much higher sense than in the case of other historical events; and because this free event must approach the human being in our age in such a way that nothing compels him to accept it as valid; instead he must accept its validity through inner freedom. Events that can be proved historically cannot be accepted freely. Events for which there is no outer historical proof are accepted for spiritual reasons, and on a spiritual foundation we are free. One becomes Christian through freedom, and in our modern age we must understand, above all, that one can be a Christian in a real sense only through complete freedom and not through the compulsion of historical documents. The task destined for our age is that Christianity shall gain the truth through which it will become the great impulse for the human understanding of freedom. That this shall be understood belongs to the fundamental truths of our age—then an insight must be gained into the fact that the evidence for Christianity must be sought in the spiritual world.
If this insight becomes as intense in human nature as it should become it will produce further insight—it will give rise to other things. What it should produce first of all is that man should learn to answer for himself this question:—How shall I make myself more receptive for the recognition of that which is not forced upon me from the physical world, against which I may at first even feel an aversion, an antipathy? What makes me more inclined toward this?
I am not led by personal vanity or conceit, but only because I wish to bring a concrete example. I have pointed out again and again, on similar occasions, that I began my literary career by refraining, at first, from setting forth my own opinions; instead everything which I set forth was connected with Goethe's spirit, in a conscious retrospect of a spirit who ascended to the spiritual kingdom of the so-called dead, already in the year 1832. But read what I wrote in connection with Goethe, in the time that preceded my The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity. The so-called Goethe investigators study these books chiefly with respect to the question, whether or not they render Goethe's opinions. They find Goethe-opinions only if the writer is a literary "ruminant," in other words, if he ruminates what Goethe said during his incarnation up to 1832. I was always of the opinion that schoolmasters, and also I myself, really need not repeat what Goethe said, for Goethe himself said far better what he wished to say. It is always better to read Goethe's own works than the opinions of schoolmasters, even when they are such excellent schoolmasters as, for instance, Lewes, who wrote the famous Goethebiography. What I tried to write is based on the inspiration of a Goethe who is no longer on the earth—It is the continuation of his ideas in a certain sphere after death. I wrote what could be written out of a certain feeling of a living relationship with so-called deceased souls. I mention this as an example and indeed not out of conceit and vanity, but because it is connected with the question as to what human beings must do in order to become more receptive for that which comes out of the spiritual world.
Human beings must seek a connection with the dead; they must find the way into the worlds where the dead live, but in a sensible, sound way, in a really fitting way and not spiritistically. The dead continue to speak after their death and we have seen that what they say, and what they send down as impulses, is alive. It is alive, not in the experiences we gain through our sense and not in our thoughts, but in our feelings, and in the reality of the impulses of our will. This is where it lives. But then we must also find within us that which inclines us to approach the spiritual world. Antipathy for imaginations is connected with unbelief in the possibility of being able to approach the spiritual world—antipathy for imaginations which wish to enter from the spiritual world in the form of impulses permeating our actions, and wish to enter also the social events and the moral, ethical events in human evolution. They alone can make human beings free.
Two things are needed in our age: To realize that the acknowledgement of the Mystery of Golgotha must be a free deed of the human soul and to penetrate wholly into this truth. And then, to seek in a real way the bridge to the dead, not merely in an abstract way, or in an abstract faith. In our age there is a great aversion also to this. People do not see at once through all that speaks against it. What ideal have human beings today, as far as social life is concerned? They think: “We are clever people; we were born and went to school—and that is why we are so clever; we are clever human beings, and consequently we know very well what must happen in social life. We call together meetings, elect officers, councilors, parliaments, and whatever all the rest may be called. There people discuss what must happen in social life. Naturally, for we are clever; and when such clever people as those of the present age come together, the right things must result”—This is the idea, but it is based on an assumption which is not correct—namely, that people know right away what is right.
Have you met anyone who knows what is the right thing for the year 1917 (the year of this lecture)? Not those who are now twenty years old, and love to sit in Parliament in order to talk and determine what is the right thing for 1917! Those who died long ago know this best of all. We should ask them what attitude we should adopt. This answers to a great extent the question as to how we can improve our social life—When we learn to consult the dead.
As physical human beings up to the end of our life, we know as a rule only what is convenient to us personally. Only when we are dead does our knowledge become really mature. Then it is mature to such an extent that it can really be applied to social life. But one must not think that the dead can have a direct influence, as it were, physically in the course of events, more or less like physical human beings. The dead know more than the living what must happen socially, but human beings must listen to them. And the human beings living on the physical plane must be the instruments carrying out the knowledge of the dead. Modern human beings must learn above all to become instruments. But—let us use this expression even though it is an unpleasant one—parliaments where human being will strive to let the dead be heard also will not exist for a long time to come. But no well-being can come in certain spheres unless the dead are consulted, unless social life is spiritualized also from this direction. Before believing that the knowledge gained here on earth through birth, surroundings, and schooling is ripe for social impulses, we should penetrate into that which has really become ripe for social impulses—the wisdom of those who have already laid aside the physical body, a wisdom which can reveal significant points of view if we really investigate it. Just imagine how much deeper the life of feeling becomes, what a deepening the human soul experiences, when that which I have now expressed in the form of thoughts becomes feeling, and when the ancient myths which connected human beings with their ancestors are replaced by the link which I have mentioned—when a concrete spiritual life will again permeate our spiritual atmosphere, and what can thus be grasped through spiritual science, in the form of thoughts, passes into the soul and feelings, and human beings will really live in this!
Sechster Vortrag
Bei all diesen Betrachtungen, die wir jetzt gepflogen haben, stand im Hintergrunde eine Frage, welche von der Gegenwart, die doch in ihren Grundansichten viel materialistischer gefärbt ist, als sie denkt, eben im Lichte des Materialismus angesehen wird. Diese Frage bezieht sich auf das Hervorgehen gewisser geschichtlicher Ereignisse. Man spricht von geschichtlicher Notwendigkeit, man spricht davon, daß dasjenige, was also zum Beispiel in diesem Jahre geschieht, geschichtlich in einer gewissen Weise die Wirkung sei von dem, was in vorangehenden Jahren geschehen ist.
Was ich hier als geschichtlich bezeichne, erstreckt sich selbstverständlich über alle Glieder des Geschehens, das aus dem menschlichen Handeln hervorgeht, also über das Soziale, das Moralische, das sonstige Kulturleben. Die materialistische Anschauung, die ja nicht bloß darin besteht, daß man auf dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft geistige Erscheinungen aus materiellen Grundlagen herleitet, sondern die noch in mancherlei anderem besteht, diese materialistische Anschauung möchte den Begriff der Freiheit eigentlich am liebsten ganz ausschalten. Und so möchte sie denn dasjenige, was im Laufe der Geschichte sich vollzieht, auch so auffassen, wie sie gewohnt worden ist, Naturwissenschaftliches anzuschauen, daß immer mit einer gewissen Notwendigkeit das Folgende wie eine Wirkung hervorgeht aus einer voranliegenden Ursache. Dann sagt man, indem man vielleicht glaubt, recht sachgemäß zu denken: Nun, irgendein Ereignis - auch ein solches Ereignis wie das, was jetzt so furchtbar katastrophal in unser Weltgeschehen hereingebrochen ist - sei eben eine Notwendigkeit.
In diesem Sinne, das heißt mit dem Begriff «naturwissenschaftliche Notwendigkeit», ist die Anschauung eine völlig unsinnige, wenn auch der Ausdruck: irgendein Ereignis sei eine Notwendigkeit, nach anderer Richtung hin seinen guten Sinn hat. Wenn Sie bedenken, was gestern wiederum vor unsere Seele getreten ist, die Kompliziertheit der menschlichen Natur, dann werden Sie auch gefühlsmäßig, nicht nur verstandesmäßig, einen Einblick gewinnen in die Tiefe der Weltenordnung überhaupt und werden allmählich sich abgewöhnen zu glauben, daß mit den abstrakten naturwissenschaftlichen Gesetzesvorstellungen irgendwie diese Wirklichkeit zu umfassen ist.
Ihr Blick wird sich dann auch auf gewisse Naturerscheinungen lenken, die, wenn man sie nur im rechten Lichte betrachten würde, den Menschen mancherlei lehren könnten, auf Naturerscheinungen, wie etwa die folgende. Im Meere entwickelt sich alljährlich eine große Anzahl von Lebenskeimen, die nicht zu Lebewesen werden. Lebenskeime werden abgelegt und gehen zugrunde. Nur ein kleiner Teil davon wird zu wirklichen Lebewesen. Das geschieht nun natürlich nicht bloß im weiten Meere, das geschieht in der ganzen Natur überhaupt. Lenken Sie nur den Blick darauf, wieviel eigentlich, wenn Sie nur ein Jahr betrachten, zum Leben vorbestimmt ist, indem die Lebenskeime, die Eier, in ihrer ersten Anlage abgelegt werden und nicht zur Entwickelung kommen. Wieviel zum Leben vorbestimmt ist, das nicht Leben wird! Müssen wir da nicht sagen: Alle diese Lebenskeime enthalten Ursachen, aus denen nicht Wirkungen werden? - In der Tat, wer die Natur nicht nach vorgefaßten theoretischen Meinungen betrachtet, namentlich nicht nach der allerbestimmtesten theoretischen Meinung: Alle Ursache hat ihre Wirkung und alle Wirkung hat ihre Ursache — wer die Natur unbefangen betrachtet, der wird finden, daß es Zahlloses in der Natur gibt, was bezeichnet werden muß in vollem Sinne des Wortes als Ursache, ohne daß daraus eine Wirkung wird in dem Sinne, wie sie es werden müßte, wenn die Ursache sich völlig ausleben würde. Wir sehen gleichsam an unzähligen Punkten immer wieder und wiederum das Leben gewissermaßen aufgehalten, nicht zu seinem Ziele gelangt.
Das ist etwas, was wir draußen in der materiellen Natur sehen können. Wenn nun der Geistesforscher sich frägt: Wie ist es entsprechend in der geistigen Welt? - da kommt er auf sehr Merkwürdiges. Er kommt auf etwas, was in einem gewissen Sinne genau entspricht dem Stehenbleiben des Lebens in der Natur, aber eben so, wie Geistiges Natürlichem entspricht. Und wir wissen aus zahllosen Betrachtungen, daß in sehr vielen Fragen, nicht in allen, das Geistige gerade dadurch zu charakterisieren ist, daß es in seinen Eigenschaften entgegengesetzt dem Natürlichen ist, gerade entgegengesetzt. So wie wir in den Fällen, von denen ich gesprochen habe, Naturursachen haben, die nicht zu ihren Wirkungen kommen, wo wir also gleichsam sehen: hier bricht der Prozeß ab und bricht dasjenige ab, was in ihm, wie man sagt, veranlagt ist und nicht zur Ausbildung gelangt - obwohl das Wort «veranlagt» wiederum zu den schlechtesten Worten gehört, die da sind, um die Wirklichkeit zu verstehen —, so sehen wir umgekehrt als Geistesforscher in der geistigen Welt Wirkungen auftauchen, Wirkungen entstehen, von denen ebensowenig gesagt werden kann, da sind Ursachen, wie von den eben charakterisierten Ursachen gesagt werden kann, da sind Wirkungen.
Fragen wir jetzt einmal im Konkreten: Was gibt sich denn den Blicken des Geistesforschers kund, wenn er das Seelenauge auf solche aufgehaltene Lebensvorgänge richtet wie die charakterisierten? Das physische Auge sieht, daß da einfach Keimanlagen zugrunde gehen; aber das geistige, das Seelenauge sieht, daß da, wo solche Keimanlagen scheinbar nur - zugrunde gehen, Wesenhaftes entsteht auf einer früheren Stufe, auf einer noch nicht materiellen Stufe. Würde der Mensch verfolgen wollen, was in einem solchen Falle, wo gewissermaßen materielle Ursachen keine Wirkungen haben, wirklich geschieht, dann müßte er, wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, kosmisch träumen. Der Mensch kann im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein nur egoistisch träumen. Wenn er in der Nacht träumt, so träumt er in Gebundenheit an seinen eigenen Organismus; er ist im Traume nicht verbunden mit der Umgebung. Kann er verbunden sein mit der Umgebung und dieselben Kräfte entwickeln, die er sonst im Traume entwickelt, so ist er eben im imaginativen Vorstellen.
Was da aufgehalten wird im Naturprozeß, was nicht zu physischen Lebewesen wird, das wird zu etwas, was nun der imaginativen Vorstellung sehr wohl zum Bewußtsein kommen kann. Wesen entstehen aus solchen aufgehaltenen Lebenskeimen, die nur den imaginativen Vorstellungen zugänglich sind, Wesen, von denen man träumen könnte, wenn man nicht als Mensch träumte, sondern als ein Wesen aus der Hierarchie der Angeloi träumte. Die Angeloi träumen in der Tat, wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, von jenen Wesen, die alljährlich zahlreich aufsteigen als elementarische Gestaltungen aus dem Meere, aus der Erde, die nichts anderes sind als Produkte der scheinbar zugrunde gegangenen Lebenskeime.
Wenn Sie sich den Gedanken recht lebendig machen, da sehen Sie aus der Erde aufsteigen wie einen geistigen Duft elementarisches Leben, in das wir eingebettet sind, in dem wir drinnenstehen mit unserer Seele. Aber wir stehen in einer viel intensiveren Weise noch in diesem elementarischen Leben drinnen, denn wir sind beteiligt an dem Prozesse, von dem ich gesprochen habe. Wir sind gar sehr als Menschen daran beteiligt. Und die Tiere sind auch daran beteiligt. Wieso? Nun, es ist gar keine Verschiedenheit zwischen dem, was da geschieht, wenn im Meere so und so viel Fischeier abgelegt werden, die nicht Fische werden, sondern die nur zu einem elementarischen Dasein die Veranlassung geben, und dem, was dann geschieht, wenn wir auf einem Felde aus der Erde die Saat herauswachsen sehen, sagen wir die Weizensaat. Wie viele Weizenkörner wachsen da heraus, die alle als Ursachen vorbestimmt sind, selbst wiederum Weizenhalme zu bilden, und die es nicht werden, weil wir sie essen! Da sind wir es selbst in unserem in der Welt stehenden Prozesse, welche sich verbinden mit dem, was da als elementarisches Dasein sich entwickelt. Wir halten auch in den Weizenkörnern und in den andern Produkten, aus denen wir unser Leben nähren, den fortlaufenden, den fortgehenden Prozeß auf. Wir lassen nicht wirkliche Wesen daraus werden, sondern wir bewirken durch unser eigenes Dasein die Verwandlung desjenigen, was zu ganz anderem bestimmt ist, in elementarischen Prozessen, die nur durch Imaginationen erreichbar sind. Aber diese Wirklichkeit, die diesem imaginativen Leben zugrunde liegt, spielt sich dadurch ab, daß wir selbst hineingestellt sind in den Prozeß, daß wir daran teilnehmen. Aus den Weizenkörnern, aus den Roggenkörnern, aus allem übrigen, was wir in dieser Weise aus der Natur genießen, aus alledem entwickelt sich elementarisches Leben, und dieses elementarische Leben zieht durch uns. Dieses elementarische Leben nehmen wir auf, in diesem elementarischen Leben stehen wir drinnen.
Da sehen Sie auf den Grund eines elementarischen Lebens. Da sehen Sie, wie wir gewissermaßen nur dadurch in der Welt da sein können, daß wir einen andern fortgehenden Prozeß aufhalten und ihn zur Vergeistigung bringen. Auch wenn wir essen, bringen wir einen Prozeß, der sonst rein materiell zu verlaufen bestimmt ist, zur Vergeistigung.
Das Umgekehrte ist in der geistigen Welt vorhanden. Da ist die Sache so, daß nun Wirkungen da sind, welche nicht in demselben Sinne Ursachen haben wie die Bewegungen einer Billardkugel, die durch eine andere gestoßen wird, sondern welche gewissermaßen auftreten, ohne daß anzugeben ist: dies oder jenes ist ihre Ursache. Der Begriff von Ursache und Wirkung verliert eben, wenn wir den Blick auf solche Dinge wenden, seinen Sinn. In unser seelisch-geistiges Leben treten Wirkungen herein, Wirkungen aus der geistigen Welt, von denen nicht gesagt werden kann, daß sie verursacht seien. So wie wir nun den elementarischen Wirkungen, die gewissermaßen als Duft aufsteigen aus den geschilderten Prozessen, mit Begierde gegenüberstehen, mit jener Begierde, die aus unserer Lebensnotwendigkeit entspringt: wir wollen uns nähren, daher sind wir angewiesen, in jene elementarischen Prozesse, die geschildert worden sind, uns einzuspinnen -, so wie wir diesen Prozessen mit einer gewissen Begierde gegenüberstehen, so stehen wir, insofern wir Menschen des physischen Planes sind, eigentlich den geistigen Wirkungen, die in gewissem Sinne ursachenlos sind, mit Abneigung, mit Antipathie gegenüber. Wir haben das Bestreben, solche Wirkungen, die aus dem Geistigen kommen, insofern wir physische Menschen sind, nicht in uns hereinkommen zu lassen.
Fassen Sie diesen etwas subtilen Gedanken, dann werden Sie sehen: Wir sind gewissermaßen von einem geistigen Wollen umgeben, das in uns herein will, das in uns herein strebt, und dem wir zunächst nicht mit Begierde gegenüberstehen, das wir zunächst gar nicht die Geneigtheit haben, ohne weiteres in uns aufzunehmen. Es ist, wie wenn in der Luft um uns herum fortwährend Willensregungen schwebten, denen gegenüber wir uns abweisend verhalten. Das ist auch etwas, worauf das hellseherische Bewußtsein bald führt, wenn es zur Entwickelung gelangt ist: die Einsicht, wie gewissermaßen Bildhaftes in unserer Umgebung wandelt, wallt, und wie wir innere Widerstände haben, dieses Bildhafte in uns aufzunehmen.
Betrachten wir dieses Bildhafte als eine Wirklichkeit. So wahr jedes Jahr auf der Erde so und so viele Lebenskeime zugrunde gehen, so wahr lebt in der Welt, die uns als geistige Welt immer umgibt, Geistig-Bildhaftes, durch Imagination auch zu Erreichendes, dem wir aber durch unsere Menschenanlage leicht Widerstand entgegensetzen.
Die Widerstände sind nun nicht in Abstraktheit bloß allgemein zu fassen, sondern diese Widerstände sind konkret differenziert zu fassen. Was sich im physischen Leben wie aufsteigendes elementarisches Leben jedes Jahr entwickelt, das entwickelt sich in andern Zeitperioden, geistig herabsteigend, zu einem solchen, das wir ablehnen - in andern Zeiträumen eben, und zwar nicht in ganz regelmäßigen Zeiträumen. Es gibt Zeiten, in denen gewissermaßen das geistige Leben vehement uns umspielt und vieles an uns heran will. Andere Zeiten gibt es, in denen gewissermaßen die Geistesluft um uns herum ärmer ist. Der Mensch kann sich nun mehr oder weniger empfangend verhalten, obwohl er im allgemeinen Abneigung hat, diese durch Imaginationen erreichbare bildhafte Wesenheit in sich aufzunehmen. Er kann sich aber doch empfänglich durch irgendwelche Vorbedingungen verhalten, von denen wir noch zu sprechen haben werden, oder er kann sich ganz ablehnend verhalten.
Nehmen wir an, es wäre in irgendeinem Zeitalter, ich möchte sagen, ein besonderer Andrang von solchen Wesenheiten, von Wesenheiten, die gewissermaßen geistig an den Menschen heran wollen, und der Mensch wäre abgeneigt, diese Wesenhaftigkeit in sich aufzunehmen. Was wird geschehen? Dann wird das geschehen, daß der Mensch, dadurch daß er ablehnt, solches ihm zukommendes Geistig-Wesenhaftes aufzunehmen, in sich selbst die Gelegenheit schafft - die Menschheit also in sich selbst die Gelegenheit schafft -, daß das Alte, das dürr geworden ist, trocken geworden ist, sich fortspinnt und, statt zu lebendiger Wirkung zu kommen, eine tote Wirkung hervorbringt: geradeso wie wenn eine Pflanze, die ihre Lebenszeit absolviert hat, nicht weggeschafft würde, sondern als verholzte Pflanze trocken und ausgedörrt noch weiter zum Schaden der Umgebung bestehen würde.
Im geschichtlichen Werden nimmt sich das in der folgenden Weise aus: Wenn ein Zeitalter kommt — und ein solches Zeitalter war im wesentlichen der Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts -, wo Geistig-Wesenhaftes gewissermaßen wartet, um an den Menschen heranzukommen, wo für den Menschen alle Aufforderung dazu besteht, die Seele zu öffnen für neue Offenbarungen und der Mensch diese Offenbarungen nicht aufnehmen will, abgeneigt ist für solche Offenbarungen, dann spinnt sich das Alte in ungehöriger Weise fort. Denn dieses Alte braucht Neubefruchtung auf dem Umwege durch den Menschen. Die wird nicht vollzogen. Unbefruchtetes spinnt sich dürr, trocken fort, und dann entstehen solche Ereignisse, wie das gegenwärtige katastrophale Ereignis ist.
Unter den mancherlei Ursachen, die man in der geistigen Welt finden kann, ist diese geradezu eine der hauptsächlichsten, daß die Entwickelung gegen das 20. Jahrhundert zu so gegangen ist, daß die Menschen sich gesträubt haben — aus Ursachen, die wir noch besprechen werden - gegen neue Offenbarung. Man könnte sagen: Die geistige Welt war voll von dem, was sich der Menschheit anbot an neuen geistigen Erkenntnissen, an neuen geistigen Impulsen, und die Menschheit hat es zurückgewiesen. Aus welchem Grunde? Gewiß, solche Dinge hängen auch mit Entwickelungsbedingungen der Menschheit zusammen. Wir wissen ja, es mußte die materialistische Zeit kommen, denn sie hat nach gewissen andern Seiten hin ihre guten Eigenschaften. Also diese materialistische Zeit kam, und eine Folge dieser materialistischen Zeit war die, daß die Menschen Begriffe ausbildeten, welche nur auf einen Teil der Menschennatur sich beziehen.
Denken Sie an dasjenige, was wir gestern besprochen haben. Wir haben gestern besprochen, daß dieser viergliedrige Mensch, der, im groben Sinne genommen, aus dem physischen, dem Äther- oder Bildekräfteleib, dem astralischen Leib und dem Ich besteht, eigentlich mit Bezug auf alle diese Teile, diese Glieder verschiedenes Alter hat. Wenn ein Mensch achtundzwanzig Jahre alt ist, dann ist er nur in bezug auf seinen physischen Leib, sagte ich gestern, achtundzwanzig Jahre alt, mit Bezug auf den sogenannten Ätherleib einundzwanzig Jahre, mit Bezug auf den astralischen Leib vierzehn Jahre, mit Bezug auf das Ich erst sieben Jahre. Sie können gut aus dem, was gestern besprochen worden ist, die Anschauung gewinnen: da steht ein Mensch mit achtundzwanzig Lebensjahren; aber das ist im uneigentlichen Sinne gesprochen: der Mensch mit diesen achtundzwanzig Lebensjahren ist nur als physischer Mensch achtundzwanzig Jahre alt. In diesem Menschen lebt zum Beispiel das Ich - wenn wir von dem andern absehen -, das langsamer lebt, das dann noch ein Kind von sieben Jahren ist, wenn der Mensch achtundzwanzig Jahre alt ist. Dieses Kind von sieben Jahren, wenn der Mensch seinem physischen Leibe nach achtundzwanzig Jahre alt ist, das steht in der Tat mit ganz andern Welten in Verbindung, als diejenige Welt ist, in der naturwissenschaftliche Notwendigkeit herrscht. Aber in dem materialistischen Zeitalter haben die Menschen sich gewöhnt, nur diejenigen Begriffe sich zu bilden, welche anwendbar sind auf das Verhältnis des physischen Leibes des Menschen zu der physischen Umgebung, und nach diesem wird alles beurteilt. Der Mensch ist als wirklicher Mensch, wie er drinnensteht in der Welt, eine komplizierte Wesenheit, so kompliziert, wie wir das gestern wieder besprochen haben und von vielen Betrachtungen her kennen. Was der Mensch über sich zu wissen glaubt, was er von sich aussagt, das ist für unser materialistisches Zeitalter eigentlich nur ein Viertel von dem, was sich auf den Menschen bezieht, nur dasjenige, was sich auf den physischen Leib bezieht. Nur für dieses Verhältnis des physischen Leibes zur Umgebung kann man von naturwissenschaftlicher Notwendigkeit sprechen. Wovon muß man sprechen, wenn wir von dem übrigen wieder absehen, in bezug auf das, was zum Beispiel in dem achtundzwanzigjährigen Menschen noch ein siebenjähriges Kind ist? Da muß man von etwas ganz anderem sprechen, von dem diese unendlich aufgeklärte Gegenwart, diese unendlich gescheite Gegenwart sich ganz abgewender hat. Da muß man sprechen, so sonderbar das den Menschen der Gegenwart klingt, von dem Wunder.
Wunder in dem Sinne, wie vielfach Menschen sich Wunder vorstellen, Wunder, wie sich auch diejenigen Menschen vorstellen, die gern in spiritistische Sitzungen gehen, das sind Dinge, von denen die wahre Geisteswissenschaft nicht sprechen kann. Wunder liegen auf ganz andern Gebieten. Wunder liegen im geistigen Geschehen. Denn wie im äußeren, natürlichen Geschehen Notwendigkeit liegt, so liegen die Wunder auf dem Felde des geistigen Geschehens. Kein Mensch, der hereintritt aus der geistigen Welt in die physische Welt, der zur physischen Verkörperung schreitet, ist eine physische Notwendigkeit. Eine Notwendigkeit ist er, weil er diese Notwendigkeit sich selbst setzt, weil er aus der geistigen Welt heraus den überbewußten Beschluß faßt, sich mit irgendeiner Vererbungsströmung zu verbinden. Bei Vater und Mutter braucht nicht die Ursache zu liegen, liegt nur die Gelegenheit. Jedes Menschen Auftreten in der physischen Welt ist ein Wunder. Daß dies hereintritt in die physische Welt, was in unserem achtundzwanzigsten Jahre erst sieben Jahre alt ist, das ist immer ein wirkliches Wunder, gegenüber dem jedes Fragen in naturwissenschaftlicher Weise nach der Ursache ein ganz gewöhnlicher Unsinn ist. Dasjenige, was so langsam in uns lebt, daß es im achtundzwanzigsten Jahre erst sieben Jahre alt ist, aus der Vererbung herzuleiten, das ist ein Unding. Wollen wir wirklich eine Herleitung vornehmen, wollen wir fragen: Woraus stammt das, was da im achtundzwanzigsten Jahre erst sieben Jahre alt ist? - so kommen wir zurück in die geistige Welt, in jene Welt, die wir mit den sogenannten Toten gemeinschaftlich haben, in jene Welt, die wir mitbevölkert haben, bevor wir herabgestiegen sind zu unserem Körper. Geister, welche unbefangen denken konnten, vermochten sich schon Begriffe von solchen Sachen zu verschaffen, wenn auch in unserem materialistischen Zeitalter nur auf schwierige Weise.
Bedenken Sie, wieviel Goethe sich befaßt hat mit naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen, wie er es geradezu zu musterhaft naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen gebracht hat! In ihm lebte, wie Sie wissen, die fortdauernde Sehnsucht nach Italien, bevor er nach Italien gekommen ist. Und als er in Italien die großen Kunstwerke, die ihm eine Vorstellung von der griechischen künstlerischen Schöpfertätigkeit gegeben haben, gesehen hat, schrieb er an seine Freunde in Weimar: «Da ist die Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott.» Er sprach von einer andern Notwendigkeit, als die ist, von der die bloße Naturwissenschaft spricht. Von dieser Notwendigkeit hätte er gerade nach seinen naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen früher schon eine Empfindung haben können; die Notwendigkeit, die hereinleuchtete aus der geistigen Welt und die identisch ist mit dem Wunder, die empfand er, als er in Italien der griechischen Kunstwerke ansichtig wurde.
Aber unsere Zeit ist aufgeklärt, die Menschen unserer Zeit sind sehr gescheit. Daher haben sie nicht nur den unberechtigten Wunderbegriff abgelehnt, sondern das Wunder überhaupt als solches auch aus der geistigen Welt verbannt. Aber das Wunder aus der geistigen Welt verbannen, das heißt nichts anderes, als alles das zu tun, um diese geistige Welt überhaupt nicht verstehen zu können. Denn aus der geistigen Welt treten die Dinge so heraus, daß wir nur Wirkungen sehen; wenn wir die Ursache suchen, so können wir sie nicht finden. Gerade dann, wenn man Geistesforscher ist, drängt sich einem das als eine unbedingte Wahrheit auf. Und weil die Gefühllosigkeit der Menschheit am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts für die Verwunderung, für die Ehrfurcht desjenigen, was sich aus der Welt heraus offenbaren will, bis zu einem gewissen hohen Grade gestiegen war, so war eine Abneigung gegen die Offenbarung vorhanden. Denn in demselben Sinne, in dem sich die Ehrfurcht entwickelt gegenüber allem, was Welttiefe ist, in demselben Maße kommen diese Offenbarungen auch an den Menschen heran.
Dasjenige, was als Wunderwirkung eintreten kann in die Weltenordnung, das kann auch ausbleiben, das kann auch weg sein. Mit dieser Abstumpfung der Menschheit für das Wunder hängt das zusammen, was in dem Zeitalter, das gegen das 20. Jahrhundert heranrückte, unterlassen worden ist. Und wenn man von Ursachen sprechen will zu unseren katastrophalen Ereignissen, dann sind diese Ursachen nicht solche, welche die Menschen geschaffen haben, sondern es sind diese Ursachen Unterlassungssünden. Das ist das Wesentliche, worauf es ankommt.
Ich habe in früheren Jahren in einem Vortrage, den ich öfter gehalten habe, aufmerksam gemacht, wie in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ein ausgezeichneter Philosoph gelebt hat: Karl Christian Planck. Ich habe an vielen Orten Gelegenheit genommen, auf diesen Karl Christian Planck hinzuweisen, aus dem Grunde, weil er eine Schrift geschrieben hat, die er gewissermaßen als sein philosophisch-literarisches Testament hinterlassen hat. Und in dieser Schrift ist bis in große Einzelheiten, auch bis in geistige Einzelheiten die gegenwärtige Weltkatastrophe, man kann nicht einmal sagen, angedeutet, sondern im vorhinein geschildert. Das Buch war 1880 geschrieben. Warum konnte er das? Weil Planck eben zu denjenigen Geistern gehörte, die zur richtigen Zeit sahen, was geschieht. Wenn Sie irgendein Haus haben, das baufällig ist, so muß es zur rechten Zeit ausgebessert werden. Warten Sie, bis es nicht mehr ausgebessert werden kann, so fällt es zusammen, und es kommt die Katastrophe. Und unsere jetzige Katastrophe ist nichts anderes als ein Zusammenfallen. In Wirklichkeit betrachtet, ist es ein Zusammenfallen. Für das, was hätte geschehen sollen, waren die siebziger, achtziger Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts die richtige Zeit. Solche Geister wie Karl Christian Planck, die hingewiesen haben auf das, was da kommen muß, die sind ja bekanntlich niemals geeignet, im äußeren Leben führende Persönlichkeiten zu werden! Wenn es sich irgendwo darum handelt, zu einer führenden Persönlichkeit zu greifen, einen Staatsmann zu finden oder dergleichen, da greift man selbstverständlich nicht zu denjenigen, die im Sinne von Karl Christian Planck etwas wissen — die kann man doch nicht nehmen, nicht wahr -, sondern man greift zu andern, die sehr oft nicht die Möglichkeit finden, das baufällige Haus zu stützen. Aber man kann heute den historischen Nachweis liefern, wenn man nur in die Hintergründe des Lebens sieht - und Karl Christian Planck ist nicht der einzige, es gibt manche andere -, daß zur rechten Zeit manchen Leuten aus der geistigen Welt die Offenbarung gekommen ist, welchem Ereignisse dieMenschheit entgegengeht. Damals wäre auch noch die Zeit gewesen, diesem Ereignisse einen andern Lauf zu geben. Natürlich wurde Karl Christian Planck nicht gehört.
Aber werden denn jetzt die Menschen gehört, die von dem reden, was eben, wenn es wirksam sein soll, Jahre vor dem ausgesprochen werden muß, bevor der Zusammenbruch eintritt? Man muß leider sagen: Die Art und Weise, wie die Menschheit dieses katastrophale Ereignis bis jetzt durchlebt, läßt deutlich erkennen, daß, wenn dieses katastrophale Ereignis noch vier Jahre andauert, die Menschen sich daran gewöhnt haben werden und es hinnehmen werden - nun, wie eben das normale Leben; denn bis zu einem hohen Grade ist diese Gewöhnung schon fortgeschritten. Wer aber die Zeichen der Zeit versteht, der frägt heute: Was muß geschehen? — weil, wenn etwas nicht geschieht, nach Jahrzehnten dasjenige sich zeigt, was da kommen muß, weil etwas nicht zur rechten Zeit geschehen ist.
Aber aus der umliegenden physischen Welt heraus kann das nicht gefunden werden, was nach den heutigen Zeitbedingungen geschehen soll. Heute muß man schon, wenn man das Richtige hören will, diejenigen hören, die aus der geistigen Welt heraus sprechen können. Natürlich, für unbedeutendere Dinge vollziehen sich die Dinge rascher. Man kann sagen: In fünf Jahren werden vielleicht die Menschen einsehen, daß sie auf manches hätten hören sollen, was sie heute schon hätten wissen können, wenn sie hingehört hätten. Doch sie sind nicht geneigt, diese Dinge zu hören, weil sie nur geneigt sind, auf das zu hören, wofür sich schon die Anzeichen in der äußeren physischen Welt zeigen. Aber die physische Welt ist für das geschichtliche Werden unbedeutend. Sie zeigt nicht dasjenige, was Anstoß, Impuls sein soll zum Geschehen. Was Anstoß, Impuls sein soll zum Geschehen im sozialen, im sittlichen Leben, das muß aus der geistigen Welt stammen.
Nun, für ein größtes Ereignis im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung soll gerade die Menschheit in unserem Zeitalter erzogen werden: an Freiheit auch in der historischen Entwickelung zu glauben. An einem bestimmten Punkte des geistigen Lebens soll die Menschheit der Gegenwart mit aller Gewalt darauf gestoßen werden, an Freiheit — und identisch damit ist dann das Wunder — zu glauben. Und dieser Punkt ist in der Auffassung des Christus-Impulses, in der Auffassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha gelegen. Wie die Menschheit zum Mysterium von Golgatha stand, das war ganz anders in früheren Zeiten und war immer mehr anders, je weiter wir zurückgehen in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung. Wir haben öfters davon gesprochen. Heute gibt es nicht in den Menschen - gerade nicht in den im Sinne des Zeitgeistes fortgeschrittensten Menschen — die Möglichkeit, das Ereignis von Golgatha als historisches Ereignis wie andere historische Ereignisse hinzustellen. Ich brauche für Sie das, was hier als Voraussetzung in Betracht kommt, nur anzudeuten: Sie wissen, die Evangelien sind als historische Dokumente in ihrer Bedeutung erschüttert. Nicht in demselben Sinne, wie wir die Dokumente über Sokrates oder Plato oder über Alkibiades oder Cäsar als historische Dokumente nehmen, können wir nach dem, wie heute geschichtlich geforscht wird, die Evangelien als Dokumente ansehen, ebensowenig die andern Dokumente, die im Neuen Testament über das Ereignis von Golgatha vereinigt sind. So wie der Mensch heute über geschichtliches Forschen denkt, so entzieht sich diesem geschichtlichen Forschen die Möglichkeit, die Evangelien als historische Dokumente zu betrachten und aus den Evangelien das Ereignis von Golgatha als ein historisches anzusehen, als ein historisch beweisbares, meine ich, als ein in dem Sinne historisch beweisbares, wie man andere historische Geschehnisse und Tatsachen geschichtlich belegt und geschichtlich beweist. Man kann nicht in demselben Sinne über den Christus Jesus als eine historische Persönlichkeit sprechen, wie man über Karl den Großen nach dem, was man heute historische Quellen nennt, als eine historische Persönlichkeit sprechen kann.
Für den, der die Dinge durchschaut, ist heute der Zeitpunkt herangekommen, wo der aufrichtige, Wahrheit-durchdringende Menschensinn sich sagen muß: Was man für historische Quellen hielt in bezug auf das Mysterium von Golgatha, ist durch die Gestalt, welche die Geschichtsforschung angenommen hat, erschüttert. Und man muß schon so etwas wie ein Stumpfling sein, wie zum Beispiel Adolf Harnack, der berühmte Theologe, um sich immer wieder und wiederum hinzustellen und von dem, was man, wie er sagt, auf einer Quartseite zusammenstellen kann über den Christus Jesus, zu behaupten: darinnen seien doch historische Dokumente im Sinne der heutigen Geschichte gegeben. Es sind natürlich in diesen Dingen, die auf dieser Quartseite stehen, ebensowenig historische Dokumente gegeben, wie in den Evangelien nach Harnack selber - historische Dokumente gegeben sind. Aber solches Unterfangen wie das Harnacksche, dem hunderte und hunderte von andern gegenüberstehen, hängt eben zusammen mit der ganzen Unwahrhaftigkeit unserer Zeit in solchen Dingen, die niemals bis zu den radikalen Folgerungen gehen will, welche aber eben einfach die richtigen Folgerungen sind.
Die Folgerung, die ja gezogen werden muß, ist diese, daß der Mensch nach dem, was vorliegt, sich heute gestehen muß: sucht er auf äußerlich historische Weise den Christus Jesus, so kann er ihn nicht finden. Finden muß er ihn auf dem Wege der Geisteserforschung. Da findet er ihn aber sicher. Da findet er das historische Ereignis von Golgatha. Warum? Weil das historische Ereignis von Golgatha ein solches war, das durch Freiheit in der Menschheitsentwickelung aufgetreten ist, durch eine Freiheit in noch viel höherem Sinne als andere historische Ereignisse, und weil dieses freie Ereignis gerade in unserem Zeitraum an den Menschen so herantreten soll, daß nichts ihn zwingt, seine Geltung anzunehmen, sondern er diese Geltung aus innerer Freiheit annehmen muß. Wofür ein historischer Beweis schon da ist, für dessen Annahme ist man nicht frei. Wofür ein äußerer historischer Beweis nicht da ist, das nimmt man an aus geistigen Gründen, und auf dem geistigen Boden ist man frei. Christ wird man durch Freiheit. Und das ist gerade dasjenige, was notwendig ist dem heutigen Zeitalter zu verstehen, daß man Christ in Wirklichkeit nur sein kann aus voller Freiheit, nicht einmal gezwungen durch historische Dokumente. In unserem Zeitalter soll das Christentum jene Wahrheit gewinnen — das ist vorbestimmt dieser Zeit -, wodurch es zu dem großen Impuls des menschlichen Verständnisses für die Freiheit wird. Das gehört zu den Fundamentalwahrheiten in unserer Zeit, daß dies eingesehen wird, daß eingesehen wird, daß die Beweise für das Christentum in der geistigen Welt gesucht werden müssen.
Wird diese Einsicht so intensiv in der menschlichen Natur, wie sie werden soll, so wird sie auch andere Einsichten erzeugen, wird manches andere noch hervorbringen. Was sie zunächst hervorbringen sollte, das ist, daß der Mensch überhaupt lerne, sich die Frage zu beantworten: Wie mache ich mich empfänglicher für das, was mich nicht aus der physischen Welt heraus zwingt, es anzuerkennen, sondern wogegen ich zunächst vielleicht sogar eine Abneigung, eine Antipathie habe? Was macht mich geneigter dazu?
Wirklich nicht aus persönlicher Eitelkeit und Albernheit, sondern weil ich eben nur ein konkretes Exempel dabei statuieren will, muß ich bei einer solchen Gelegenheit immer wieder darauf aufmerksam machen, daß ich meine schriftstellerische Laufbahn damit begonnen habe, indem ich nicht meine Meinungen zunächst vertreten habe, sondern alles dasjenige, was ich vertreten habe, in Anknüpfung an Goetheschen Geist publizierte, im bewußten Zurückblicken zu einem Geiste, der schon 1832 in das geistige Reich der sogenannten Toten hinaufgestiegen ist. Aber lesen Sie das, was ich so in Anknüpfung an Goethe in den Zeiten, die meiner «Philosophie der Freiheit» vorangegangen sind, geschrieben habe! Die sogenannten Goethe-Forscher sehen es zumeist daraufhin an, ob es Goethesche Ansichten wiedergibt. Goethesche Ansichten sind diesen Leuten dann gegeben, wenn man ein literarischer Wiederkäuer ist, das heißt, wenn man das, was Goethe in seiner Inkarnation gesagt hat bis 1832, wiederkaut. Ich war immer der Ansicht, daß dasjenige, was Goethe gesagt hat, wirklich nicht von dem oder jenem Schulmeister und auch nicht von mir wiedergesagt zu werden braucht, denn Goethe hat, was er hat sagen wollen, schon selber besser gesagt. Es ist immer besser, wenn die Goetheschen Werke gelesen werden, als die Ansichten der Schulmeister, und wären es selbst so ausgezeichnete Schulmeister und Magister, wie zum Beispiel Lewes mit seiner berühmten Goethe-Biographie ist. Was ich versuchte zu schreiben, ist dasjenige, was auf der Inspiration des nicht mehr auf der Erde weilenden Goethe beruhte: die Fortbildung seiner Ansichten auf einem gewissen Gebiete nach seinem Tode, was geschrieben werden konnte aus einem gewissen Gefühl lebendiger Verbindung mit sogenannten verstorbenen Seelen.
Ich erwähne dies als ein Exempel, wirklich nicht aus alberner Eitelkeit, sondern weil es zusammenhängt mit der Frage: Was sollen die Menschen tun, um sich empfänglicher zu machen für dasjenige, was aus der geistigen Welt heraus kommt? Verbinden müssen sich die Menschen mit den Toten. Den Weg müssen sie finden in diejenigen Welten, worinnen die Toten leben, aber in einer vernünftigen, verständigen Weise, in einer wirklich entsprechenden Weise, nicht nach spiritistischer Weise. Die Toten reden weiter nach ihrem Tode. Und das, was sie reden, was sie impulsieren, es lebt, wie wir gesehen haben, zwar nicht in unseren Sinneserfahrungen, nicht in unserem Vorstellen, wohl aber in unserem Gefühl und in der Realität unserer Willensimpulse. Da lebt es drinnen.
Dann müssen wir aber auch das in uns finden, was uns geneigt macht, an die geistige Welt überhaupt heranzutreten. Mit dem Unglauben an ein Herantreten an die geistige Welt ist verbunden die Antipathie gegen die Imaginationen, die herein wollen aus der geistigen Welt, die unser Handeln auch im sozialen Menschengeschehen, im moralischen, im ethischen Menschengeschehen impulsieren wollen, und die doch einzig und allein den Menschen frei machen können.
Zwei Dinge sind in unserer Zeit notwendig: einzusehen, daß das Bekenntnis zum Mysterium von Golgatha eine freie Tat der menschlichen Seele sein muß und dieses ganz zu durchdringen. Und auf der andern Seite: real, nicht bloß abstrakt, nicht bloß in einem abstrakten Glauben, sondern real die Brücke zu suchen zu den Toten. Auch gegen das letztere spricht viel in unserer Zeit. DieMenschen sehen nicht gleich ganz ein, was alles dagegen spricht. Was stellen sich die Menschen heute für das soziale Geschehen als ein Ideal vor? Sie stellen sich vor: Wir sind gescheit, denn wir sind geboren, wir sind in die Schule gegangen, wir sind also gescheite Wesen, gescheite Menschen, daher wissen wir ohne weiteres, was im sozialen Leben zu geschehen hat. Wir bilden Versammlungen, Gemeinderäte, Staatsräte, Parlamente, wie man es nennt, da bespricht man selbstverständlich dasjenige, was zu geschehen hat im sozialen Leben, denn wir sind gescheit, und wenn sich so gescheite Leute, wie es die Menschen der Gegenwart sind, zusammensetzen, so wird immer das Richtige herauskommen.
Das ist das Ideal. Aber das geht von einer Voraussetzung aus, die nicht richtig ist. Es geht von der Voraussetzung aus, daß man ohne weiteres wisse, was das Richtige ist. Wissen Sie, was das Richtige ist? Wissen Sie, wer es weiß, was das Richtige ist im Jahre 1917? Nicht diejenigen, die jetzt in den Zwanzigerjahren sind und sich in den Parlamenten am liebsten so zum Reden bloß zusammensetzen und darüber urteilen, was das Richtige sei für 1917, sondern das wissen die am besten, die längst gestorben sind! Bei denen sollte man fragen, wie man sich zu verhalten hat! Hier liegt ein gut Teil von dem, was die Frage beantwortet: Wie kann unser soziales Leben aufgebessert werden? — Wenn wir lernen, die Toten zu befragen.
Bis zu seinem Lebensende weiß man in der Regel hier als physischer Mensch alles doch nur so weit, als es einem selber persönlich frommt. Recht reif wird das Wissen erst, wenn man gestorben ist. Dann wird es erst so reif, daß es richtig anwendbar ist auf das soziale Leben. Aber man darf nicht glauben, daß nun die Toten wie mit physischen Händen unmittelbar eingreifen sollen, so ungefähr wie Menschen, die hier im physischen Leib leben. Die Toten können besser wissen als die Lebendigen, was sozial zu geschehen hat, aber sie müssen gehört werden von den Menschen, und die ausführenden Organe müssen die hier im Physischen lebenden Menschen sein. Lernen müssen vor allen Dingen die Menschen in der Gegenwart, solche ausführenden Organe zu sein. Aber von solchen - wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, er ist so unangenehm - von solchen «Parlamenten», wo sich die Menschen bestreben werden, die Toten mitreden zu lassen, wird man noch lange nicht hören. Es wird jedoch auf gewissen Gebieten nicht Heil kommen, wenn man nicht die Toten wird mitreden lassen wollen, wenn nicht auch von dieser Seite her das soziale Leben spiritualisiert werden kann. Bevor man sich dem Glauben hingibt, daß die hier auf der Erde errungene, durch die Geburt, Welt und Schulung errungene Weisheit reif für soziale Impulse ist, sollte man sich vertiefen in das, was wirklich reif geworden ist für soziale Impulse: diejenige Weisheit, die schon den physischen Leib abgelegt hat, und die, wenn wir sie wirklich durchforschen, uns erst bedeutsame Perspektiven eröffnet.
Bedenken Sie, wie das Gefühlsleben vertieft wird, das ganze menschliche Gemüt eine Vertiefung erfährt, wenn das, was ich jetzt als Ideen ausgesprochen habe, eben Gefühl und Empfindung wird; wenn an die Stelle des alten Mythos, der den Gegenwartsmenschen verband mit den Vorfahren, dasjenige Band tritt, das ich angedeutet habe: ein konkretes geistiges Leben, das unsere geistige Atmosphäre wiederum anfüllen wird; und wenn, was so durch die Geisteswissenschaft als Ideen erfaßt werden kann, übergeht in Gemüt und Empfindung und die Menschen wahrhaftig drinnen leben wollen.
Sixth Lecture
In all the considerations we have now made, there was a question in the background which is viewed in the light of materialism by the present age, which is, in its fundamental views, much more materialistic than it thinks. This question relates to the emergence of certain historical events. People speak of historical necessity, they say that what happens this year, for example, is historically in a certain way the effect of what happened in previous years.
What I refer to here as historical naturally extends to all aspects of events that arise from human action, i.e., to social, moral, and other cultural life. The materialistic view, which does not consist merely in deriving mental phenomena from material foundations in the field of natural science, but which also exists in many other areas, would actually prefer to eliminate the concept of freedom altogether. And so it would like to understand what takes place in the course of history in the same way that it has become accustomed to viewing natural science, namely, that what follows always emerges with a certain necessity as an effect from a preceding cause. Then one says, perhaps believing oneself to be thinking quite correctly: Well, some event—even an event such as the one that has now broken into our world in such a terrible and catastrophic way—is simply a necessity.
In this sense, that is, with the concept of “scientific necessity,” the view is completely nonsensical, even if the expression “some event is a necessity” makes good sense in another direction. If you consider what came to our minds yesterday, the complexity of human nature, then you will gain an insight into the depths of the world order in general, not only intellectually but also emotionally, and you will gradually lose the belief that abstract scientific laws can somehow encompass this reality.Your gaze will then also be drawn to certain natural phenomena which, if viewed in the right light, could teach us many things, such as the following. Every year, a large number of life germs develop in the sea which do not become living beings. Life germs are deposited and perish. Only a small proportion of them become actual living beings. Of course, this does not happen only in the vast sea, but in all of nature. Just consider how much is actually predestined for life when you look at just one year, when the seeds of life, the eggs, are deposited in their initial form and do not develop. How much is predestined for life that does not become life! Must we not say: All these seeds of life contain causes that do not become effects? Indeed, anyone who does not view nature according to preconceived theoretical opinions, especially not according to the most definitive theoretical opinion: Every cause has its effect and every effect has its cause—whoever looks at nature impartially will find that there are countless things in nature that must be designated as causes in the full sense of the word, without producing an effect in the sense that they would have to if the cause were to fully play out. We see, as it were, at countless points, life being held back again and again, not reaching its goal.
This is something we can see out there in material nature. When the spiritual researcher asks himself: How is it in the spiritual world? — he comes to something very remarkable. He comes upon something that in a certain sense corresponds exactly to the standing still of life in nature, but in the same way that the spiritual corresponds to the natural. And we know from countless observations that in very many questions, not in all, the spiritual can be characterized precisely by the fact that its properties are opposite to those of the natural, exactly opposite. Just as in the cases I have mentioned, we have natural causes that do not bring about their effects, where we see, as it were, that the process breaks off and that which is, as it were, inherent in it breaks off and does not develop—although the word “inherent” is one of the worst words there is for understanding reality —, so conversely, as spiritual researchers, we see effects appearing in the spiritual world, effects arising of which it can be said just as little that there are causes as it can be said of the causes just characterized that there are effects.
Let us now ask a concrete question: What does the spiritual researcher see when he directs the eye of his soul to such suspended life processes as those described above? The physical eye sees that germ elements are simply being destroyed; but the spiritual eye, the eye of the soul, sees that where such germ elements appear to be destroyed, something essential is emerging at an earlier stage, at a stage that is not yet material. If a person wanted to follow what really happens in such a case, where material causes have no effect, so to speak, then he would have to dream cosmically, if I may use the expression. In ordinary consciousness, a person can only dream egoistically. When he dreams at night, he dreams in bondage to his own organism; in his dreams he is not connected with his surroundings. If he can be connected with his surroundings and develop the same forces that he otherwise develops in his dreams, then he is in imaginative thinking.
What is held back in the natural process, what does not become physical living beings, becomes something that can very well come to consciousness in imaginative thinking. Beings arise from such held-back life germs that are accessible only to imaginative thinking, beings that one could dream of if one did not dream as a human being but as a being from the hierarchy of the Angeloi. The angeloi dream, if I may use the expression, of those beings that rise up every year in great numbers as elemental forms from the sea, from the earth, which are nothing other than products of the seemingly destroyed seeds of life.
If you visualize this vividly, you will see elemental life rising from the earth like a spiritual fragrance, in which we are embedded, in which we stand with our souls. But we stand in this elemental life in a much more intense way, because we are involved in the process I have spoken of. We are very much involved in it as human beings. And animals are also involved in it. Why? Well, there is no difference between what happens when so many fish eggs are laid in the sea, which do not become fish but only give rise to an elemental existence, and what happens when we see seeds growing out of the earth in a field, let us say wheat seeds. How many grains of wheat grow there, all of which are predestined to form wheat stalks themselves, but do not because we eat them! There we are ourselves in our processes in the world, which connect with what develops there as elementary existence. We also maintain the continuous, ongoing process in the grains of wheat and in the other products from which we nourish our lives. We do not allow them to become real beings, but through our own existence we bring about the transformation of that which is destined for something completely different, in elementary processes that can only be achieved through imagination. But this reality, which underlies this imaginative life, takes place through the fact that we ourselves are placed in the process, that we participate in it. From the grains of wheat, from the grains of rye, from everything else that we enjoy in this way from nature, from all of this, elementary life develops, and this elementary life flows through us. We take in this elementary life; we stand within this elementary life.
Here you see the foundation of elementary life. Here you see how we can only exist in the world by halting another ongoing process and bringing it to spiritualization. Even when we eat, we bring a process that is otherwise purely material to spiritualization.
The opposite is true in the spiritual world. There, effects exist that do not have causes in the same sense as the movements of a billiard ball that is struck by another, but which occur, so to speak, without it being possible to say that this or that is their cause. The concept of cause and effect loses its meaning when we turn our gaze to such things. Effects enter into our mental and spiritual life, effects from the spiritual world, of which it cannot be said that they are caused. Just as we now face the elementary effects, which rise, as it were, as a fragrance from the processes described, with desire, with that desire which springs from our necessity for life: we want to nourish ourselves, and therefore we are compelled to involve ourselves in the elementary processes that have been described — just as we face these processes with a certain desire, so, insofar as we are human beings on the physical plane, we actually face the spiritual effects, which in a certain sense are causeless, with aversion, with antipathy. As physical beings, we strive not to allow such effects, which come from the spiritual realm, to enter us.
If you grasp this somewhat subtle idea, you will see that we are, in a sense, surrounded by a spiritual will that wants to enter us, that strives to enter us, and which we do not initially regard with desire, which we are not initially inclined to accept without further ado. It is as if there were constant movements of will floating in the air around us, which we reject. This is also something that clairvoyant consciousness soon leads to when it has developed: the insight that something pictorial, as it were, moves and surges in our environment, and that we have inner resistance to accepting this pictorial element into ourselves.
Let us consider these images as reality. Just as it is true that every year so many seeds of life perish on earth, so it is true that spiritual images live in the world that always surrounds us as a spiritual world, images that can be attained through imagination, but which we easily resist through our human nature.
These resistances cannot be understood in abstract terms, but must be understood in concrete and differentiated ways. What develops in physical life each year as ascending elemental life develops in other periods of time, descending spiritually, into something that we reject—in other periods of time, and not in completely regular intervals. There are times when, in a sense, spiritual life vehemently surrounds us and much of it wants to reach us. There are other times when the spiritual air around us is, so to speak, poorer. The human being can now behave in a more or less receptive manner, although he generally has an aversion to taking in these pictorial beings that can be reached through imagination. However, he can behave receptively through certain preconditions, which we will discuss later, or he can behave completely rejectingly.
Let us assume that in some age there was, I would say, a special influx of such beings, beings that wanted to approach human beings spiritually, so to speak, and that human beings were averse to taking these beings into themselves. What will happen? Then what will happen is that by refusing to accept the spiritual essence that is coming to them, human beings create within themselves the opportunity—humanity creates within itself the opportunity—for the old, which has become barren and dry, to spin itself further and, instead of coming to life, to produce a dead effect: just as when a plant that has completed its life cycle is not removed, but remains as a woody plant, dry and parched, continuing to exist to the detriment of its surroundings.
In historical development, this takes the following form: When an age comes—and such an age was essentially the beginning of the 20th century—in which spiritual beings are, so to speak, waiting to reach human beings, in which there is every reason for human beings to open their souls to new revelations, and human beings do not want to accept these revelations, is averse to such revelations, then the old continues to spin in an inappropriate manner. For this old needs new fertilization through the detour via human beings. This is not accomplished. The unfertilized continues to spin dryly and barren, and then events such as the present catastrophic event arise.
Among the many causes that can be found in the spiritual world, one of the most important is that the development towards the 20th century has been such that people have resisted new revelations for reasons that we will discuss later. One could say: The spiritual world was full of what was offered to humanity in the way of new spiritual knowledge and new spiritual impulses, and humanity rejected it. For what reason? Certainly, such things are also connected with the conditions of humanity's development. We know that the materialistic age had to come, because it has its good qualities in certain other respects. So this materialistic age came, and one consequence of this materialistic age was that people developed concepts that relate only to one part of human nature.
Think of what we discussed yesterday. We discussed yesterday that this fourfold human being, who, in a rough sense, consists of the physical body, the etheric or formative body, the astral body, and the I, actually has different ages in relation to all these parts, these members. When a human being is twenty-eight years old, then he is only twenty-eight years old in relation to his physical body, I said yesterday, twenty-one years old in relation to the so-called etheric body, fourteen years old in relation to the astral body, and only seven years old in relation to the I. You can easily gain this insight from what was discussed yesterday: there stands a human being who is twenty-eight years old; but that is speaking in a non-literal sense: the human being with these twenty-eight years of life is only twenty-eight years old as a physical human being. In this human being, for example, the I lives — if we disregard the other — which lives more slowly and is still a seven-year-old child when the human being is twenty-eight years old. This seven-year-old child, when the human being is twenty-eight years old according to his physical body, is in fact connected with worlds that are completely different from the world in which scientific necessity reigns. But in the materialistic age, people have become accustomed to forming only those concepts that are applicable to the relationship between the physical body of the human being and the physical environment, and everything is judged according to this. The human being, as a real human being, as he stands within the world, is a complicated entity, as complicated as we discussed again yesterday and as we know from many observations. What human beings believe they know about themselves, what they say about themselves, is actually only a quarter of what relates to human beings in our materialistic age, only that which relates to the physical body. Only in relation to the physical body and its environment can we speak of scientific necessity. What must we speak of when we disregard the rest, in relation to what, for example, is still a seven-year-old child in a twenty-eight-year-old human being? We must speak of something completely different, something from which our infinitely enlightened, infinitely clever present has turned away completely. We must speak, strange as it may sound to people of the present, of miracles.
Miracles in the sense in which people often imagine miracles, miracles as imagined by those who like to attend spiritualist séances, are things of which true spiritual science cannot speak. Miracles lie in entirely different realms. Miracles lie in spiritual events. For just as necessity lies in external, natural events, so miracles lie in the realm of spiritual events. No human being who enters the physical world from the spiritual world, who proceeds to physical embodiment, is a physical necessity. He is a necessity because he imposes this necessity on himself, because he makes the superconscious decision out of the spiritual world to connect himself with some hereditary stream. The cause does not have to lie with the father and mother; only the opportunity lies there. Every human being's appearance in the physical world is a miracle. That what is only seven years old in our twenty-eighth year enters the physical world is always a real miracle, in comparison with which any scientific questioning of the cause is complete nonsense. To derive from heredity that which lives so slowly within us that it is only seven years old in our twenty-eighth year is absurd. If we really want to trace it back, if we want to ask: Where does this come from, which is only seven years old at the age of twenty-eight? — then we return to the spiritual world, to that world which we share with the so-called dead, to that world which we populated before we descended into our bodies. Spirits who were able to think impartially were already able to form concepts of such things, even if this is difficult in our materialistic age.
Consider how much Goethe concerned himself with scientific ideas, how he developed scientific ideas that were truly exemplary! As you know, he had a constant longing for Italy before he came there. And when he saw the great works of art in Italy, which gave him an idea of Greek artistic creativity, he wrote to his friends in Weimar: “There is necessity, there is God.” He spoke of a necessity other than that of which mere natural science speaks. According to his scientific ideas, he could have had a sense of this necessity even earlier; the necessity that shone forth from the spiritual world and is identical with the miracle, he felt when he saw the Greek works of art in Italy.
But our age is enlightened, the people of our age are very clever. Therefore, they have not only rejected the unjustified concept of miracles, but have also banished miracles as such from the spiritual world. But to banish miracles from the spiritual world means nothing other than to do everything possible to prevent ourselves from understanding this spiritual world at all. For things emerge from the spiritual world in such a way that we see only their effects; when we search for the cause, we cannot find it. This is particularly true for spiritual researchers, for whom it is an absolute truth. And because the insensitivity of humanity at the end of the 19th century had risen to such a high degree that it was no longer capable of wonder or awe at what was trying to reveal itself from the world, there was a widespread aversion to revelation. For in the same sense that reverence develops for everything that is world depth, these revelations also come closer to human beings.
That which can enter the world order as a miraculous effect can also fail to occur, it can also be gone. This dulling of humanity's sense of wonder is connected with what was neglected in the age leading up to the 20th century. And if we want to speak of causes for our catastrophic events, then these causes are not ones that human beings have created, but rather sins of omission. That is the essential point.
In earlier years, in a lecture I gave frequently, I drew attention to an outstanding philosopher who lived in the middle of the 19th century: Karl Christian Planck. I have taken the opportunity in many places to refer to Karl Christian Planck because he wrote a work that he left behind as his philosophical and literary testament, so to speak. And in this work, the current global catastrophe is described in great detail, even in spiritual detail; one cannot even say that it is hinted at, but rather described in advance. The book was written in 1880. How was he able to do this? Because Planck was one of those minds who saw what was happening at the right time. If you have a house that is dilapidated, it must be repaired at the right time. If you wait until it can no longer be repaired, it will collapse and disaster will strike. And our current catastrophe is nothing more than a collapse. In reality, it is a collapse. The 1970s and 1980s were the right time for what should have happened. Spirits such as Karl Christian Planck, who pointed out what was coming, are, as we know, never suited to becoming leading figures in public life! When it comes to finding a leading figure, a statesman or the like, one does not, of course, turn to those who know something in the sense of Karl Christian Planck – one cannot take them, can one? – but to others who very often do not find the opportunity to shore up the dilapidated house. But today, if one looks at the background of life, one can provide historical proof—and Karl Christian Planck is not the only one, there are many others—that at the right time, some people from the spiritual world received the revelation of the events that humanity was heading toward. At that time, there would still have been time to give these events a different course. Of course, Karl Christian Planck was not heard.
But are people now being listened to who are talking about what, if it is to be effective, must be said years before the collapse occurs? Unfortunately, it must be said that the way in which humanity is experiencing this catastrophic event so far clearly shows that if this catastrophic event continues for another four years, people will have become accustomed to it and will accept it—just as they accept normal life; for this accustoming has already progressed to a high degree. But those who understand the signs of the times ask today: What must happen? — because if nothing happens, after decades what must come will come, because something did not happen at the right time.
But what is to happen according to the conditions of the present time cannot be found in the physical world around us. Today, if we want to hear what is right, we must listen to those who can speak from the spiritual world. Of course, things happen more quickly when they are insignificant. One could say that in five years' time, people will perhaps realize that they should have listened to some things that they could have known today if they had listened. But they are not inclined to listen to these things because they are only inclined to listen to what is already evident in the external physical world. But the physical world is insignificant for historical development. It does not show what is to be the impetus for events. What is to be the impetus for events in social and moral life must come from the spiritual world.
Now, for the greatest event in the course of human development, humanity in our age must be educated to believe in freedom, even in historical development. At a certain point in spiritual life, the humanity of the present must be forced with all its might to believe in freedom — and identical with this is then the miracle. And this point lies in the understanding of the Christ impulse, in the understanding of the mystery of Golgotha. How humanity viewed the mystery of Golgotha was very different in earlier times and became increasingly different the further back we go in historical development. We have spoken of this often. Today, there is no possibility in human beings — especially not in those who are most advanced in the spirit of the times — to present the event of Golgotha as a historical event like other historical events. I need only hint at what is necessary as a prerequisite for this: you know that the Gospels have been shaken in their significance as historical documents. We cannot regard the Gospels as historical documents in the same sense that we regard the documents about Socrates or Plato or Alcibiades or Caesar as historical documents, according to the way in which historical research is conducted today. Nor can we regard the other documents that are gathered in the New Testament about the event of Golgotha as historical documents. The way people today think about historical research, it's impossible to look at the Gospels as historical documents and see the events at Golgotha as historical, as something that can be proven historically, I mean in the same way that other historical events and facts can be proven and demonstrated historically. One cannot speak of Christ Jesus as a historical personality in the same sense as one can speak of Charlemagne as a historical personality based on what we today call historical sources.
For those who see through things, the time has come today when the sincere, truth-seeking human mind must say: What was considered historical sources regarding the mystery of Golgotha has been shaken by the form that historical research has taken. And one must be something of a stump, like Adolf Harnack, the famous theologian, to stand up again and again and claim that what can be compiled about Christ Jesus on a quarter page, as he says, contains historical documents in the sense of today's history. Of course, there are just as few historical documents in these things that are written on that quarter page as there are historical documents in the Gospels according to Harnack himself. But such an undertaking as Harnack's, which is opposed by hundreds and hundreds of others, is connected with the whole untruthfulness of our time in such matters, which never wants to go to the radical conclusions that are simply the right conclusions.
The conclusion that must be drawn is this: based on what is available, people today must admit that if they seek Christ Jesus in an external, historical way, they will not find him. They must find him through spiritual research. There they will find him for sure. There they will find the historical event of Golgotha. Why? Because the historical event of Golgotha was one that arose through freedom in human evolution, through a freedom in a much higher sense than other historical events, and because this free event is meant to approach human beings in our time in such a way that nothing compels them to accept its validity, but rather they must accept this validity out of inner freedom. For which there is already historical proof, one is not free to accept. For which there is no external historical proof, one accepts for spiritual reasons, and on spiritual ground one is free. One becomes a Christian through freedom. And that is precisely what is necessary for the present age to understand, that one can only be a Christian in reality out of complete freedom, not even compelled by historical documents. In our age, Christianity must gain that truth—this is predestined for this time—through which it becomes the great impulse of human understanding for freedom. It is one of the fundamental truths of our time that this is recognized, that it is recognized that the proofs for Christianity must be sought in the spiritual world.
If this insight becomes as intense in human nature as it should be, it will also generate other insights and bring forth many other things. What it should bring forth first of all is that human beings learn to answer the question: How can I make myself more receptive to that which does not compel me from the physical world to acknowledge it, but toward which I may even initially feel an aversion, an antipathy? What makes me more inclined to do so?
It is not out of personal vanity or silliness, but because I simply want to set a concrete example, that I must repeatedly point out on such occasions that I began my writing career not by initially expressing my own opinions, but by publishing everything I believed in connection with Goethe's spirit, in conscious retrospect to a spirit that had already ascended to the spiritual realm of the so-called dead in 1832. But read what I wrote in connection with Goethe in the times that preceded my Philosophy of Freedom! The so-called Goethe researchers mostly look to see whether it reflects Goethe's views. Goethe's views are then accepted by these people if one is a literary regurgitator, that is, if one regurgitates what Goethe said in his incarnation until 1832. I have always been of the opinion that what Goethe said really does not need to be repeated by this or that schoolmaster, nor by me, because Goethe himself said what he wanted to say better than anyone else. It is always better to read Goethe's works than the views of schoolmasters, even if they are such distinguished schoolmasters and masters as, for example, Lewes with his famous Goethe biography. What I tried to write is based on the inspiration of Goethe, who is no longer on earth: the further development of his views in a certain field after his death, which could be written from a certain feeling of living connection with so-called departed souls.
I mention this as an example, not out of silly vanity, but because it is related to the question: What should people do to make themselves more receptive to what comes from the spiritual world? People must connect with the dead. They must find their way into the worlds where the dead live, but in a reasonable, intelligent way, in a truly appropriate way, not in a spiritualistic way. The dead continue to speak after their death. And what they say, what they inspire, lives on, as we have seen, not in our sensory experiences, not in our imagination, but in our feelings and in the reality of our impulses of will. That is where it lives.
But then we must also find within ourselves what makes us inclined to approach the spiritual world in the first place. Disbelief in approaching the spiritual world is connected with an antipathy toward the imaginations that want to enter from the spiritual world, that want to influence our actions in social, moral, and ethical human affairs, and that can ultimately make human beings free.
Two things are necessary in our time: to realize that the confession of the mystery of Golgotha must be a free act of the human soul and to penetrate this completely. And on the other hand: to seek the bridge to the dead in a real way, not merely abstractly, not merely in an abstract belief, but in a real way. There is much in our time that speaks against the latter. People do not immediately see everything that speaks against it. What do people today imagine to be the ideal for social life? They imagine: we are intelligent because we were born, we went to school, we are therefore intelligent beings, intelligent people, and therefore we know without further ado what must happen in social life. We form assemblies, local councils, state councils, parliaments, whatever you want to call them, where we naturally discuss what needs to happen in social life, because we are intelligent, and when such intelligent people as the people of today come together, the right thing will always come out.
That is the ideal. But it is based on a premise that is not correct. It is based on the premise that we know without further ado what is right. Do you know what is right? Do you know who knows what is right in 1917? Not those who are now in their twenties and like to sit together in parliaments and talk about what is right for 1917, but those who have long since died! We should ask them how we should behave! Herein lies a good part of the answer to the question: How can our social life be improved? — If we learn to ask the dead.
Until the end of our lives, we as physical human beings generally only know as much as is personally useful to us. Knowledge only becomes truly mature after we die. Only then does it become mature enough to be properly applied to social life. But one must not believe that the dead should now intervene directly with physical hands, much like people who live here in physical bodies. The dead know better than the living what needs to happen socially, but they must be heard by people, and the executive organs must be the people living here in the physical world. Above all, people in the present must learn to be such executive organs. But we will not hear of such—if I may use the expression, unpleasant as it is—such “parliaments” where people will strive to let the dead have a say, for a long time to come. However, in certain areas, there will be no healing unless we allow the dead to have a say, unless social life can also be spiritualized from this side. Before surrendering to the belief that the wisdom gained here on earth through birth, the world, and education is ripe for social impulses, we should delve deeper into what has truly become ripe for social impulses: the wisdom that has already shed the physical body and which, if we truly explore it, opens up meaningful perspectives for us.
Consider how the life of feeling is deepened, how the whole human mind undergoes a deepening when what I have now expressed as ideas becomes feeling and sensation; when the old myth that connected contemporary human beings with their ancestors is replaced by the bond I have indicated: a concrete spiritual life that will in turn fill our spiritual atmosphere; and when what can be grasped as ideas through spiritual science passes into the mind and feeling, and people truly want to live within it.