Polarities in the Evolution of Mankind
GA 197
13 June 1920, Stuttgart
Lecture IV
One particular fact, a fact we have been discussing here a number of times, is causing concern to anyone wishing to work along the lines of a spiritual science in the spirit of anthroposophy. I am referring to the fact that modern humankind is basically failing to pay attention to the powers of decline that are clearly in evidence, to powers that must inevitably take our present civilization to the edge of the abyss if they are allowed to come into effect.
Surely we have to admit to ourselves that many things are coming up from the profound depths of human nature and coming to realization; or in other words that there is a great deal going on at present. On the other hand many of our fellow citizens simply cannot make up their minds to pay proper attention to what is really going on.
It is reasonable to say that at the present time little effort is made in cultural life to take a wider point of view and pay genuine attention to the forces that shape our world. There is one school—I have characterized it a number of times over the years—that has its roots mainly among the English-speaking peoples and is rather secretive about its work. It is however extraordinarily effective. A second school is the movement that has come together because people want to take account of the instincts of the masses, instincts that are understandable and indeed also justifiable. In its extremes this movement is represented by people who have no idea of human evolution, who know nothing of the principles that mean progress for the world. Certain conditions, however,—I shall refer to these later—enable them to hold a position of authority in spite of their narrow-minded views and in spite of a natural inclination for criminal activities that is in fact quite considerable. They are of course clever people and able to be to the fore in public life nowadays because they impress people.
The third movement that has an effect in cultural life is based on particularly energetic representatives of the different confessions—confessions of all kinds—who also know very well what they want. They are the fountainhead of everything that usually comes under the heading of Jesuitism. Many people talk about Jesuitism and the like, but still large numbers of our fellow citizens are little inclined to pay proper attention to what is really going on.
To get a proper idea of current events one would have to take account of a number of things. One thing to be particularly taken into account however is connected with a fact I also mentioned in my first public lecture here.20‘Der Weg zum gesunden Denken und die Lebenslage des Gegenwartsmenschen’ (A way to develop sound thinking and people's life situation in the present day), Stuttgart 8 June 1920. Published in Geisteswissenschaft und die Lebensfordeningen der Gegenwart No. 6, Dornach 1950. To be published in Germany in GA 355. No record of translation into English. It is the fact that when it comes to their frame of mind, particularly as regards the way they form ideas, present-day people are in many, many instances continuing in a way that was only suitable for the forming of ideas during the Middle Ages. That was a great and significant way of thinking, but it is now out of date. Some people have gone very intensely into the medieval way of developing sensibilities and forming ideas. These are the people who hold more or less socialist views, and there are many of them all over the globe. The ideas current among them come to expression above all in a belief in authority that is almost limitless. They cringe before anything that assumes authority by simply taking a strong line among them. This has made it possible for people like Lenin and Trotsky21Lenin (formerly Ulyanov), Vladimir Ilyich, Russian revolutionary.
Trotsky. Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein), Russian revolutionary leader in 1917. to impose their tyranny on millions of people with the help of just a few thousand. That particular movement is spreading from Eastern Europe into Asia at an incredible pace. It imposes a tyranny worse than anything seen during the worst periods of oriental tyranny.
All these things need to be considered in forming an opinion on current events. It has only been possible to give a rough outline. Basically the only opposition to these trends—and we are still thinking in terms of major forces in world history, forces shaping the world—comes from what should ideally be a truly honest, sincere and genuine spiritual-scientific movement. If we compare the interest brought to this spiritual-scientific movement with the interest those other movements have aroused within a relatively short time, and with the influence these movements have gained, we have to say that interest in this spiritual-scientific movement is as good as nil at the present time.
We do not fail to recognise of course that there are many people who go along with this spiritual-scientific movement, or at least tell themselves that they go along with it. There would be an enormous difference, however, if people really took note of the intensity with which those other three movements work for the things they want to bring to the fore, and then compared this with the intensity of Interest that there is for spiritual science. The spiritual-scientific movement is really approached in a very superficial way, superficial in the way people feel about it. The other movements on the other hand are arousing a limitless intensity of feeling.
Does anyone clearly understand—making it the centre of both heart and mind—that if spiritual science is to intervene to any serious extent in the forces that shape the world, people must first of all give recognition and proper value to initiation knowledge, or initiation science as we call it? Initiation science today also needs humanity's firm and decided interest. Many people believe they are sincerely devoted to it, yet the interest they muster is still rather superficial, subject to all kinds of unimportant considerations.
The people I have often called the real big shots in the Anglo-American movement have initiation knowledge, but certainly not for the benefit of humankind. Everything based on Jesuitism has initiation knowledge and in its own peculiar way Leninism also has initiation knowledge. Leninism knows how to put things cleverly, using rational ideas produced in the head, and there is a definite reason for this The cleverness of the human animal, the cleverness of human animal nature, is coming to the fore in human evolution through Leninism. Everything arising from human instincts, human selfishness, comes to interpretation in Leninism and Trotskyism in a form that on the surface seems very intelligent. The animal wants to work its way to the fore, to be the most intelligent of animals. All the ahrimanic powers that aim to exclude the human element, to exclude everything that is specifically human, and all the aptitudes that exist within the animal kingdom—I have often stressed this—are to become the forces that determine humanity.
Consider—and this is something else I have often stressed—the conceit shown by humans when they invented things such as linen paper, paper made from wood or the like; in short, paper of any kind. Well, wasps and similar creatures made this invention very much earlier, building their nests from the same materials as those from which we make paper. There you have human cleverness within animal nature. If you now take all the cleverness of this kind that exists within the whole animal kingdom, and imagine ahrimanic powers taking this up and making it come to life in human heads, in the heads of people who follow only their egotistical instincts, you can see that it may be true to say that Lenin, Trotsky and others are the tools of those ahrimanic powers. That is an ahrimanic initiation. It belongs to a different cosmic sphere than our own world does. It is however an initiation that also holds the potential for getting rid of human civilization on earth, getting rid of everything that has evolved by way of human civilization.
We are therefore dealing with three schools of initiation. Two are on the plane of human evolution and one is below that plane, though it is an initiation of tremendous will power, almost unlimited will power. The only thing that can bring order into all these developments, setting a goal that is worthy to be called human, is contained within genuine spiritual knowledge. A true goal and genuine sincerity will however only come from this spiritual science if it is made into something that involves the whole of our life, taking note how much empty chatter, how much conceit and inner egotism comes to expression in so much of what is usually said in its name. These things cannot be left unsaid. On the contrary, we need to discuss them over and over again. How else can we hope to give souls the power today that is needed to prevent civilization going into total decline.
Let me take a few minutes to give you a very concrete picture. Just a short time ago I read the following in a newspaper:
Religion is a fantasy that arises in human heads as a reflexive response to the way they relate to each other and to nature. It is doomed to die a natural death in the triumphant progress of a clear, scientific and naturalistic interpretation of the truth that is evolving hand in hand with the planned evolution of a new society.22Basler Vonvärts of 2 June 1920. X.N. , ‘Die Politik der Sowjetregierung auf dem Gebiete der Religion’ (Soviet government policies concerning religion).
Considering what one comes up against nowadays with regard to souls fast asleep in the present age, we may well ask ourselves how many people reading this kind of thing in a newspaper article pull up short as though stung by a viper, because a truly dreadful symptom comes to expression in those lines. People do not reflect on what would happen on this earth if these words came to realization:
Religion is a fantasy that arises in human heads as a reflexive response to the way they relate to each other and to nature. It is doomed to die a natural death in the triumphant progress of a clear, scientific and naturalistic interpretation of the truth that is evolving hand in hand with the planned evolution of a new society.
‘Religion’ does not refer here to some confession on other, nor to some religious movement that one may quite rightly consider to be wrong, nor merely to religion in the narrower sense, but to all that is moral. If the thoughts expressed in those lines were to come true the result would be that human society in every part of the globe would very rapidly become a herd of animals, animals capable of very sophisticated thought, however. If a way cannot be found now for opposition to arise against the principle that is growing in the East of Europe and spreading across into Asia at an incredible pace, civilization will be doomed. The ideals expressed in those lines would then become reality.
In the light of such impulses in world history I do not think it is Justifiable for people in some places to wish to continue with the mystical small talk within closed circles, small talk that against my Wishes has in the long run also come up in spiritual science working towards anthroposophy. Some people even consider it the ideal! I do not think it is right to continue with this in any form, totally disregarding what is demanded of us in the wider interest of humanity on this earth. It must be our will to consider those wider interests of humankind without bias. We must make an effort and become truly serious about certain basic principles—not merely in theory, using our intellect, but instinctively. Those principles have been obscured by all the confessions in Europe and America and the intention is to obscure them yet further.
We know about the virulent propaganda campaign being launched against spiritual science working towards anthroposophy, we hear the bullets whistling all around. If therefore opposition arises in some corner or another it would be a pity to give oneself up to the harmful illusion—an illusion indeed that today merits punishment—that we may ever hope to achieve anything by converting people who after all are the authorized agents of something or other that belongs to the past. We cannot and must not be opportunists or go for compromise. That should be our special meditation every morning, as it were. There have been well-meaning people who have said we should simply try and explain to people in one direction or another how we are endeavouring to bring the Christ Mystery to the world. The more we do this, the more bullets whistle around our ears from certain quarters. Nothing goes more against the grain for instance with certain Catholic or Protestant groups today than that humankind should today gain true understanding of the Christ Mystery. It is not in their interest that the true Mystery of Christ comes to be known; all they want is to hold on to the old ideas. If we had some kind of strange and peculiar creed concerning Christ they would treat us as a harmless sect, as odd characters, and not fight us with the intensity we have come to experience. Within the two schools, quite apart from the third, there are however quite a number of people who know that our aim is to speak of the Christ Mystery out of the truth, and of social order out of the triune principle. This makes them sit up and listen; it makes them say: ‘It would take the ground away from under our feet if we were to go for the truth; let us therefore vow to destroy it.’ People do not fight us because we are in error, they fight us because it is realized in certain quarters that we want the truth. There is no point is saying anything else about some of the things that go on today. The cultural movement I am speaking of has a profound interest in absolute clarity, particularly also clarity of thought.
Remember some of the things I have told you. What is the essential point when we come to see what humankind needs above all else today? The essential point is that our powers of thought—everything we have by way of ability to form ideas, except for sensory powers—have come down to us from our life before birth or life before conception. Everything we human beings are able to think we have brought into the physical world when we were born; we have brought it with us from the life we had before we were born. All the thoughts we evolve whilst we are in our physical bodies are faculties that govern the whole of our essential human nature between our last death and the birth process that brought us into our present life on earth. When we are thinking here and now, the powers of thought we use, not the thoughts, are a shadow image of something that was at work before we were born or conceived.
Try and think of what we call the forces of nature today, of what goes on in lightning and thunder, in the movement of waves, in the way clouds are formed, in the rising and setting of the sun, in wind and rain in the way the plants rise from the ground, in the way animals are conceived and born and grow. Think of all the natural processes You see all around; then think of them merely as a picture, not the reality. So, please, think of everything you have around you by way of natural forces casting its shadow somewhere or other, and of these shadows being taken up into a container and presenting themselves to us as pictures. The relationship that exists between nature as she actually is now and the reality that lies behind is similar to the relationship between life before birth and our faculties of thought in the present earth life. Just think that there you have everything that happens to your soul between death and rebirth—I am showing it in diagrammatic form—and then its shadow arises; a shadow arises of everything you have there and this shadow becomes the content of Your head, the content of your thoughts; it is your faculty of thought. What you are thinking now, those are the forces active before you were born. That is ‘nature’ in the spiritual world, if I may put it in such a paradoxical way. The evolution of humankind cannot progress unless we become aware that when we are thinking, the existence we had before birth influences our faculties of thought. Having entered into my present earth life, I am continuing the life I had before birth when I am thinking.
Who puts up the greatest opposition to this idea? The greatest opposition is put up by religious confessions that maintain more or less the following: ‘A human child is born. It pleases two people, a male and a female individual on this earth, to come together and God creates a soul in the spiritual world, a soul that then connects with what is created between two people in the act of begetting. That is how the human individual comes into being.’ This is of course very different from what I have just been saying. It is what confessions live on in our modern civilized worlds. They all teach that when two People copulate the spirit very kindly creates a soul up above, a fresh new soul; it is then sent down to unite with the physical body which has been created, and something new has come into existence. To whom do these confessions address themselves? They address themselves to terribly egotistical individuals who simply cannot bear the thought of being extinguished when they die. Yet they are able to bear the thought—for they have got used to it over the centuries, indeed soon it will be millenia—that it pleases God to create souls for human beings procreated here on earth. What their egotism does i not allow them to accept is the thought that death puts an end to it all.
Of course you all know what life after death is like. I do not need to go into it here. But let us turn our attention to something quite different. Preachers in their pulpits always need to assume that they are speaking to people who cannot bear the thought of death being the end of it all. The water they have to pour down from their pulpits—irrespective of the particular creed followed by the people who sit there below them—must make it clear to them—I mean unclear, of course—what happens after death. They have to choose words most liable to excite the egotism of people; they have to utter phrases that are fully in accord with the egotism in the souls of people.
Let us think what would happen for instance—to give a particular example—if someone were freely and in all seriousness to make certain aspects of the Roman Catholic confession his target, say the dogma that when two people copulate it must please God to send a freshly made soul down to them. What would happen if criticism were to be aimed at this? Someone going into the whole issue without prejudice would find that it has nothing whatsoever to do with anything to be found in the true Christian faith. They would find that during the Middle Ages the teachings of Aristotle infiltrated theology and that Aristotle represented these ideas on the basis of misunderstood Platonic ideas, saying that a fresh soul is created for every newly generated human body and unites with it. Something taken for granted as a fundamental tenet in Christian beliefs in fact has nothing to do with Christianity but is an Aristotelian principle.23See Franz Brentano. Die Psychology des Aristoteles (The psychology of Aristotle), Mainz 1867. S. 199 ff.
Let us move on to something else. One element in religious beliefs is the dogma of eternal punishment in hell. Again, entirely an Aristotelian thought. Aristotle assumed that once a soul had been created, lived on earth and then come into the spiritual world, there was nothing it could do in the spiritual world, as he saw it, but look back for all eternity on what it had done during its one and only life on earth. Aristotle imagined that a fresh soul was created for every child, that this soul lived on earth until the individual died and then for all eternity occupied itself with the contemplation of what had happened during one life on earth. If someone had committed murder, they would have to look back on this for ever. That is where the dogma of eternal punishment in hell originated. It is a purely Aristotelian concept.
Just think, if the truth were to become known, instead of Aristotelian thoughts presented as Christian dogma, the people wishing to represent such Aristotelian ideas masquerading as Christian dogma would be scared out of their wits that people might find out about this, that People might find out that their priests were not teaching Christian Ideas from their pulpits, but Aristotelian ideas that had crept into Christian teachings.
Christian beliefs also contain an infinite number of ideas deriving from gnostic teachings. The Roman Catholic sacrifice of the Mass has infinitely much in it that derives from the Egyptian Mysteries. Many of the rites of the Catholic Church—and the Protestant, too, in many respects—contain things the origin of which must be sought in all kinds of oriental religions. All they are after is that people do not find out where these things come from. What do they feel compelled to do? They have to resort to slander! They have to say that the people who are presenting the truth today are plagiarists borrowing from oriental and gnostic teachings and so on. ‘Traubism’ is the order of the day. They come up with learned calumnies like those presented by the clergyman Professor Traub 24Traub, Friedrich, professor at Tuebingen University, author of Rudolf Steiner als Philosoph und Theosoph (Rudolf Steiner as a philosopher and theosophist), Tuebingen 1919. and all the people who parrot him. Why do people do such things? Because the truth is coming to light and they all have an interest in not letting it come to light. People will go on saying that what we are doing is taken from some source or other. They will provoke something that makes people go against gnosis and things that are part of the very fibre of their souls because they do not want it to come to light in its true form. Gnosis—one is supposed to say—is something terrible, something dreadful. Then people will ignore it, being afraid of it, and the preachers can talk about things that in fact have their origin in gnosis. It is the preachers who talk about things that originally came from gnosis, not the people who speak about what has grown in the soil of spiritual science working towards anthroposophy. What they are most afraid of is that there is such a thing as pre-existence of the soul, a life of the soul before birth and also conception, that the soul has its roots in the spiritual world through all the ages that any kind of knowledge and creed among humankind might cover. For if the truth were to become known there would be no room any more for such blasphemy as that the gods are obliged to send a newly made soul from the spiritual world for every single human body, so that they might unite. All these things have their origin of course in a desire for power that is getting very strong. Behind it all are thoughts of power. It is possible to put tremendous energies into such thoughts of power simply by following certain precepts.
What is going on in Dornach at the moment, for instance? All around, almost everywhere in Switzerland, articles on anthroposophy are being published not one sentence of which is true.25For details relating to this see Boos, Roman, ‘Aktenmäßige Darstellung der Hetze gegen das Goetheanum’ (The virulent campaign against the Goetheanum presented in documents), in Rudolf Steiner/Roman Boos: Die Hetze gegen das Goetheanum (The virulent campaign against the Goetheanum), Arlesheim 1920. The whole campaign started when an article appeared that contained twenty-three lies. For weeks now, article on article has picked up on those twenty-three lies; they have appeared almost everywhere in the Catholic press in Switzerland and not a single sentence is true. Why is this happening? It happens because the many followers of these people are brought to a certain state of mind by being told untruths, a state of mind where it is no longer possible to tell the difference between truth and falsehood.
Think of all the efforts we go to in spiritual science working towards anthroposophy to form sufficiently clear ideas; for instance, as to how far the things we become aware of in human minds, in the form of dreams, may or may not be reflecting the truth. As human beings we cannot immediately distinguish truth from falsehood when something appears in the course of a dream. The same state of mind arises for a congregation when they are told lies by people who know that those lies will be believed. The soul is brought to a state, a mood. by those lies where it becomes the willing tool of those desiring power. It is easiest to get people into your power by planting illusions in their unsuspecting minds. Articles full of lies are systematically put out with the intention of creating the kind of mood that can be created with lies. That will be the inevitable consequence of the probabilism which the Jesuits have been teaching for a long time. It is merely a final consequence.
It is of course difficult to rouse modern souls from their general torpor to stand up against such people. The day before I left we were forced to arrange for a lecture—for we must fight, of course, even if we do not want to, against the lies that come up in Dornach. Dr BooS, one of the most courageous of our young protagonists, called on everyone who had anything to say on the subject of the lecture to join in the in the discussion—it was a public lecture, of course. When no one came forward he said openly and publicly that he publicly declared the cleric who had first written those twenty-three lies, a priest called Arnet in Reinach, to be unworthy of his priestly calling, for disseminating scurrilous lies.
One cannot help oneself. And then, even when this had been said, only one individual stood up among those present, a teacher, shaking in his boots if I may put it like that, and said: ‘Just wait. There are more articles to come, and in the end you will see!’ Well, all I could say was that there had been twenty-three lies to begin with, and the truth about those twenty-three lies will without doubt never emerge, however long it takes until there is an end to the matter even if the end does not come until the end of the world. Not the least attempt has been made in everything published so far—and a respectable number of articles have already appeared—to go into those twenty-three lies.
Other things have been tried, using a strange logic. The pamphlet by the Tübingen speaker was brought into play—it actually played a large role—but the people who bring professor Traub's pamphlet into play in their articles have not properly understood what he said. They will write that this man Steiner is borrowing from all kinds of ancient writings, from the Upanishads, the Egyptian Isis Mysteries and the ‘Akashic Records’—well, I suppose the typesetter may have put that in, but on the other hand the clerical gentleman may have done so. I therefore said that it was not really my concern to correct printers' errors, but that it surely is a strange way of reading Traub's Pamphlet if immediately afterwards the reader has forgotten that not even Traub says anything so stupid as that the Akashic Records are to be found on library shelves; I said that one cannot really accuse people of borrowing from that old tome, the Akashic records, for spiritual science based in anthroposophy.
Our attackers have also gained support among liberal thinkers. Dr Boos was going great guns in a liberal paper, saying that this was a deliberate untruth, since the writer must have known that there were no Akashic Records in his library. He could not possibly have them in his library and so he ought to have known; he must have written a deliberate untruth. What did the person concerned do? He wrote that Dr Boos was evading the issue, as it was self-evident that the typesetter must have been responsible for the ‘Akashic Records’ error and not he himself. In his view the kind of sophistry that made authors responsible for that kind of printing error merely showed what kind of stable people came from.
Well, you see the kind of mentality one is dealing with. But do not underestimate it! You have to realize that it is going to be a hard fight, particularly in this direction. The aim is to prevent people from finding out about what I have been saying. What I said, first of all in the medical course, is the following: It is particularly when one is making serious efforts to determine the spiritual laws of this world, doing so on the basis of present-day life, when one tries to reach the deeper secrets of human nature by making these things one's own on the basis of present-day life, and then also finds them written in ancient works—albeit arising from an intellectual life that was more instinctive and atavistic—that one feels very humble in perceiving the greatness of the instinctive, atavistic intellect that human beings once possessed; that has been lost and must now be found again. These words were spoken in awareness of the fact that knowledge which today has to be sought within life was once instinctive wisdom given to humankind. Much of that ancient wisdom has of course survived in the religious beliefs, though it has become corrupted. Yet the people professing those beliefs want to make humankind fear that original wisdom, and when they talk about it say more or less the following: `Those dreadful people who pursue anthroposophy today are borrowing everything from that ancient wisdom'. If they went into the matter they would find that the spiritual science offered to humankind in anthroposophy is very different from anything ever borrowed from anywhere, from the Upanishads or whatever. So we had to borrow indeed from that ancient tome called the Akashic Records! To prevent people getting sight of something that belongs to the present age our enemies are letting their bullets come whistling from all around.
Let us be clear about one thing. You may feel tempted now and then to stress the good points of one thing or another. The alliance between Jesuitism and the Social Democrats which is getting closer and closer by the day is something entirely natural. There is nothing unnatural about it. The Social Democrats are equipped with the same kind of ideas as the Jesuits, only they take them the other way round. One thing, however, that differs from all else that is felt is the 'eternal nature of the human being'. This has become the teaching of egotism. It is restored to its true form when the pre-existence concept, of a human soul having a life before birth, or before conception, once again becomes the effective moral principle. The knives will come out to fight this idea. We shall only be able to progress in the world if in the first place truth has inner power. This inner power can only be effective, however, if in the second place people have the courage, however few they may be in number, to carry this truth in their souls, carry it in their souls in all seriousness, uprightness and honesty and without compromise. It is useless for us to play down the tremendous difference which exists between true Christianity and the Catholic and Protestant Aristotelianism which holds the idea that souls are created for bodies as they arise through procreation. We must not play down this difference. If we do play it down we will not even notice where the idea of power, the desire for power, has its real origins.
I find myself referring again and again to the pastoral issued by a Roman Catholic bishop. This document really exists. According to it the faithful must regard their priest as ranking higher than God and Christ, for each time the priest performs the consecration at the altar Christ is forced to be present by that altar, to be present in the bread and the wine which is His body and His blood. The priest therefore has greater power in the universe than a god. That is what it says in a pastoral that really exists and has also been quoted in many other pastorals. Now you may ask me if that is consistent with the abolition of the spirit by the Council of Constantinople 26Refers to the Council's rejection of ‘trichotomy’. Rudolf Steiner referred to this on a number of occasions, e.g. in Bausteine zu einer Erkenntnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha GA 175, 1st and 2nd lectures. English translation in Cosmic and Human Metamporphoses. H. Collison ed. London: Anthroposophical Publishing Co. 1926. in 869. The answer is yes. A Roman Catholic saying that God is more powerful than a priest would say so because people will not accept any other view nowadays. People are so much asleep in their souls that they never ask themselves: ‘What was the person 27Mathilde Reichardt, a lady who published a book on science and moral philosophy in the form of letters to Moleschott in 1856, is able to lay undoubted and unenviable claim to rank first among those who turn moral concepts upside down. It is the opinion of this lady that moral philosophy merely has to ask whether a human individual develops his or her inherent traits in a balanced way. Yet nature—so she says—expresses a different intent in every human individual. She therefore does not hesitate to state ‘that when someone has an inherent tendency to cheat and to steal, such a person can only be an entirely moral person if he or she is a cheat or a thief.’ ‘Someone born to be a thief has also been born with the right to live out those inherent tendencies, developing them to the full, for that is the only way in which he or she can be a strong and moral individual. And what applies to thieves also applies to all other vices, including those born to be murderers.’
(Quoted from Jurgen Bona Meyer, Philosophische Zeitfragen, Bonn 1874, S. 323 f.) writing to Moleschott really saying who had the nerve to say that a criminal, a liar, a murderer is a moral person only if he can be fully himself and is an immoral person if he does not bring to expression what he has in him. for this would impose restraints on his individuality, and that an inclination to murder is just as valid as other inclinations are’? Modern souls do not have the courage to say to themselves: ‘If scientists continue to teach the kind of basic philosophy that they have been teaching, the inevitable conclusion simply has to be that criminals, murderers, are just as good as someone trying to act morally, as it were. People merely lack the courage to admit this.’ When materialism had its flowering, at the time when people like Vogt, Moleschott and Büchner,28Vogt, Carl, champion of Darwinism.
Moleschott, Jakob, physiologist.
Büchner, Ludwig, German physician and materialist philosopher. all of them courageous men, were publishing their writings, such things were admitted. The present age is too cowardly, however, to make such admissions. Nor is there sufficient courage in the sleeping souls of the present to admit to oneself: 'If you go by the spirit of those creeds and statements a priest is indeed more powerful than a god.'
The school of thought represented by spiritual science working in the spirit of anthroposophy must above all work towards clear thinking in every respect. Its message cannot be grasped if thoughts are unclear, it cannot be grasped in a vague and vaporous mysticism but only with crystal clear thoughts, thoughts which in my Philosophy of Freedom 29Die Philosophie der Freiheit (1894), GA. 4. English: The Philosophy of Freedom. M. Wilson tr. London: Rudolf Steiner Press 1970. I have tried to show are the starting point for genuine human freedom.
We may continue our discussion of the subject when I am able to speak to you again. I hope this will be soon.
Vierter Vortrag
Was jetzt in dieser Zeit denjenigen besorgt macht, der in der Richtung der hier gemeinten anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft arbeiten möchte, das ist eine Tatsache, die ja als solche schon öfter hier besprochen worden ist. Die Tatsache meine ich, daß im Grunde genommen doch ein großer Teil der gegenwärtigen Menschheit unaufmerksam vorübergehen läßt alles das, was sich in deutlicher Weise zeigt an Kräften des Niederganges, an Kräften, die darauf hinwirken müssen, wenn sie in der ihnen entsprechenden Weise zur Geltung kommen, unsere gegenwärtige Zivilisation an den Abgrund zu führen.
Müssen wir uns denn nicht gestehen, daß in der Gegenwart vieles heraufschlägt aus tiefen menschlichen Untergründen und sich abspielt als diese oder jene Tatsache, daß, mit andern Worten, gegenwärtig eigentlich recht viel geschieht, und daß auf der andern Seite ein großer Teil unserer Zeitgenossen sich durchaus nicht entschließen kann, gebührend aufmerksam zu sein auf das, was eigentlich sich zuträgt.
Man kann sagen, daß gegenwärtig aus großen Gesichtspunkten heraus mit einer wirklichen Aufmerksamkeit auf die weltgestaltenden Kräfte nur wenige geistige Richtungen arbeiten. Die eine geistige Richtung ist diejenige, die ich nun schon seit Jahren öfter charakterisiert habe, die ihre Wurzeln namentlich in der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung der Erde hat, die sehr im Verborgenen arbeitet, die aber außerordentlich wirksam arbeitet. Die zweite ist diejenige Bewegung, die sich zusammenfindet aus alledem, was heute rechnen will mit den ja ganz begreiflichen, auch berechtigten Instinkten der breiten Masse der Menschheit. Es ist das eine Bewegung, die in ihren Extremen vertreten wird von Menschen, die von aller Menschheitsentwickelung nichts verstehen, die nichts wissen von dem, was die Welt vorwärtsbringen kann, die aber durch gewisse Verhältnisse, auf die ich noch hindeuten will, in der Lage sind, sich eine autoritative Stellung zu verschaffen trotz ihrer Borniertheit, trotz ihrer sogar ziemlich weitgehenden verbrecherischen Naturanlagen, wenn sie auch gescheite Menschen sind und sich dadurch, daß sie vielen Menschen imponieren, an die Oberfläche der heutigen öffentlichen Verhältnisse bringen können.
Die dritte wirksame Geistesbewegung ist diejenige, die aus einzelnen besonders tatkräftigen Vertretern der verschiedenen Bekenntnisse hervorgeht — Bekenntnisse aller Art — und die ebenfalls durchaus wissen, was sie eigentlich wollen. Sie haben in ihrem Schoße alles dasjenige, was man gewöhnlich Jesuitismus nennt. Und trotzdem sehr viele Menschen sprechen über Jesuitismus und dergleichen, sind doch wiederum eine große Anzahl unserer Zeitgenossen wenig geneigt, mit voller Aufmerksamkeit zu verfolgen, was da eigentlich geschieht.
Wenn man sich ein Urteil verschaffen will über den Verlauf der Ereignisse der Gegenwart, dann kommen verschiedene Dinge in Betracht. Eines aber kommt vor allen Dingen in Betracht, was zusammenhängt mit einer Tatsache, die ich schon in meinem ersten öffentlichen Vortrage hier erwähnt habe, mit der Tatsache, daß mit Bezug auf die innere Seelenverfassung, namentlich mit Bezug auf die Vorstellungsstruktur, die Menschen der Gegenwart unendlich viel fortsetzen von dem, was nur geeignet war zur Vorstellungsstruktur, zur Vorstellungsform während des Mittelalters. Diese war damals groß, war damals bedeutungsvoll, ist aber heute überholt. Diejenigen, welche sich am allerintensivsten das ganze Empfinden und Vorstellen in seinen mittelalterlichen Formen angeeignet haben, das sind heute die weiten Kreise der mehr oder weniger sozialistischen Leute über die Erde hin. Innerhalb dieser Kreise haben sich Vorstellungsformen gebildet, die namentlich ihren Ausdruck finden in einem schier unendlich großen Autoritätsglauben, in einem Sich-Ducken gegenüber allem, was sich einfach durch die robuste Hand Autorität verschafft innerhalb dieser Kreise. Nur dadurch ist es ja möglich geworden, daß solche Menschen wie Lenin und Trotzkij, im Osten von Europa — und die Bewegung setzt sich fort nach Asien hinüber mit rasender Schnelligkeit -, mit Hilfe von wenigen tausend Menschen eine Tyrannis ausüben über Millionen von Menschen, eine Tyrannis, die noch niemals während der schlimmsten Zeiten orientalischer Tyrannei so groß war, wie sie heute ist.
Alle diese Dinge kommen in Betracht, wenn man sich heute über das, was vorgeht, ein Urteil bilden will. Denn es steht dem, was nur mit ein paar Strichen jetzt charakterisiert werden kann, im Grunde genommen nur gegenüber, noch rechnend mit den großen weltgeschichtlichen und weltgestaltenden Kräften, dasjenige, was eine ehrliche, aufrichtige, wahre geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung sein sollte. Und vergleicht man das Interesse, welches gefunden hat eine solche geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung, mit dem Interesse, welches gefunden haben die andern charakterisierten Bewegungen im Laufe einer verhältnismäßig kurzen Zeit, namentlich mit dem Einfluß, den diese Bewegungen gewonnen haben, so muß man sagen, das Interesse für diese geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung ist heute noch nahezu gleich Null.
Gewiß, wir wollen nicht verkennen, daß es ja zahlreiche Menschen gibt, welche es mit dieser geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung halten, welche sich wenigstens selber sagen, daß sie es mit dieser geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung halten. Aber der Unterschied wäre furchtbar groß, wenn man sich vor Augen rücken würde die Intensität, mit der die drei andern charakterisierten Geistesströmungen für das eintreten, was sie an die Oberfläche bringen wollen, und was an Intensität des Interesses der geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung entgegengebracht wird. Denn diese geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung wird im Grunde genommen doch außerordentlich oberflächlich aufgefaßt, oberflächlich in Empfindung und im Gefühlshaften, während die andern Bewegungen gerade vom Empfindungs- und Gefühlshaften in unbegrenzter Intensität aufgefaßt werden.
Wer macht sich denn im Grunde genommen klar, so daß er es in die Mitte seines ganzen Empfindens und Denkens stellt, daß es sich für ein ernsthaftes Eingreifen in weltgestaltende Kräfte von seiten der Geisteswissenschaft darum handelt, dasjenige zur Geltung und Anerkennung unter den Menschen zu bringen, was von unserem Gesichtspunkte aus genannt wird die Initiationswissenschaft? Die Initiationswissenschaft, sie schließt heute das ernsteste Interesse der Menschheit ein. Das Interesse, das ihr von vielen, die. da meinen, sich ehrlich dazu zu bekennen, entgegengebracht wird, ist doch ein ziemlich äußerliches, ein nach allen möglichen nebensächlichen Rücksichten eingerichtetes.
Initiationswissenschaft haben,wenn auch in einer für die Menschheit durchaus nicht vorteilhaften Weise, diejenigen, die ich oftmals genannt habe die eigentlichen Macher innerhalb der anglo-amerikanischen Weltbewegung. Initiationswissenschaft hat alles dasjenige, was vom Jesuitismus abhängig ist. Und eine Initiationswissenschaft eigentümlicher Art hat auch der Leninismus. Denn daß der Leninismus versteht, sich in einer so klugen Weise durch die Verstandesformen des Kopfes auszudrücken, das hat seinen ganz bestimmten Grund. Im Leninismus arbeitet sich an die Oberfläche der Menschheitsentwickelung die Klugheit des menschlichen Tieres, die Klugheit der menschlichen Animalität. Alles dasjenige, was aus den menschlichen Instinkten, aus menschlicher Selbstsucht fließt, das nimmt Interpretationen und Formen an in dem, was im Leninismus und Trotzkismus in einer äußerlich so klug scheinenden Weise zutage tritt. Das Tier will sich einmal als gescheitestes Tier an die Oberfläche arbeiten und will alle ahrimanischen Kräfte, welche das Ziel haben, Menschliches, spezifisch Menschliches auszuschließen, und alles dasjenige, was an Klugheit verbreitet ist in der Tierreihe - ich habe es oftmals betont -, zu menschheitsgestaltenden Kräften machen.
Denn bedenken Sie nur - ich habe es ja auch hier oftmals betont -, wie eingebildet die Menschen wurden, wenn sie nun irgend etwas erfunden hatten wie zum Beispiel das Leinenlumpenpapier oder das Holzpapier oder etwas dergleichen, das Papier überhaupt. Ja, wieviel früher als die Menschen haben die Wespen oder ähnliche Tiere, die sich ihre Nester machen aus denselben Stoffen, aus denen das Papier ist, diese Erfindung gemacht! Da ist die menschliche Klugheit innerhalb der Tierheit drinnen. Und wenn Sie zusammennehmen alles dasjenige, was in der Tierheit ausgebreitet ist an solcher Klugheit, und wenn Sie sich denken, daß die ahrimanischen Kräfte dieses aufnehmen, um es heraufzuschöpfen in die menschlichen Köpfe derjenigen, die nur nach egoistischen Instinkten gehen, dann werden Sie begreifen, daß eine Wahrheit darin sein kann, wenn man sagt, Lenin, Trotzkij und ähnliche Leute sind die Werkzeuge dieser ahrimanischen Mächte. Das ist eine ahrimanische Initiation, die einfach einer andern Weltensphäre angehört, als unsere Weltensphäre ist. Aber es ist eine Initiation, die in ihrem Schoße die Macht hat, die menschliche Zivilisation von der Erde hinwegzubekommen, alles dasjenige, was sich als menschliche Zivilisation gebildet hat, hinwegzubekommen von der Erde.
Mit drei Initiationsrichtungen hat man es zu tun: mit zwei auf dem Plane der Menschheitsentwickelung liegenden und mit einer unterhalb des Planes der Menschheitsentwickelung liegenden, aber ungeheuer willensstarken, fast unbegrenzt willensstarken Initiation. Und das, was Ordnung, was ein menschenwürdiges Ziel in diese ganze Richtung bringen kann, das ist allein dasjenige, was innerhalb wahrer Geisteswissenschaft liegt. Aber es kann ein wahres Ziel, ein wirklicher Ernst von dieser Geisteswissenschaft nur ausgehen, wenn man sie wirklich zu einer durchgreifenden Angelegenheit des Lebens macht und wenn man aufmerksam darauf ist, wieviel Geschwätz, wieviel Hochmutsteufel und seelischer Egoismus sich vielfach in dem äußert, was, meist ganz ehrlich, angehängt wird dieser geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung. Es nützt nichts, diese Dinge zu verschweigen. Sie müssen im Gegenteil immer wieder und wiederum besprochen werden. Denn wie sollte man sonst heute jene Kräfte in die Seelen hineinzubringen hoffen, welche notwendig in den Seelen sein müssen, wenn die Zivilisation nicht ihrem Niedergang entgegengehen soll!
Ich möchte ein paar Minuten etwas ganz anschaulich schildern. Da habe ich vor ganz kurzer Zeit in einer Zeitung den folgenden Satz gelesen: «Die Religion, die einen phantastischen Reflex in den Köpfen der Menschen über ihre Beziehungen untereinander und zur Natur darstellt, ist dem natürlichen Untergang geweiht durch das Anwachsen und den Sieg der wissenschaftlichen, klaren, naturalistischen Auffassung von der Wirklichkeit, die sich parallel mit dem planmäßigen Aufbau der neuen Gesellschaft entwickeln wird.»
Nun, nach dem, was man heute erfahren kann mit Bezug auf die schlafenden Seelen der Gegenwart, kann man sich wohl fragen: Wieviel Menschen lesen denn das in einem Zeitungsartikel und zucken auf wie von einer Viper gestochen, weil es das furchtbarste Symptom ist, das in solchen Sätzen ausgesprochen werden kann? Denn man denkt nicht, was entsteht auf der Erde, wenn das verwirklicht wird, was in den Worten liegt: «Die Religion, die einen phantastischen Reflex in den Köpfen der Menschen über ihre Beziehungen untereinander und zur Natur darstellt, ist dem natürlichen Untergang geweiht durch das Anwachsen und den Sieg der wissenschaftlichen, klaren, naturalistischen Auffassung von der Wirklichkeit, die sich parallel mit dem planmäßigen Aufbau der neuen Gesellschaft entwickeln wird.»
Das, was hier als Religion gemeint ist, ist nicht irgendein Bekenntnis, ist nicht irgendein berechtigt zu tadelndes religiöses Bekenntnis, ist nicht nur die Religion im engeren Sinn, es ist alle Sittlichkeit. Und dasjenige, was folgen würde, wenn das sich bewahrheitete, was in diesen Sätzen liegt, ist, daß die menschliche Gesellschaft über die ganze Erde hin sich verwandeln müßte in eine Tierherde, die nur raffiniert denken kann. Wenn sich nicht die Möglichkeit findet, daß Gegenkräfte erwachen gegen dasjenige, was jetzt im Osten Europas groß wird und nach Asien hinüber sich mit rasender Schnelligkeit ausbreitet, dann ist es so, daß alle Zivilisation dem Untergang geweiht ist. Dann würden sich solche Ideale verwirklichen.
Ich glaube nicht, daß es gerechtfertigt ist gegenüber solchen weltgeschichtlichen Impulsen, wenn da oder dort Leute auftreten, die wünschen, daß das vielfach getriebene mystische Schwätzen im engsten Kreise, welches, gegen meine Intention, in der langen Zeit, in der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft jetzt schon da ist, da oder dort als ein Ideal betrachtet worden ist, in irgendeiner Weise fortgesetzt werde, ohne Rücksicht darauf, was die großen Interessen der Erdenmenschheit von uns fordern. Wir müssen den Willen haben, in diese großen Interessen der Menschheit vorurteilsfrei hineinzuschauen. Wir müssen uns bequemen, nicht bloß theoretisch verstandesmäßig, sondern instinktiv ganz Ernst zu machen mit gewissen Grundlehren, welche verdeckt sind durch alle europäischen und amerikanischen Bekenntnisse und welche man noch weiter verdecken will.
Wir wissen ja, welche Kampfeshetze jetzt gegen anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft losgeht, wie es von allen Ecken her pfeift. Es wäre schade, wenn man sich immer wieder und wiederum hingeben würde der schädlichen und eigentlich heute schon strafwürdigen Illusion, daß wir jemals hoffen könnten, in dieser oder jener Ecke, wo man gegnerisch gegen uns auftritt, etwas zu erreichen dadurch, daß man den oder jenen bekehrt, der von Amts wegen verpflichtet ist, das oder jenes Alte zu vertreten. Kompromißler und Opportunisten können und dürfen wir nicht sein. Das sollten wir gewissermaßen jeden Morgen als unseren besonderen Meditationssatz uns vor Augen stellen. Es hat gutmeinende Leute gegeben, welche gesagt haben, wir sollten nur nach der oder jener Richtung hin den Leuten klarmachen, wie wir versuchen, das Christus-Geheimnis in die Welt hineinzutragen. Je mehr wir das tun, desto schlimmer pfeift es aus gewissen Ecken heraus. Denn nichts widerstrebt zum Beispiel gewissen katholischen oder evangelischen Bekenntnissen in der Gegenwart mehr, als daß eine wahre Ansicht über das Christus-Geheimnis unter der Menschheit Platz greift. Denn dort ist nicht ein Interesse daran vorhanden, daß das wahre Geheimnis über den Christus Platz greift, sondern daß am Alten festgehalten werde. Würden wir irgendein vertracktes Bekenntnis über den Christus haben, dann würde man uns als eine unschädliche Sekte behandeln, als Querköpfe, und uns nicht mit jener Intensität bekämpfen, mit der man uns bekämpft. Weil es aber innerhalb der zwei Richtungen, abgesehen von der dritten, genügend Leute gibt, die wissen, daß aus der Wahrheit heraus einmal geredet werden soll über das Christus-Geheimnis, über die soziale Ordnung aus der Dreigliederung heraus, da horchen sie auf, und dann sagen sie: Uns würde ja der Boden entzogen, wenn wir der Wahrheit entgegenkommen wollten, daher sei ihr Vernichtung geschworen! - Wir werden nicht bekämpft wegen eines Irrtums, sondern wir werden bekämpft, weil man auf gewissen Seiten merkt, daß wir die Wahrheit wollen. Es nützt nichts heute, über gewisse Dinge, die vorgehen, anders als in diesem Sinne zu sprechen. Denn diejenige Geistesbewegung, die hier gemeint ist, hat das allergrößte Interesse an absoluter Klarheit, namentlich auch an Klarheit des Denkens.
Denn erinnern Sie sich an manches, was ich ausgeführt habe! Auf was kommt es denn an beim Einsehen desjenigen, was der Menschheit heute vor allen Dingen not tut? Darauf kommt es an, daß unsere denkerischen Kräfte — alles dasjenige, was wir als Vorstellungskräfte in uns tragen, abgesehen von den Sinneskräften -, daß die eigentlichen denkerischen Kräfte ein Erbgut sind unseres Daseins vor unserer Geburt beziehungsweise vor unserer Empfängnis. Was wir als Menschen denken können, das bringen wir uns durch unsere Geburt aus unserem vorgeburtlichen Dasein in die physische Welt herein. Alles was wir als Gedanken in uns entwickeln, während wir im physischen Leibe sind, das sind die Kräfte, welche unser ganzes Menschenwesen beherrschen zwischen dem letzten Tode und der Geburt, durch die wir in dieses Erdenleben eingetreten sind. Jetzt denken wir, und was wir als Denkkräfte, nicht als Gedanken aufwenden, das ist der Schatten von dem, was Wirkung war vor unserer Geburt beziehungsweise Empfängnis. |
Denken Sie einmal an dasjenige, was wir heute Naturkräfte nennen, an das, was wirkt im Blitz und Donner, in der bewegten Welle, in der Wolkenbildung, in Sonnenaufgang und Sonnenuntergang, in Wind und Wetter, im Hervorgehen der Pflanzen aus der Erde, im Empfangenwerden, Geborenwerden und Wachsen der Tiere, denken Sie an alles das, was Sie als Naturkräfte ringsherum wahrnehmen, und denken Sie davon jetzt nicht die reale Gestalt, sondern das bloße Bild. Also bitte, denken Sie sich, daß alles das, was Sie als Naturkräfte um sich herum haben, sein Bild, sein Schattenbild irgendwohin würfe und daß diese Schattenbilder in einem Behälter aufgenommen würden und als Bilder wirkten. Ein ähnliches Verhältnis besteht zwischen der gegenwärtigen Naturwirklichkeit und der dahinterstehenden Realität, wie Sie es haben in dem Verhältnis zwischen Ihrem vorgeburtlichen Dasein und Ihren Denkkräften in diesem Erdenleben. Denken Sie sich einmal, da wäre alles das, was ich schematisch andeuten will, was geschieht mit Ihrer Seele zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und dann bildet sich ein Schatten davon; von allem, was da ist, bildet sich ein Schatten, und dieser Schatten, der wird zum Inhalt Ihres Kopfes, zum Inhalt Ihrer Gedanken, der ist Ihre Denkkraft. Das, was Sie jetzt denken, das sind die Wirkungskräfte vor Ihrer Geburt. Das ist dort Natur in der geistigen Welt, wenn ich mich des paradoxen Ausdruckes bedienen darf. Es geht nicht weiter in der Menschheitsentwickelung, wenn die Menschen nicht ein Bewußtsein davon bekommen: Indem ich denke, spielt in meine Gedankenkräfte herein mein vorgeburtliches Dasein. Ich bin, indem ich durch die Geburt in dieses Erdenleben eingetreten bin, indem ich denke, der Fortsetzer meines vorgeburtlichen Daseins.
Wenn man dies nimmt, wem widerstrebt es dann am meisten? Am meisten widerstrebt es denjenigen Bekenntnissen, welche etwa folgendes sagen: Ein Mensch wird geboren. Wenn es hier zwei Leuten, einem männlichen und einem weiblichen Individuum gefällt, sich zu begatten, so wird in der geistigen Welt von Gott eine Seele geschaffen, damit sie verbunden werden kann mit dem, was hier erzeugt wird von zwei sich begattenden Menschen. So nimmt ein menschliches Individuum seinen Anfang! — Das widerspricht allerdings sehr dem, was jetzt eben gesagt worden ist! Aber davon leben ja die Bekenntnisse der heutigen zivilisierten Welt. Sie lehren ja alle: Wenn zwei Menschen sich hier begatten, dann tut der Geist ihnen die Gefälligkeit, oben eine Seele zu erzeugen, ganz frisch; die wird dann heruntergeschickt, damit sie sich mit dem entstandenen physischen Leibe vereinigen kann, und dann ist etwas Neues entstanden. — Zu wem reden aber all diese Bekenntnisse? Sie reden ja zu furchtbar egoistischen Menschen, die vor allem den Gedanken der Auslöschung nach dem Tode nicht ertragen können. Jenen andern Gedanken können sie aber ertragen, denn daran sind sie durch Jahrhunderte, bald durch Jahrtausende gewöhnt worden: daß es Gott gefällig sei, Seelen zu schaffen für die Menschenkinder, die hier erzeugt werden. Aber daß mit dem Tode alles aufhört, diesen Gedanken können sie aus ihrem Egoismus heraus nicht ertragen.
Selbstverständlich wissen Sie ja alle — ich brauche darüber mich nicht zu verbreiten —, wie das Leben der Menschen nach dem Tode ist, aber wir wenden unsere Aufmerksamkeit einem ganz andern Gesichtspunkte zu. Die Kanzelredner müssen überall voraussetzen, daß sie zu Menschen reden, die den Gedanken der Auslöschung nach dem Tode nicht ertragen können. Sie müssen ihnen dasjenige Wasser heruntergießen von der Kanzel, welchen Bekenntnisses die Leute auch sind, die da unten sitzen, das ihnen «klar», das heißt unklar macht, wie es nach dem Tode ist. Sie müssen gerade diejenigen Worte wählen, durch die der Egoismus der Menschen sich am meisten angeregt fühlt; sie müssen gerade diejenigen Sätze aussprechen, durch die diesem seelischen Egoismus der Menschen besonders entgegengekommen wird.
Was würde denn eintreten — das Folgende führe ich Ihnen aus zu einem besonderen Beispiel -, wenn zum Beispiel heute jemand ganz unbefangen und ernsthaft gewisse Inhalte des katholischen Bekenntnisses aufs Korn nehmen würde, sagen wir jenes Dogma, welches besagt, daß es eben Gott gefallen muß, wenn zwei Menschen sich begatten, ihnen eine Seele, die frisch gemacht ist, herunterzuschicken. Wenn dieser Inhalt des Bekenntnisses aufs Korn genommen würde, was würde geschehen? — Da würde der, der vorurteilslos zu Werke geht, um die ganze Sache zu untersuchen, finden, daß so etwas mit dem Inhalte des wahren Christentums nicht das geringste zu tun hat, daß aber im Mittelalter die Lehre des Aristoteles eingedrungen ist in die christliche Theologie, und daß Aristoteles diese Lehre aus einem mißverstandenen Platonismus heraus vertreten hat, daß jedesmal für einen frisch erzeugten Menschenleib auch eine frische Seele geschaffen wird und sich mit ihm vereinigt. Das, was da als selbstverständliche Voraussetzung in den christlichen Bekenntnissen figuriert, das hat mit dem Christentum nichts zu tun, das ist aristotelische Anschauung.
Und weiter, nehmen wir etwas anderes: Wir finden als einen gewissen Teil von Bekenntnissen die Lehre von der Ewigkeit der Höllenstrafen. Wieder eine rein aristotelische Anschauung! Aristoteles hat nämlich angenommen: Wenn die Seele geschaffen ist, hier lebt bis zum Tode und dann in die geistige Welt kommt, dann hat sie in dieser geistigen Welt, wie er sie sich vorstellt, nichts anderes zu tun, als in aller Ewigkeit zurückzuschauen auf das, was sie in einem einmaligen Erdenleben hier getan hat. Also Aristoteles stellt sich vor, daß eine frische Seele geschaffen wird für jedes erzeugte Kind, daß diese Seele lebt auf der Erde bis zum Tode und dann in alle Ewigkeit hinein sich beschäftigt damit, hinzuschauen auf das, was in einem Erdenleben geschehen ist. Hat einer einen andern ermordet, so hat er immer hinzuschauen darauf. Das ist der Ursprung der Lehre von der Höllenstrafe. Es ist eine rein aristotelische Lehre.
Denken Sie sich einmal, wenn nun an die Stelle des als Inhalt des Christentums ausgegebenen Aristotelismus die Wahrheit auftritt, dann haben ja diejenigen, die diesen als Christentum maskierten Aristotelismus vertreten wollen, eine heillose Angst, daß man hinter das kommt, um was es sich handelt, daß also die Leute erfahren würden: Unsere Prediger, unsere Pfarrer, die predigen uns ja von den Kanzeln herunter gar nicht ein Christentum, sondern einen Aristotelismus, der sich in das Christentum hineingeschlichen hat!
Ebenso ist im Christentum unendlich viel von der Gnosis. Ebenso ist im katholischen Meßopfer unendlich viel von ägyptischen Mysterien. In zahlreichen Kultushandlungen des Katholizismus — und in vielem selbst in dem evangelischen Bekenntnis - ist etwas enthalten, dessen Ursprung man aufsuchen muß in irgendwelchen orientalischen Religionen. Das, was die Leute anstreben, ist nur, daß man ihnen nicht hinter die Sachen kommt, daß man ja nicht dahinterkommt, wo die Sachen her sind. Also was muß man tun? Man muß verleumden! Man muß sagen, daß diejenigen, welche heute mit der Wahrheit auftreten, entlehnen und plagieren vom Orientalismus, von der Gnosis und so weiter. Man muß «Traubismus» treiben. Man muß in einer solchen Weise mit gelehrten Verleumdungen auftreten, wie der Pastor und Professor Traub und alle diejenigen, die jetzt seine Nachbeter geworden sind. Warum tun das die Leute? Weil die Wahrheit an den Tag kommt und weil sie alles Interesse daran haben, die Wahrheit nicht an den Tag kommen zu lassen. Immer wieder und wiederum werden Menschen auftreten und sagen: Was ihr hier tut, ist diesem oder jenem entlehnt - und werden dadurch etwas hervorrufen, was die Leute aufbringt gegen die Gnosis und alles dasjenige, was sie in ihrem eigenen seelischen Fleische tragen, was sie aber nicht an den Tag kommen lassen wollen in seiner wahren Gestalt. Gnosis —- so muß man sagen -, das ist etwas Furchtbares, etwas Greuliches! — Dann werden die Leute sich nicht kümmern um die Gnosis, weil sie sie fürchten, und dann können die Pfarrer reden über das, was eigentlich aus der Gnosis ist. Denn die Pfarrer sind es, die über etwas reden, was aus der Gnosis stammt, nicht diejenigen, die über das reden, was auf dem Boden der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft wächst. Und was am meisten gefürchtet wird, ist das, daß die Präexistenz der Seele, daß das Leben der Seele vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis, daß dieses Wurzeln der Seele in der geistigen Welt von all den Zeiten her, über die sich nur irgendein wissenschaftliches Bekenntnis der Menschheit ergehen kann, besteht. Denn lernt man die Wahrheit erkennen, dann würde bei vernünftig denkenden Menschen nicht mehr Platz sein für die Gotteslästerung, daß für jeden einzelnen menschlichen Leib die Götter verpflichtet sind, eine frisch gebackene Seele aus der geistigen Welt herunterzuschicken, die sich damit verbindet. Aber alle diese Dinge gehen doch zurück auf starke Geltendmachung des Machtgedankens. Hinter alledem steckt der Machtgedanke. Und man kann einfach dadurch, daß man gewisse Lehren befolgt, dem Machtgedanken eine ungeheure Kraft zuführen. |
Was passiert zum Beispiel jetzt in Dornach? Ringsherum, fast überall in der Schweiz, erscheinen Artikel über die Anthroposophie, die eigentlich nicht einen einzigen wahren Satz enthalten. Der ganze Feldzug fing damit an, daß ein Artikel erschienen war, der dreiundzwanzig Lügen enthielt. An diese dreiundzwanzig Lügen knüpfen sich nun schon seit Wochen lauter Artikel an, die fast in die ganze katholische Presse der Schweiz übergehen und die alle keinen einzigen wahren Satz enthalten. Warum geschieht das? Das geschieht aus dem Grunde, weil der zahlreiche Anhang dieser Menschen in eine bestimmte Geistesverfassung gebracht wird, wenn man ihm die Unwahrheit sagt, in die Geistesverfassung, in der man Wahrheit von Unwahrheit nicht mehr unterscheiden kann.
Denken Sie einmal, was alles aufgewendet wird innerhalb unserer anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft, um genügend klare Vorstellungen hervorzurufen, inwiefern zum Beispiel das, was in traumhafter Form im menschlichen Bewußtsein auftritt, ein Abglanz der Wahrheit sein kann oder nicht. Ohne weiteres kann der Mensch Erlogenes und Wahres nicht unterscheiden, wenn es ihm der Traumvorgang bietet. — In dieselbe Verfassung kommt eine Gemeinde, der man etwas vorlügt, wenn man weiß, daß diese Gemeinde das Erlogene glaubt. Denn dadurch, daß man die Seelenverfassung in die Stimmung bringt, die durch das Erlogene hervorgerufen wird, dadurch hat man sie als ein gefügiges Werkzeug des Machtgedankens. Diejenigen können am besten die Macht über die Menschheit ausüben, welche den Leuten die Illusionen unkenntlich einimpfen. So werden ganz systematisch diese Lügenartikel geschrieben mit der Absicht, dasjenige als Stimmung zu erreichen, was durch die Lüge erreicht werden kann. Das ist dasjenige, zu dem ganz selbstverständlich der Probabilismus, der ja seit langer Zeit gelehrt wird von den Jesuiten, kommen muß. Das ist nur der letzte Ausläufer.
Es ist ja schwer, gegen solche Leute die ja zum großen Teil schlafenden Seelen der Gegenwart aufzurufen. -— Wir waren genötigt, einen Vortrag zu arrangieren an dem Tag, bevor ich abgereist bin, weil man ja selbstverständlich kämpfen muß, auch wenn man nicht will, gegen das, was sich da alsLLüge geltend macht in Dornach. Und Herr Dr. Boos, der zu unseren mutigsten jüngeren Kämpfern gehört, hat dann, nachdem er in der Diskussion — der Vortrag war öffentlich - jeden aufgerufen hat, der sprechen will zu dem, was gesagt worden ist, und nachdem zu alledem geschwiegen worden war, vor aller Öffentlichkeit gesagt, er erkläre vor aller Öffentlichkeit, daß der erste Schreiber der dreiundzwanzig Lügen, der Pfarrer Arnet von Reinach, unwürdig sei, sein priesterliches Amt auszuüben und daß er ein geistiger Giftmischer sei.
Man kann sich nicht anders helfen. Und dann haben die Leute, trotzdem ihnen dies gesagt wird, nur einen einzigen, ich möchte fast sagen, einen in den Knien schlotternden Lehrer, der dann auftritt und sagt: Wartet nur ab, es sind ja noch nicht alle Artikel erschienen; am Ende wird es noch kommen -, ja, ich konnte nichts anderes sagen als: Der Anfang bestand aus dreiundzwanzig Lügen, und es mag das Ende erst am Ende der Welt kommen, die Wahrheit der dreiundzwanzig Lügen wird ganz gewiß, wenn dieses Ende noch so lang auf sich warten läßt, nicht herauskommen können. Denn in dem, was bisher erschienen ist — und es sind schon eine stattliche Anzahl von Artikeln erschienen -, ist nicht der leiseste Versuch gemacht, einzugehen auf die dreiundzwanzig Lügen.
Aber andere Proben sind gemacht worden von einer merkwürdigen Logik. Es wurde namentlich die Broschüre von dem Tübinger Redner da ausgespielt — die spielt eine große Rolle -, aber die Leute, die in diesen Artikeln die Broschüre des Professor Traub da ausspielen, die verstehen sie nicht richtig. Sie schreiben: Der Steiner entlehnt alles mögliche alten Schriften, den Upanishaden, den ägyptischen IsisMysterien und der «Akaska-Chronik» — nun, möglicherweise hat es der Setzer nur so geschrieben, aber vielleicht hat es doch auch der geistliche Herr getan. Nun also sagte ich dann, daß es mir ja wahrhaftig nicht darauf ankäme, Druckfehler zu berichtigen, aber daß es doch ein sonderbarer Leser der Traubschen Broschüre wäre, der gleich hinterher vergessen hat, daß ja schließlich nicht einmal der Traub den Blödsinn behauptet hat, daß die Akasha-Chronik etwas sei, was man in den Bibliotheken stehen hat, und daß man nicht gerade jemand vorwerfen kann, er entlehne die anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft jenem alten Schmöker, der Akasha-Chronik.
Wir haben ja nun unter den liberalen Leuten auch einige Freunde unter den Angriffen bekommen. So konnte Dr. Boos in einer liberalen Zeitung, indem er sogleich scharfes Geschütz auffährt, sagen: Hier ist eine wissentliche Unwahrheit. Denn der, der das geschrieben hat, der muß doch wissen, daß er eine Akasha-Chronik nicht in seiner Bibliothek stehen hat. Er kann sie nicht haben in seiner Bibliothek, also muß er es wissen; er muß also eine wissentliche Unwahrheit hinschreiben. Was tut aber der Betreffende? Er sagt: Herr Dr. Boos drücke sich um die Sache herum, denn es sei selbstverständlich, daß nicht er, sondern der Setzer den Druckfehler «Akaska-Chronik» verursacht habe. Und wenn jemand eine solche Sophisterei treibe, daß er einem einen solchen Druckfehler vorwerfe, dann zeige das, wes Geistes Kind er sei.
Nun, Sie sehen, mit welcher Geistesverfassung man es da zu tun hat. Aber unterschätzen Sie diese Geistesverfassung nur ja nicht! Seien Sie sich klar darüber, daß es ein harter Kampf sein wird, der immer mehr und mehr nach dieser Seite gerade hingeht. Man will verhindern, daß dieLeute kennenlernen, was ich zunächst ausgesprochen habe im Ärztekursus. Ich sagte da: Gerade wenn man sich einem ernsthaftigen Bemühen unterzieht, aus dem heutigen Leben heraus die geistigen Gesetze der Welt kennenzulernen, wenn man versucht, die tieferen Geheimnisse der menschlichen Natur kennenzulernen, sich diese Dinge also selbst aus dem heutigen Leben heraus aneignet und dann sie wiederfindet in den alten Schriften, wenn auch aus einem instinktiven atavistischen Geistesleben heraus, dann bekommt man eine große Demut vor der Größe einer instinktiven atavistischen Geistesart, die die Menschheit einmal gehabt hat, die verlorenging und die heute wiedergefunden werden muß. — So spricht der, der sich bewußt ist, daß dasjJenige, was heute vom Wissen her aus dem Leben heraus gesucht werden muß, als instinktive Weisheit in der Menschheit vorhanden war. Selbstverständlich ist manches von dem, was von der alten instinktiven Weisheit gewußt wurde, übergegangen in die Bekenntnisse, die es nur korrumpiert haben. Diese Bekenntnisse wollen aber der Menschheit Angst machen vor dieser Urweisheit, und wenn sie darüber reden, dann reden sie in dem Sinne davon: Die schrecklichen Menschen, die da heute Anthroposophie treiben, die entlehnen alles von dieser Urweisheit. - Würde man der Sache zu Leibe gehen, so würde man sehen, wie sehr sich unterscheidet dasjenige, was heute als anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft den Menschen gebracht wird, von dem, was jemals von irgend etwas, seien es die Upanishaden oder was immer, entlehnt wurde. - Aus der Akasha-Chronik, diesem «alten Schmöker», muß man schon entlehnen! Und daß das nicht gesehen werde, daß nun etwas auftritt, was in die Gegenwart hereingehört, das wollen diejenigen bewirken, die heute aus allen Ecken mit der Gegnerschaft pfeifen.
Darum seien Sie sich über eines klar, wenn Sie immer wiederum versucht sind, da oder dort Anklänge lobend hervorzuheben: Das Bündnis zwischen Jesuitismus und Sozialdemokratie, das sich jetzt immer mehr und mehr zusammenschließt, ist ein ganz natürliches, das hat nichts Unnatürliches. Denn die Sozialdemokraten sind nur, indem sie die Sache umwenden, von der Reversseite mit denselben Gedankenformen ausgestattet, mit denen die Jesuiten ausgestattet sind. Aber dasjenige, was so sehr sich von allen Empfindungen unterscheidet, das ist die «Ewigkeit des Menschen», die eine Egoismuslehre geworden ist. In ihre wahre Gestalt tritt sie, indem sie die Präexistenz des vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis bestehenden Lebens der Menschenseele wiederum zum wirksamen moralischen Agens macht. Diese Anschauung wird bis aufs Messer bekämpft werden. Und man wird nur dadurch in der Welt vorwärtskommen können, daß erstens die Wahrheit eine innere Kraft hat; aber diese innere Kraft kann nur wirken, wenn zweitens hinzukommt, daß Menschen, wenn sie auch in noch so geringer Anzahl vorhanden sind, den Mut haben, diese Wahrheit in ihrer Seele zu tragen, ernsthaftig und aufrichtig und ehrlich und ohne Kompromisse in ihrer Seele zu tragen. Es nützt nichts, daß wir uns verwischen den gewaltigen Unterschied, der besteht zwischen dem katholischen und evangelischen Aristotelismus von dem Schaffen der Seele für einen erzeugten Menschenleib, und zwischen wahrem Christentum. Wir dürfen uns diesen Unterschied nicht verwischen. Denn wenn wir uns diesen Unterschied verwischen, merken wir gar nicht, wo die Quellen des Machtgedankens, des Machtbewußtseins eigentlich liegen.
Ich muß immer wieder hinweisen auf jenen Hirtenbrief eines katholischen Bischofs, der tatsächlich besteht und der da besagt: Die Gläubigen haben die Verpflichtung, den Priester als ein höheres Wesen anzuschauen als Gott und Christus, weil jedesmal, wenn der Priester am Altar die Konsekration vollbringt, der Christus gezwungen ist, gegenwärtig zu sein am Altar, mit seinem Leib und mit seinem Blut in Brot und Wein gegenwärtig zu sein. Da der Priester erzwingt, daß der Gott gegenwärtig zu sein hat am Altar, so hat der Priester die größere Macht im Weltenall als der Gott. — Das ist der Inhalt eines Hirtenbriefes, der wirklich besteht und der übrigens in viele andere Hirtenbriefe übergegangen ist. Und wenn Sie mich fragen: Ist das im Sinne jenes Bekenntnisses, das 869 in jenem Konzil zu Konstantinopel den Geist abschafft, konsequent? — dann sage ich Ihnen: Ja. — Denn derjenige, der da sagt, Gott sei mächtiger als der Priester, der sagt es, wenn er es als Katholik sagt, weil die Menschen das andere heute doch nicht gelten lassen wollen. Aber ebenso, wie die Menschen der Gegenwart in ihren Seelen schlafend genug sind, um sich nicht zu fragen: Was sagt der Briefschreiber eigentlich, wenn eine Persönlichkeit, die an Moleschott schrieb, mutig genug war, zu sagen, daß der Verbrecher, der Lügner, der Mörder sittlich nur ist, wenn er die Gesamtheit seiner Anlagen ausleben kann, und unsittlich ist, wenn er diese Anlagen, die in ihm veranlagt sind, nicht zum Ausdruck bringt, denn dadurch würde er seine Persönlichkeit beschränken, und die mörderischen Anlagen seien ebenso berechtigt wie die andern Anlagen? Die gegenwärtigen Seelen sind eben nicht mutig genug, sich zu sagen: Wenn unsere Naturwissenschafter als Grundlage für ein Weltbekenntnis weiter dasjenige lehren, was sie jetzt lehren, dann muß als eine notwendige Konsequenz einfach gesagt werden: Der Verbrecher, der Mörder ist gleichviel wert wie der andere, der sich bemüht, sozusagen sittlich zu sein; die Menschen sind nur zu feig, sich das zu gestehen. In der Zeit, in der die Blüte des Materialismus war, in der ein Vogt, ein Moleschott, ein Büchner geschrieben haben, die mutige Geister waren, in der Zeit hat man solche Geständnisse gemacht. Aber die Gegenwart ist zu feig, sich dieses Geständnis zu machen. Ebenso ist die Gegenwart in den schlafenden Seelen nicht mutig genug, sich einzugestehen: Ja, nach dem, was als Geist in jenen Bekenntnissen ist, ist der Priester mächtiger als der Gott.
Es handelt sich eben darum, daß diejenige Weltanschauung, die als anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft besteht, tatsächlich darauf angewiesen ist, nach allen Richtungen hin Klarheit des Denkens zu schaffen. Denn das, was sie zu sagen hat, ist mit unklaren Gedanken nicht zu fassen, ist nicht mit schwafelnder, schwefelnder Mystik zu fassen, ist zu fassen allein mit kristallenen Gedanken, mit solchen Gedanken, wie ich sie versuchte, in der «Philosophie der Freiheit» zu gleicher Zeit als Ausgangspunkt der wirklichen menschlichen Freiheit zu erkennen.
Über solche Dinge können wir uns ja weiter sprechen, wenn ich in der Lage sein sollte, wiederum vor Ihnen vorzutragen, was, wie ich hoffe, sehr bald der Fall sein soll.
Fourth Lecture
What is currently causing concern among those who wish to work in the direction of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, as understood here, is a fact that has already been discussed here on several occasions. I am referring to the fact that, fundamentally, a large part of humanity today is inattentively allowing everything to pass by that clearly indicates forces of decline, forces that, if they come to bear in their proper way, must lead our present civilization to ruin.
Must we not admit that much of what is happening today is rising up from deep human foundations and manifesting itself in this or that form, that, in other words, quite a lot is actually happening at present, and that, on the other hand, a large part of our contemporaries are quite unable to bring themselves to pay due attention to what is actually happening?
It can be said that, from a broad perspective, only a few intellectual movements are currently paying real attention to the forces shaping the world. One intellectual movement is one that I have characterized frequently for years now, which has its roots primarily in the English-speaking population of the world, which works very much in secret, but which is extremely effective. The second is the movement that is coming together from all those who today want to reckon with the quite understandable and justified instincts of the broad masses of humanity. It is a movement represented in its extremes by people who understand nothing of human evolution, who know nothing of what can advance the world, but who, through certain circumstances which I will point out later, are able to gain an authoritative position despite their narrow-mindedness, despite their even quite extensive criminal tendencies, even though they are intelligent people and, by impressing many people, are able to rise to the surface of today's public affairs.
The third effective intellectual movement is that which emerges from individual, particularly energetic representatives of various creeds—creeds of all kinds—who also know exactly what they want. They have within them everything that is commonly called Jesuitism. And yet, although many people talk about Jesuitism and the like, a large number of our contemporaries are not very inclined to follow with full attention what is actually happening.
If one wants to form an opinion about the course of present events, various things come into consideration. One thing, however, stands out above all else, and it is connected with a fact that I already mentioned in my first public lecture here, namely that, with regard to their inner state of mind, especially with regard to their structure of ideas, the people of the present day continue to a great extent what was only suitable for the structure of ideas, for the form of ideas, during the Middle Ages. This was great at the time, it was meaningful at the time, but today it is outdated. Those who have most intensely appropriated the whole way of feeling and imagining in its medieval forms are today the broad circles of more or less socialist people throughout the world. Within these circles, forms of imagination have developed that find expression in a seemingly endless belief in authority, in a tendency to bow down to anything that is simply imposed by the strong hand of authority within these circles. Only in this way has it become possible for people like Lenin and Trotsky in Eastern Europe—and the movement is spreading to Asia with tremendous speed—to exercise tyranny over millions of people with the help of a few thousand, a tyranny that has never been as great as it is today, even during the worst times of Oriental tyranny.
All these things must be taken into account if one wants to form an opinion about what is happening today. For what can now be characterized in just a few strokes is basically only opposed by what should be an honest, sincere, true spiritual-scientific movement, taking into account the great forces that have shaped world history and the world. And if we compare the interest that such a spiritual-scientific movement has aroused with the interest that other movements of the kind described have aroused in a relatively short time, especially with the influence that these movements have gained, we must say that the interest in this spiritual-scientific movement is still almost zero today.Certainly, we do not want to overlook the fact that there are numerous people who support this spiritual-scientific movement, who at least tell themselves that they support this spiritual-scientific movement. But the difference would be enormous if one were to consider the intensity with which the three other spiritual currents characterized above advocate what they want to bring to the surface, and the intensity of interest shown in the spiritual science movement. For this spiritual-scientific movement is, after all, understood in an extremely superficial way, superficial in perception and feeling, while the other movements are understood precisely in terms of perception and feeling with unlimited intensity.
Who, after all, realizes clearly enough to place it at the center of their entire feeling and thinking that serious intervention in world-shaping forces on the part of spiritual science means bringing to recognition and acceptance among human beings what we call initiation science? The science of initiation today encompasses the most serious interest of humanity. The interest shown in it by many who believe themselves to be honestly committed to it is, however, rather superficial, based on all kinds of incidental considerations.
Initiation science, albeit in a way that is by no means beneficial to humanity, is possessed by those whom I have often referred to as the real movers and shakers within the Anglo-American world movement. Initiation science has everything that depends on Jesuitism. And Leninism also has a peculiar kind of initiation science. For there is a very specific reason why Leninism understands how to express itself so cleverly through the intellectual forms of the head. In Leninism, the cleverness of the human animal, the cleverness of human animality, works its way to the surface of human development. Everything that flows from human instincts, from human selfishness, takes on interpretations and forms in what appears in Leninism and Trotskyism in such an outwardly clever way. The animal wants to work its way to the surface as the most intelligent animal and wants to turn all the Ahrimanic forces, which aim to exclude what is human, specifically human, and everything that is intelligent in the animal kingdom—I have emphasized this many times—into forces that shape humanity.
Just consider, as I have often emphasized here, how conceited people became when they invented something like linen rag paper or wood pulp paper or something similar, paper in general. Yes, how much earlier than humans did wasps or similar animals, which make their nests from the same materials as paper, make this invention! Human intelligence is contained within animal nature. And if you take all the intelligence that is spread throughout animal nature and consider that the Ahrimanic forces take this up and bring it up into the human minds of those who follow only their selfish instincts, then you will understand that there may be some truth in saying that Lenin, Trotsky and similar people are the tools of these Ahrimanic powers. This is an Ahrimanic initiation that simply belongs to a different sphere of the world than our sphere. But it is an initiation that has within it the power to wipe human civilization off the face of the earth, to wipe away everything that has been formed as human civilization.
There are three directions of initiation: two on the plane of human evolution and one below the plane of human evolution, but with an enormous, almost unlimited willpower. And the only thing that can bring order and a humane goal to this whole direction is what lies within true spiritual science. But a true goal, a real seriousness can only come from this spiritual science if it is made a thoroughly practical matter of life and if one is attentive to how much idle talk, how much pride and soul egoism are often expressed in what is, mostly quite honestly, attached to this spiritual scientific movement. It is no use concealing these things. On the contrary, they must be discussed again and again. For how else can we hope to bring into people's souls those forces that are necessary if civilization is not to decline?
I would like to describe something very vividly for a few minutes. I recently read the following sentence in a newspaper: “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflection in people's minds of their relationships with each other and with nature, is doomed to natural extinction by the growth and victory of the scientific, clear, naturalistic view of reality, which will develop in parallel with the systematic construction of the new society.”
Now, based on what we know today about the sleeping souls of the present, one might well ask: How many people read this in a newspaper article and recoil as if stung by a viper, because it is the most terrible symptom that can be expressed in such sentences? For one does not think about what will happen on earth when what is contained in these words is realized: “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflection in the minds of men of their relations with one another and with nature, is doomed to die with the growth and victory of the scientific, clear, naturalistic conception of reality, which will develop parallel to the planned construction of the new society.”
What is meant here by religion is not just any creed, not just any religious creed that is justifiably reprehensible, not just religion in the narrow sense, but all morality. And what would follow if what is implied in these sentences were to come true is that human society throughout the world would have to transform itself into a herd of animals capable only of sophisticated thinking. If no counterforces arise against what is now growing in Eastern Europe and spreading rapidly toward Asia, then all civilization is doomed. Then such ideals would be realized.
I do not believe that it is justified in the face of such world-historical impulses for people to appear here and there who wish that the much-driven mystical chatter in the narrowest circles, which, contrary to my intention, has been regarded here and there as an ideal during the long period in which anthroposophically oriented spiritual science has now existed, should be continued in any way, without regard to what the great interests of the human race demand of us. We must have the will to look into these great interests of humanity without prejudice. We must make ourselves comfortable, not merely theoretically and intellectually, but instinctively and seriously, with certain fundamental teachings that are hidden by all European and American confessions and that people want to hide even further.
We know what kind of agitation is now being stirred up against anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, how it is whistling from all corners. It would be a pity if we were to repeatedly succumb to the harmful and, in fact, now punishable illusion that we could ever hope to achieve anything in this or that corner where people oppose us by converting those who are officially obliged to represent this or that old idea. We cannot and must not be compromisers and opportunists. We should keep this in mind every morning as our special meditation. There have been well-meaning people who have said that we should only make it clear to people in this or that direction how we are trying to bring the mystery of Christ into the world. The more we do this, the worse the whistling comes from certain quarters. For nothing, for example, is more repugnant to certain Catholic or Protestant confessions today than the spread of a true view of the mystery of Christ among humanity. For there is no interest there in the true mystery of Christ taking hold, but rather in clinging to the old. If we had some convoluted confession about Christ, we would be treated as a harmless sect, as oddballs, and would not be fought with the intensity with which we are fought. But because there are enough people within the two directions, apart from the third, who know that the truth must one day be spoken about the mystery of Christ, about the social order based on the threefold social order, they listen, and then they say: We would lose our footing if we wanted to face the truth, therefore their destruction must be sworn! We are not being fought because of an error, but because certain sides realize that we want the truth. It is useless today to speak about certain things that are happening in any other way than in this sense. For the spiritual movement referred to here has the greatest interest in absolute clarity, especially clarity of thought.
For remember some of the things I have said! What is important in understanding what humanity needs most today? What matters is that our thinking powers — everything we carry within us as powers of imagination, apart from the senses — that the actual thinking powers are a legacy of our existence before our birth or before our conception. What we as human beings are able to think, we bring into the physical world through our birth from our pre-birth existence. Everything we develop as thoughts within ourselves while we are in the physical body are the forces that govern our entire human being between the last death and birth, through which we entered this earthly life. Now we think, and what we use as thinking powers, not as thoughts, is the shadow of what was effective before our birth or conception. |
Think about what we today call natural forces, what is at work in lightning and thunder, in moving waves, in the formation of clouds, in sunrise and sunset, in wind and weather, in the emergence of plants from the earth, in the conception, birth, and growth of animals. Think about everything you perceive around you as natural forces, and don't think of them in their real form, but as mere images. So please imagine that everything you perceive around you as natural forces casts its image, its shadow, somewhere, and that these shadows are collected in a container and appear as images. A similar relationship exists between the present reality of nature and the reality behind it, as you have in the relationship between your pre-birth existence and your powers of thought in this earthly life. Imagine that everything I am trying to schematically indicate happens to your soul between death and a new birth, and then a shadow is formed of it; a shadow is formed of everything that is there, and this shadow becomes the content of your head, the content of your thoughts; it is your power of thought. What you are thinking now are the forces that were at work before your birth. That is nature in the spiritual world, if I may use the paradoxical expression. Human evolution cannot continue unless people become aware of this: when I think, my pre-birth existence plays into my powers of thought. By entering this earthly life through birth, by thinking, I am the continuation of my pre-birth existence.
If one accepts this, who is most repelled by it? It is most repulsive to those beliefs that say something like the following: A human being is born. If two people, a male and a female individual, wish to mate, then in the spiritual world God creates a soul so that it can be connected with what is produced here by two mating humans. This is how a human individual begins! — But this contradicts what has just been said! But this is what the beliefs of today's civilized world are based on. They all teach that when two people mate here, the spirit does them the favor of creating a soul above, completely fresh; this is then sent down so that it can unite with the physical body that has been created, and then something new has come into being. But to whom are all these beliefs addressed? They speak to terribly selfish people who cannot bear the thought of annihilation after death. But they can bear the other thought, because they have been accustomed to it for centuries, even millennia: that it pleases God to create souls for the human children who are produced here. But they cannot bear the thought that everything ends with death because of their selfishness.
Of course, you all know—I don't need to go into detail—what life is like for people after death, but we are turning our attention to a completely different point of view. Preachers everywhere must assume that they are speaking to people who cannot bear the thought of annihilation after death. They must pour water from the pulpit onto them, whatever their creed, to make it “clear” to them, that is, unclear, what happens after death. They must choose precisely those words that most stir people's egoism; they must utter precisely those sentences that particularly appeal to people's spiritual egoism.
What would happen—I will give you a specific example—if, for example, someone today were to take a completely unbiased and serious look at certain aspects of the Catholic creed, say the dogma that states that it must please God when two people mate, to send them a soul that is freshly made. If this content of the creed were to be targeted, what would happen? — Anyone who approached the matter without prejudice in order to examine it thoroughly would find that it has not the slightest connection with the content of true Christianity, but that in the Middle Ages Aristotle's teaching found its way into Christian theology, and that Aristotle had advocated this doctrine out of a misunderstanding of Platonism, namely that every time a new human body is created, a new soul is also created and unites with it. What appears as a self-evident premise in the Christian creeds has nothing to do with Christianity; it is an Aristotelian view.
And further, let us take something else: we find as a certain part of creeds the doctrine of the eternity of hellish punishments. Again, a purely Aristotelian view! Aristotle assumed that when the soul is created, it lives here until death and then enters the spiritual world, where, as he imagines it, it has nothing else to do but look back in eternity on what it did here in its one and only earthly life. So Aristotle imagines that a new soul is created for every child that is born, that this soul lives on earth until death and then spends all eternity looking back on what happened in its earthly life. If someone has murdered another person, they must always look back on it. This is the origin of the doctrine of hell. It is a purely Aristotelian doctrine.
Just imagine, if Aristotelianism, which is presented as the content of Christianity, were to be replaced by the truth, then those who want to represent this Aristotelianism masked as Christianity would be in a state of utter panic that people would discover what it really is, that people would learn: Our preachers, our pastors, do not preach Christianity to us from the pulpit, but rather an Aristotelianism that has crept into Christianity!
Likewise, there is an infinite amount of Gnosticism in Christianity. Likewise, there is an infinite amount of Egyptian mysteries in the Catholic Mass. Numerous cultic acts of Catholicism—and much even in the Protestant confession—contain something whose origin must be sought in some Oriental religion. What people strive for is simply that no one should get to the bottom of things, that no one should find out where things come from. So what must be done? One must slander! One must say that those who present the truth today are borrowing and plagiarizing from Orientalism, from Gnosticism, and so on. One must engage in “Traubism.” One must come forward with learned slander, as the pastor and professor Traub and all those who have now become his followers have done. Why do people do this? Because the truth is coming to light and because they have every interest in preventing the truth from coming to light. Again and again, people will come forward and say: What you are doing here is borrowed from this or that—and in doing so, they will provoke something that will turn people against Gnosis and everything that they carry within their own souls, but which they do not want to reveal in its true form. Gnosis, one must say, is something terrible, something abominable! Then people will not care about Gnosis because they fear it, and then the pastors can talk about what actually comes from Gnosis. For it is the pastors who talk about something that comes from Gnosis, not those who talk about what grows on the soil of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. And what is most feared is that the pre-existence of the soul, that the life of the soul before birth or before conception, that this rooting of the soul in the spiritual world from all times, beyond which no scientific confession of mankind can go, exists. For if people learn to recognize the truth, there would no longer be any room in the minds of reasonable people for the blasphemy that the gods are obliged to send down a freshly baked soul from the spiritual world to connect with each individual human body. But all these things go back to the strong assertion of the idea of power. Behind all this lies the idea of power. And simply by following certain teachings, one can give the idea of power tremendous strength. |
What is happening now in Dornach, for example? All around, almost everywhere in Switzerland, articles are appearing about anthroposophy that do not contain a single true sentence. The whole campaign began with the publication of an article containing twenty-three lies. For weeks now, these twenty-three lies have been followed by a string of articles that have spread to almost the entire Catholic press in Switzerland, none of which contain a single true statement. Why is this happening? It is happening because the numerous followers of these people are being put into a certain state of mind when they are told untruths, a state of mind in which they can no longer distinguish truth from untruth.
Just think of all the effort that goes into our anthroposophically oriented spiritual science to produce sufficiently clear ideas about how, for example, what appears in dream form in human consciousness can or cannot be a reflection of truth. Human beings cannot easily distinguish between lies and truth when they are presented with them in dreams. — A community is put in the same position when it is told a lie, knowing that this community believes the lie. For by bringing the soul into the mood created by the lie, one has it as a docile tool of the idea of power. Those who can best exercise power over humanity are those who instill illusions in people in such a way that they cannot be recognized. Thus, these lies are written quite systematically with the intention of achieving the mood that can be achieved through lies. This is what probabilism, which has been taught by the Jesuits for a long time, must naturally lead to. This is only the last offshoot.
It is difficult to call out such people, who are for the most part the sleeping souls of the present. — We were forced to arrange a lecture the day before I left, because one must fight, even if one does not want to, against what is being presented as truth in Dornach. And Dr. Boos, who is one of our most courageous younger fighters, after calling on everyone in the discussion—the lecture was public—to speak about what had been said, and after everyone had remained silent, declared in front of everyone that he declared in front of everyone that the first writer of the twenty-three lies, Pastor Arnet of Reinach, unworthy of exercising his priestly office and that he was a spiritual poisoner.
There is no other way out. And then, despite being told this, the people have only one, I would almost say a teacher trembling at the knees, who then comes forward and says: Just wait, not all the articles have been published yet; in the end it will come—yes, I could say nothing else but: The beginning consisted of twenty-three lies, and the end may only come at the end of the world, but the truth of the twenty-three lies will certainly not come out, no matter how long this end takes. For in what has appeared so far—and a considerable number of articles have already appeared—not the slightest attempt has been made to address the twenty-three lies.
But other attempts have been made with a strange logic. In particular, the brochure by the Tübingen speaker was played up—it plays a major role—but the people who play up Professor Traub's brochure in these articles do not understand it correctly. They write: Steiner borrows everything possible from ancient writings, the Upanishads, the Egyptian Isis mysteries, and the “Akaska Chronicle” — well, perhaps the typesetter wrote it that way, but perhaps the clergyman did as well. So I said that I really didn't care about correcting printing errors, but that it would take a strange reader of Traub's brochure to immediately forget that Traub himself did not claim that the Akasha Chronicle was something you could find in libraries, and that you couldn't exactly accuse someone of borrowing anthroposophically oriented spiritual science from that old tome, the Akashic Chronicle.
We have now also come under attack from some of our liberal friends. Dr. Boos, for example, wrote in a liberal newspaper, immediately bringing out the heavy artillery: Here is a deliberate untruth. For the person who wrote this must surely know that he does not have an Akasha Chronicle in his library. He cannot have it in his library, so he must know; he must therefore be writing a deliberate untruth. But what does the person concerned do? He says: Dr. Boos is beating around the bush, because it goes without saying that it was not he but the typesetter who caused the misprint “Akaska Chronicle.” And if someone engages in such sophistry as to accuse someone else of such a misprint, then that shows what kind of person he is.
Well, you see what kind of mindset we are dealing with here. But don't underestimate this mindset! Be aware that it will be a tough fight, which is increasingly going in this direction. They want to prevent people from learning what I initially said in the medical course. I said there: Precisely when one makes a serious effort to learn the spiritual laws of the world from today's life, when one tries to learn the deeper secrets of human nature, when one acquires these things for oneself from today's life and then finds them again in the ancient writings, even if it is from an instinctive, atavistic spiritual life, then one becomes very humble before the greatness of an instinctive, atavistic spirit that humanity once had, which was lost and must now be rediscovered. — So says the one who is aware that what must be sought today from life through knowledge was present in humanity as instinctive wisdom. Of course, some of what was known from the old instinctive wisdom has passed into creeds that have only corrupted it. But these creeds want to make humanity afraid of this ancient wisdom, and when they talk about it, they talk about it in this sense: The terrible people who are practicing anthroposophy today are borrowing everything from this ancient wisdom. If one were to get to the bottom of the matter, one would see how much what is presented to people today as anthroposophically oriented spiritual science differs from what was ever borrowed from anything, be it the Upanishads or whatever. One must borrow from the Akashic Records, that “old tome”! And those who are now whistling in opposition from all corners want to prevent people from seeing that something is emerging that belongs in the present.
Therefore, be clear about one thing when you are tempted to praise certain aspects here and there: The alliance between Jesuitism and social democracy, which is now becoming more and more united, is a completely natural one; there is nothing unnatural about it. For the social democrats, by turning things around, are simply endowed with the same thought forms as the Jesuits. But what differs so greatly from all feelings is the “eternity of man,” which has become a doctrine of egoism. It takes on its true form by making the pre-existence of the human soul before birth or before conception an effective moral agent. This view will be fought tooth and nail. And progress in the world will only be possible if, first, truth has an inner power; but this inner power can only be effective if, second, human beings, even if they are few in number, have the courage to carry this truth in their souls, seriously, sincerely, honestly, and without compromise. It is useless to blur the enormous difference that exists between Catholic and Protestant Aristotelianism regarding the creation of the soul for a created human body, and between true Christianity. We must not blur this difference. For if we blur this difference, we do not even notice where the sources of the idea of power, of the consciousness of power, actually lie.
I must repeatedly refer to that pastoral letter of a Catholic bishop, which actually exists and which states: The faithful have an obligation to regard the priest as a higher being than God and Christ, because every time the priest performs the consecration at the altar, Christ is compelled to be present at the altar, to be present with his body and blood in bread and wine. Since the priest compels God to be present at the altar, the priest has greater power in the universe than God. — That is the content of a pastoral letter that really exists and which, incidentally, has been incorporated into many other pastoral letters. And if you ask me: Is this consistent with the confession made in 869 at the Council of Constantinople, which abolished the spirit? — Then I say to you: Yes. — For whoever says that God is more powerful than the priest says so as a Catholic, because people today do not want to accept anything else. But just as people today are asleep enough in their souls not to ask themselves: What does the letter writer actually mean when a personality who wrote to Moleschott was brave enough to say that the criminal, the liar, the murderer is only moral if he can live out all his inclinations, and is immoral if he does not express these inclinations which are inherent in him, because that would limit his personality, and that murderous tendencies are just as justified as other tendencies? The souls of the present day are simply not courageous enough to say to themselves: If our natural scientists continue to teach what they now teach as the basis for a world creed, then the necessary consequence must simply be stated: The criminal, the murderer, is worth just as much as the other who strives to be moral, so to speak; people are just too cowardly to admit this. In the age when materialism was in its heyday, when a Vogt, a Moleschott, a Büchner wrote, who were courageous spirits, in that age such confessions were made. But the present is too cowardly to make this confession. Likewise, the present is not courageous enough in its sleeping souls to admit: Yes, according to what is spirit in those confessions, the priest is more powerful than God.
The point is that the worldview that exists as anthroposophically oriented spiritual science is in fact dependent on creating clarity of thought in all directions. For what it has to say cannot be grasped with unclear thoughts, cannot be grasped with rambling, sulphurous mysticism, but can only be grasped with crystal-clear thoughts, with thoughts such as I attempted to recognize in The Philosophy of Freedom as the starting point of true human freedom.
We can talk more about such things when I am in a position to present them to you again, which I hope will be very soon.