Polarities in the Evolution of Mankind
GA 197
24 June 1920, Stuttgart
Lecture V
Today's meeting provides a further opportunity for me to speak to you who are friends of the anthroposophical movement before I leave. I wish to do something which in a way is particularly close to my heart, to discuss some of the things that really need to be discussed. It is possible that most of what I have to say today is a repetition of things that have been discussed on a number of occasions from all kinds of different aspects, things now also taken into consideration in public lectures. There are reasons, however, why it is necessary for us to consider some of them once again today.
I have often stressed that it is necessary for a sufficient number of people to fully understand the following. To prevent the decline into which we have got ourselves in the civilized world from continuing into utter ruin, certain impulses must be brought into modern civilization that can only arise if spiritual science reveals the nature of the world to its fullest extent.
Materialism has come to Europe over the last three or four centuries, coming to a crest in the 19th and then tumbling over in the 20th century. It has a peculiarity that seems paradoxical, particularly if one fails to realize the true causes. The peculiar thing about materialism is that it has no possibility of recognizing the material world as it really is. I think I have already given you an example of this. The materialistic way of thinking has in more recent times given rise to an idea that is believed by a great many people, namely that the heart is a kind of pump in the human organism that pumps the blood through the organism. This idea of the human heart being a pump comes up in all kinds of variations nowadays. The facts are rather different, however, and should be seen like this: The whole of our rhythmical circulatory system is something alive. It cannot be compared with a system of channels or the like with water flowing through them, water kept circulating with the aid of a pump. Our rhythmical circulatory system, our blood system, is something alive. It is kept alive by a number of factors, the major factors being breathing, hunger, thirst and so on. These clearly function at the level of soul and spirit. Our blood system is set in motion by entirely primary causes, and the movement of the heart arises when this spiritual principle enters into the rhythm of the blood. The rhythm of the blood is the primary, living principle, and the heart is caught up in this rhythm. The facts are therefore entirely the opposite of what every professor of physiology is teaching today, with the result that it is dinned into people's heads at school and indeed from their earliest childhood.
It therefore has to be said that materialism has not even managed to get a real understanding of the physical processes relating to the heart in the human organism. The material aspect in particular is completely misunderstood. This is just one of many examples. Material things in particular have found no explanation whatsoever under the influence of materialism. The heart is not a pump. It it something we might regard more as a sense organ incorporated within the human organism to give human individuals a kind of subconscious perception of their circulation, just as the eye perceives colour in the world outside. Basically the heart is a sense organ within the circulatory system, yet exactly the opposite is taught nowadays.
This would appear to be an example of limited relevance. I can imagine some philistine saying: ‘Well, it can't do much harm if people have entirely the wrong idea about the nature of the human heart. Of course, if doctors had the wrong idea about the nature of the human heart that would be cause for general alarm. After all, it does make quite a difference in human life if doctors have the right or the wrong idea about the heart.’ But this also holds true for other things. Everything is connected with everything else in life, and because of this humankind is absolutely full of wrong ideas, completely upside-down ideas. One might well think, if one was serious about it, that being hung up on wrong ideas would cause real havoc in our thinking processes. It certainly does. Our thinking is utterly ruined because it has been dinned into us and we have become used to thinking that things are the opposite of what they really are. That is why we never acquire the habit of steady, purposeful thinking. How can our thinking grow purposeful in social life, for example, if in areas where truth should be sought above all else we are in fact going in the opposite direction?
You see, some things that are important to know are a closed book for People today. When the human organism is investigated in conventional institutes nowadays, in physiological and biological laboratories, in hospitals and similar institutions, the brain for instance is examined by analyzing it bit by bit as it presents itself to the eye. The liver is examined by the same kind of analysis. In doing so, people never consider one thing that is absolutely essential if one wishes to understand the human being: The whole of the head organization as We have it today and everything it governs is entirely different from the rest of the human organism.
Let me show you what lies behind this. You can draw it like this. I intend to lead up gradually to what I really want to say. You can say that the human being has two organs of perception, and the direction in which they perceive is approximately like this [see (a) in the diagram]. Two other directions in which we perceive show a certain relationship to these. In diagrammatic form I would draw them like this (b):

The human being thus perceives in four directions, as shown in the diagram.
I deliberately did not tell you where these organs are to be found in the human organism. If I draw nothing but two arrows to indicate direction (a) here, where one stretches out, as it were, to perceive, and two others here, (b), where we perceive sideways, it makes no difference at all if these are the directions in which feeling and sensation pass through my legs and these where they pass through my arms. Here we have something that is in accord. I perceive my own gravity, as it were, I stand with my two feet on the ground. I really perceive something. And I also perceive something when I stretch out my hand, stretch out my arm, even if I do not actually touch anything. I can draw it like this (a). The same drawing can also stand for something different. Imagine this is the horizontal plane. The two arrows could represent the two visual axes; I could draw the two visual axes like this. And these arrows (b) could indicate the directions of my ears. The same diagram would serve to indicate perception by the eyes and ears. On the one occasion I have the whole organism within the head, though the plane has turned through a 90° angle, on the other within the rest of the organism. There is a higher point of view where both are the same. Our two legs are merely directions in which we perceive that have become flesh. The same directions exist in a less physical form where they extend from the brain through the eyes to perceive colour. Elsewhere we perceive gravity and everything connected with it. We see our weight and we step on colour, we could say, if we were to change the two things over, entirely in organic terms, of course. I hear the blackboard chalk, I touch a C or C sharp that is sounding. The difference is merely one of degree. In the head everything has gone through a 90° angle and is less physical; the other is in the vertical plane, and is physical. In the final instance both are the same. It is only that I am aware of the way my eyes step on colours, my ears touch sounds; I know about it, it is part of my ordinary conscious life. Everything my legs see with regard to gravity and all kinds of other things that my arms hear—all these are in the subconscious sphere. Conditions belonging to the cosmic sphere are present in the subconscious. With the whole of my subconscious I have knowledge of the cosmic sphere, knowledge of the way the earth relates to other bodies in the universe, knowledge of the universal background to gravity. I hear the music of the spheres with my arms and not with my ears.
Thus we may say that we have a lower organism, as it is called, with subconscious cosmic awareness, and we have a head with early awareness; this however is a ‘conscious’ awareness. The whole of the human being is organized on the basis of these differences. Our outer form and configuration depends entirely on these differences. You know that the head we carry today is the transformed body of our previous incarnation, our previous earth life, and that the rest of our present organism will be the head in our next life. The head, then, is the rest of the organism which has undergone a transformation. It is more perfect, more finished in a way. As a result the legs have become fine visual threads extending beyond the eye and stepping on the colours in a very lively way. The arms of our former life have become so ethereal that they now extend from our ears and touch the sounds we hear.
These are concrete facts about the human being. It does not get People anywhere to know about repeated earth lives and so on. Those after all are dogmas and it makes no difference if you have the dogmas of the Catholic or Protestant church or the dogma of repeated earth lives. Real thinking only starts when you enter into concrete events, when you come to realize that looking at the human head you are looking at the transformed body of your previous earth life, and that the head you had then was the transformed body of the preceding life—you must imagine it without the head, of course. The head you see now is the transformed organism of the last life lived on earth. The rest of the organism as you see it now will be the head in the next life. Then the arms will have metamorphosed and become ears, and the legs will have become eyes. We must look at the physical world and understand it in its transformed non-physical form, our intellect must illumine the material world in this way. Then at last we shall have what humankind is much in need of today. Once the human mind has been organized so that it no longer produces the kind of folly that has been put forward as a potential social theory, particularly in the second half of the 19th century, human beings will indeed be ready to develop social ideas that can be put into effect in this world. It is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of this today. It is a serious matter when people say today: Something else will have to take the place of the science which has evolved and is so highly respected, of all the things that are generally disseminated. There can be no other way.
It is nonsense, and I also said so recently in a public lecture,30‘Die Erziehung und der Unterricht gegenüber der Weltlage der Gegenwart’ (Education and teaching in the light of the present world situation), Stuttgart 10 June 1920. Published in Geisteswissenschaft und die Lebensforderungen der Gegenwart 6, Dornach 1950. To be published in GA 335. No record of translation into English. to talk about setting up adult education thinking that the same kind of work can be done there as at ordinary universities. It is the work done at the universities that has brought us to these disastrous situations, because it has become the materialistic view of a few leading personalities. This is now to be presented to the masses; that is, millions are to head for the disasters that so far have come about because the wrong lead was given by a few. Something that proved useless for a few is now to be spread among many. It is not as easy as that, however. Popular education cannot be introduced simply by teaching outside the universities what until now has been alive inside them. It would mean teaching something that is altogether unsuitable for human beings. This may sound radical, but it is absolutely essential that it is fully understood if there is to be even the least hope of the decline being halted and something new and positive developing. These are the things one wishes one could speak of in words that truly go to the heart. These concrete truths must reach as many hearts as possible. It was therefore important to me to point out in my public lectures that something has been achieved in the Waldorf School, that anthroposophy has positively influenced the history lessons in some places. I was also able to refer to the teaching of anthropology in class 5. There, too, anthroposophy was effective. Not that one would teach anthroposophy to the children—we would never think of doing such a thing—but lessons come to life if anthroposophy is the foundation, if the inspiration of anthroposophy is there in what we teach. This brings the souls of the children to life; they are quite different when this influence is there. It would be taking the easy way simply to teach anthroposophy in our schools. No, that is not what we are about, but rather to use anthroposophy to enliven the subject matter. It will of course be necessary for anthroposophy to come alive in oneself first of all, and that is something that really comes hard, to let anthroposophy come alive in human beings. Otherwise the potential is there today for all kinds of disciplines, not only in science but all kinds of disciplines in life, to have the full benefit of what life in anthroposophy is able to give.
That is a general way of looking at it. Let me go on to something specific, so that you can see the things we are considering in their proper context.
Marxist philosophy, Marxist views are widespread today. They have their most radical expression in Leninism and Trotskyism, which are destroying the world. A view of history known as ‘historical materialism’ plays a great role in Marxist philosophy, particularly the dogma of the fundamental importance of the modes and relations of production. Millions of proletarians have accepted this dogma according to which tradition, law, science, religion and so on are like smoke, like an ideology rising from the modes and relations of Production—you will find further details in my book Towards Social Renewal31Die Kernpunkte der Sozialen Frage in den Lebensnotwendigkeiten der Gegenwart und Zukunft (1919) GA 23. English translation: Towards Social Renewal. F.T. Smith tr. London: Rudolf Steiner Press 1977.—and that the modes and relations of production are the Only reality on which to base one's view of history.
It was very important to me on past occasions—this has to do with the feeling I have that I was really able to achieve something and create a potential basis at the Worker's Education Institute in Berlin32See Rudolf Steiner's Mein Lebensgang (1923–25) GA. 28. English translation: Rudolf Steiner: An Autobiography. R. Stebbing tr. New York: Rudolf Steiner Publications 1977.—to speak in proletarian circles about the view that the modes and relations of production are the only effective element, and to present a clear picture. My aim therefore was not to teach historical materialism but the truth. That was of course also the reason why I was thrown °in, for it offended those in charge at the time just as much as the idea of a threefold social order offends people today. Authoritarian thinking and belief in authority were and still are as great in the socialist movement as in the Catholic church.
What really matters is to gain a clear understanding of social relations in this world. Real understanding of the natural threefold order of the human organism, of the way the human organism is an organism of nerves and senses, rhythmical organism and a metabolic organism, as shown in my book Von Seelenrätseln,33Von Seelenrätseln (Riddles of the soul) (1917) GA. 21. Parts translated into English in The Case for Anthroposophy. Owen Barfield tr. London: Rudolf Steiner Press 1970. leads to a way of thinking that can also apply to social life. People of little understanding will say: ‘You are using analogy in applying the threefold order of the human body to the social organism’. This is nonsense of course. Analogy is not the method used in Towards Social Renewal. All I said was that if people succeeded in letting their thinking escape from the strait jacket put on it by modern scholarship and particularly public opinion, they would free their thinking to the extent that it will be possible to think sensible thoughts concerning social issues. The kind of thinking that puts the human brain side by side with the liver, examining everything as though it were of the same substance, will never come to sensible conclusions.
Using external analogies we might say: The social organism is threefold by nature and so is the human organism. The head is the organ of mind and intellect; it should therefore be compared with the cultural and intellectual life in the threefold organism. The rhythmical system establishes harmony between different functions in the action of the heart, in respiration—that would be the rights sphere in the social organism. Metabolism, the most physical, material aspect—something mystics tend to look down on to some extent, though they say they also have to eat and drink--would be compared to the sphere of economics.
This is definitely not the case, however. I have repeatedly pointed out on other occasions that in reality things are very different than mere analogy would make them to be. It cannot be said, for instance, that summer is comparable to the waking state for the earth and winter to a state of sleep. The reality is different. In summer the earth is asleep, in winter it is awake. I have gone into this in detail.
The same applies if we consider the real situation in comparing the social and the human organism. The economic sphere of the social organism actually compares to the activities of the human head. As to the sphere of rights, the legal sphere, people were quite rightly comparing this, the middle realm, with rhythmical activities in the human organism. The life of mind and intellect however has to be compared with the metabolism. This means that economic life has to be compared with the organs that serve the mind and intellect, and the cultural and intellectual sphere of the social organism with the metabolic organs. There is no way round this. Economic life is the head of the social organism; cultural life is the stomach, liver and spleen of the social organism but not of the individual human being. It is of course too much of an effort for anyone whose thinking is in a strait-jacket to make distinction between social life and the life of an individual person.
Again the essential point is that spiritual science prepares us to see things as they really are and not to produce analogies and elaborate symbolism. We will then arrive at important conclusions. We shall find, for example, that we can say: But in that case economic life, if it really is the head in the social organism, will have to live on the rest of the organism, just as the head does in the human organism. In that case we cannot say morality, religious life and the search for knowledge are ideological elements arising from economic life. Quite the contrary, in fact. Economic life is dependent on cultural life, on the metabolism of the social organism, just as the human head depends on respiration, on stomach, liver and spleen. We then come to see that economic life arises out of cultural and religious life. If we did not have a stomach we could not have a head. Of course we also could not have a stomach if we did not have a head, but it is the head after all that is fed by the stomach, and in the same way economic life is fed by cultural life and not the other way round. The socialist theories that now threaten to spread through the whole of the civilized world are therefore quite erroneous, a dreadful superstition. No one has thought to look for the truth in recent centuries; on a purely emotional basis everyone has been promulgating the kind of truth their class and point of view suggested to them. Now at last it is realized that it is a total delusion to see historical evolution as the product of the modes and relations of production. The idea is now to compare the actual facts and not to talk in analogies. Now a realistic view is taken and it is realized that if the stomach is undermined in the human organism, the head will suffer. In the same way there can be no sound metabolism in the social organism and economic life must fall into decline if morality, religious life and intelligent thought are undermined in the social organism. Nothing in fact depends on economic life; primarily everything depends on the views, the ideas, the cultural life of humankind.
The head is always dying—I have spoken of this in other lectures—and we only maintain the head organism because it is constantly dying and the rest of the organism rebels against this. The same applies in the sphere of economics. Economic life is constantly bringing death and decay into the progress of history; rather than generating everything else it brings about the death of everything. This element of death constantly has to be counterbalanced by what the cultural organism is able to produce. The situation is therefore exactly the other way round. Anyone speaking in materialistic terms and saying economic life is the basis for progress is not speaking the truth. The truth is that economic life is the basis of something that is always dying in stages, and the mind and spirit have to make up for this dying process. To proceed the way people are now proceeding in Russia is to help the world to its death. The only possible outcome of proceeding in this way is to help the world to its death, for the simple reason that the laws of death are inherent in the things that are being done there.
You can see the eminent social importance of these things. We have now been working in anthroposophy for twenty years, and all the time I have tried to make it utterly clear and apparent in all kinds of lectures that what matters to us is not the cultivation of a philosophy full of inner self-gratification, a kind of spiritual snobbery, but to develop the most important impulse that is needed in the present age.
I wanted to present this to you again today in a slightly different form in connection with a number of things that can help us understand the essential nature of the human being. It is important that those who call themselves friends of the anthroposophical movement clearly perceive the connection between this anthroposophical movement and other events as we know them.
The ideas put forward by myself and other friends are often seriously distorted. It is therefore difficult to speak freely to such a large audience, even if it is anthroposophical. As there is no immediate opportunity, however, to discuss these things at a more intimate level and yet it is necessary to speak of them, let me draw your attention to a few things. We must be aware, particularly here in Stuttgart, that the anthroposophical movement we have now had for twenty Years has indeed reached a new stage. If we are serious about the movement this means we have accepted the obligation to follow this change, to adapt to this change. You must properly understand that because our friends Molt, Kühn, Unger, Leinhas34Molt, Emil, see ref. 37.
Kühn, Hans, writer and publisher.
Unger, Carl, grad. engineer, owner of machine tool works, member of Council of the German Anthroposophical Society from 1905, lecturer and writer. Shot by a mentally sick individual in Nuremberg in 1929.
Leinhas, Emil, businessman, managing director of Der Kommende Tag AG (see ref. 39), writer. and others have attempted to take the anthroposophical approach to its practical conclusion something has happened that concerns us all. It concerns us all and we must take account of it in everything we say and do. The fact is—and let us be very clear about this—that until then the anthroposophical movement was a current in the life of the mind and spirit. Such things continue on their way, cliques and closed groups, however objectionable, that go by personal and heaven knows what other interests, may form; a spiritual movement may even proceed by the agency of privy councillors like Max Seiling.35Seiling, Max, first a follower then an opponent of Rudolf Steiner. Bore the title Privy Councillor.
TN. Rudolf Steiner used word-play here, calling Hofrat (Privy Councillor) Seiling an Un-Rat. The word Unrat means garbage, refuse, ordure. One does of course have to approach it properly in view of what is called for, but for as long as it is a purely spiritual or cultural movement it can be ignored. Now, however, three things have grown out of this spiritual movement.
The first followed the appeal I made last year.36An das deutsche Volk und an die Kultunvelt! (Appeal to the German nation and the civilized world), pamphlet, 1919, reprinted a.o. in Towards Social Renewal (ref. 31). It now forms part of the struggling threefold movement, the Association for a Threefold Social Organism. This has not yet been able to get anywhere near the real objectives. What the appeal had to say has in a sense met with rejection, and it would be a good thing to be fully aware that there has been this rejection, that only very little of what was intended has come to fruition.
This does of course mean that I have many requests made to me. The idea has come up in Dornach, for example, of issuing a further appeal that would make it known internationally what Dornach means to the world. I had to explain to our friends that in the ordinary life outside that is now heading for a breakdown, appeal usually follows appeal, programme on programme. We cannot do this if we work out of anthroposophy. It is important to realize that, in a way, it is not at all healthy if something is undertaken that does not come off. It is important to make a careful assessment of the chances of success, and not just do what comes to mind but only the things that have a chance of success. This is why I then said—it is important and I must ask you to consider it carefully—that I would not dream of making a similar appeal again, for what has happened to the first appeal should not happen a second time. It was possible to let the appeal for a Cultural Council37Appeal to establish a Council for Culture. Whitsun 1919, signed by many well-known figures in cultural life. go out, for that was not my work, but we must be very clear that things are getting a great deal more serious than people are inclined to think if something like the anthroposophical movement stands behind them.
Three things have now evolved out of the anthroposophical movement, in a way, each of them quite distinct. A threefold order following that appeal—we will have to work at it, for it partly meets with rejection; secondly the Waldorf School;38Waldorf School: intergrated primary and secondary school established by Emil Molt in 1919 for the children of workers in the Waldorf Astoria Cigarette Factory and the general public. This was done under the guidance of Rudolf Steiner who also appointed the teachers and himself gave the preparatory teachers' seminars. thirdly the financial, commercial and industrial enterprise called Der Kommende Tag (Dawn of Tomorrow).39Der Konunende Tag, Aktiengesellschaft zur F6rderung wirtschaftlicher and geistiger Werte (join-stock company for the promotion of economic and cultural values), established in Stuttgart in March 1920. Rudolf Steiner was Chairman of the Board until 1923. The company became a victim of post-war inflation in Germany and had to be dissolved in 1925.
Coming to Stuttgart in the past, when we only had the anthroPosophical movement—I am referring only to Stuttgart—I would spend three or four days here and you know how many personal interviews I managed. These things have had some effect, as is now becoming apparent. It was not without significance that whatever had happened in the meantime—people will understand what I mean if they want to—could be put to rights again in those personal interviews. Events could then proceed until the next time. Now the position is such that following those outer developments one has to attend meetings from morning till night, and indeed well into the night, and there is no question of continuing in the ways we got used to when we were only an anthroposophical movement. Now there are many people who feel that it is a nuisance that things are no longer the way they were. It is necessary, however, to look at all the changes and really say to oneself: Things have changed since the spring of last year and this will have to be taken into account.
The situation cannot remain as it is, but a united effort must be made to see that it does not remain this way. It cannot remain as it is because everything that is done—be it for the Waldorf School or the Kommende Tag—has its basis in spiritual work. Without the spiritual work that has been done and must continue to be done there is no point to it all. The spiritual work must give form, vigour and content to the whole. To continue the way we are going would mean that the institutions which have now been established would swallow up the original spiritual movement. We would be taking away the original basis. Nothing growing out of the anthroposophical movement should be allowed to swallow up the movement as such.
You see, these are serious matters we have to discuss today, and I think at least some of you will understand what I mean. Things will not be different unless we accept it as a reality that anthroposophical work has been done for many years, for decades. This work must be seen as something real.
I would ask you also to consider the following. There is much conflict in the world, but where is most of this conflict to be found? It takes a certain form and people fail to notice, but most of it takes place in the sphere of spiritual endeavour. There is no end to the conflict within the body we call the anthroposophical movement, for example. When our movement evolved out of older practices—it was necessary to start from these, you know the reasons—that is, when many people familiar with the old theosophical practices joined our movement, I had the feeling that a gentleman, who at the time was particularly vehement in his defense of the line we were following, would very soon be in conflict with various other people. Conflict is likely to be particularly bad in this sphere. In fact I always made it quite clear that the gentleman in question, a theosophist of the purest Water, would not only come in conflict with others, but that his right side and his left would be involved in a desperate struggle. People Will find that the left side of this individual will have the most dreadful quarrel with his right side.
It will of course be necessary to develop the other extreme, where the conflicts that constantly arise are overcome. Such conflicts are due to the very nature of spiritual movements, because they all aim to develop the human individuality. The other pole, the other extreme, of human understanding, must be there as well; it is the pole of human understanding where it is possible to enter into a human individual, to go deeply into the life impulses of another person, and so on. It must be possible for the Kommende Tag and the Waldorf School we are now running to be given a sound moral basis by the anthroposophical movement here in Stuttgart, the moral basis that is the work of decades, or at least should have been such. That has to be the foundation, for it is the only way in which we can go ahead and restore the balance between a life consisting of meetings and the necessary spiritual work which after all should be the basis. We cannot achieve this, of course, if things go on all the time where one is told, for instance, that dreadful things have been going on again, with someone causing trouble all the time, someone upsetting all the rest. Well, that may be so. To date—and on this visit such things have come up again countless times—I have not been able, however, to pursue such an affair to the point where the second person, when approached, told the same story as the first. When it came to the fifth or sixth person, I would hear the absolute opposite of what the first had told me. I do not want to criticize, to apportion praise or blame, really, not even the latter, but that is how it is. What is needed, particularly among anthroposophists, and I have said this on many occasions, is an absolute and unerring feeling for the truth. It is very difficult to continue working in all these areas unless there is a basis of truth, of genuine, immediate truth. If there is this basis of genuine truth, surely it must happen that when something comes up and one pursues the matter further a fifth or sixth person would still present the same facts. Yet it happens that I am told about something ‘dreadful’ and everybody I ask tells me something different. I cannot, of course, apply the things I have from other sources to external life; I have said this many times. It is not a question of whether I know about it, know who is right and who is wrong. The question is whether the first says the same as the sixth or seventh. What I know has nothing to do with it. As a rule I do not allow people to pull the wool over my eyes, and that is not why I ask people. The reasons are quite different. As a rule it does not interest me very much what people tell me. The point is that I hear what the first person says and then the seventh, only to find on many occasions that one person says one thing and the seventh says the opposite. It evidently follows that one of the two things cannot be true. It seems to me that this does follow.
In outer physical life which for this very reason is going into a decline people have always wanted to shut their eyes to the function, the crucial significance, of untruths. Even unintentional untruths are destructive in their effects. In spiritual science working towards anthroposophy it is absolutely essential to realize that an untruth in the life of mind and spirit is the same as a devastating bomb in physical life. It is a devastating force, an instrument of destruction, and this in very real terms. It would certainly be possible to do important and fruitful work in the spiritual sphere again, in spite of the many new developments, providing these things are given some attention—objective attention, however, not subjective attention.
You know I do not normally go in for tirades; it is not my habit to moralize. Just for once, however, I really must discuss the facts that have become very obvious at this time, because the situation is serious. We are looking at undertakings that must not fail, that will have to succeed, and there can be no question of any kind of failure; we have to say today that they shall succeed. They must not however swallow up the original anthroposophical movement, and this means that everybody must do his share to ensure that the moral foundation established in the work of many years really exists. Everybody must do his part. It is really necessary for everybody to to their part.
It saddens my heart that I am unable to respond to almost all the many requests that are made to me. I had to keep refusing to help my friends because time cannot be used twice, and meetings go on not only from morning till night, but even well into the night. Quite obviously I cannot use the same time to talk to individuals. The membership in the widest sense must come to its senses and get rid of the things that play a role in all aspects of life here, the kind of thing I have just been mentioning. Every single member must reflect and see that here in this very place these things have to be done away With Unless this is done—and these things are connected—it will not be possible to find the time to do real fundamental spiritual work. Everything arising out of anthroposophy will succeed. Yet unless some things change the original spiritual movement will be swallowed up. The will impulses of those who consider themselves the bearers of this spiritual movement would then lead to a new materialism, as the original spiritual movement will have been aborted. The spirit needs to be nurtured or it will die. Materialism does not arise of its own accord; you cannot create materialism, just as you cannot create a corpse. A corpse is produced when the soul leaves the organism. In the same way everything created here on a spiritual basis, out of something that has soul, will become entirely material unless there is a genuine desire to nurture the spirit. It means that above all the moral and ethical basis which we have been able to establish is given careful attention. It is necessary above all to ensure that we do not become subject to illusion, that we do not think it is enough to accept Certain views just because they are easy to accept. We must look at life without flinching.
It is really very bad for people to say things like: ‘The threefold order is a good thing; we must take it up.’ Feeling rather good about it they will say: ‘I am getting something organized and it is very much in accord with the threefold order; aren't I good! It makes me really feel good getting something organized that is a nucleus of threefoldness’. Licking your lips morally speaking, full of inner self gratification—you may feel like this when you are doing such things, but it does not mean that you have a sense of reality. The threefold idea is true to reality because it requires genuine effort to bring it to realization. Many people's ideas are however so unrealistic that the idea of threefoldness goes against the grain with them. The first and most essential thing is for this idea to be taken up by a sufficiently large number of people. We must have the necessary sense of reality and practical common sense.
Eight days ago I had to speak here in Stuttgart about the consequences the threefold order has for the management of landed property.40Stuttgart 16 June 1920; published in Landwirtschafi und Industrie/Neuordnung des Bodenrechtes als soziale Forderung der Gegenwart (Agriculture and industry/New proposals for land ownership as a social requirement for the present age); quoted from the writings and lectures of Rudolf Steiner, Roman Boos ed., Stuttgart 1957, S. 84 ff. (to be published in GA 335). No record of translation into English. I said that the threefold order obviously aims to achieve a situation where social exchange, social conditions relating to landed property, are such that land cannot be bought and sold like other goods That is entirely based on reality; to say the opposite would be unrealistic. I had to discuss the subject on a day when I actually got here late because we had been going round the countryside all day trying to buy land. If we have a sense of reality we cannot base ourselves on the threefold order and say: ‘I must be good; I am forming a nucleus for the threefold order.’ No, it has to be accepted, and there can be no illusions, that in a certain respect the only possible way in which we can work for a threefold order is by working on the most important aspect, not basing our work on the immediate present.
It is not a question of morally licking our lips as we say that we follow a particular idea. This would make it unfruitful and abstract. It is a question of really seeing the reality, seeing what is necessary. This is the difference between people whose approach is utopian and dogmatic and those who take a practical view. The latter will take an idea as far as it can go, but they are not unworldly people living for some private pleasure; they take hold of the reality. We really only give ourselves up to illusion for our own private pleasure. This must be realized. It is also necessary to realize that many other things go in the same direction. I am sorry, it could not be helped. There were quite a number of things that I could have talked about on this last occasion before my departure. I might have drawn your attention to many things that were put to me more or less in passing, things that do have an effect on the fruitful activities. One of the main problems with those fruitful activities is that there is a constant need to have endless discussions on matters that should be dealt with in half an hour, because things are thrown into the pool that really should not be there. If you have sound thinking habits—and those are the habits we must acquire if spiritual science as it is presented here is to come about—and then find yourself—I am not speaking theoretically—right in the middle of what is nowadays called business practice, the best way of defining what goes on is that people kill as much time as possible, that time is wasted. There are practical people today who boast of being busy all day long. If they did not waste so much time, their work, which let us say takes ten hours, could be easily done in one hour. Time is killed particularly in what is called active life today. This killing of time causes thoughts to be drawn out. Entering into practical life as it goes on today one really gets the feeling that one is in a noodle factory where thoughts that ought to be concentrated are drawn out, pulled apart like strudel or noodle dough; everything is pulled well apart. It is dreadful to come across those spread-apart thoughts that are cultivated in practical life. If you wanted to use thoughts like these to get a clear understanding of the world, of the things I have spoken of today by way of an introduction, you would not get anywhere. All this ‘strudel-dough thinking’ has arisen in the process of killing time. Thoughts that ought to be concentrated, for that is the only way for them to be effective, simply come to nothing by being drawn out. Something which functions properly at a certain density will of course be useless once it has become thin and worn. Many of the things that play a large role in modern economics are quite useless when it comes to making world affairs progress. Our particular task would thus be to grow concise in our thinking also with regard to practical things, and not to kill time. However, time still has to be killed these days, unless the anthroposophical movement, which after all supports our enterprises, becomes what it ought to be: A movement based on truth in every respect, a movement where all untruth eliminates itself because we have no use for it and because it would immediately show itself to be what it is.
This is what I wanted to say to you today. It is not addressed to anyone in particular. Please do not continue to go around saying that I was aiming at one thing or another in particular. I wanted to give you a clear picture of the facts as they are in general. The world situation is serious today and the things that have been going on among us here in Stuttgart really reflect the serious situation that exists for the whole of civilization. The things that haunt us in our community here can teach us a lot about the things that haunt the world as a whole.
I do not wish to hurt anyone's feelings. Nor do I want to moralize, to preach at you. The intention has been to discuss the things that have been obvious to the eye and to the soul on so many occasions over the last two weeks.
Fünfter Vortrag
Da heute noch einmal Gelegenheit ist, zu Ihnen gerade als zu den Freunden der anthroposophischen Bewegung zu sprechen, bevor ich abreise, so möchte ich dem nachkommen, was mir in gewisser Beziehung ein Herzenswunsch ist: einiges zu besprechen, was jetzt notwendig ist zu besprechen. Vielleicht wird ja das meiste von dem, was ich gerade heute zu sagen habe, eine Art Wiederholung sein von Dingen, die öfter aus den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten heraus erwähnt worden sind, die heute auch schon eine Rolle spielen in den Betrachtungen, die in öffentlichen Vorträgen dargestellt werden. Aber aus gewissen Gründen heraus ist es doch notwendig, daß wir uns über einige Dinge heute noch einmal unterhalten.
Es muß ja, wie ich oftmals betont habe, durchaus verstanden werden von einer genügend großen Anzahl von Menschen, wenn der Niedergang, in den wir uns hineingeritten haben als gegenwärtige zivilisierte Welt, nicht zum völligen Ruin führen soll, daß die gegenwärtige Zivilisation durchtränkt werden muß mit gewissen Impulsen, die nur aus der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erfassung der Welt im weitesten Umfange kommen können.
Der Materialismus, der heraufgezogen ist seit den letzten drei bis vier Jahrhunderten in der europäischen Welt, der dann seinen Höhepunkt erlangt hat im 19. Jahrhundert und sich überschlagen hat im 20. Jahrhundert, dieser Materialismus hat ja eine Eigentümlichkeit, die besonders paradox sich ausnimmt, wenn man nicht richtig auf die Gründe einzugehen weiß, um die es sich dabei eigentlich handelt. Dieser Materialismus hat nämlich die Eigentümlichkeit, daß ihm völlig versagt ist, die materielle Welt in ihrer Wirklichkeit zu erkennen. Ich habe Ihnen ja vielleicht auch hier schon ein Beispiel dafür angeführt. Überall findet man aus der materialistischen Denk weise der neueren Zeit heraus die Anschauung vertreten, die eine breite Offentlichkeit ergriffen hat, daß unser Herz innerhalb unseres Organismus eine Art von Pumpe sei, welche das Blut durch den Organismus pumpt. In den mannigfaltigsten Varianten findet man diese Anschauung von dem Pumpwerk des menschlichen Herzens heute ausgebaut. Nun ist ja die Sache nicht so, sondern dasjenige, was Wirklichkeit ist, das muß so aufgefaßt werden, daß man sagt: Unser ganzes rhythmisches Zirkulationssystem ist ein Lebendiges, und nicht irgend etwas, was zu vergleichen ist mit irgendwelchen Kanälen oder dergleichen, durch die Wasser fließt, das durch ein Pumpwerk in seinen Kreislauf getrieben wird. Unser rhythmisches Zirkulationssystem, unser Blutsystem ist ein Lebendiges. Es wird in seiner Lebendigkeit erhalten durch die verschiedenen Faktoren, von denen die gröbsten sind: Atmung, Hunger, Durst und dergleichen, also Dinge, die durchaus geistig-seelischer Natur sind. Es bringen ganz primäre Ursprünge unser lebendiges Blutsystem in rhythmische Bewegung, und das, was Bewegung des Herzens ist, rührt davon her, daß dieses Geistige sich einschaltet in diesen Blutrhythmus. Der Blutrhythmus ist das Primäre, Lebendige, und das Herz wird mitgerissen von diesem Blutrhythmus. Die Tatsachen sind also völlig entgegengesetzt dem, was heute von der gebräuchlichen Physiologie von allen Lehrkanzeln herunter verkündet und daher auch von der Schule und von frühester Kindheit an den Menschen eingepaukt wird.
Wir müssen also sagen: Der Materialismus hat nicht einmal vermocht, das in Wirklichkeit zu erkennen, was die materiellen Vorgänge im menschlichen Organismus sind, die sich auf das Herz beziehen. Er hat gerade das Materielle völlig mißverstanden. Das ist aber nur ein Beispiel für viele. Gerade das Materielle ist absolut unerklärt geblieben unter dem Einflusse des Materialismus. Das Herz ist keine Pumpe, sondern es ist etwas, was man eher ansehen kann als ein Sinnesorgan, das einzuschalten ist in den menschlichen Organismus, damit der Mensch in seinem Unterbewußtsein durch das Herz eine Art unterbewußtes Wahrnehmen hat von seiner Zirkulation, so wie man durch das Auge eine Wahrnehmung hat von den Farben der äußeren Welt. Das Herz ist im Grunde genommen ein in die Blutzirkulation eingeschaltetes Sinnesorgan. Von alledem wird das völlige Gegenteil heute gelehrt.
Nun, das ist scheinbar ein recht in der Ecke stehendes Beispiel. Ich kann mir denken, daß mancher Philister heute geneigt ist zu sagen: Was soll das schon für Unheil anrichten, wenn die Menschen eine ganz falsche Ansicht über das Wesen des menschlichen Herzens haben! Eher wird man schon zugeben müssen, daß es eine ganz allgemein bedenkliche Bedeutung hat, wenn alle Ärzte eine falsche Ansicht über das Wesen des menschlichen Herzens haben. Denn ob die Ärzte eine richtige oder falsche Ansicht über das Herz haben, davon hängt doch vieles im menschlichen Leben ab. — Aber so ist es ja mit andern Dingen auch. Und dadurch, daß alle Dinge im Leben zusammenhängen, dadurch ist die Menschheit heute geradezu erfüllt von lauter verkehrten Gedanken, von ganz inversen Gedanken. Und man könnte glauben, wenn man nur wollte, daß das Hängen in verkehrten Gedanken nun überhaupt unser ganzes Denken ruiniert. Das tut es nämlich auch. Unser Denken wird gründlich ruiniert dadurch, daß wir uns auf den verschiedensten Gebieten gewöhnen, weil es uns eingepaukt wird von unserer Kindheit an, das Gegenteil von dem Wirklichen zu denken. Wir gewöhnen uns dadurch niemals ein sicheres, zielbewußtes Denken an. Denn wie kann ein zielbewußtes Denken herauskommen zum Beispiel im sozialen Leben, wenn man in den Dingen, wo vor allen Dingen die Wahrheit gesucht werden muß, auf dem entgegengesetzten Wege ist?
Aber sehen Sie, gewisse Dinge bleiben überhaupt heute dem Menschen verschlossen, die wichtig sind zu wissen. Wenn heute in den gebräuchlichen Anstalten, in den physiologischen, biologischen Laboratorien oder Kliniken oder sonstigen Anstalten der menschliche Organismus untersucht wird, so untersucht man, sagen wir, das Gehirn, indem man es Stück für Stück, so wie es zunächst ausschaut, analysiert, und man untersucht die Leber, indem man sie geradeso analysiert. Aber indem man das tut, sieht man niemals auf etwas, was ganz spezifisch ist für das Verständnis des Menschen. Unsere ganze heutige Hauptesorganisation und alles das, was von derselben beherrscht wird, ist etwas wesentlich anderes als unser übriger menschlicher Organismus.
Was da zugrunde liegt, will ich Ihnen auf folgende Weise zeigen: Es ist etwas, was Sie zeichnen können in der folgenden Weise. Ich will allmählich zu dem, was ich eigentlich sagen will, hinführen. Sie können sagen: Der Mensch hat zwei Wahrnehmungsorgane, deren Wahrnehmungsrichtungen etwa diese sind (siehe Zeichnung, a). Und in einem gewissen Verhältnis zu diesen Wahrnehmungsrichtungen stehen zwei andere Wahrnehmungsrichtungen, die, wenn ich sie schematisch zeichnen will, so zu zeichnen sind (b):

Das sind vier Wahrnehmungsrichtungen, die der Mensch hat, deren Linien so verlaufen, wie ich es hier in dieser Weise aufgezeichnet habe.
Ich habe absichtlich nicht gesagt, wo am menschlichen Organismus diese Wahrnehmungsrichtungen liegen. Wenn ich hier nichts zeichne als zwei Richtungen (a), die man gewissermaßen ausstreckt und mit denen man wahrnimmt, und da zwei andere (b), durch die man seitlich wahrnimmt, so ist es völlig gleichgültig, ob das hier die Gefühls- oder Empfindungsrichtungen sind, die durch meine zwei Beine gehen, und ob das da die Gefühlsrichtungen sind, die durch meine Arme gehen. Da haben Sie etwas Zusammenstimmendes. Ich nehme gewissermaßen meine eigene Schwere wahr, indem ich mit meinen zwei Beinen auf dem Boden stehe. Da nehme ich wirklich etwas wahr. Und ich nehme etwas wahr jedesmal, wenn ich auch nichts berühre, wenn ich meine Hand, meinen Arm ausstrecke. Das kann ich so zeichnen (a). Aber ich kann auch etwas ganz anderes meinen mit derselben Zeichnung. Denken Sie sich, ich habe die Horizontale, dann kann ich mit diesen beiden Richtungen die beiden Augenachsen meinen, dann zeichne ich die beiden Augenachsen so hin. Und mit dieser Richtung (b) kann ich die Ohrenrichtung meinen, und ich kann dasselbe Schema für Augen- und Ohrenwahrnehmungen haben. Das eine Mal habe ich den ganzen Organismus, nur im rechten Winkel gedreht, im Kopfe, das andere Mal in dem übrigen Organismus drinnen. Von einem gewissen höheren Gesichtspunkte aus ist beides dasselbe. Unsere zwei Beine sind nur fleischgewordene Richtungen des Wahrnehmens, die wir in einer geistigeren Weise auch haben, indem sie sich vom Gehirn durch die Augen ausstrecken und da Farben wahrnehmen, während wir sonst die Schwere wahrnehmen und alles, was damit zusammenhängt. Wir sehen unser Gewicht und wir treten auf die Farben, könnten wir etwa sagen, wenn wir die beiden Dinge, aber ganz organisch, miteinander verwechseln wollten. Ich höre die Kreide, ich berühre das C oder Cis. Das ist nur ein gradueller Unterschied. Das, was da am Kopfe ist, ist im rechten Winkel gedreht, geistiger, das andere ist in der Vertikalebene und ist materiell. Aber beides geht zum Schluß auf dasselbe zurück. Nur von dem einen weiß ich, von dem, was meine Augen betreten an Farben, was meine Ohren berühren an Tönen, von dem weiß ich, das ist in meinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein. Von dem, was meine Beine sehen von den Verhältnissen der Schwere, und von dem, was meine Arme hören von allen andern Verhältnissen, die da in Betracht kommen, ist alles im Unterbewußtsein. Und das, was da im Unterbewußtsein ist, das sind die Verhältnisse des Kosmischen. Mit diesem ganzen Uhnterbewußtsein weiß ich das Kosmische, weiß ich das Verhältnis der Erde zu den andern Weltenkörpern, weiß ich dasjenige, was mit der Schwere universell zusammenhängt. Mit den Armen höre ich die Sphärenmusik, nicht natürlich mit den Ohren. So daß wir sagen können: Wir bestehen aus unserem sogenannten niederen Organismus, der ein unterbewußtes kosmisches Bewußtsein hat, und aus unserem Haupte, das ein irdisches Bewußtsein, aber eben ein «bewußtes» Bewußtsein hat. Auf diesen Unterschied ist die ganze menschliche Organisation hingebildet. Wie wir äußerlich gestaltet sind, das hängt durchaus ab von diesen Gegensätzen. Und Sie wissen ja: Das, was wir heute als Kopf an uns tragen, das ist der umgestaltete Leib aus der früheren Inkarnation, dem früheren Erdenleben, während unser jetziger übriger Organismus zum Kopf im nächsten Erdenleben wird. Diese Metamorphose machen wir von einem Erdenleben zum andern durch. Der Kopf ist daher der übrige umgestaltete Organismus. Der ist gewissermaßen mehr vollkommen, mehr fertig. Und weil er das ist, sind die Beine so fein geworden, daß sie sich als Sehfühlfäden aus den Augen heraus erstrecken, um da höchst beweglich auf die Farben zu treten. Die Arme des vorigen Lebens sind so ätherisch geworden, daß sie sich jetzt bei den Ohren herauserstrecken und die Töne berühren.
Nehmen Sie einmal diese konkreten Erkenntnisse des Menschen. Es ist ja gar nichts damit getan, wenn die Leute wissen, es gibt wiederholte Erdenleben und so weiter. Das sind schließlich Dogmen, und da ist es gleich, ob man Dogmen der katholischen oder evangelischen Kirche hat, oder ob man das Dogma von der Wiederholung der Erdenleben hat. Es beginnt das eigentliche Denken erst dann, wenn man in die konkreten Ereignisse eintritt, erst wenn man begreifen kann: Du schaust das menschliche Haupt an, da siehst du es als Umgestaltung deines Leibes aus dem vorigen Erdenleben, den du dir allerdings hauptlos denken mußt, denn das vorige Haupt ist die Umgestaltung eines Leibes in einem noch früheren Erdenleben. Aber in dem, was du jetzt als Haupt siehst, siehst du den umgestalteten Organismus des früheren Erdenlebens. Und was du jetzt siehst als übrigen Organismus, darin siehst du, was im nächsten Leben zum Haupte werden wird, wo sich die Arme so metamorphosiert haben werden, daß sie zu Ohren geworden sind, und die Beine sich so metamorphosiert haben werden, daß sie zu Augen geworden sind. Erst dann, wenn man so hineinschaut in das Materielle und es in seiner geistigen Umwandlung begreift, wenn man den Geist so hat, daß er in das Materielle hineinleuchten kann, dann erst ist dasjenige da, was die Menschheit heute notwendig braucht. Und erst wenn man den menschlichen Geist so organisiert hat, daß er nicht solche Torheiten verkündet, wie sie verkündet worden sind, namentlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, als mögliche soziale Anschauungen, erst dann ist man wirklich reif dazu, solche sozialen Anschauungen zu gewinnen, die als Wirklichkeiten in die Welt hineingetragen werden können. Es ist heute notwendig, daß dieses gründlich durchschaut werde. Es ist eine ernste Angelegenheit, daß sich heute die Leute sagen: Dasjenige, was verehrt wird als die Wissenschaft, die sich heraufgebildet hat, das, was verkündet wird überall, das muß durch etwas anderes ersetzt werden. Es geht gar nicht anders.
Es ist ein Unsinn, wie ich neulich auch in einem öffentlichen Vortrage sagte, von der Errichtung von Volkshochschulen zu reden und zu glauben, man könne das, was getrieben wird heute in unseren gewöhnlichen Hochschulen, in die Volkshochschulen verpflanzen. Das, was an unseren Hochschulen getrieben wird, das hat uns ja in diese Katastrophen hineingetrieben, weil es die wenigen führenden Persönlichkeiten als ihre materialistische Grundgesinnung gehabt haben; nun soll es in die ganzen Massen hineingetragen werden, das heißt, es sollen Millionen hineinreiten in die Katastrophen, in die sie hineingeritten worden sind durch eine falsche geistige Führung von wenigen. Was für wenige nichts taugt, soll jetzt für viele ausgestreut werden. So bequem geht es doch nicht mit der Verbreitung der Volksbildung, daß man das, was an Universitäten lebt, einfach hinausträgt, denn dadurch trägt man hinaus, was für den Menschen überhaupt ungeeignet ist. Das klingt heute radikal, aber es gehört zu dem Allernotwendigsten, daß das unbedingt durchschaut wird,wenn man nur im Entferntesten daran denkt, daß der Niedergang nicht weiterrollen soll, sondern daß ein Aufbau zustande kommen soll.
Das ist es, wovon man möchte reden können in Worten, die wirklich die Herzen ergreifen. Es müssen möglichst viele Herzen ergriffen werden von diesen konkreten Wahrheiten. Deshalb war es mir ein solches Bedürfnis, in öffentlichen Vorträgen darauf hinzuweisen, wie wir es doch schon dazu gebracht haben in unserer Waldorfschule, daß in einzelnen Zweigen Anthroposophie positiv hineingetragen wurde in den Geschichtsunterricht. Ebensogut konnte ich auch den anthropologischen Unterricht in der fünften Klasse erwähnen, wo auch Anthroposophie wirkte, wirkte, nicht indem man den Kindern Anthroposophie lehrt - das würde uns nicht einfallen -, sondern indem man belebt den Unterricht durch das, was aus der Anthroposophie kommt, indem man Anthroposophie in den Unterrichtsstoff einfließen läßt. Das wirkt weckend auf die Seelen der Kinder; sie werden ganz anders durch diese Einflüsse. Es wäre eine Bequemlichkeit, wenn man Anthroposophie in den Schulen einfach lehren wollte. Darauf kommt es wahrhaftig nicht an, sondern darauf, daß man dasjenige, was man lehrt, den Kindern zu beleben versteht durch Anthroposophie. Dazu allerdings muß die Anthroposophie in einem selbst völlig lebendig werden, und das ist ja etwas, was so unendlich schwierig geht: daß die Anthroposophie lebendig wird in den Menschen. Denn es wäre heute schon möglich in einer gewissen Beziehung, daß die mannigfaltigsten Zweige nicht etwa nur der Wissenschaft, sondern ich sage geradezu: die mannigfaltigsten Zweige des Lebens durchdrungen wären von dem, was durch das Leben in der Anthroposophie kommen kann.
Das ist so eine allgemeine Betrachtung. Ich will eine spezielle Betrachtung daran knüpfen, aus der Sie werden ersehen können, wie die Dinge zusammenhängen, die hier in Betracht kommen.
Sie wissen Ja, in der heute weitverbreiteten marxistischen Weltanschauung und Lebensauffassung, die ihren radikalen Ausdruck in dem weltzerstörenden Leninismus und Trotzkismus findet, in dieser marxistischen Lebensauffassung spielt eine große Rolle die Anschauung, die man die «materialistische Geschichtsauffassung» nennt, und namentlich das Dogma von der grundlegenden Wirkung der Produktionsverhältnisse. Es ist ein Dogma, zu dem heute Millionen von Menschen aus dem Proletariat sich bekennen, das Dogma, daß dasjenige, was Sitte, Recht, Wissenschaft, Religion und so weiter ist, etwas ist, was wie ein Rauch, wie eine Ideologie — Sie können in den «Kernpunkten» Genaueres darüber nachlesen — aufsteigt aus den Produktionsverhältnissen, während die Produktionsverhältnisse das einzig Wirkliche wären, dasjenige, was man in der Geschichtsbetrachtung zugrunde zu legen habe.
Ich hielt es von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit seinerzeit — und eigentlich hängt das zusammen mit meiner ganzen Meinung, daß ich etwas habe tun können in der Berliner Arbeiter-Bildungsschule, von dem man hätte ausgehen können -, in proletarischen Kreisen über diese Anschauung von der alleinigen Wirksamkeit der Produktionsverhältnisse im menschlichen Werdegang aufklärend zu sprechen, und ich habe daher nicht materialistische Geschichtsauffassung, sondern die Wahrheit zu verkünden versucht. Das war dann ja auch der Grund, warum ich herausgeworfen wurde, weil das geradeso damals den Führern widerstrebt hat wie jetzt die Idee der Dreigliederung, weil tatsächlich innerhalb der sozialistischen Bewegung dazumal und heute noch ein viel blinderes Autoritätsgefühl und Autoritätsglaube war und ist als in der Katholischen Kirche.
Aber Sie sehen, dasjenige, um was es sich gerade handelt, das ist, zu durchschauen, richtig zu durchschauen, wie die Dinge auch sozial in der Welt zusammenhängen. Wer eine richtige Einsicht gewinnt in das, was ich angedeutet habe in meinem Buche «Von Seelenrätseln» als die naturgegebene Dreigliederung des menschlichen Organismus, wer diese Gliederung des Menschen in den Nerven-Sinnesorganismus, den rhythmischen Organismus und den Stoffwechselorganismus versteht, der denkt so, daß er dieses Denken dann auch auf das soziale Leben anwenden kann. Wenn man so etwas tut, so kommen die Toren von heute und sagen: Du machst Analogien; weil der menschliche Leib dreigegliedert ist, gliederst du auch den sozialen Organismus. — Das ist Unsinn! Das tun die «Kernpunkte» gewiß nicht, da wird nicht mit Analogien gearbeitet. Es wird bloß gesagt, daß, wenn einer sein Denken aus den spanischen Stiefeln herauskriegt, in die es durch die heutige Gelehrsamkeit und namentlich das heutige öffentliche Leben eingeschnürt ist, er dieses Denken dadurch, daß es auf Wirklichkeitsgemäßes kommt im menschlichen Organismus, so weit frei bekommt, daß er auch im Sozialen ordentlich denken kann, während das Denken, das das Gehirn des Menschen neben die Leber legt und alles als gleiche Substanzen untersucht, niemals zu einer vernünftigen Einsicht kommen kann.
Wenn man so äußerlich Analogien bilden würde, dann würde man sagen: Wir haben die Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus und die Dreigliederung des menschlichen Organismus. Der Kopf ist das geistige Organ, also muß man es vergleichen mit dem geistigen Leben des dreigliedrigen Organismus; das rhythmische System, das bringt Einklang zwischen den verschiedenen Funktionen als Herztätigkeit, als Atmungstätigkeit — also Rechtsteil des sozialen Organismus; den Stoffwechsel, das Gröbste, Materiellste, dasjenige, worauf der Mystiker mit einer gewissen Verachtung herabsieht, trotzdem auch er erklärt, daß er essen und trinken muß, den vergleicht man mit dem wirtschaftlichen Leben.
Das ist aber nicht so! Ich habe öfter darauf aufmerksam gemacht bei andern Gelegenheiten, daß die Dinge eben in Wirklichkeit anders liegen, als man nach bloßen Analogien glaubt, daß man zum Beispiel nicht sagen kann, die Sommerzeit lasse sich mit dem Wachzustand der Erde vergleichen und die Winterzeit mit dem Schlafzustand. Die Wahrheit ist eine andere. Im Sommer schläft die Erde, im Winter wacht sie. Das habe ich ja in seinen Einzelheiten ausgeführt.
Aber so ist es auch, wenn man auf die Wirklichkeit und nicht auf Analogien geht, bei dem Vergleichen des sozialen Organismus mit dem menschlichen Organismus. Da muß man vergleichen just das Wirtschaftsleben im sozialen Organismus mit der menschlichen Kopftätigkeit; dasjenige, was Rechtsleben ist, das muß man allerdings — weil es das Mittlere ist, so haben sich die Leute auch nicht geirrt bei der Analogie — mit der rhythmischen Tätigkeit vergleichen. Aber das Geistesleben, das muß man vergleichen mit dem Stoffwechsel. Also das Wirtschaftsleben ist zu vergleichen mit den geistigen Organen, das geistige Leben im sozialen Organismus mit den Stoffwechselorganen. Da hilft nichts. Das Wirtschaftsleben ist der Kopf des sozialen Organismus, und das geistige Leben ist Magen, Leber und Milz für den sozialen Organismus, nicht für den einzelnen individuellen Menschen. Das ist natürlich wieder viel zu unbequem, wenn man in spanischen Stiefeln steckt, daß man zu unterscheiden hat das soziale Leben und das Leben des einzelnen, des individuellen Menschen.
Hier kommt es abermals darauf an, durch Geisteswissenschaft vorbereitet auf die Wirklichkeit hinzusehen und nicht Analogien und vertrackteSymbolistik zu treiben. Dann kommt man schon auf mancherlei wichtige Dinge. Man kommt zum Beispiel darauf, daß man sich sagen kann: Ja, dann aber muß ja das Wirtschaftsleben, wenn es eigentlich der Kopf ist im sozialen Organismus, so wie der menschliche Kopf von dem übrigen Organismus zehren. Dann kann man nicht sagen, Sittlichkeit, Erkenntnis, religiöses Leben sei eine Ideologie, die aufsteigt aus dem Wirtschaftsleben. Nein, ganz im Gegenteil! Das Wirtschaftsleben ist etwas, was abhängt von dem geistigen Leben, vom Stoffwechsel des sozialen Organismus, wie der menschliche Kopf abhängt vom Atmen, von Magen und Leber und Milz. Dann kommt man darauf, einzusehen, daß das Wirtschaftsleben dasjenige ist, was aufsteigt aus dem geistigen und religiösen Leben. Wenn der Mensch keinen Magen hätte, könnte er keinen Kopf haben. Gewiß könnte er auch keinen Magen haben, wenn er keinen Kopf hätte, aber schließlich wird der Kopf vom Magen genährt, und ebenso wird unterhalten das Wirtschaftsleben vom geistigen Leben und nicht umgekehrt. Daher ist das ein Irrwahn, ein furchtbarer Aberglaube, der heute sich als sozialistische Theorie über die ganze zivilisierte Welt zu verbreiten droht, weil niemand darauf bedacht war in den letzten Jahrhunderten, die Wahrheit zu erforschen, sondern jeder nur aus den Emotionen heraus dasjenige als Wahrheit verkündigte, was ihm nach seiner Klasse und nach seinem Standpunkt angemessen war. Jetzt erst sieht man ein, welcher Irrwahn es ist, die Produktionsverhältnisse als die Grundlage für das geschichtliche Geschehen anzusehen. Denn man kommt jetzt darauf, wirklich die Tatsachen zu vergleichen, nicht Analogien zu verbreiten. Man schaut jetzt in der richtigen Weise hin und sieht ein, daß, wenn der Stoffwechsel untergraben wird im menschlichen Organismus, der Kopf leidet, daß also jedesmal, wenn das Ethische, das Religiöse, das Erkenntnisleben untergraben wird, im sozialen Organismus nicht ein gesunder Stoffwechsel wirkt und das Wirtschaftsleben dann zugrunde gehen muß. Vom Wirtschaftsleben hängt gar nichts ab, sondern primär hängt alles ab von Anschauungen, von Ideen, von dem geistigen Leben der Menschen.
Und so wie unser Kopf eigentlich fortwährend stirbt — ich habe das in andern Vorträgen ausgeführt -, so wie wir unseren Kopforganismus nur dadurch unterhalten, daß er in fortwährendem Absterben ist, gegen das sich der übrige Organismus auflehnt, so ist es mit dem Wirtschaftsleben. Das Wirtschaftsleben ist dasjenige, welches den geschichtlichen Fortgang der Menschheit fortwährend zum Absterben bringt, das nicht etwa das übrige aus sich hervortreibt, sondern nur den Tod von allem hervorbringt. Und dieser Tod muß fortwährend wieder ausgeglichen werden durch dasjenige, was im geistigen Organismus hervorgebracht wird. Also gerade das Umgekehrte ist wahr. Wer im materialistischen Sinne behauptet, das Wirtschaftsleben sei die Grundlage von dem, was fortschreitet, sagt nicht das Wahre. Die Wahrheit ist, daß das Wirtschaftsleben die Grundlage dessen ist, was immer wiederum in Etappen abstirbt und dessen Absterben vom Geiste aus ausgeglichen werden muß. So vorzugehen, wie jetzt in Rußland vorgegangen wird, bedeutet, der Welt zum Absterben zu verhelfen. Es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, wenn man in dieser Weise fortarbeitet, als der Welt zum Absterben zu verhelfen, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil in dem, was man da verrichtet, die Gesetzmäßigkeit des Absterbens drinnen liegt.
Sie sehen, welche sozial eminent wichtigen Dinge hier vorliegen. Das war es, was ich immer wieder in den verschiedensten Tönen versuchte, seit den zwei Jahrzehnten, seitdem Anthroposophie unter uns getrieben wird, durch die verschiedenen Vorträge durchleuchten zu lassen und klarzumachen, daß es sich bei uns wahrhaftig nicht darum handelt, eine innere seelisch-wollüstige Weltauffassung und Lebensanschauung, eine Art geistigen Snobismus zu kultivieren, sondern daß es sich handelt um dasjenige, was das Zeitalter als seinen wichtigsten Impuls braucht.
Ich wollte dies heute noch einmal vor Ihnen aussprechen in einer wieder etwas andern Form, zusammenhängend mit verschiedenen Dingen, die uns aufklären können über das Wesen des Menschen, weil es jetzt wichtig ist, daß diejenigen, die als Freunde unserer anthroposophischen Bewegung sich bekennen, den Zusammenhang dieser anthroposophischen Bewegung mit dem, was sonst jetzt unter uns vorgeht, einsehen.
Es ist ja, da jetzt oftmals alles in einer recht entstellten Form besprochen wird, was von mir oder andern Freunden ausgeht, es ist ja schwer, einer großen, auch anthroposophischen Versammlung so ganz frei die Dinge zu sagen, aber es muß, weil man ja keine andere Gelegenheit hat, im engeren Kreise so ohne weiteres zu sprechen, und weil über die Dinge gesprochen werden muß, auf einiges aufmerksam gemacht werden. Wir müssen uns dessen bewußt sein, besonders hier in Stuttgart, daß dasjenige, woran wir gehangen haben seit zwei Jahrzehnten als anthroposophischer Bewegung, eben doch in ein neues Stadium getreten ist, und daß wir dadurch, wenn wir es ehrlich meinen mit dieser Bewegung, die Verpflichtung auf uns genommen haben, mitzugehen mit diesem Umschwung, uns anzupassen diesem Umschwung. Sie müssen das nur ordentlich erfassen, daß, indem durch unsere Freunde Molt, Kühn, Unger, Leinhas und einige andere hier der Versuch unternommen worden ist, praktisch die Konsequenz der anthroposophischen Lebensauffassung zu ziehen, daß dadurch eben etwas geschehen ist, was uns alle angeht, was uns alle so angeht, daß wir uns dafür interessieren müssen in unserem ganzen Verhalten. Es ist so, daß bis dahin eigentlich — fassen wir das nur ganz scharf ins Auge — die anthroposophische Bewegung eine Weltenströmung war. Eine geistige Weltenströmung ist eben etwas Geistiges. Etwas Geistiges, das geht seinen Weg. Es mögen sich Cliquen bilden, es mögen sich noch so verwerfliche kleine Zusammenrottungen bilden, die persönliche und was weiß ich welche Interessen noch haben, selbst über einen solchen Un-«Rat» wie den Max Seiling kann eine geistigeBewegung hinweggehen. Man muß es ja natürlich in dieser oder jener Weise richtig behandeln, aber so lange es sich um eine bloß geistige Bewegung handelt, kann darüber hinweggegangen werden. Aber nun haben wir doch drei Dinge herausgebildet aus dieser geistigen Bewegung.
Das erste war dasjenige, was sich an meinen Aufruf vom vorigen Jahr angeschlossen hat. Das ist übergegangen in die ja heute noch fragwürdige Dreigliederungsbewegung, in den Bund für Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus, der eigentlich dasjenige, was gewollt worden ist, bis jetzt auch nicht in annähernder Weise hat erreichen können. Denn das, was mit dem Aufruf gemeint war, ist ja in einem gewissen Sinne abgelehnt worden, und es wäre gut, wenn ein vollständiges Bewußtsein davon vorhanden wäre, daß es abgelehnt worden ist, daß das wenigste davon erfüllt ist, was mit diesem Aufruf gemeint war.
Ich bin dadurch selbstverständlich zu manchem genötigt. Als zum Beispiel in Dornach die Idee auftrat, man solle einen weiteren Aufruf machen, der im internationalen Leben klarmachen würde, was Dornach der Welt bedeutet, da mußte ich den Freunden klarmachen: Ja, draußen im gewöhnlichen Leben, das aber jetzt seinem Zusammenbruche entgegengeht, da ist man gewöhnt, Aufruf an Aufruf, Programm an Programm herauszusetzen. Das kann man nicht aus der anthroposophischen Bewegung heraus. Da handelt es sich darum, einzusehen, daß es in einer gewissen Weise im höchsten Grade ungesund ist, wenn irgend etwas gemacht wird, was nicht gelingt. Da handelt es sich darum, daß man tatsächlich in der allerpräzisesten Weise die Chancen des Gelingens ins Auge faßt, daß man nicht bloß das, was einem gerade einfällt, tut, sondern daß man nur das tut, was gelingen kann. Deshalb sagte ich dazumal das Wort, das wichtig ist und das ich bitte zu erwägen: Es wird mir nicht einfallen, in einer ähnlichen Weise wiederum einen Aufruf zu machen, denn ein zweites Mal darf nicht mit einem Aufruf dasselbe geschehen, was mit dem ersten geschehen ist. — Ich konnte hier noch geschehen lassen den Kulturratsaufruf, der nicht von mir selbst gemacht worden ist, aber man muß sich klar sein, daß die Dinge anfangen, ungeheuer viel ernster zu sein, als der Mensch heute geneigt ist, sie aufzufassen, wenn etwas wie die anthroposophische Bewegung im Hintergrunde ist.
Nun haben wir drei Dinge gewissermaßen herausgebildet aus der anthroposophischen Bewegung, von denen jedes etwas ganz anderes darstellt:
Die Dreigliederung aus jenem Aufruf — wir müssen daran arbeiten, denn sie wird zum Teil abgelehnt; das zweite Glied ist die Waldorfschule; das dritte die finanzielle, kommerzielle, industrielle Unternehmung «Der Kommende Tag».
Nun bin ich in früheren Zeiten, als wir nur die anthroposophische Bewegung hatten — ich spreche heute nur von Stuttgart -, hierhergekommen nach Stuttgart, da war ich ja vielleicht drei bis vier Tage da, aber Sie wissen, mit wievielen Menschen ich immer einzeln sprechen konnte. Das alles waren Dinge, die, wie jetzt der Erfolg zeigt, von einer gewissen Bedeutung waren. Es war nicht bedeutungslos, daß dasjenige, was sich mittlerweile ereignet hatte - man wird mich verstehen, wenn man mich verstehen will -, in solchen Unterredungen mit einzelnen Persönlichkeiten wiederum zurechtgerückt werden konnte. Dann konnte die Sache wieder fortgehen bis zum nächsten Mal. Nun, so wie die Sachen unmittelbar stehen, hat man eigentlich jetzt, nachdem sich diese äußeren Dinge herausgebildet haben, mit Sitzungen vom Morgen bis zum Abend, ja bis in die Nacht hinein zu tun, und es kann nicht die Rede sein davon, jene alten Gewohnheiten fortzusetzen, die da waren, als wir noch eine anthroposophische Bewegung waren. Von alledem empfinden sehr viele nichts anderes, als daß es eine Unannehmlichkeit sei, daß es nicht mehr ist wie früher. Es ist aber notwendig, auf den ganzen Umschwung hinzuschauen und sich wirklich zu sagen: Es ist etwas anders geworden seit dem Frühling des vorigen Jahres, und dem muß Rechnung getragen werden.
Nun wird es ja nicht so bleiben können, wie es jetzt ist, aber daß es nicht so bleiben kann, dazu muß mitgearbeitet werden. So kann es aus dem Grunde nicht bleiben, weil alles das, was geschieht, sei es für die Waldorfschule, sei es für den Dreigliederungsbund, sei es für den «Kommenden Tag», ja auf der Grundlage der geistigen Arbeit entsteht. Ohne die geistige Arbeit, die geleistet worden ist und weiter geleistet werden muß, hat ja das alles keinen Sinn. Diese geistige Arbeit muß dem Ganzen Konfiguration, muß dem Ganzen Kraft und Inhalt geben. Wenn wir dazu kommen, wozu wir kommen würden, wenn die Sache so weitergehen würde, so wäre die Folge, daß die jetzigen Einrichtungen die ursprüngliche geistige Bewegung auffressen würden; da entziehen wir der Sache ihre ursprünglichen Grundlagen. Es darf das, was herauswächst aus der anthroposophischen Bewegung, nicht auffressen diese anthroposophische Bewegung selbst.
Sie sehen, ich muß sehr ernste Dinge heute besprechen, und es werden mich einige wenigstens verstehen. Aber die Sache kann nicht anders werden, wenn wir nicht das eine Realität sein lassen, daß eben anthroposophisch wirklich viele Jahre, jahrzehntelang gearbeitet worden ist. Diese Arbeit muß eine Realität sein.
Nun bitte ich Sie, zu dem hinzuzunehmen eines: In der Welt gibt es viel Kampf, aber wo ist eigentlich am meisten Kampf? Er spielt sich nur in einer gewissen Form ab, man merkt es nicht, aber er ist am allermeisten im geistigen Leben. Und zum Beispiel in dem, was sich anthroposophische Bewegung nennt, da ist ja kein Ende des Kampfes. Als aus den alten Usancen heraus - man mußte anknüpfen an sie, Sie wissen ja warum — unsere Bewegung sich gestaltete, das heißt, viele von den Leuten mit den alten theosophischen Gewohnheiten sich anschlossen an unsere Bewegung, hatte ich die Empfindung, daß ein Herr, der damals ein ganz besonders heftiger Verteidiger gerade unserer Richtung war, sehr bald mit allen möglichen andern Leuten streiten werde; denn der Kampf ist etwas, was sich da gerade furchtbar herausbildet. Ja, ich habe sogar immer betont: Der Herr, der so ein ganz waschechter Theosoph ist, er wird nicht nur mit andern Leuten streiten, sondern seine linke und seine rechte Hälfte werden in einen furchtbaren Kampf kommen. Man wird erleben, daß die linke Seite dieser Persönlichkeit mit der rechten in der furchtbarsten Weise zankt.
Es muß eben selbstverständlich der andere Pol entwickelt werden, der Pol, der die fortwährend vorhandenen, aus dem Wesen jeder geistigen Bewegung entstehenden Kämpfe — weil jede geistige Bewegung auf die Individualität hinarbeitet - überwinden muß. Es muß der andere Pol vorhanden sein, der Pol der Menschenverständigung, der Pol, der darin besteht, daß man in den Menschen eindringen kann, daß man in die Lebensimpulse eines andern Menschen sich vertiefen kann und so weiter. Es muß möglich sein, daß dasjenige, was wir jetzt als Dreigliederungsarbeit, was wir als «Kommender Tag», was wir als Waldorfschule treiben, getragen wird von einer guten, moralischen Grundlage unserer anthroposophischen Bewegung hier in Stuttgart, von derjenigen moralischen Grundlage, die erarbeitet worden ist seit Jahrzehnten, oder wenigstens erarbeitet werden sollte. Davon muß es getragen sein, denn nur so kommen wir weiter und können uns wiederum ein Gleichgewicht zurückerobern zwischen dem Leben in Sitzungen und dem notwendigen geistigen Arbeiten, das doch die Grundlage bilden muß. Aber wir kommen natürlich nicht dazu, wenn fortwährend solche Dinge sich abspielen hier wie etwa, daß man gesagt bekommt: Da ist wiederum etwas Schreckliches geschehen, da ist ein Mensch, der stänkert fortwährend, der ist schädlich für alle übrigen. - Das mag sein, das kann richtig sein. Aber mir ist es bis jetzt, trotzdem mir solche Dinge während meiner jetzigen Anwesenheit unzählige Male entgegengetreten sind, nicht gelungen, eine solche Sache so weit zu verfolgen, daß, wenn ich zu dem zweiten gekommen bin, er mir dasselbe gesagt hätte wie der erste. Und beim fünften, sechsten wurde es schon das Gegenteil von dem, was mir der erste verkündet hatte. Ja, ich erzähle nur Tatsachen. Ich will keine Kritik üben, ich will nicht tadeln oder loben, wirklich auch das erstere nicht, aber es ist so. Dasjenige aber, was notwendig ist, daß es gerade auf anthroposophischem Boden sich entwickele — ich habe es ja öfter ausgeführt -, ist ein absolutes, treffsicheres Wahrheitsgefühl. Es ist sehr schwierig, in all diesen Dingen weiter zu arbeiten, wenn nicht die Grundlage da ist von Wahrheit, von unmittelbar wirklicher Wahrheit. Ist diese Grundlage von wirklicher Wahrheit da, dann muß es doch so sein, daß, wenn irgend etwas an einen herantritt und man verfolgt es noch bei dem fünften oder sechsten, es sich noch in derselben Weise darstellt. Aber ich erlebe, daß mir etwas, was «furchtbar» ist, mitgeteilt wird und jeder, den ich frage, etwas anderes sagt. Ich kann ja selbstverständlich nicht die Dinge, die ich von andern Quellen her weiß, im äußeren Leben anwenden; das habe ich oftmals ausgeführt. Darum handelt es sich nicht, ob ich die Sache weiß oder nicht, ob das richtig sei oder nicht, sondern darum handelt es sich, ob der erste dasselbe sagt wie der sechste, siebente; nicht um mein Wissen handelt es sich. Ich lasse mir in der Regel keine Illusionen vormachen und frage auch gar nicht darum irgend jemand, sondern um ganz anderer Gründe willen. Mich interessiert gewöhnlich gar nicht sehr stark, was mir mitgeteilt wird, aber es handelt sich jetzt darum, daß ich hinschauen kann auf das, was der erste und was der siebente sagt, und da stellt sich sehr häufig heraus, daß der eine etwas sagt, und beim siebenten ist es eben das Gegenteil. Nun glaube ich, folgt mit einer gewissen Evidenz daraus etwas: daß eines davon nicht wahr ist. Das scheint mir doch daraus zu folgen.
Ja, im äußeren physischen Leben, das ja jetzt gerade deshalb dem Niedergang entgegengeht, hat man immer nicht bemerken wollen die Funktion, die einschneidende Bedeutung der Unwahrheit. Auch wenn sie nicht beabsichtigt ist, wirkt die Unwahrheit doch zerstörend. Auf dem Boden, auf dem anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft steht, müßte man unter allen Umständen einsehen: Das, was im physischen Leben eine zerstörende Bombe ist, das ist im Geistigen eine Unwahrheit. Sie ist eine zerstörende Kraft, ein zerstörendes Instrument, und zwar ein ganz real zerstörendes Instrument. Es würde tatsächlich wiederum möglich sein, trotz der vielen Gründungen zu großer fruchtbarer Arbeit zu kommen auch auf geistigem Gebiete, wenn man diesen Dingen einige Aufmerksamkeit zuwenden würde, aber eine sachliche Aufmerksamkeit, nicht eine persönliche Aufmerksamkeit.
Sie wissen, es ist nicht meine Art, Philippiken zu halten; Moralpauken zu halten ist ja nicht meine Art. Aber ich muß Tatsachen, die mir insbesondere jetzt stark entgegengetreten sind, wirklich einmal zur Sprache bringen, weil wir in einer ernsten Lage drinnenstehen. Wir stehen vor Unternehmungen, die nicht mißlingen dürfen, die gelingen müssen, bei denen gar keine Rede davon sein kann, daß sie irgendwie mißlingen, von denen wir heute sagen müssen: sie werden gelingen. Aber daß sie nicht die ursprüngliche anthroposophische Bewegung auffressen, das hängt davon ab, daß ein jeder wirklich mitarbeitet daran, daß das, was sich moralisch ergeben sollte aus der jahrzehntelangen Arbeit, wirklich da sei. Dazu muß jeder mitarbeiten. Das ist schon einmal notwendig, daß dazu jeder mitarbeitet.
Mir tut es im Herzen weh, daß ich fast keinen der Wünsche befriedigen kann, die jetzt so zahlreich an mich herantreten. Aber ich muß immer die Freunde abweisen, weil ja einfach die Zeit sich nicht verdoppeln läßt und nicht bloß vom Morgen zum Abend, sondern in die Nächte hinein Sitzungen sind. Man kann nicht zu gleicher Zeit mit einzelnen Menschen sprechen selbstverständlich. Aber wenn nicht — die Dinge hängen zusammen — durch eine Besinnung im weitesten Kreise unserer Mitarbeiterschaft diese Dinge weggenommen werden, die so hineinspielen in alles Leben hier und die eben charakterisiert sind mit dem, was ich eben jetzt charakterisiert habe, wenn diese Dinge nicht durch Insichgehen jedes einzelnen gerade heute an diesem Orte aus der Welt geschaffen werden, so ist es gar nicht möglich, daß man die Zeit findet, um die wirklich grundlegende geistige Arbeit zu leisten. Dasjenige, wozu Anthroposophie geführt hat, das wird gelingen. Aber wenn in gewissen Dingen nicht Änderungen eintreten, dann wird es die ursprüngliche geistige Bewegung auffressen und dann würde man durch den Willen der sogenannten Träger dieser geistigen Bewegung einen neuen Materialismus haben, indem eben die geistige Bewegung, die zugrunde liegt, zum Absterben gebracht worden ist. Der Geist will gepflegt sein, wenn er nicht zum Absterben kommen soll. Und der Materialismus besteht nicht durch sich selber etwa, den Materialismus kann man nicht begründen, geradesowenig wie man einen Leichnam macht. Ein Leichnam entsteht, wenn der Organismus von der Seele verlassen wird. So auch kann alles dasjenige, was hier aus geistigen Grundlagen, aus Beseeltem heraus geschaffen wird, ein bloß Materielles werden, wenn nicht die Neigung dazu da ist, das Geistige nun wirklich zu pflegen. Dazu ist aber notwendig, daß vor allen Dingen die moralische Grundlage, die ethische Grundlage, die hat erarbeitet werden können, aufmerksam ins Auge gefaßt wird. Vor allen Dingen muß aufmerksam ins Auge gefaßt werden, daß man sich nicht Illusionen hingibt, daß man sich nicht mit Beurteilungen zufrieden gibt, die einem bequem sind, sondern daß man rücksichtslos auf das Leben hinschaut.
Es ist wirklich sehr schlimm, wenn man zum Beispiel sagt: Dreigliederung ist ein schönes Ding, dem muß man anhängen, und weil man sich dann so wohl fühlt, sagt man: Ich gründe jetzt etwas, das ist ganz im Sinne der Dreigliederung; da bin ich dann ein braver Mensch. Ich kann mich als ein so braver Mensch fühlen, wenn ich etwas gründe, was ein Kern der Dreigliederung ist. — Moralisch sich die Finger ablecken vor lauter innerer Wollust, das kann man, wenn man so etwas macht, aber Wirklichkeitssinn braucht man deshalb nicht zu haben. Denn die Dreigliederungsidee ist gerade deshalb eine so wirklichkeitsgemäße Idee, weil man suchen muß, sie mit allen Kräften in die Wirklichkeit umzusetzen. Aber sie ist wegen des unwirklichkeitsgemäßen Geistes in manchem so widerstrebend, daß sie vor allen Dingen erst in eine genügend große Anzahl von Köpfen hinein muß. Man muß den nötigen Wirklichkeitssinn und praktischen Sinn haben.
Vor acht Tagen mußte ich hier reden über die Konsequenzen der Dreigliederung für die Bewirtschaftung von Grund und Boden. Ich habe gesagt, daß die Dreigliederung selbstverständlich dahin arbeitet, daß der soziale Austausch, die sozialen Verhältnisse für Grund und Boden so sein werden, daß man Grund und Boden nicht kaufen und verkaufen kann wie eine Ware. Das ist etwas, was ganz aus der Realität heraus ist, und das entgegengesetzte Verhältnis ist ein Irreales. Das mußte ich an dem Tage auseinandersetzen, an dem ich hier sogar zu spät gekommen bin, weil wir den ganzen Tag auf dem Lande herumgefahren sind, um Güter zu kaufen. Man kann sich nicht, wenn man Sinn hat für Wirklichkeit, so auf den Boden der Dreigliederung stellen, daß man sagt: Ich muß doch ein guter Mensch sein; ich bilde einen Kern der Dreigliederung. — Nein, man muß ohne Illusionen sich dem hingeben, daß es unmöglich ist, heute für die Dreigliederung in gewisser Beziehung anders zu arbeiten, gerade das zu arbeiten, was das Wichtigste ist, wenn man nicht herausarbeitet aus der unmittelbaren Gegenwart.
Nicht darum handelt es sich, daß man sich die Finger moralisch ableckt, um zu sagen, man ist Anhänger einer Idee. Dadurch wird sie unfruchtbar und abstrakt. Es handelt sich aber darum, daß man die Wirklichkeit durchschaut, daß man das Notwendige erkennt. Das ist der Unterschied zwischen Utopisten, Dogmatikern und den Praktikern, daß allerdings der Praktiker in der Idee so weit geht, als irgend gegangen werden kann, daß er aber nicht in irgendeinem Weltfremden lebt bloß aus innerer Wollust, sondern daß er die Wirklichkeit anfaßt. Illusionen geben wir uns wirklich nur aus innerer Wollust heraus hin. Das muß eingesehen werden. Und vieles andere noch muß eingesehen werden, was in dieser Richtung liegt. Und ich konnte nicht umhin, trotzdem mancherlei auch für diese Stunde vorgelegen hätte, als diese Stunde noch zu benützen vor meiner Abreise, um gerade auf so manches hinzuweisen, was mir in der mannigfaltigsten Weise so en passant gezeigt worden ist, das aber hineinbrandet in die fruchtbringende Tätigkeit. Die leidet vor allen Dingen dadurch, daß es eigentlich immer notwendig wird, endlose Debatten über Dinge zu führen, die in einer halben Stunde abgetan sein könnten, weil immer sich Dinge hineinmischen, die eigentlich gar nicht da sein sollten. Wenn man heute gewöhnt ist an gesundes Denken — und daran muß man sich gewöhnen, wenn man die Geisteswissenschaft zustande bringen will, die hier vorgetragen wird —, und wenn man dann versetzt wird, ich rede da nicht Theorien, inmitten desjenigen, was heute im Geschäftsleben in der sogenannten Praxis vor sich geht, so läßt sich das eigentlich am besten so charakterisieren, daß man soviel als möglich die Zeit tottritt, die Zeit verschwendet. Denn es gibt heute Praktiker, die sich rühmen, den ganzen Tag zu tun zu haben. Wenn sie nicht die Zeit verschwenden würden, könnte ihre vielleicht zehnstündige Arbeit in einer Stunde reichlich gemacht werden. Zeit totgetreten wird gerade im heutigen sogenannten praktischen Leben. Und man erzeugt dadurch, daß die Zeit totgetreten wird, ein Auseinanderzerren der Gedanken. Man hat eigentlich das Gefühl, wenn man heute in diesen Betrieb des sogenannten praktischen Lebens hineinkommt, daß man sich fortwährend in einer Nudelfabrik glaubt, wo die Gedanken, die konzentriert da sein sollten, wie der Strudelteig oder Nudelteig auseinandergezogen werden, wo alles breit auseinandergezogen wird. Es ist entsetzlich, diesen auseinandergezogenen Gedanken zu begegnen, die heute als Lebenspraxis kultiviert werden. Wenn man mit diesen Gedanken die Welt durchschauen will, diejenigen Dinge durchschauen will, von denen ich heute gesprochen habe, um eine Einleitung zu geben, dann würde man niemals zu irgend etwas kommen. Denn dieses ganze strudelteigige Denken ist eben aus dem Totschlagen der Zeit entstanden, indem dasjenige, was konzentriert sein sollte und nur dann als Gedanken wirken könnte, auseinandergezogen nichts mehr ist. Denn das, was in einer gewissen Dichtigkeit seine Funktionen vollzieht, taugt natürlich nichts mehr, wenn es dünn und schleißig wird. Und so taugt vieles von dem, was in der neueren Wirtschaft figuriert, ganz und gar nicht dazu, irgendwie die Welt weiterzubringen. Das würde gerade unsere Aufgabe sein, auch in bezug auf das praktische Leben zu einem wiederum kompendiösen Denken zu kommen, und nicht die Zeit totzuschlagen. Aber heute muß noch die Zeit totgeschlagen werden, wenn die anthroposophische Bewegung, die gerade hinter unseren Unternehmungen steht, nicht ist, was sie sein müßte: Eine durch und durch wahre Bewegung, in der dasjenige, was lügenhaft ist, sich selber ausscheidet, weil man es nicht darin brauchen kann, weil es sich gleich offenbaren wird.
Das ist dasjenige, was ich, ohne irgend jemand zu meinen - ich bitte, nicht wieder zu erzählen, ich habe das öder jenes treffen wollen -, Ihnen heute sagen wollte. Ich wollte allgemeine Tatbestände charakterisieren, ich habe sie charakterisieren müssen, denn wir stehen heute vor ernsten Weltsituationen, und im Grunde genommen spielt sich wirklich in dem, was hier unter uns in Stuttgart vorgeht, das ab, was an Ernst in der ganzen Zivilisation drinnen ist. Und wir könnten an dem, was zwischen uns spukt, manches lernen über das, was in der ganzen Welt spukt.
Es war nicht bös gemeint. Es sollte auch keine philiströse Philippika sein, keine Kanzelrede, sondern eine Besprechung desjenigen, was mir eigentlich erst indirekt in den letzten vierzehn Tagen immer wieder und wiederum vor Augen und vor die Seele getreten ist.
Fifth Lecture
Since today I have another opportunity to speak to you, especially as friends of the anthroposophical movement, before I leave, I would like to fulfill what is in a certain sense a heartfelt desire of mine: to discuss a few things that need to be discussed now. Perhaps most of what I have to say today will be a kind of repetition of things that have been mentioned frequently from various points of view and that already play a role in the considerations presented in public lectures. But for certain reasons, it is nevertheless necessary that we discuss a few things again today.
As I have often emphasized, it must be understood by a sufficiently large number of people that if the decline into which we have led ourselves as the present civilized world is not to lead to complete ruin, the present civilization must be saturated with certain impulses that can only come from a spiritual-scientific understanding of the world in its widest sense.
The materialism that has arisen in the European world over the last three to four centuries, reaching its peak in the 19th century and overtaking itself in the 20th century, has a peculiarity that seems particularly paradoxical if one does not properly understand the reasons behind it. This materialism has the peculiarity of being completely incapable of recognizing the material world in its reality. I may have already given you an example of this here. Everywhere, the materialistic thinking of modern times has led to the widespread belief that our heart is a kind of pump within our organism that pumps blood through the body. Today, this view of the human heart as a pump is elaborated in a wide variety of ways. Now, this is not the case. What is real must be understood in such a way that we say: Our entire rhythmic circulation system is a living thing, and not something that can be compared to channels or the like through which water flows, driven into its cycle by a pump. Our rhythmic circulation system, our blood system, is a living entity. It is sustained in its liveliness by various factors, the grossest of which are breathing, hunger, thirst, and the like, i.e., things that are entirely of a spiritual-soul nature. Our living blood system is set in rhythmic motion by very primary sources, and what is the movement of the heart comes from this spiritual element joining in with the blood rhythm. The blood rhythm is the primary, living element, and the heart is carried along by this blood rhythm. The facts are therefore completely contrary to what is proclaimed today by conventional physiology from all academic pulpits and is therefore drummed into people from school and from early childhood.
We must therefore say: Materialism has not even been able to recognize what the material processes in the human organism that relate to the heart really are. It has completely misunderstood the material. But this is only one example of many. The material has remained completely unexplained under the influence of materialism. The heart is not a pump, but rather something that can be regarded as a sensory organ that is integrated into the human organism so that the human being has a kind of subconscious perception of its circulation through the heart, just as one has a perception of the colors of the external world through the eye. The heart is basically a sensory organ connected to the blood circulation. Today, the complete opposite is taught.
Well, that seems to be a rather obscure example. I can imagine that some philistines today are inclined to say: What harm can it do if people have a completely wrong view of the nature of the human heart? One would rather have to admit that it has a generally questionable significance if all doctors have a wrong view of the nature of the human heart. For much in human life depends on whether doctors have a correct or incorrect view of the heart. — But this is also true of other things. And because everything in life is interconnected, humanity today is virtually filled with completely wrong ideas, with completely inverted ideas. And one could believe, if one wanted to, that clinging to wrong ideas is now ruining our entire thinking. For that is indeed what it is doing. Our thinking is thoroughly ruined by the fact that we have become accustomed in the most diverse areas, because it has been drummed into us from childhood, to think the opposite of what is real. As a result, we never learn to think confidently and purposefully. For how can purposeful thinking emerge, for example, in social life, when we take the opposite path in matters where truth must be sought above all else?But you see, certain things that are important to know remain completely hidden from people today. When the human organism is examined today in the usual institutions, in physiological and biological laboratories or clinics or other institutions, the brain, for example, is examined by analyzing it piece by piece, as it appears at first glance, and the liver is examined by analyzing it in exactly the same way. But in doing so, one never sees anything that is specific to the understanding of the human being. Our entire present-day head organization and everything that is governed by it is something essentially different from the rest of our human organism.
I will show you what lies at the basis of this in the following way: It is something that you can draw in the following manner. I will gradually lead you to what I actually want to say. You could say that human beings have two organs of perception, whose directions of perception are roughly as follows (see drawing, a). And in a certain relationship to these directions of perception are two other directions of perception, which, if I want to draw them schematically, can be drawn as follows (b):

These are the four directions of perception that humans have, whose lines run as I have drawn them here.
I have deliberately not said where these directions of perception are located in the human organism. If I draw nothing here but two directions (a), which are, so to speak, extended and with which one perceives, and two others (b), through which one perceives laterally, it is completely irrelevant whether these are the directions of feeling or sensation that pass through my two legs, and whether those are the directions of feeling that pass through my arms. There you have something that corresponds. I perceive my own weight, as it were, by standing with my two legs on the ground. I really perceive something there. And I perceive something every time I reach out my hand or arm, even if I don't touch anything. I can draw that like this (a). But I can also mean something completely different with the same drawing. Imagine I have the horizontal line, then I can mean the two eye axes with these two directions, so I draw the two eye axes like this. And with this direction (b) I can mean the direction of the ears, and I can have the same pattern for eye and ear perceptions. In one case, I have the entire organism in my head, only rotated at a right angle; in the other case, I have it inside the rest of the organism. From a certain higher point of view, both are the same. Our two legs are only directions of perception that have become flesh, which we also have in a more spiritual way, in that they extend from the brain through the eyes and perceive colors there, while we otherwise perceive heaviness and everything associated with it. We see our weight and we step on colors, we could say, if we wanted to confuse the two things, but in a completely organic way. I hear the chalk, I touch the C or C sharp. That is only a gradual difference. What is there at the head is turned at a right angle, more spiritual, the other is in the vertical plane and is material. But in the end, both go back to the same thing. I only know about one of them, about what my eyes see in colors, what my ears hear in sounds; that is what I know in my ordinary consciousness. Everything that my legs see about the conditions of gravity and everything that my arms hear about all the other conditions that come into play is in the subconscious. And what is in the subconscious is the relationships of the cosmic. With this entire subconscious, I know the cosmic, I know the relationship of the earth to the other world bodies, I know that which is universally connected with gravity. With my arms I hear the music of the spheres, not naturally with my ears. So we can say that we consist of our so-called lower organism, which has a subconscious cosmic consciousness, and our head, which has an earthly consciousness, but a “conscious” consciousness. The entire human organization is modeled on this difference. How we are shaped externally depends entirely on these opposites. And you know that what we carry on our heads today is the transformed body from our previous incarnation, our previous earthly life, while the rest of our current organism will become the head in our next earthly life. We undergo this metamorphosis from one earthly life to the next. The head is therefore the rest of the transformed organism. It is, in a sense, more perfect, more complete. And because it is so, the legs have become so delicate that they extend out of the eyes as sight-feeling threads, in order to be able to move very freely and respond to colors. The arms of the previous life have become so ethereal that they now extend out of the ears and touch the sounds.
Take these concrete insights of human beings. It does not help at all if people know that there are repeated earthly lives and so on. These are ultimately dogmas, and it does not matter whether one has dogmas of the Catholic or Protestant Church, or whether one has the dogma of the repetition of earthly lives. Real thinking only begins when you enter into concrete events, only when you can understand: You look at the human head and see it as a transformation of your body from your previous earthly life, which you must imagine as headless, because the previous head is the transformation of a body in an even earlier earthly life. But in what you now see as the head, you see the transformed organism of the previous earthly life. And what you now see as the remaining organism, you see what will become the head in the next life, where the arms will have metamorphosed so that they have become ears, and the legs will have metamorphosed so that they have become eyes. Only when one looks into the material in this way and understands it in its spiritual transformation, when one has a spirit that can shine into the material, only then is there that which humanity today necessarily needs. And only when we have organized the human spirit in such a way that it does not proclaim such follies as have been proclaimed, especially in the second half of the 19th century, as possible social views, only then will we be truly ready to gain social views that can be carried into the world as realities. It is necessary today that this be thoroughly understood. It is a serious matter that people today say to themselves: What is revered as science, what has been proclaimed everywhere, must be replaced by something else. There is no other way.
It is nonsense, as I said recently in a public lecture, to talk about establishing adult education centers and to believe that what is being done today in our ordinary universities can be transplanted into adult education centers. What is being done in our universities has led us into these catastrophes, because it was the materialistic attitude of a few leading personalities; now it is to be carried over to the masses, which means that millions are to be led into the catastrophes into which they have been led by the false spiritual guidance of a few. What is useless for a few is now to be spread among many. The dissemination of popular education is not so easy that one can simply carry out what is alive at universities, because in doing so one carries out what is completely unsuitable for human beings. That sounds radical today, but it is absolutely essential to see this clearly if one has even the slightest thought that the decline should not continue, but that something new should be built.
That is what we want to be able to talk about in words that truly touch the heart. As many hearts as possible must be touched by these concrete truths. That is why I felt such a need to point out in public lectures how we have already managed to incorporate anthroposophy positively into history lessons in individual branches of our Waldorf school. I could just as well mention the anthropology lessons in the fifth grade, where anthroposophy also had an effect, not by teaching anthroposophy to the children – that would never occur to us – but by enlivening the lessons with what comes from anthroposophy, by allowing anthroposophy to flow into the lesson content. This has a stimulating effect on the children's souls; they are transformed by these influences. It would be convenient to simply teach anthroposophy in schools. That is truly not what matters, but rather that one understands how to enliven what one teaches the children through anthroposophy. To do this, however, anthroposophy must become completely alive within oneself, and that is something that is infinitely difficult: for anthroposophy to become alive in human beings. For it would already be possible today, in a certain sense, for the most diverse branches not only of science, but I would go so far as to say the most diverse branches of life, to be permeated by what can come through life in anthroposophy.
That is a general observation. I would like to add a specific observation from which you will be able to see how the things under consideration here are connected.
You know, in the Marxist worldview and conception of life that is widespread today, which finds its radical expression in world-destroying Leninism and Trotskyism, in this Marxist conception of life, the view known as the “materialist conception of history” plays a major role, and in particular the dogma of the fundamental effect of the relations of production. It is a dogma to which millions of people from the proletariat profess today, the dogma that what constitutes custom, law, science, religion, and so on, is something that arises from the relations of production, while the relations of production are the only real thing that must be taken as the basis for the study of history. — arise from the relations of production, while the relations of production are the only real thing, the basis on which history must be viewed.
I considered it particularly important at the time—and this is actually connected with my whole opinion that I was able to do something in the Berlin Workers' Educational School that could have been a starting point—to speak in proletarian circles about this view of the sole effectiveness of production relations in human development, and so I did not try to proclaim a materialistic view of history, but rather the truth. That was also the reason why I was expelled, because at that time it was just as repugnant to the leaders as the idea of the threefold social order is now, because in fact there was and still is a much more blind sense of authority and belief in authority within the socialist movement than in the Catholic Church.
But you see, what is at stake here is to see through, to see through correctly, how things are socially connected in the world. Anyone who gains a proper insight into what I have indicated in my book “The Mystery of the Human Soul” as the natural threefold structure of the human organism, anyone who understands this division of the human being into the nerve-sense organism, the rhythmic organism, and the metabolic organism, will think in such a way that they can then apply this thinking to social life. When you do something like this, the fools of today come and say: You are making analogies; because the human body is threefold, you also divide the social organism into three parts. — That is nonsense! The “Kernpunkte” certainly do not do that; they do not work with analogies. They merely say that if someone gets their thinking out of the Spanish boots from which it has been constricted by modern scholarship and especially by modern public life, he will free his thinking to such an extent that it will come to correspond to reality in the human organism, so that he will also be able to think properly in the social sphere, whereas thinking that places the human brain next to the liver and investigates everything as identical substances can never arrive at a reasonable understanding.
If one were to draw such external analogies, one would say: We have the threefold social organism and the threefold human organism. The head is the spiritual organ, so it must be compared with the spiritual life of the threefold organism; the rhythmic system brings harmony between the various functions such as heart activity, breathing—the legal aspect of the social organism; the metabolism, the coarsest, most material aspect, which mystics look down upon with a certain contempt, even though they admit that they must eat and drink, can be compared with economic life.
But that is not the case! I have often pointed out on other occasions that things are in reality different from what one believes on the basis of mere analogies, that one cannot say, for example, that summertime can be compared to the waking state of the earth and wintertime to the sleeping state. The truth is different. In summer the earth sleeps, in winter it wakes. I have explained this in detail.
But this is also the case when one looks at reality and not at analogies when comparing the social organism with the human organism. One must compare the economic life in the social organism with the activity of the human head; what is legal life must, of course, be compared with rhythmic activity, because it is the middle element, and people were not mistaken in their analogy. But spiritual life must be compared with metabolism. So economic life is to be compared with the spiritual organs, spiritual life in the social organism with the metabolic organs. There is no getting around it. Economic life is the head of the social organism, and spiritual life is the stomach, liver, and spleen for the social organism, not for the individual human being. Of course, this is much too inconvenient when you are stuck in Spanish boots, having to distinguish between social life and the life of the individual, of the individual human being.
Here it is once again important to look at reality with the preparation provided by spiritual science and not to engage in analogies and convoluted symbolism. Then one arrives at many important things. For example, one arrives at the conclusion that one can say: Yes, but then economic life, if it is actually the head of the social organism, must feed on the rest of the organism, just as the human head feeds on the rest of the organism. Then one cannot say that morality, knowledge, and religious life are an ideology that arises from economic life. No, quite the contrary! Economic life is something that depends on spiritual life, on the metabolism of the social organism, just as the human head depends on breathing, on the stomach, liver, and spleen. Then one comes to realize that economic life is what arises from spiritual and religious life. If man had no stomach, he could have no head. Certainly, he could also have no stomach if he had no head, but ultimately the head is nourished by the stomach, and in the same way economic life is sustained by spiritual life and not vice versa. Therefore, it is a delusion, a terrible superstition, which today threatens to spread throughout the entire civilized world as socialist theory, because no one in the last centuries has been concerned with investigating the truth, but everyone has proclaimed as truth, out of emotion, what was appropriate to their class and their point of view. Only now is it becoming clear what a delusion it is to regard the relations of production as the basis of historical events. For now people are beginning to compare facts rather than spreading analogies. They are now looking at things in the right way and realizing that when the metabolism is undermined in the human organism, the head suffers, that every time the ethical, the religious, and the life of knowledge are undermined, a healthy metabolism cannot function in the social organism and economic life must then collapse. Nothing depends on economic life; everything depends primarily on views, on ideas, on the spiritual life of human beings.
And just as our head is actually dying all the time — I have explained this in other lectures — just as we maintain our head organism only by it dying all the time, against which the rest of the organism rebels, so it is with economic life. Economic life is that which continually causes the historical progress of humanity to die, which does not drive the rest out of itself, but only brings about the death of everything. And this death must be continually balanced by that which is produced in the spiritual organism. So the opposite is true. Anyone who asserts in a materialistic sense that economic life is the basis of progress is not telling the truth. The truth is that economic life is the basis of that which dies in stages and whose death must be compensated for by the spirit. To proceed as is now being done in Russia means to help the world to die. There is no other possibility, if one continues in this way, than to help the world die, for the simple reason that what is being done there contains within itself the law of dying.
You see what socially important things are at stake here. That is what I have been trying to say in various ways for two decades, since anthroposophy has been promoted among us, to shed light on and make clear that we are truly not concerned with cultivating an inner, soul-indulgent view of the world and outlook on life, a kind of spiritual snobbery, but rather with what the age needs as its most important impulse.
I wanted to express this to you again today in a slightly different form, in connection with various things that can enlighten us about the nature of the human being, because it is now important that those who profess themselves to be friends of our anthroposophical movement understand the connection between this anthroposophical movement and what else is going on among us at present.
Since everything that comes from me or other friends is often discussed in a rather distorted form, it is difficult to speak quite freely to a large, even anthroposophical gathering, but it must be done because there is no other opportunity to speak so freely in a smaller circle, and because these things must be discussed and attention must be drawn to certain points. We must be aware, especially here in Stuttgart, that what we have been attached to for two decades as the anthroposophical movement has now entered a new stage, and that if we are sincere about this movement, we have taken on the obligation to go along with this change, to adapt to this change. You must understand clearly that the attempt made by our friends Molt, Kühn, Unger, Leinhas, and a few others here to draw practical conclusions from the anthroposophical view of life has resulted in something that concerns us all, that concerns us all so much that we must take an interest in it in our entire behavior. The fact is that until then — let us see this very clearly — the anthroposophical movement was a world current. A spiritual world current is something spiritual. Something spiritual follows its own path. Cliques may form, reprehensible little groups may form, with personal interests and who knows what else, but even an intellectual movement can rise above such an unwise “council” as Max Seiling. Of course, it must be dealt with in one way or another, but as long as it is merely an intellectual movement, it can be ignored. But now we have identified three things that have emerged from this intellectual movement.
The first was what followed my appeal last year. This has turned into the still questionable threefold movement, the League for the Threefold Social Order, which has not yet been able to achieve even approximately what was intended. For what was meant by the appeal has, in a certain sense, been rejected, and it would be good if there were complete awareness that it has been rejected, that very little of what was meant by this appeal has been fulfilled.
This naturally compels me to do certain things. For example, when the idea arose in Dornach that another appeal should be made to make clear to the international community what Dornach means to the world, I had to explain to my friends: Yes, out there in ordinary life, which is now heading for collapse, people are accustomed to issuing appeal after appeal, program after program. You can't do that from within the anthroposophical movement. It's important to realize that in a certain sense it's extremely unhealthy to do anything that won't succeed. It's important to consider the chances of success in the most precise way possible, not just to do whatever comes to mind, but only to do what can succeed. That is why I said at the time the words that are important and that I ask you to consider: It would not occur to me to make a similar appeal again, because the same thing that happened with the first appeal must not happen a second time. — I was able to allow the Cultural Council's appeal, which was not made by me, to go ahead, but it must be clear that things are beginning to be much more serious than people today are inclined to believe when something like the anthroposophical movement is in the background.
Now we have, as it were, developed three things from the anthroposophical movement, each of which represents something quite different:
The threefold division from that appeal — we must work on it, because it is partly rejected; the second part is the Waldorf School; the third is the financial, commercial, industrial enterprise “Der Kommende Tag” (The Coming Day).
Now, in earlier times, when we only had the anthroposophical movement — I am speaking only of Stuttgart today — I came here to Stuttgart, where I stayed for perhaps three or four days, but you know how many people I was always able to speak to individually. All these things were, as success now shows, of a certain significance. It was not meaningless that what had happened in the meantime — you will understand me if you want to understand me — could be put right again in such conversations with individual personalities. Then things could go on until the next time. Now, as things stand at the moment, after these external circumstances have developed, we are busy with meetings from morning to evening, even into the night, and there can be no question of continuing the old habits that existed when we were still an anthroposophical movement. Many people feel that this is nothing more than an inconvenience, that things are no longer as they used to be. But it is necessary to look at the whole change and really say to ourselves: something has changed since last spring, and this must be taken into account.
Now, things cannot remain as they are, but we must work together to ensure that they do not remain as they are. They cannot remain as they are because everything that is happening, whether for the Waldorf School, the Threefold Social Order, or the Kommender Tag, is based on spiritual work. Without the spiritual work that has been done and must continue to be done, all this would be meaningless. This spiritual work must give the whole its configuration, its strength, and its content. If we were to arrive at what we would arrive at if things continued in this way, the result would be that the present institutions would devour the original spiritual movement; we would be depriving the cause of its original foundations. What grows out of the anthroposophical movement must not consume the anthroposophical movement itself.
You see, I have to discuss very serious matters today, and at least some of you will understand me. But things cannot be otherwise if we do not allow the reality to be that anthroposophical work has been carried out for many years, for decades. This work must be a reality.
Now I would ask you to add one thing: there is much struggle in the world, but where is the greatest struggle? It takes place in a certain form, you don't notice it, but it is most prevalent in spiritual life. And, for example, in what is called the anthroposophical movement, there is no end to the struggle. When our movement took shape out of the old customs — one had to follow them, you know why — that is, when many people with old theosophical habits joined our movement, I had the feeling that a gentleman who was at that time a particularly fierce defender of our particular direction would very soon be arguing with all sorts of other people; because struggle is something that develops terribly in such cases. Yes, I have always emphasized that a gentleman who is such a genuine theosophist will not only argue with other people, but his left and right sides will engage in a terrible struggle. We will see that the left side of this personality will quarrel with the right in the most terrible way.
It is only natural that the other pole must be developed, the pole that must overcome the constantly existing struggles arising from the nature of every spiritual movement — because every spiritual movement works toward individuality. The other pole must exist, the pole of human understanding, the pole that consists in being able to penetrate into human beings, to delve into the life impulses of another human being, and so on. It must be possible for what we are now doing as threefold social order work, what we are doing as the “Coming Day,” what we are doing as the Waldorf School, to be supported by a good moral foundation of our anthroposophical movement here in Stuttgart, by the moral foundation that has been developed over decades, or at least should have been developed. It must be supported by this, because only in this way can we move forward and regain a balance between life in meetings and the necessary spiritual work that must form the foundation. But of course we cannot achieve this if things like the following are constantly happening here, such as being told: “Something terrible has happened again, there is a person who is constantly stirring up trouble, who is harmful to everyone else.” That may be true, it may be right. But despite encountering such things countless times during my current stay, I have not yet been able to pursue such a matter far enough that when I came to the second person, he would have said the same thing to me as the first. And by the fifth or sixth, it was already the opposite of what the first had told me. Yes, I am only stating facts. I do not want to criticize, I do not want to reproach or praise, really not the former, but it is so. However, what is necessary for it to develop on anthroposophical ground — as I have often said — is an absolute, unerring sense of truth. It is very difficult to continue working on all these things if the foundation of truth, of immediately real truth, is not there. If this foundation of real truth is there, then it must be the case that when something comes to you and you pursue it to the fifth or sixth, it still presents itself in the same way. But I experience that something that is “terrible” is communicated to me and everyone I ask says something different. Of course, I cannot apply the things I know from other sources to external life; I have often explained this. It is not a question of whether I know the thing or not, whether it is right or not, but whether the first person says the same thing as the sixth or seventh; it is not a question of my knowledge. As a rule, I do not allow myself to be deluded and do not ask anyone about it, but for entirely different reasons. I am not usually very interested in what I am told, but the point now is that I can look at what the first person says and what the seventh says, and very often it turns out that one says one thing and the seventh says the opposite. Now I believe that something follows from this with a certain degree of evidence: that one of them is not true. That seems to me to follow from this.
Yes, in outer physical life, which is now in decline precisely because of this, people have always refused to notice the function, the decisive significance of untruth. Even if it is not intentional, untruthfulness has a destructive effect. On the basis of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, one must realize under all circumstances that what is a destructive bomb in physical life is untruthfulness in the spiritual realm. It is a destructive force, a destructive instrument, and indeed a very real destructive instrument. It would indeed be possible, despite the many foundations laid, to achieve great and fruitful work in the spiritual realm as well, if some attention were paid to these things, but objective attention, not personal attention.
You know it is not my style to make tirades; moralizing is not my style. But I must really bring up facts that have struck me particularly strongly at this moment, because we are in a serious situation. We are facing undertakings that must not fail, that must succeed, that cannot be allowed to fail in any way, that we must say today: they will succeed. But whether they will consume the original anthroposophical movement depends on everyone really working together to ensure that what should have emerged morally from decades of work is actually there. Everyone must work together to achieve this. It is absolutely necessary that everyone works together to achieve this.
It pains me deeply that I am unable to fulfill almost any of the requests that are now coming to me in such large numbers. But I must always turn my friends away, because time simply cannot be doubled, and meetings are not only held from morning to evening, but also into the night. It is impossible to speak to individual people at the same time, of course. But if — and things are interconnected — these things that play such a role in all life here and are characterized by what I have just described are not removed through reflection on the part of the widest circle of our co-workers, if these things are not eliminated from the world through introspection on the part of each individual, especially today in this place, then it will be impossible find the time to do the really fundamental spiritual work. What anthroposophy has led to will succeed. But if changes do not occur in certain areas, then the original spiritual movement will be consumed, and then, through the will of the so-called bearers of this spiritual movement, we would have a new materialism, in which the spiritual movement that underlies it has been brought to death. The spirit must be nurtured if it is not to die. And materialism does not exist by itself; materialism cannot be justified, any more than one can make a corpse. A corpse arises when the organism is abandoned by the soul. In the same way, everything that is created here from spiritual foundations, from the soul, can become merely material if there is no inclination to truly nurture the spiritual. For this, however, it is necessary that the moral foundation, the ethical foundation, which has been worked out, be carefully considered. Above all, it must be carefully considered that one does not give in to illusions, that one is not satisfied with judgments that are convenient, but that one looks at life ruthlessly.
It is really very bad when, for example, one says: Threefold social order is a beautiful thing, one must adhere to it, and because one then feels so good, one says: I am now founding something that is entirely in keeping with the threefold social order; then I am a good person. I can feel like such a good person when I found something that is at the core of the threefold social order. — You can lick your fingers morally with sheer inner lust when you do something like that, but you don't need to have a sense of reality. For the idea of threefold social structure is precisely such a realistic idea because you have to seek to implement it in reality with all your strength. But because of its unrealistic spirit, it is so repugnant in some respects that it must first find its way into a sufficiently large number of minds. One must have the necessary sense of reality and practical sense.
Eight days ago, I had to speak here about the consequences of the threefold social order for the management of land. I said that the threefold social order naturally works toward a situation in which social exchange and social relations with regard to land are such that land cannot be bought and sold like a commodity. This is something that is entirely based on reality, and the opposite relationship is unreal. I had to explain this on the day when I was late here because we had spent the whole day driving around the countryside buying goods. If you have a sense of reality, you cannot stand on the ground of the threefold social order and say: I must be a good person; I form a core of the threefold social order. No, one must surrender without illusions to the fact that it is impossible today to work differently for the threefold social order in a certain sense, to work precisely on what is most important, unless one works out of the immediate present.
It is not a matter of licking one's fingers morally in order to say that one is a follower of an idea. That makes it sterile and abstract. It is a matter of seeing through reality, of recognizing what is necessary. That is the difference between utopians, dogmatists, and practitioners: that the practitioner goes as far as he can in the idea, but does not live in some unworldly realm merely out of inner pleasure, but rather grasps reality. We really only indulge in illusions out of inner pleasure. That must be understood. And much else besides must be understood that lies in this direction. And I could not help, even though there were many other things I could have said at this hour, of using this hour before my departure to point out some of the things that have been shown to me in the most varied ways en passant, but which have an impact on fruitful activity. This suffers above all from the fact that it is actually always necessary to conduct endless debates about things that could be dismissed in half an hour, because things always get mixed in that should not really be there. If one is accustomed to healthy thinking today—and one must become accustomed to this if one wants to achieve the spiritual science that is being presented here—and if one is then placed, I am not talking about theories here, in the midst of what is going on today in business life in so-called practice, then this can best be characterized as that one kills time as much as possible, that one wastes time. For there are practitioners today who boast of being busy all day long. If they did not waste time, their ten hours of work could probably be done in an hour. Time is killed precisely in today's so-called practical life. And by killing time, one creates a tearing apart of thoughts. When you enter this so-called practical life today, you actually have the feeling that you are in a noodle factory, where the thoughts that should be concentrated are pulled apart like strudel dough or noodle dough, where everything is pulled apart. It is appalling to encounter these stretched-out thoughts that are cultivated today as a way of life. If you want to see through the world with these thoughts, see through the things I have spoken about today by way of introduction, then you will never get anywhere. For all this strudel-like thinking has arisen precisely from the killing of time, in that what should be concentrated and only then be able to function as thought is pulled apart and becomes nothing. For that which fulfills its functions in a certain density is naturally no longer of any use when it becomes thin and worn out. And so much of what figures in the modern economy is completely unsuitable for advancing the world in any way. It would be our task, also in relation to practical life, to arrive at a comprehensive way of thinking, rather than killing time. But today, time must still be killed if the anthroposophical movement that stands behind our endeavors is not what it should be: a thoroughly true movement in which what is false eliminates itself because it cannot be used in it, because it will immediately reveal itself.
That is what I wanted to say to you today, without referring to anyone in particular—please don't repeat that I wanted to mention this or that. I wanted to characterize general facts; I had to characterize them because we are facing serious world situations today, and basically what is happening here among us in Stuttgart is a reflection of the seriousness that exists throughout civilization. And we could learn a lot from what is haunting us about what is haunting the whole world.
It was not meant maliciously. It was not intended to be a philistine tirade or a pulpit speech, but rather a discussion of what has repeatedly come to my attention and touched my soul, albeit indirectly, over the past fortnight.