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Spiritual Science as a Foundation for Social Forms
GA 199

15 August 1920, Dornach

Lecture V

Today, I would like to develop a number of themes, repeatedly presented as far as some of you are concerned. At the same time, this can serve as a preparation for what will have to be put forth tomorrow32See lecture by Rudolf Steiner, “Urteilsbildung in den drei Gliedern des sozialen Organismus” in Gegenwart, 1950/51, #7 and 8/9. Not translated. concerning the formation of a social opinion. First of all, I would like to call your attention to the manner in which we proceed within the sphere of present-day academic habits when debating and forming opinions concerning ideological questions. Our main concern is to decide logically: What is true and what is false? This specific mode of inquiry is something that must change today. Johann Gottlieb Fichte33Johann Gottlieb Fichte: 1762–1814. The quotation literally says: “The kind of philosophy one chooses depends ... on what kind of human being one is ... A philosophical system is not just a pile of inanimate household goods that one can either dispose of or accept any way one likes; it is ensouled by the soul of him who has it.” In “Erste und zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre und Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre,” 1779. put it beautifully, “One's philosophy depends on what sort of person one is.” Depending on a person's disposition, he forms a more materialistic or a more spiritualistic world conception, a realistic, idealistic, liberal or conservative, socialistic political world outlook; he develops a philistine or a progressive opinion concerning the emancipation of women. I could add indefinitely to the list. Opinions are formed and defended, because a person is convinced he possesses the only right view and that someone with an opposing idea is wrong. Right and wrong is something that is of special interest to us today in forming a judgment.

Already, it can be observed—as we shall make clear presently—that we have the beginning of a transition from these “true and false” judgments to something entirely different. First, however, we shall try to clarify that the concepts of “true” and “false” did not always mean what they do today. Even as late as in the early days of Christianity, but particularly in ancient Egyptian and Chaldean times, not to mention the periods that preceded these cultural epochs, something quite different was applicable when one wished to form a judgment. Logic was not the determining factor. Instead, one had the feeling that if a person judged something in a certain way, it was healthy, if he formed an opinion in another way it was unhealthy. Just as we judge a person to be healthy because he is chubby-faced, rosy and lively, and we judge someone to be sickly because he is emaciated, pale and has circles under the eyes, it was said that an individual was healthy or sick depending on the way he made judgments. In the manner in which he formed opinions one saw an expression of the whole human organization just as we do in the chubby-faced or drawn, pale appearance. A person was judged more on what he himself actually was, less in regard to what he represented concerning his surroundings about which he developed for himself conceptions of right or wrong.

I have already emphasized for a number of you who were present earlier that in a certain sense we must return again to this way of looking at things. The course of human evolution is such that certain instinctive atavistic truths, originating from the ancient Mysteries, gradually became intellectualized and abstract. To this day we live in this intellectualism and abstraction. The new initiation science, on the other hand, which must become established, has to revert in a certain sense to the former feelings in full consciousness. Hence, in the future—although in a more or less distant future in regard to general humanity—there will be no dispute concerning whether an opinion is right or wrong, if one is seriously endeavoring to work for the progress of human civilization. An individual who searches for atoms and molecules in the external world, for example, instead of envisioning spiritual beings behind the sensory veil, will be considered to have pathological opinions. People will think that he is suffering from a certain sickness of soul that can be designated as a mental deficiency. The view that the external world is not a “phenomenon” in Goethe's sense, but that behind it something like real atoms and molecules are concealed, will be considered feebleminded. Such a view will be called mentally defective, not wrong, because people will find that it proceeds from an inadequate organization of the whole human being. It would also not be called wrong but childish to describe what arises out of the body's organization as a result of the metabolic processes—the combustion processes arising from the liver, the stomach, the blood circulation, and so on as an exalted mystic does. It can be described accurately, but it is a matter of what standpoint one takes. However, if you consider it as something other than the flame that flares up out of the organization, it would be childish. I told you earlier that the word "childishness" has a different connotation on the other side of the threshold than on this side.T1Note by translator: In German, the word for “childishness” is “Kindskoepfigkeit,” literally meaning “child-headedness.” Hence the references below to the head, etc. Seen from this side, you realize that the human being must mature in the course of his life between birth and death. He must become composed and sober and, unlike a child, cannot remain playful in his opinions. If, on the other hand, you Look from yonder side of the threshold, from the super-sensible world, into the sense world and observe the growing child, you see how the human being descended from the spiritual world and took hold of the physical body. You also see how the entity that descended works in a sculpturing manner on the corporeality in the physical world. In an entirely different way you then see that the soul-spiritual element is much more perfect than what we can develop in the life between birth and death as our reasoning power, our intellectuality.

I indicated earlier34Rudolf Steiner: Spiritual Guidance of Man and Humanity, GA 15 (New York, Anthroposophic Press, 1970). that between birth and death the human being is capable of inwardly attaining to the wisdom which, out of the spiritual world, is actively involved in shaping the human brain and the remaining human organization. Philosophers such as Max Dessoir,35Max Dessoir: 1867–1947. Compare this with Rudolf Steiner: Von Seelenraetseln, GA 20 (Dornach, 1960). Not translated. for example, took exception to these views, because when they mention the soul they have no idea what soul and spirit really are. Speaking from the other side of the threshold, “childishness” signifies that the soul-spiritual element of the child's head works on the physical head. What we designate as genius from this side of the threshold is nothing but the preservation of a portion of this “childishness,” “child-headedness,” throughout life. It is only when you retain too much of this childlike quality and you cannot realize how it surges forth out of the seething organism as the inner spark, the inner divine element, that genius turns into excessive “childheadedness,” namely, “childishness.” This is something that must be comprehended quite objectively. We must only be aware that on the other side these matters must be defined differently than on this side and that words receive another meaning. When we use the word “Kindskoepfigkeit” (childishness) on this side of the threshold, we really mean something negative. When we speak from the other side, we refer to the quality that remains in the human being in the right sense as genius and in the pathological sense as false mysticism.

Returning once again from the merely abstract and logical to reality, when We speak of right and wrong, we refer to something that exists in the human being only as thought, a mere discrepancy between the inner and the outer realm, but when we speak of an unhealthy opinion, we indicate that something is amiss in the human being. This is the case, for example, when a person takes the world of phenomena to be a real, material world, or mysticism to be a direct divine manifestation within, instead of the flickering of organic processes. Knowledge, then, must become real, factual. This is the essential point towards which we will have to aim through spiritual science, namely, to refer to the factual, the real, once more, not simply the logical, when we speak of what comes from the human being.

As I said, even in the early ages of ancient Greece such talk of right and wrong in the modern logical sense would not have been understood. The old Greeks still spoke of healthy and unhealthy opinions. The followers of Platonism then gradually worked to achieve logic, which reached its culmination during Roman civilization and continued on into later periods.

Under certain suppositions, the judgments of right and wrong received a special expression in Scholasticism, judgments that were like an echo of the Roman manner of judging, only in a different area. People are still far from regaining a spiritual comprehension of healthy and unhealthy opinions in our time; instead, they aim in a different direction. They have worked their way to something entirely apart from man insofar as making judgments is concerned. When I say that a person makes healthy or unhealthy judgments, I refer to his organization. When I say: This person makes right or wrong judgments, I only make a statement about his condition of soul and frame of mind I mean thereby that he is either a simpleton or an intelligent person, referring to characteristics of his. Lately, however, people have departed from that. Already, a particular world conception has taken hold of a number of individuals. Among those who will not find their way to spiritual-scientific views, this world conception will become popular, will become ever more and more widespread. It is something that proceeds from America but already makes itself felt in Europe, although, to begin with, only among the philosophers who always seem to have the edge on such matters. I am referring to so-called pragmatism. It is no longer concerned with right and wrong in the sense of the logic of antiquity; it maintains that right is what enables a person to adjust well to life. A person who maintains something that is not advantageous to him in life says that it is damaging. On the other hand, if he holds a view whereby he cleverly masters life, then he calls it something useful. Among pragmatists the views of right and wrong are considered so much nonsense, an illusion that people succumb to. An entire school of philosophy has sprung up around pragmatism which, as I said, is more widely known in America than here, but is also beginning to show up in Europe in a variety of forms. This school of thought regards right and wrong as illusory, and believes that what is termed right or true is called that by man only because he finds it useful in life. Man judges something to be false or wrong because it is detrimental in life. In Germany where people are always the most thorough in such matters, this view has attained quite a special development in the so-called “philosophy of the as-if.”36Hans Vaihinger: 1852–1933, Die Philosophie des Als-Ob. System der theoretischen, praktischen und religioesen Fiktionen der Menschheit auf Grund eines idealistischen Positivismus. Berlin, 1911. It originated from a man by the name of Vaihinger and has already found some popularity—I believe there is even an “as-if science,” or something like that. The latter says that we cannot assert that atoms and molecules exist. We can, however, say that we view the world with an eye to what is useful. It serves our purpose to view the world “as if” there were molecules and atoms; it is useful to us to view the world's course “as if” ethical ideals were made manifest. We behold the world “as if” it were ruled by a God. This “as-if” philosophy is quite characteristic of our times. It is the German version of American pragmatism, which has found disciples here. One of them, for example, is Wilhelm Jerusalem,37Wilhelm Jerusalem: 1842–1910, who in 1908 published a translation of Pragmatism by William James. who has gone so far as to say that the qualifications true and false originally signified nothing else but something useful or disadvantageous in a dialectical sense. When we have to conclude that a person has a wrong idea about something, but this simultaneously helps him to become rich and well adjusted to life, these logicians come and say, “His idea is true!” To us, this is an illusion. In reality, it is not true, but something that is beneficial to him, which is then reinterpreted and called “true,” and whatever is disadvantageous is then considered incorrect, untrue.

In another passage by Jerusalem we find, "The evaluation, which is subject to an interpretation carried out on the basis of usefulness or disadvantage, and the measure taken on the same basis, is nothing else but the origin of the concepts true and false." Sorry, I cannot read it to you differently; this is philosophical style!

It really is almost legal jargon. You can see that here the concepts true and false are traced back to the concepts of usefulness and disadvantage. This is absolutely the lowest level. We proceed from the concepts of healthy and pathological and then find the concepts of right and wrong. These concepts still adhere to man. One who has a right opinion is called intelligent, one who judges wrongly is called stupid. But it is at least something that still points to human qualities. Now we go so far that we find truth only in what is useful, wrong only in what is detrimental. This is the truth of the present! Philosophers put it into words; others actually judge accordingly, but they are just not aware of it. Particularly social opinions, when voiced, are expressed from none other than this standpoint.

Evolution must again continue in an upward direction. In the presence of truth, we must be capable, first of all, of having a feeling, an inner experience that in itself gives us a feeling of salubriousness. We must feel happy, so to say, in the face of truth and unhappy in the presence of the false. Our age demands this; we must strive for this in a healthy manner. We have to return again to the concepts of true and false, but with feeling.

This is what must take hold of humanity as inner cultural education, namely, that the concepts of true and false are not treated in the complacent manner customary today, but that man can have an inward Part in truth and error. When one has insight into the necessities of the present age, it is a very painful experience to see that people have gradually become so indifferent to one or the other assertion. Even just a century ago it was otherwise. You should have seen what would have happened if a gathering of people a hundred years ago had been told that, looked at from the other side, childishness signifies the same thing which, when seen from this side, is designated under certain circumstances as genius! A Wilhelm von Humboldt or a Fichte would have jumped up from their seats, if something like this had been stated in those days when man was still involved with all his being in such matters. Nowadays, people do not get stirred up when one or another contention is made. The souls are asleep today. To have to encounter these sleeping souls at every step is something that fills one who comprehends the demands of our age with pain. As the most extreme result of this drowsiness in our age, we now have the theosophical movement whose followers wish to feel an inner sensual pleasure. They like matters expressed in such a way that everybody is gently calmed down more and more. A harmonious mood is supposed to pour over the listeners, gradually lulling everybody to sleep. It is just then, when everything can slowly, gently drift into sleep, that the eternal mystical element is felt!

This is what must change again. What we require is that our hearts leap in one or the other direction depending on the kind of assertion that is made. Then, one will no longer analyze with mere logical neutrality whether something is right or wrong; one will feel well or sick depending on whether something is experienced as right or wrong. From that point, still further progress will be made. Spiritual science, however, has to cultivate this already now as an impulse that must penetrate us. We will have to return in full consciousness to where we judge something to be healthy or pathological. This, in turn, must affect the will. What we formerly experienced merely as true or false must now fill us inwardly with will, as it were. The will must be aroused. We must will the right; we must not will but rather destroy what is wrong, namely, what is sick. We must aspire to this change of attitude in man. It is not a matter merely of striving for another more or less correct view that can subsequently be discussed. Instead, we must aim for something that makes human beings sound inside. Our understanding must not merely aim for something concerning which we can then say that it is logically correct. It must lead to action, to reality, by means of which something happens.

It is life that is of importance to true, genuine spiritual science, not something that inhabits the head of a professor who today sits in his chair and with complete indifference holds forth on truth and error, till his listeners, vexed by his neutrality, could climb the walls. Certainly, many people would now interject that it is precisely inner calmness and tranquility that should be developed. Such matters must not be misunderstood. Inner calm and equanimity signify balance. This implies that We are capable of taking the side of the sound opinion, but that we are also able to develop the counter-forces so as to remain in balance in spite of taking sides, meaning that we always have ourselves under control. Conscious balance differs from drowsy inner balance. Thus, you see that what we call an evolution in the spiritual scientific sense must reach deeply into the innermost definitions of truth.

We cannot speak about man's faculties between death and a new birth if we do not become accustomed to using words in a way differing entirely from how it is done in today's spoken language. This is why people who wish to hear only what they already know will always find the language of spiritual science unintelligible. For not only would they have to accustom themselves to the fact that the words are connected in a different manner, but that a content other than the one heretofore understood is poured into the words. It is only when we thus look into human evolution that we acquire the ability to judge how different the human being was in prehistoric times; how he will change again in the far-off future, and how we must evaluate what presently confronts us in the intermediary stage of civilization. Our age is beset by such catastrophic dangers that it is imperative to come round to a real knowledge of man. At the moment, we in Europe find ourselves at a most important, decisive point. Most people have no inkling of what goes on in the complicated organism of public life. The present days are almost more significant for the continuing progress of European civilization than the days of the recent past. People will have to get used to the fact that the wish to cling to the old is destructive, and that only a firm reliance on the sources of spiritual science will lead us forward.

It is strange how a certain insight gained beyond the threshold in the spiritual worlds casts its shadows into this arch-materialistic age. Two or three years ago one became the subject of ridicule if one spoke about the impulses proceeding from certain secret Western societies that determine public affairs. I gave a whole series of lectures38Rudolf Steiner: Zeitgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, Part I, GA 173 (Dornach, Rudolf Steiner Verlag, 1966). Not translated. here concerning these matters, and a number of you will have become familiar with their content in one way or another. One was laughed at, more or less, if one mentioned that public affairs are penetrated by forces whose origin is discovered when light is thrown upon certain secret societies that follow the traditions of ancient initiation wisdom but apply the latter in the wrong direction. Today, in a relatively short time, things have changed. For a week, the sober English press, which is indeed not inclined to lend itself to special capers, has brought out articles about the existence of secret societies. Even though these articles deal with starting points that are nothing but what is put out by the Jesuits, one nonetheless must admit that even though the wind blows from quite the wrong corner it still catches people's attention. What is discussed for as long as a week with, let me say, philosophical exactitude indicates how thoroughly the world has changed in this regard in the last few years. People easily overlook it, however, when the sober English newspapers39Appeared in “The Morning Post,” London, July 12–30, 1920. Also published in pamphlet form, The Causes of World Unrest, London, 1920. print compilations today such as the one showing that in 1897 the world was confronted with something like a description of future events. Something like this appears in the columns on the left-hand side while on the right side appear the programs of the Bolshevists and current events. What was known already in 1897 is happening today; one can prove philologically that today's events correspond to the earlier forecast. Naturally, people point to these matters journalistically without having any knowledge about the deeper relationships; hardly anybody today senses what he is dealing with. What this is all about is that there are individuals, standing far in the background of what happens on the surface, who with a firm hand manipulate the strings leading to current events. Yet they wish to remain unknown and therefore transfer to others what would otherwise be traced back to them. What is printed is a fabrication, but a carefully calculated one, especially when its origins are considered, because it is designed to lay the blame on others so that mankind will not suspect those who are actually pulling the strings. As I said, today one must feel the responsibility to face what is actually taking place.

I said to many a person in 1914: It is not permissible to write the history of that catastrophic war, which began in 1914, in the manner in which such events were reported in former days simply by drawing on the archives. If one really wishes to comprehend what had its start in 1914, one must resort to the occult means of thinking. One has to clearly understand that some of the most eminent individuals, who participated throughout the civilized world in bringing about the catastrophe, suffered from a benumbed, dimmed consciousness. Such moments, however, when people become benumbed in their consciousness, are the gateways through which the Ahrimanic powers enter the world, governing and taking charge. If a person occupies an important position but in a decisive moment suffers a dimming down of consciousness, he no longer rules; Ahriman rules through him. Spiritual forces extend their rule into this world, such as those I now refer to, in this case of Ahrimanic nature. The events of the last few years can only be understood if one is willing to trace these relationships in a spiritual-scientific manner. It will become increasingly impossible to comprehend what is happening throughout the civilized world unless one is ready to understand it on the basis of spiritual science. One can have endless discussions about what this or that person said three or four years ago or today. It is much more important to acquire a knowledge of man, so that it is possible to ascertain how sound or unsound a person was or is in a given position, for it depends on that whether benign or evil powers affect the course of events. It is true that the path to forming judgments in this manner is not strewn with roses. For when people are asked to form judgments in this manner concerning the interplay in the sense world of supersensory or subsensory powers, they are easily tempted to lose their heads in mystical arrogance.

He who would seriously nurture spiritual science requires not only the normal degree of sobriety but a higher form of it; no rapture, no losing of oneself, but a firm stand on a solid basis of reality. This is what is necessary. We must train ourselves toward reality if we wish to form judgments the way they really ought to be formed today.

It is a great danger when anyone says that his pronouncements are the result of higher powers, not of what he does or does not wish. Nothing but pure egotism is usually concealed behind that. Mystics who present themselves to the world as bearers of this or that spiritual entity are most frequently the biggest of egotists. This is why the first requirement on the path to a certain higher knowledge is the development of sobriety, the ability to disregard everything connected with egotism. As a rule, fanatical ecstasy is nothing but an alternate form of egotism. It is also particularly important that mankind cultivate a certain sense of humor on its path to spirituality. The world is far removed from such humor today. It is extraordinarily difficult to cope with the world's opinion in regard to these matters, because everything possible that organically exists and works in the depths of human nature adds its voice to it.

Perhaps a first indication has now been given of what has to be pointed out in order to stress the significance, on the one hand, of the path leading to the attainment of a spiritual opinion, on the other, the difficulty and danger of this path. We must be aware of these two aspects. We must not allow ourselves to be held back because of the dangers involved; we also may not become remiss in face of the efforts required truly to form an opinion in accordance with the spirit. These points must always be kept in mind when trying to understand the human being of the present time, and without understanding him in this way, we cannot arrive at a social opinion. Man must be comprehended in such a manner that he is fully appraised as a body, soul, and spirit; that not only his life between birth and death but also his life between death and a new birth is taken into consideration. Basically, judgments such as “useful” or “detrimental” have no validity for the life between death and a new birth; the opinions “healthy” or “unhealthy” make much sense for that period. There, human souls are either “healthy” or “unhealthy” due to the after-effects of earthly life. To consider the concepts "useful" or “damaging” as “right” or “wrong” in the sense that we explained it here implies limiting all world observation merely to a physical world. The existence in the present of pragmatism and a philosophy of the “as-if” is the surest sign that people have no feeling at all for what lies across the threshold from the physical world in the spiritual realm.

A sound social view, however, will only come about on the Basis of this initiation science. Let us take one area of the threefold social organism, held by some to be the most material and prosaic, namely, the economic life. We know that the economy will only develop in a healthy direction when it evolves under the principle of associations. What does that imply? It means that in the future people will in no way acquire an economic opinion for themselves through the single individuality. Of course, epistemologically it will stem from the individuality, but it will not be developed by it. To a properly evolved mankind of the future, the forming of an economic opinion merely out of the individuality will seem like the famous sleeper, depicted by Jean Paul, who wakes up in the middle of the night in a dark room, sees nothing, hears nothing and ponders what time it is, trying to figure this out by thinking about it. One must be in harmony with one's surroundings if one wishes to form an idea of what time it is in the middle of the night. And in the future, if one is to arrive at an economic opinion—concerning, for example, prices or the number of workers that can be employed in a certain branch of the economy—one will have to be in close contact with associations, those active in production in this particular branch and those representing its consumers. As a result of such cooperation between associations it will be possible to form a valid judgment. The way one tries to do it today, proceeding from the individuality, is the same thing as what the above mentioned fellow does who has been asleep and attempts to calculate all by himself what time it is. Recent events have demonstrated how far one gets with an opinion that is not based on associative experience.

I have cited another example as well to a number of you already. In the nineteenth century learned discussions were held concerning the usefulness of the gold standard. From the middle well into the last third of the nineteenth century, representatives from all the parliaments of Europe, as well as from any number of practical spheres, always found the most beautiful and ingenious reasons why a gold standard should replace bimetalism.40Bimetalism: The policy of using two metals (mostly gold and silver) jointly as a monetary standard. In most cases, replaced by the gold standard since the second half of the nineteenth century. What did they expect from it? They claimed that the gold standard would bring about free trade. What happened in reality? Protective tariffs everywhere—the opposite of what all those smart economists and parliamentarians had predicted! I am not trying to be funny when I say “those smart people.” They were all in error, yet I am not calling them stupid or foolish; they really were smart. They did not have economic experience, however; for this sort of experience cannot be fabricated out of thin air or developed through pondering. It can only be attained when, in associative connections, one draws lines from one area to another. Just as we read time from the clocks, so, from the associations, we shall read the basics for an economic judgment that can lead to actions.

What does all this signify? You will recall my frequent references to the existence of a kind of group opinion, a group soul, at a certain starting point of our human evolution. Whole groups of people instinctively judged and felt alike. Indeed, languages would never have developed if people had not formed opinions as groups. There even existed a group memory, as I have outlined in some of my lecture cycles.41Rudolf Steiner: Egyptian Myths and Mysteries, GA 106 (New York, Anthroposophic Press, 1971). Thus, humanity's evolution proceeded from groups, from instinctive group opinions. It then descended to its lowest point, and will ascend again through associations, but consciously this time by uniting people once again in groups, in associations, that support and base themselves on their economic judgment. People once again ascend to an associative opinion. However, this will be accomplished by the conscious forming of such groups; what happened formerly out of atavistic instinct will now happen in full consciousness. Here, you again have one of the reasons that can be given on the basis of spiritual science for the necessity of a social development such as set forth in my book, Towards Social Renewal. These matters are of such a nature that they can be established with absolute mathematical certainty if one turns to the sources of true perception. These matters are not made public recklessly and lightly; they are brought up from the very foundations of human life. What is necessary for our time is to build a world in a social manner that is based on insight into human nature. We cannot advance without that. All talk about leftist or rightist politics, all dogmatic dictates that men have for believing in a God, everything from a philistine to a liberal conception of women's rights, from the most reactionary to the Bolshevistic side, remains empty talk without such insight, talk not founded on reality, which will lead only into destruction. Reality will only be grasped by means of spiritual experience. Then, however, one must be capable of entering into a true knowledge of the human being. One must be able to see how this associative element, required in the economic life with full consciousness, will result in an ascending development in respect to what had been lost of the atavistic, instinctive judgment during the descent. We deal here with true, genuine, totally discernible science; a science that is as lucid as the Pythagorean theorem, even though today's scientists pay little heed to its lucidity. Yet we must have a sufficient number of human beings who can comprehend the crystal clarity of those judgments which alone are the only ones able to lead from our decline to an ascent by drawing on the sources of spiritual science.

I intended all this as a sort of introduction also for tomorrow, when we are going to speak in lectures and free discussions about the forming of social judgments and the necessities of doing that in the present-day social conditions.

Fünfter Vortrag

Ich möchte heute einiges für manchen hier schon wiederholentlich Vorgebrachtes vor Ihnen entwickeln, was zu gleicher Zeit in gewisser Beziehung als eine Vorbereitung dienen kann für das, was morgen hier über die Bildung des sozialen Urteils vorzubringen sein wird. Ich möchte zunächst darauf aufmerksam machen, wie wir innerhalb der Bildungsgewohnheiten der Gegenwart davon ausgehen, über Weltanschauungsfragen so zu diskutieren, so uns Ansichten zu bilden, daß es uns dabei darauf ankommt, im logischen Sinne zu entscheiden: Was ist wahr, was ist falsch? Gerade das aber ist etwas, was sich wandeln muß in der Gegenwart. Johann Gottlieb Fichte sagte ja die schönen Worte: Man hat eine solche Philosophie, wie man ein Mensch ist.— Nun, man bildet sich nach seiner Veranlagung eine mehr materialistische oder spiritualistische Weltanschauung, eine realistische, eine idealistische oder eine liberale oder eine konservative oder eine sozialistische, eine politische Weltanschauung, oder auch man bildet sich eine philiströse oder eine fortschrittliche Ansicht in der Frauenfrage. Ich könnte noch lange diese Dinge hier aufzählen. Man bildet sich Ansichten, und man vertritt dann diese Ansichten, indem man sich vorstellt, man selbst habe das Richtige, der andere, der das Entgegengesetzte vertritt, habe das Falsche. Richtig und falsch ist etwas, was uns heute bei der Bildung eines Urteils ganz besonders interessiert.

Allerdings, man sieht schon — wie wir gleich nachher deutlich ausführen werden -, daß ein Übergang von diesem «Wahr und Falsch» zu etwas ganz anderem seinen Anfang nimmt. Aber vorerst wollen wir uns klarmachen, daß dieses «Wahr und Falsch» nicht immer so war wie heute. Noch in den älteren Zeiten des Christentums oder gar in den Zeiten des Ägyptertums, des Chaldäertums, gar nicht zu reden von den Zeiten, die vorangegangen sind diesen Kulturepochen, galt etwas ganz anderes, wenn man sich ein Urteil bilden wollte. Man bildete sich ein Urteil nicht so, daß man zunächst auf seine Logizität sah, sondern man hatte das Gefühl: Wenn jemand in einer bestimmten Weise urteilt, so urteilt er gesund; wenn er in einer andern Weise urteilt, so urteilt er krank. — Geradeso wie man sagt, wenn man jemanden pausbackig, gerötet, ein bißchen belebt sieht, er sei gesund, und wie man sagt, wenn man jemanden ganz dürr findet, käsig, weiß, mit schwarzen Rändern an den Augen, er sei kränklich, so sagte man, wenn jemand so oder so urteilte, er urteile gesund oder krank. Man sah also in der Art und Weise, wie jemand urteilte, geradeso einen Ausfluß der ganzen Menschheitsorganisation wie im pausbackigen oder im hageren oder im käsigen Aussehen. Man beurteilte den Menschen mehr mit Bezug auf das, was er an sich ist, weniger mit Bezug auf das, was er gegenüber einer Umgebung ist, über die er sich Vorstellungen von richtig oder falsch macht.

Ich habe hier bereits früher hervorgehoben, für eine Anzahl von Ihnen, die damals dagewesen sind, daß wir in einer gewissen Weise auf diese Anschauungsart wiederum zurückkommen müssen. In einer gewissen Art ist ja der Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit so, daß bestimmte instinktive, atavistische Wahrheiten aus den alten Mysterien stammten, die dann verintellektualisiert, verabstrahiert worden sind. Und in diesem Intellektualismus, in dieser Abstraktion leben wir noch heute. Aber die neuere Initiationswissenschaft, die sich geltend machen muß, muß aus dem vollen Bewußtsein in gewisser Weise wieder auf frühere Empfindungen zurückkommen. Und so wird man sich in der Zukunft nicht darüber streiten — obzwar in einer für die allgemeine Menschheit mehr oder weniger fernen Zukunft —, ob ein Urteil richtig oder falsch ist, wenn man sich ernstlich bemüht, an dem Aufgang der menschlichen Zivilisation mitzuarbeiten. Man wird jemanden, der zum Beispiel Atome und Moleküle in der äußeren Welt sucht, statt geistige Wesenheiten hinter dem Schleier des Sinnlichen zu sehen, als krankhaft urteilend bezeichnen; man wird finden, daß er an einer gewissen Art von Krankheit der Seele leidet, die man als Schwachsinn bezeichnen kann. Schwachsinnig wird man die Anschauung finden, daß die äußere Welt nicht in Goetheschem Sinne «Phänomen» ist, sondern daß dahinter so etwas wie reale Atome oder Moleküle verborgen seien. Schwachsinnig, nicht falsch, wird man das nennen, weil man finden wird, daß das aus einer unzulänglichen Organisation des ganzen Menschen hervorgeht. Und wenn jemand das, was aus seiner Organisation, aus dem Kochen und Brodeln von Leber, Magen und so weiter aufsteigt, was da aus dem Blute kommt, wenn jemand das wie eine erhabene Mystik beschreibt — es kann richtig so beschrieben werden, aber es handelt sich darum, wie man sich dazu stellt -, wenn jemand so sich dazu stellt, daß er darin etwas anderes sieht als die Flamme, welche aufbrennt aus der Organisation, dann wird man nicht sagen, das sei falsch, sondern man wird sagen, das sei kindsköpfig. «Kindsköpfig», habe ich Ihnen gesagt, ist ein Wort, welches von jenseits der Schwelle etwas anderes bedeutet als von diesseits der Schwelle. Von diesseits wird die Sache so aussehen, daß man sagt: Der Mensch muß reif werden im Verlaufe seines Lebens zwischen Geburt und Tod; er muß gesetzt, nüchtern werden, er kann nicht spielerisch in seinem Urteil bleiben wie das Kind. - Wenn man aber von jenseits der Schwelle, von der übersinnlichen Welt aus auf die sinnliche Welt blickt und sieht das aufwachsende Kind, dann sieht man, wie der Mensch heruntergestiegen ist aus der geistigen Welt, sich des physischen Leibes bemächtigt hat, wie dann das, was da heruntergestiegen ist, plastizierend an dem Fleischlich-Leiblichen der physischen Welt arbeitet. Und man sieht dann in ganz anderer Weise, wie das Geistig-Seelische viel vollkommener ist als das, was wir im Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod als unseren Verstand, als unsere Geistigkeit ausbilden können.

Ich habe früher angedeutet, daß diejenige Weisheit, welche aus der geistigen Welt heraus an der plastischen Gestaltung des menschlichen Gehirnes und der übrigen Menschheitsorganisation arbeitet, von dem Menschen innerlich errungen werden kann zwischen Geburt und Tod. Und Philosophen, wie zum Beispiel Max Dessoir, haben sich an solchen Dingen gestoßen, weil sie, wenn sie von der Seele reden, eben keine Ahnung haben von dem, was eigentlich das Geistig-Seelische ist. Kindsköpfig — von jenseits der Schwelle gesprochen — bedeutet eben, daß das Geistig-Seelische des Kindskopfes arbeitet an dem physischen Kopf. Und was wir hier von diesseits der Schwelle die Genialität eines Menschen nennen, ist nichts anderes als das Erhalten eines Quantums von dieser Kindsköpfigkeit durch das ganze Leben hindurch. Nur wenn man sich zuviel von dieser Kindsköpfigkeit erhält und nicht einsehen kann, wie das als das innere Fünklein, als der innere Gott und so weiter herausbrandet aus dem brodelnden Organismus, dann hat man nicht Genialität; dann hat man eben zuviel Kindsköpfiges. Das ist etwas, was eben objektiv in dieser Weise eingesehen werden muß. Wir müssen uns nur klar sein, daß die Dinge von jenseits der Schwelle anders zu benennen sind als von diesseits, daß die Worte eine andereBedeutung erhalten. Sprechen wir von diesseits der Schwelle von Kindsköpfigkeit, so meinen wir eigentlich etwas Schimpfliches; wenn wir von jenseits der Schwelle sprechen, so meinen wir das, was im richtigen Sinne als Genialität und im krankhaften Sinne als falsche Mystik im Menschen bleibt. Also solche falsche Mystik wird man krankhaft, wird man auch kindsköpfig nennen. Man wird übergehen zu solchen Bezeichnungen, die von dem bloß Abstrakt-Logischen wiederum zu dem Realen gehen. Wenn man von Richtig und Falsch spricht, dann meint man etwas, was im Menschen eben nur als Gedanke lebt, eine bloße Nichtübereinstimmung des Inneren mit dem Äußeren. Wenn man aber von krankhaftem Urteil spricht, dann meint man, daß im Menschen etwas nicht in Ordnung ist; das ist zum Beispiel der Fall, sagen wir, wenn er die phänomenale Welt für eine wirkliche materielle Welt hält, oder wenn er die Mystik für eine unmittelbare göttliche Kundgebung in seinem Inneren hält, nicht für ein Aufflackern der organischen Prozesse, Also man wird die Erkenntnis als Tat aufzufassen haben. Das ist das Wesentliche, dem wir durch die Geisteswissenschaft zusteuern müssen: wiederum Tatsächliches, Reales zu meinen, nicht bloß Logisches, wenn wir von dem sprechen, was vom Menschen kommt.

Wie gesagt, noch in den älteren Zeiten des Griechentums würde man ein solches Sprechen von Richtig und Falsch, wie wir es heute im Sinne der Logik meinen, nicht verstanden haben. Da hat man noch gesprochen von gesundem und ungesundem Urteil. Dann haben sich die Nachfolger des Platonismus allmählich zu der Logizität herausgearbeitet, die dann in der römischen Kultur am höchsten gekommen und dann in die späteren Zeiten übergegangen ist. Und eine besondere Ausprägung hat dieses Wahr und Falsch unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen in der Scholastik erhalten, die wie der Nachklang — nur auf einem andern Gebiete — der römischen Art des Urteilens war. In unserer Zeit ist man noch weit entfernt davon, sich wiederum in spiritueller Weise ein Verständnis von gesundem und krankhaftem Urteil zu erarbeiten, sondern man arbeitet sich in unserer Zeit zu etwas anderem hin. Man hat sich durchgearbeitet zu etwas, was nun ganz und gar vom Menschen losgelöst ist in bezug auf das Urteil. Wenn ich sage: Der Mensch urteilt gesund oder krank -, so weise ich auf seine Organisation hin; wenn ich sage: Der Mensch urteilt wahr oder falsch —, so sage ich wenigstens etwas über seinen Seelen- und Gemütszustand aus. Ich drücke damit aus, daß er ein Dummkopf oder ein gescheiter Mensch ist, das sind immerhin noch Eigenschaften von ihm. Davon aber ist man in der letzten Zeit abgekommen. Es hat sich eine besondere Weltanschauung schon einzelner Menschen bemächtigt. Und unter denen, die sich nicht in geisteswissenschaftliche Anschauungen finden werden, wird diese Weltanschauung populär werden, wird sich immer mehr und mehr verbreiten. Es ist das, was von Amerika ausgeht, aber sich auch schon im Abendlande geltend macht, zunächst allerdings unter den Philosophen, die immer mit solchen Sachen anfangen. Es ist der sogenannte Pragmatismus. Der redet auch schon nicht mehr von Wahr und Falsch im Sinne der alten Logik, der redet davon, daß Wahr dasjenige ist, was den Menschen befähigt, sich ins Leben zu schicken. Wenn jemand etwas behauptet, wobei er sich nicht ins Leben schickt, so behauptet er etwas Schädliches. Wenn jemand aber etwas behauptet, wodurch er sich gut durchfrißt durchs Leben, dann behauptet er etwas Nützliches. Wahr und Falsch, das betrachtet man in diesen Kreisen, die vom Pragmatismus ausgehen, schon mehr oder weniger als Wischiwaschi, etwas, dem sich die Menschen hingeben als eine Illusion. Dem gibt sich heute schon eine Philosophenschule hin, die, wie gesagt, in Amerika noch eine größere Ausbreitung hat als in Europa, aber immerhin in Europa in den verschiedensten Formen auch schon auftritt. Sie urteilt so, daß Wahr und Falsch nur Illusion ist, daß dasjenige, was man wahr nennt, eigentlich nur das ist, was der Mensch deshalb behauptet, weil es ihm nützlich fürs Leben ist. Falsch ist das, was der Mensch behauptet, weil es ihm schädlich fürs Leben wird. Diese Anschauung ist in Deutschland, wo man immer in diesen Dingen am gründlichsten ist, zu einer ganz besonderen Ausbildung gekommen durch die sogenannte «Philosophie des Als Ob». Diese «Philosophie des Als Ob», die von einem gewissen Vaihinger herrührt und die auch schon eine gewisse Verbreitung gefunden hat — ich glaube, es gibt jetzt sogar schon eine «Als Ob-Wissenschaft» oder so etwas Ähnliches -, die sagt: Das kann man allerdings nicht behaupten, daß es Atome gibt, daß es Moleküle gibt. Aber man kann sagen: Wir betrachten die Welt so, daß es uns nützlich ist, und da ist es uns nützlich, wenn wir die Welt betrachten, «als ob» es Moleküle und Atome gäbe, wir betrachten den Weltengang so, «als ob» sich sittliche Ideale verwirklichten. Das ist uns nützlich. Wir betrachten die Welt so, «als ob» sie von einem Gotte regiert würde. Diese Als Ob-Philosophie, die Philosophie des «Als Ob» ist sehr charakteristisch für unsere Zeit. Sie ist die deutsche Ausgestaltung des amerikanischen Pragmatismus, der aber Schüler gefunden hat; zum Beispiel ist einer der Schüler Wilhelm Jerusalem, und der hat schon gesagt: «Wahr und falsch bedeutet ursprünglich gar nichts anderes als nützlich oder schädlich im biologischen Sinn». Wenn man von jemand sagen muß, daß er etwas Falsches behauptet, er aber dabei ein vermögender Mann wird, sich ins Leben schicken kann, dann sagen diese Logiker: Das ist wahr. - Aber das ist uns eine Illusion. In Wirklichkeit ist es nicht wahr, sondern etwas, was ihm nützlich ist, und das wird dann uminterpretiert, das wird dann «wahr» genannt. Und was ihm schädlich ist, das ist dann unrichtig, unwahr.

Eine andere Stelle bei Jerusalem sagt: «Die Wertung, die eine vollzogene Deutung auf Grund der Nützlichkeit oder Schädlichkeit der auf Grund derselben getroffenen Maßnahmen erfährt, diese Wertung und nichts anderes ist der Ursprung der Begriffe wahr und falsch.» - Ja, ich kann es Ihnen nicht anders vorlesen, es ist Philosophenstil!

Es ist schon fast Juristendeutsch. Also Sie sehen, hier werden die Begriffe Wahr und Falsch auf die Begriffe Nützlich und Schädlich zurückgeführt. Das ist der äußerste Tiefstand. Wir kommen her von den Begriffen Gesund und Krank, finden dann die Begriffe Wahr und Falsch. Die haften noch am Menschen: wenn einer wahr urteilt, ist er gescheit, wenn einer falsch urteilt, ist er dumm. Also es ist immerhin etwas, was noch auf menschliche Eigenschaften weist. Nun kommen wir dazu, das Wahre nur im Nützlichen, das Falsche nur im Schädlichen zu finden. Das ist Gegenwartswahrheit! Die Philosophen sprechen es aus, aber die andern Menschen urteilen im Grunde genommen heute schon fast geradeso; sie wissen es nur nicht, aber sie urteilen im Grunde genommen ebenso. Und namentlich, wenn soziale Urteile gefällt werden, dann werden sie nicht anders als unter diesem Gesichtspunkte gefällt.

Die Entwickelung muß wiederum aufwärts gehen. Wir müssen zunächst in die Lage kommen, bei dem Wahren eine Empfindung, ein. inneres Erlebnis zu haben, das uns selber die Empfindung des Gesunden gibt. Wir müssen uns gewissermaßen glücklich fühlen bei diesem Wahren und unglücklich beim Falschen. Das ist die Forderung der Zeit, die man in gesunder Weise anstreben muß. Wir müssen wieder zurückkehren zu Wahr und Falsch, aber mit Empfindung.

Das ist dasjenige, was als innerliche Zivilisationserziehung die Menschheit ergreifen muß, daß man nicht in gleichgültiger Weise sich über das Wahre und Falsche ergeht, wie man es jetzt tut, sondern innerlichen Anteil muß der Mensch haben können an der Wahrheit, an der Falschheit. Das empfindet man, wenn man heute hineinschaut in die Notwendigkeiten der Zeit, mit so furchtbarem Schmerz, daß die Menschen nach und nach so gleichgültig geworden sind gegen die eine oder gegen die andere Behauptung. Das war selbst noch vor einem Jahrhundert anders. Man hätte nur sehen sollen, wenn man vor einem Jahrhundert einer Versammlung gesagt hätte: Kindsköpfig, von jenseits angesehen, bedeutet dasselbe, was von diesseits angesehen unter Umständen als Genialität zu bezeichnen ist! — Wie von ihren Sitzen aufgefahren wären ein Wilhelm von Humboldt oder ein Fichte oder dergleichen Leute, wenn man desgleichen damals gesagt hätte, wie der Mensch damals noch mit seinem ganzen Wesen bei diesen Dingen war. Heute kocht und brodelt das Blut nicht, wenn die eine oder die andere Behauptung getan wird. Die Seelen sind schlafend geworden. Das ist es, was den, der die Forderungen der Zeit durchschaut, mit Schmerz erfüllt, daß er so sehr die schlafenden Seelen sehen muß. Und wir haben ja als äußerste Blüte dieser Schläfrigkeit der Zeit jene theosophische Bewegung bekommen, wo man im Zuhören innerliche Wollust empfinden will, wo man will, daß die Dinge so gesagt werden, daß man sanft beruhigt und immer beruhigter wird, und daß sich harmonische Stimmung ausgießt über die Zuhörer, so daß alles sanft nach und nach einschlafen kann. Und gerade dann fühlt man das ewig Mystische, wenn nach und nach sanft alles einschlafen kann!

Das ist dasjenige, was wiederum anders werden muß, das ist dasjenige, was wir brauchen, daß unser Herz nach der einen oder nach der andern Seite springt, je nachdem die eine oder die andere Behauptung getan wird. Dann wird man nicht mehr mit bloßer logischer Neutralität untersuchen, ob etwas richtig oder unrichtig ist, sondern man wird selber gesund oder krank fühlen, je nachdem man etwas als wahr oder als falsch empfindet. Und dann wird man weiter aufsteigen. Aber Geisteswissenschaft muß das schon jetzt kultivieren als etwas, was in uns hineinfahren muß. Man wird in voller Bewußtheit zurückzukehren haben zu dem Urteil: gesund oder krank -, und das muß auf den Willen wirken. Wir müssen gleichsam innerlich von Willen erfüllt werden bei dem, was wir früher nur als wahr und als falsch empfunden haben. Der Wille muß sich regen. Wir müssen das Richtige wollen; wir müssen nicht wollen, sondern vernichten dasjenige, was unrichtig, das heißt krank ist. Diese Umstimmung des Menschen ist es, die angestrebt werden muß. Nicht bloß wiederum irgendeine andere mehr oder weniger richtige Anschauung darf angestrebt werden, über die man dann diskutieren kann, sondern angestrebt muß werden, was die Menschen innerlich gesund macht, das heißt, mit der Erkenntnis muß nicht bloß etwas angestrebt werden, worüber man sagen kann: Das ist logisch richtig — sondern mit der Erkenntnis angestrebt werden muß etwas, was Tat ist, was Realität ist, wodurch etwas geschieht.

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Sie sehen, auf das Leben kommt es an bei der wahren, wirklichen Geisteswissenschaft und nicht auf das, was heute etwa im Kopfe eines Professors lebt, der auf seinem Stuhle sitzt und da sich mit einer vollkommenen Gleichgültigkeit über das Wahre und Falsche ergeht, während man über seine Neutralität in eine Stimmung kommen könnte, daß man die Wände hinaufkriechen möchte. Gewiß wird mancher sagen: Ja, aber es soll ja gerade innerliche Gelassenheit, innerliche Ruhe entwickelt werden. — Solche Dinge darf man nicht mißverstehen. Innerliche Gelassenheit, innerliche Ruhe bedeuten Gleichgewicht, und es handelt sich darum, daß wir tatsächlich, sagen wir, bei einem gesunden Urteil nach der einen Seite ausschlagen können, aber auch die Möglichkeit haben, die Gegenkräfte zu entwickeln, so daß wir trotz des Ausschlagens eben im Gleichgewichte sind, das heißt, daß wir uns immer in der Hand haben. Bewußtes Gleichgewicht ist etwas anderes als schläfriges Gleichgewicht. Sie sehen also, bis in das Innerste der Wahrheitsbenennung muß hineingreifen das, was wir eine Evolution nennen im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne.

Wir können nicht über die Eigenschaften des Menschen zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt sprechen, wenn wir uns nicht daran gewöhnen, die Worte in einem ganz andern Sinne zu gebrauchen, als es in dem Gebiete unserer heutigen Umgangssprache geschieht. Daher werden natürlich immer diejenigen Menschen, die nur das hören wollen, was sie schon haben, die Sprache der Geisteswissenschaft unverständlich finden, weil sie sich nicht nur daran gewöhnen müssen, daß die Worte in anderer Weise zusammengefügt werden, sondern daß auch in das Innere der Worte etwas anderes ergossen wird, als bisher ergossen worden ist. Wenn wir so in die Entwickelung des Menschen hineinschauen, dann bekommen wir erst ein Urteil darüber, wie anders der Mensch in der Vorzeit war, wie anders er wiederum werden wird in einer fernen Zukunft, und wie wir zu bewerten haben dasjenige, was in unserer Mittellage der Zivilisation vorhanden ist. Unsere Zeit ist von einer solchen Katastrophe durchschauert, daß es wichtig ist, sich zu einer wirklichen Menschenerkenntnis zu bequemen. Wir stehen gewissermaßen in diesen Tagen in einer Zeit allerwichtigster europäischer Entscheidung, und die Menschen ahnen kaum, was eben in diesem komplizierten Organismus vor sich geht, der das öffentliche Leben bildet. Fast noch wichtiger als Tage jüngster Vergangenheit sind die Tage jetzt für den weiteren Fortgang der europäischen Zivilisation. Man wird sich schon in die Tatsächlichkeit hineinfinden müssen, daß alles Haftenwollen am Alten verderblich ist, daß nur ein gründliches Schöpfen aus den Quellen, die durch die Geisteswissenschaft wieder eröffnet werden, zum Ziele führen kann.

Es ist merkwürdig, wie das, was einen gewissen Anblick gewährt jenseits der Schwelle, in den geistigen Welten, heute seine Schatten hereinwirft in diese so urmaterialistische Zeit. Man wurde ausgelacht vor zwei, drei Jahren, wenn man über die Impulse gesprochen hat, welche von gewissen Geheimgesellschaften des Westens und anderer Erdengebiete die öffentlichen Angelegenheiten bedingen. Über diese Dinge habe ich hier eine ganze Reihe von Vorträgen gehalten, und einer Reihe von Ihnen wird der Inhalt dieser Vorträge ja auf die eine oder andere Weise bekanntgeworden sein. Aber man wurde mehr oder weniger ausgelacht, wenn man davon sprach, daß die öffentlichen Angelegenheiten von Kräften durchsetzt sind, deren Ursprung man findet, wenn man hineinleuchtet in gewisse Geheimgesellschaften, die Traditionen alter Initiationsweisheit haben und sie in falscher Richtung anwenden. Heute, in verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit, ist das anders geworden. Die nüchterne englische Presse, die sich wahrhaftig zu besonderen Sprüngen nicht herbeiläßt, bringt jetzt wochenlang Artikel über das Bestehen von Geheimgesellschaften; und wenn auch diese Artikel von Ausgangspunkten handeln, die nichts anderes sind als eine aufgelegte Jesuitenmache, so muß man immerhin sagen: Wenn auch die Leute den Wind aus einer ganz falschen Ecke heraus spüren, man sieht heute schon auf so etwas hin. Und was wochenlang besprochen wird, was, ich möchte sagen, mit philologischer Genauigkeit besprochen wird, das weist darauf hin, wie gründlich sich in dieser Beziehung die Welt seit ein paar Jahren gewandelt hat. Nur übersehen es die Leute leicht, wenn selbst, wie gesagt, in den nüchternen englischen Zeitungen heute Zusammenstellungen gebracht werden wie diese, daß 1897 etwas vor die Welt trat wie eine Beschreibung künftiger Ereignisse. Man bringt das heute, indem man es auf der linken Seite in Spalten aufschreibt und auf der rechten Seite die Programme der Bolschewisten bringt und dasjenige, was jetzt geschieht. Was 1897 bereits bekannt war, es geschieht heute, und man kann es philologisch nachweisen, daß das heute Geschehende mit dem Früheren stimmt. Natürlich weisen die Leute, ohne daß sie irgendeine Kenntnis von den tieferen Zusammenhängen haben, journalistisch auf diese Dinge hin. Natürlich spüren heute noch die wenigsten, um was es sich handelt bei solchen Dingen, daß es sich darum handelt, daß Leute, die tief im Hintergrunde der Erscheinungen stehen, aber deshalb doch die Fäden der Erscheinungen stramm in der Hand halten, unbekannt bleiben möchten und daher ihre Spuren auf andere überführen. Das ganze ist eine Mache, was da gedruckt wird, aber es ist eine wohlberechnete Mache, wenn man auf die Ursprünge zurücksieht, denn sie ist darauf berechnet, andere anzuschuldigen, damit die Menschheit nicht an diejenigen denke, die wirklich die Fäden in der Hand haben. Wie gesagt, es ist heute schon so, daß man die Verantwortung empfinden muß, hinzuschauen auf das, was sich eigentlich zuträgt.

Ich habe zu manchem 1914 gesagt: Die Geschichte jener Kriegskatastrophe, die 1914 begonnen hat, darf nicht so geschrieben werden, wie frühere Dinge geschrieben wurden, einfach aus den Archiven heraus. Wenn man wirklich einsehen will, was 1914 begonnen hat, dann muß man zu okkulter Denkweise übergehen, dann muß man sich klar sein, daß wichtigste Persönlichkeiten, die über die ganze zivilisierte Welt hin an der Herbeiführung der Katastrophe beteiligt waren, umnebelt, im Bewußtsein getrübt waren. Diejenigen Momente aber, wo die Menschen im Bewußtsein getrübt werden, das sind die Tore, durch die die ahrimanischen Mächte lenkend und leitend in die Welt hereinkommen. Wenn jemand an einem wichtigen Posten sitzt und in einem wichtigen Momente in seinem Bewußtsein getrübt wird, dann regiert nicht mehr er, dann regiert durch ihn Ahriman. Es regieren geistige Mächte in die Welt herein, solche wie ich jetzt meine, in diesem Falle ahrimanischer Art. Nur wenn man diese Zusammenhänge auf geisteswissenschaftliche Art verfolgen will, kann man die Ereignisse der letzten Jahre verstehen; und immer weniger und weniger wird es möglich sein, das, was über die zivilisierte Welt hin geschieht, zu verstehen, wenn man es nicht von geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen aus verstehen will; man wird lange diskutieren können, ob der oder jener dies oder jenes gesagt hat vor drei oder vier oder mehr Jahren, oder es heute sagt. Viel wichtiger ist es heute, sich Menschenkenntnis anzueignen, so daß man weiß, wie gesund oder ungesund der oder jener an jener Stelle war oder ist, denn von dem hängt es ab, ob gute oder schlimme Mächte in den Gang der Ereignisse hereinwirken. Es ist richtig, daß der Weg zu dem Urteilen auf diese Art nicht gerade mit Rosen gebettet ist; denn wenn die Menschen in dieser Weise bei dem Hereinspielen übersinnlicher oder untersinnlicher Mächte in diese sinnliche Welt urteilen sollen, dann werden sie leicht dazu verführt, schwärmerisch zu werden, mystisch erhaben zu werden.

Notwendig ist für den, der Geisteswissenschaft im Ernste pflegen soll, nicht bloß der gewöhnliche Grad von Nüchternheit, sondern ein höherer Grad von Nüchternheit; gar keine Schwärmerei, gar kein Sich-Verlieren, ein festes Stehen auf einem festen Boden der Wirklichkeit, das ist notwendig. Zur Realität müssen wir uns erziehen, wenn wir so urteilen wollen, wie eigentlich heute schon geurteilt werden müßte.

Es ist eine große Gefahr, wenn jemand sagt, das, was er ausspricht, sei Ergebnis nicht von dem, was er will oder nicht will, sondern von höheren Mächten. Hinter dem steckt ja gewöhnlich nichts anderes als der purste Egoismus. Und die Mystiker, die sich der Welt vorstellen als Träger von dieser oder jener Geistigkeit, sind zumeist die größten Egoisten. Deshalb ist das erste, was notwendig ist auf dem Wege zu einer gewissen höheren Erkenntnis, das Nüchternwerden, das Hinwegsehenkönnen über all dasjenige, was mit dem Egoismus zusammenhängt. Schwärmerei ist in der Regel nur eine andere Form des Egoismus. Und insbesondere wird notwendig sein, daß die Menschheit auf dem Wege zur Geistigkeit sich einen gewissen Humor zulegt. Von diesem Humor ist die Welt heute weit entfernt. Und es ist außerordentlich schwer, mit dem Urteil der Welt zurechtzukommen, wenn es sich um solche Dinge handelt, weil ja da alles mögliche, was in den Tiefen der menschlichen Natur organisch west und webt, mitspricht.

Es ist vielleicht damit zunächst einmal angedeutet, was angedeutet werden mußte, um auf die Wichtigkeit des Weges hinzuweisen, zu einem geistigen Urteile zu kommen auf der einen Seite, und auf die Schwierigkeit, auf das Gefahrvolle dieses Weges auf der andern Seite. Auf diese beiden Dinge muß man hinschauen. Man darf sich nicht zurückhalten lassen vor den Gefahren; man darf aber auch nicht lässig werden gegenüber den Anstrengungen, die zu machen sind, um wirklich zu einem geistgemäßen Urteil zu kommen. Diese Dinge muß man immer im Auge haben, wenn man den Menschen in der Gegenwart verstehen will. Und ohne daß man den Menschen in der Gegenwart versteht, kann man zu keinem sozialen Urteil kommen. Den Menschen in der Gegenwart muß man so verstehen, daß man ihn wirklich voll ansieht als Seele, Leib und Geist, daß man nicht nur hinzusehen vermag auf sein Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod, sondern auch auf das zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Und im Grunde genommen hat das Urteil «nützlich» oder «schädlich» keinen Sinn für das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, aber sehr viel Sinn gerade für diese Zeit zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt hat das Urteil «gesund» und «krank». Da sind die Seelen gesund unter den Nachwirkungen des irdischen Lebens, oder sie sind krank unter den Nachwirkungen des irdischen Lebens. Nützlich oder schädlich in dem Sinne, wie wir das hier erklären, für wahr oder falsch anzusehen, bedeutet zugleich, alle Weltbetrachtung nur auf die physische Welt beschränken. Und daß es einen Pragmatismus und eine Philosophie des «Als Ob» in der Gegenwart gibt, das ist das sicherste Zeichen dafür, daß die Menschen kein Gefühl haben für alles das, was jenseits der Schwelle von der physischen Welt zur geistigen Welt liegt.

Ein gesundes soziales Urteil wird aber nur zustande kommen auf der Grundlage dieser Initiationswissenschaft. Denn sehen Sie, nehmen wir das eine Gebiet des dreigliedrigen sozialen Organismus, nehmen wir das Materiellste und Prosaischeste, wie manche sagen, das Wirtschaftsleben. Wir wissen, dieses Wirtschaftsleben wird sich in einer gesunden Weise nur entwickeln, wenn es sich unter dem Assoziationsprinzip entwickelt. Was heißt das? Das heißt, daß in der Zukunft die Menschen ein wirtschaftliches Urteil sich überhaupt nicht aus der einzelnen Individualität heraus entwickeln werden. Es wird natürlich erkenntnistheoretisch aus der Individualität stammen, aber gebildet werden wird es nicht aus der Individualität heraus. Ein wirtschaftliches Urteil bloß aus der Individualität heraus zu bilden, wird den Menschen der Zukunft, wenn sie sich richtig entwickeln, so vorkommen, wie der berühmte Jean Paulsche Schläfer, der mitten in der Nacht im finstern Zimmer aufwacht, nichts sieht, nichts hört, und nachdenkt, wieviel Uhr es ist, und es durch Nachdenken herauskriegen will. Man muß im Einklange mit seiner Umgebung stehen, wenn man sich mitten in der Nacht ein Urteil bilden will, wieviel Uhr es ist. Und man wird in der Zukunft, wenn man sich ein wirtschaftliches Urteil bilden will, sagen wir, ein Preisurteil oder ein Urteil, wieviel Arbeiter in einer bestimmten Branche arbeiten dürften, man wird um sich haben müssen Assoziationen, solche Assoziationen, welche in dieser Branche produzieren, solche Assoziationen, welche in dieser Branche konsumieren. Und aus dem Zusammenfluß dessen, was von diesen Assoziationen ausgeht, wird man sich ein Urteil bilden. So wie man das heute will, von der Individualität aus, das würde eben: dem Schläfer gleichkommen, der aus sich selbst herauskriegen will, wieviel Uhr es ist. Das hat sich ja eben gerade gezeigt, wie weit man mit einem solchen Urteil kommt, welches nicht auf assoziative Erfahrung gestellt ist.

Ich habe ja auch schon vor einer Anzahl von Ihnen ein anderes Beispiel angeführt. Wir haben im 19. Jahrhundert gebildete Diskussionen gehabt über die Nützlichkeit der Goldwährung, und Sie können von Leuten aller Parlamente Europas und in allen möglichen praktischen Gebieten Europas so in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts und weiter bis in das letzte Drittel hinein immerzu die schönsten und geistreichsten Gründe dafür finden, warum Goldwährung kommen soll anstelle des Bimetallismus. Was haben sich die Leute davon versprochen? Sie haben gesagt, die Goldwährung werde den Freihandel bringen. Und was ist in Wirklichkeit eingetreten? Überall die Schutzzölle, das Gegenteil von dem, was die gescheiten Nationalökonomen und die gescheiten Parlamentarier gesagt haben! Ich meine das jetzt nicht humoristisch, wenn ich sage «die gescheiten Leute». Geirrt haben sich alle, aber ich nenne sie deshalb nicht dumm oder töricht; sie waren wirklich gescheit. Aber sie haben keine Erfahrung gehabt, keine wirtschaftliche Erfahrung; denn diese Erfahrung kann man eben nicht aus den Fingern saugen oder durch Nachdenken entwickeln, sondern nur dann gewinnen, wenn man im assoziativen Zusammenhang seine Fäden zu dem oder jenem zieht. Und wirklich so, wie man von den Uhren die Zeit abliest, so wird man aus den Assoziationen die Grundlagen ablesen für ein wirtschaftliches Urteil, das zu Taten führen kann.

Was bedeutet denn das alles? Sie werden sich erinnern, daß ich oftmals gesagt habe, wie an einem gewissen Ausgangspunkte unserer Menschheitsentwickelung eine Art Gruppenurteil, eine Gruppenseele vorhanden war. Da haben die Menschen aus Instinkt heraus in ganzen Gruppen gleich geurteilt, gleich empfunden. Es wären ja niemals Sprachen entwickelt worden, wenn die Menschen nicht in solchen Gruppen geurteilt hätten. Es gab sogar, wie ich das in einigen Zyklen ausgeführt habe, ein Gruppengedächtnis. Also man ist ausgegangen von Gruppen, von instinktivem Gruppenurteil. Man kommt dann zu einem gewissen tiefsten Punkt, und man steigt wiederum hinauf durch die Assoziationen, aber jetzt bewußt, indem man im wirtschaftlichen Leben die Menschen wiederum in Gruppen vereinigt, zu Assoziationen, die sich halten und tragen durch ihr wirtschaftliches Urteil. Man steigt wiederum hinauf zu dem assoziativen Urteil. Nur wird das so werden, daß diese Gruppen bewußt gebildet werden, daß jetzt mit vollem Bewußtsein geschieht, was früher atavistisch instinktiv geschah. Da haben Sie wiederum eine von denjenigen Begründungen, die aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus gegeben werden können für die Notwendigkeit einer solchen sozialen Entwickelung, wie sie durch die «Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage» hingestellt werden. Diese Dinge sind eben so, daß sie sich mit absolut mathematischer Gewißheit ergeben, wenn man auf die Quellen eines wirklichen Erkennens eingeht. Diese Dinge sind nicht leichtsinnig in die Welt hineingesprochen, sondern aus den Fundamenten des Menschenlebens herausgeholt. Das aber hat unsere Zeit notwendig, daß aus Menschenerkenntnis heraus eine Welt sozial aufgebaut werde. Ohne das kommen wir nicht vorwärts, ohne das bleibt alles Reden von Links- und Rechtspolitik, von allem dogmatischen Diktieren, daß die Menschen an einen Gott zu glauben haben, von der philiströsen bis zur liberalsten Auffassung der Frauenfrage, vom reaktionärsten Flügel bis zum bolschewistischen Flügel, ohne das bleibt das alles ein Herumreden, das keine Wirklichkeit begründen, sondern nur in die Zerstörung führen wird. Nur aus dem geistigen Erleben heraus wird die Wirklichkeit erfaßt werden können. Dann aber muß man auf eine wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis eingehen können, dann muß man sehen, wie so etwas, was als assoziatives Glied im Wirtschaftsleben in voller Bewußtheit gefordert wird, wie das eben im Aufstieg dasjenige ergibt, was im Abstiege verloren worden ist an atavistisch instinktivem Urteil. Mit wirklicher, echter, ganz durchschaubarer Wissenschaft hat man es zu tun; mit einer Wissenschaft, die so durchschaubar ist, wie der pythagoreische Lehrsatz, wenn auch gerade die Wissenschafter von heute auf diese Durchschaubarkeit nicht eingehen. Aber es muß eine genügend große Anzahl von Menschen geben, welche diese innere Kristallklarheit desjenigen Urteils durchschaut, das einzig und allein aus dem Niedergang zum Aufgang führen kann aus den Quellen der Geisteswissenschaft heraus.

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Das habe ich mit auch als eine Art Vorbereitung sprechen wollen für morgen, wo wir dann hier sprechen wollen in Vorträgen und freier Diskussion über die Bildung des sozialen Urteils und über die Notwendigkeiten einer solchen Bildung des sozialen Urteils in den sozialen Zuständen der Gegenwart.

Fifth Lecture

Today I would like to develop for you some points that have already been raised repeatedly for some of you, which at the same time can serve as a preparation for what will be presented here tomorrow on the formation of social judgment. I would first like to draw your attention to how, within the educational habits of the present, we assume that we discuss questions of worldview and form opinions in such a way that it is important for us to decide in a logical sense: What is true, what is false? But this is precisely something that must change in the present. Johann Gottlieb Fichte said the beautiful words: “One has a philosophy according to one's nature.” Now, according to one's disposition, one forms a more materialistic or spiritualistic worldview, a realistic, idealistic, liberal, conservative, or socialist political worldview, or one forms a philistine or progressive view on the question of women. I could go on listing these things for a long time. One forms opinions and then defends them, imagining that one oneself is right and that the other, who holds the opposite view, is wrong. Right and wrong are something that particularly interest us today when forming judgments.

However, as we will explain clearly in a moment, we can already see that a transition from this “true and false” to something completely different is beginning. But first, let us make it clear that this “true and false” was not always as it is today. Even in the early days of Christianity, or even in the times of Egypt and Chaldea, not to mention the times that preceded these cultural epochs, something completely different applied when one wanted to form a judgment. Judgments were not formed by first looking at their logic, but rather by feeling that if someone judged in a certain way, they were judging soundly, and if they judged in another way, they were judging unsoundly. Just as one says that someone who looks chubby, ruddy, and a little lively is healthy, and just as one says that someone who looks very thin, pale, and white with black circles around their eyes is sickly, so one said that someone who judged in one way or another was judging healthily or unhealthily. Thus, one saw in the way someone judged something an expression of the entire human constitution, just as one did in a chubby, gaunt, or pale appearance. One judged people more in relation to what they are in themselves and less in relation to what they are in relation to an environment about which they form ideas of right and wrong.

I have already emphasized here earlier, for a number of you who were present at the time, that we must in a certain sense return to this way of looking at things. In a certain sense, the course of human development is such that certain instinctive, atavistic truths originated in the ancient mysteries, which were then intellectualized and abstracted. And we still live today in this intellectualism, in this abstraction. But the newer science of initiation, which must assert itself, must in a certain sense return from full consciousness to earlier perceptions. And so in the future—albeit in a future more or less distant for the general human race—there will be no dispute about whether a judgment is right or wrong when one seriously endeavors to participate in the dawn of human civilization. Someone who, for example, seeks atoms and molecules in the external world instead of seeing spiritual beings behind the veil of the senses will be considered to have a sick judgment; one will find that he suffers from a certain kind of disease of the soul that can be called insanity. One will find it insane to believe that the external world is not a “phenomenon” in Goethe's sense, but that something like real atoms or molecules are hidden behind it. One will call this insane, not wrong, because one will find that it arises from an inadequate organization of the whole human being. And if someone describes what rises from their organization, from the boiling and bubbling of the liver, stomach, and so on, what comes from the blood, if someone describes this as a sublime mysticism—it can be described correctly, but it is a matter of how one views it—if someone views it in such a way that they see something other than the flame which burns out of the organization, then one will not say that this is wrong, but one will say that it is childish. “Childish,” I have told you, is a word that means something different from beyond the threshold than it does from this side of the threshold. From this side, the matter will appear such that one will say: Man must mature in the course of his life between birth and death; he must become settled and sober; he cannot remain playful in his judgment like a child. But when one looks at the sensory world from beyond the threshold, from the supersensible world, and sees the growing child, then one sees how the human being has descended from the spiritual world, has taken possession of the physical body, how that which has descended then works in a plasticizing way on the physical body of the physical world. And then you see in a completely different way how the spiritual-soul life is much more perfect than what we can develop in life between birth and death as our intellect, as our spirituality.

I have previously indicated that the wisdom which works from the spiritual world on the plastic formation of the human brain and the rest of the human organism can be attained inwardly by human beings between birth and death. And philosophers such as Max Dessoir, for example, have stumbled over such things because when they speak of the soul, they have no idea what the spiritual-soul nature actually is. Childishness — speaking from beyond the threshold — means precisely that the spiritual-soul aspect of the childish person works on the physical head. And what we call the genius of a person on this side of the threshold is nothing other than the retention of a quantum of this childishness throughout life. Only if one retains too much of this childishness and cannot see how it bursts forth from the seething organism as the inner spark, as the inner God, and so on, then one does not have genius; then one simply has too much childishness. This is something that must be understood objectively in this way. We just have to be clear that things from beyond the threshold have to be named differently than things from this side, that words take on a different meaning. When we speak of childishness on this side of the threshold, we actually mean something derogatory; when we speak of the other side of the threshold, we mean what remains in the human being in the right sense as genius and in the pathological sense as false mysticism. Such false mysticism will therefore be called pathological, or childish. One will move on to such designations, which in turn go from the merely abstract-logical to the real. When one speaks of right and wrong, one means something that lives in human beings only as a thought, a mere discrepancy between the inner and the outer. But when we speak of a pathological judgment, we mean that something is not right in the human being; this is the case, for example, when he considers the phenomenal world to be a real material world, or when he considers mysticism to be an immediate divine manifestation within himself, not a flare-up of organic processes. So we will have to understand knowledge as an act. That is the essential thing we must strive for through spiritual science: to mean something factual and real, not merely something logical, when we speak of what comes from human beings.

As I said, in the earlier days of Greek culture, such talk of right and wrong as we understand it today in the sense of logic would not have been understood. People still spoke of sound and unsound judgment. Then the followers of Platonism gradually worked their way toward logic, which reached its highest form in Roman culture and then carried over into later times. And this true and false took on a special form under certain conditions in scholasticism, which was like an echo—only in a different field—of the Roman way of judging. In our time, we are still far from developing a spiritual understanding of healthy and unhealthy judgment, but we are working toward something else. We have worked our way to something that is now completely detached from the human being in relation to judgment. When I say, “The human being judges soundly or unsoundly,” I am referring to his organization; when I say, “The human being judges true or false,” I am at least saying something about his soul and state of mind. I am expressing that he is a fool or a clever person, which are at least still characteristics of him. But we have moved away from this in recent times. A particular worldview has already taken hold of individual people. And among those who will not find themselves in spiritual scientific views, this worldview will become popular and spread more and more. It is what emanates from America, but is already making itself felt in the West, initially among philosophers, who always start with such things. It is what is known as pragmatism. It no longer speaks of true and false in the sense of the old logic, but says that true is what enables people to live their lives. If someone asserts something that does not enable them to live their life, then they are asserting something harmful. But if someone asserts something that enables them to live their life well, then they are asserting something useful. In these circles, which are influenced by pragmatism, true and false are already regarded more or less as wishy-washy, something that people indulge in as an illusion. Today, there is already a school of philosophy that subscribes to this view, which, as I said, is even more widespread in America than in Europe, but is already appearing in various forms in Europe as well. It judges that true and false are only illusions, that what we call true is actually only what people claim because it is useful to them in life. False is what people claim because it is harmful to their lives. This view has developed into a very special form in Germany, where people are always most thorough in such matters, through the so-called “philosophy of as if.” This “philosophy of as if,” which originated with a certain Vaihinger and has already found some currency—I believe there is now even an “as if science” or something similar—says that one cannot claim that atoms or molecules exist. But one can say: We view the world in a way that is useful to us, and it is useful to us to view the world “as if” there were molecules and atoms, we view the course of the world “as if” moral ideals were being realized. That is useful to us. We view the world “as if” it were ruled by a god. This “as if” philosophy, the philosophy of “as if,” is very characteristic of our time. It is the German version of American pragmatism, which has found followers; one of them is Wilhelm Jerusalem, who has already said: “True and false originally mean nothing other than useful or harmful in the biological sense.” If you have to say that someone is claiming something that is false, but that this makes him a wealthy man and enables him to get on in life, then these logicians say: That is true. But that is an illusion to us. In reality, it is not true, but something that is useful to him, and that is then reinterpreted and called “true.” And what is harmful to him is then incorrect, untrue.

Another passage in Jerusalem says: “The evaluation that an interpretation receives on the basis of the usefulness or harmfulness of the measures taken on the basis of that interpretation, this evaluation and nothing else is the origin of the concepts of true and false.” — Yes, I can't read it to you any other way, it's philosophical style!

It's almost legalese. So you see, here the concepts of true and false are reduced to the concepts of useful and harmful. That is the lowest possible level. We start with the concepts of healthy and sick, then we find the concepts of true and false. These still apply to humans: if someone judges something to be true, they are intelligent; if someone judges something to be false, they are stupid. So at least it is something that still refers to human characteristics. Now we come to the point where we find the true only in the useful and the false only in the harmful. That is the truth of the present! Philosophers express it, but other people today already judge almost exactly the same way; they just don't know it, but they judge the same way at heart. And especially when social judgments are made, they are made from this point of view.

Development must go upward again. We must first come to a position where we have a feeling, an inner experience of the true, which gives us the feeling of what is healthy. We must, so to speak, feel happy with the true and unhappy with the false. That is the demand of the times, which must be pursued in a healthy way. We must return to truth and falsehood, but with feeling.

This is what must take hold of humanity as an inner education in civilization: that people should not treat truth and falsehood with indifference, as they do now, but that they should be able to take an inner interest in truth and falsehood.

One feels this when one looks at the necessities of the time today, with such terrible pain that people have gradually become so indifferent to one assertion or another. Even a century ago, this was different. One should only have seen what happened a century ago when someone said at a gathering: Childish, when viewed from the other side, means the same thing that, when viewed from this side, may be called genius! How Wilhelm von Humboldt or Fichte or people like them would have jumped up from their seats if someone had said the same thing back then, when people were still completely absorbed in these things. Today, the blood does not boil when one assertion or another is made. Souls have fallen asleep. This is what fills those who see through the demands of the times with pain, that they must see the sleeping souls so clearly. And we have received, as the ultimate blossoming of this sleepiness of the times, that theosophical movement where one wants to feel inner pleasure in listening, where one wants things to be said in such a way that one is gently reassured and becomes more and more reassured, and that a harmonious mood pours out over the listeners so that everything can gently fall asleep little by little. And it is precisely then that one feels the eternal mystical, when everything gradually falls asleep!

That is what must change; that is what we need, that our heart leaps to one side or the other, depending on which assertion is made. Then we will no longer examine whether something is right or wrong with mere logical neutrality, but we will feel healthy or sick ourselves, depending on whether we perceive something as true or false. And then we will continue to ascend. But spiritual science must cultivate this now as something that must enter into us. We will have to return in full consciousness to the judgment: healthy or sick — and that must have an effect on the will. We must, as it were, be filled with will in what we previously perceived only as true and false. The will must be stirred. We must want what is right; we must not want, but destroy that which is wrong, that is, sick. It is this change of heart in human beings that must be strived for. It is not merely some other more or less correct view that must be strived for, which can then be discussed, but what must be strived for is what makes people healthy inwardly, that is, with knowledge, one must not merely strive for something about which one can say: That is logically correct — but with knowledge we must strive for something that is action, that is reality, through which something happens.

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You see, what matters in true, real spiritual science is life, not what lives today in the mind of a professor who sits in his chair and indulges in complete indifference to what is true and false, while his neutrality could put you in such a mood that you feel like climbing the walls. Certainly, some will say: Yes, but it is precisely inner serenity, inner peace that should be developed. — Such things must not be misunderstood. Inner serenity and inner peace mean balance, and it is important that we are actually able, let us say, to lean toward one side with a healthy judgment, but also have the possibility of developing the counterforces so that, despite leaning, we are still in balance, that is, we are always in control of ourselves. Conscious balance is something different from sleepy balance. You see, therefore, that what we call evolution in the spiritual-scientific sense must reach into the very heart of the naming of truth.

We cannot speak about the characteristics of human beings between death and a new birth unless we accustom ourselves to using words in a completely different sense than is customary in our everyday language. Therefore, those who only want to hear what they already know will naturally find the language of spiritual science incomprehensible, because they must not only get used to the fact that words are put together in a different way, but also that something different is poured into the inner meaning of words than has been poured there before. When we look into the development of the human being in this way, we can begin to judge how different people were in the past, how different they will be again in the distant future, and how we should evaluate what exists in our middle stage of civilization. Our time is so shaken by catastrophe that it is important to make the effort to gain a real understanding of the human being. We are, in a sense, at a time of the most important European decisions, and people hardly suspect what is going on in this complex organism that forms public life. The days of the recent past are almost more important than the days of the present for the future of European civilization. We will have to come to terms with the fact that clinging to the old is destructive, that only a thorough drawing on the sources reopened by the spiritual sciences can lead to the goal.

It is remarkable how that which offers a certain insight beyond the threshold into the spiritual worlds casts its shadow today in this age of primal materialism. Two or three years ago, one was laughed at if one spoke of the impulses that determine public affairs in certain secret societies in the West and other parts of the world. I have given a whole series of lectures on these things, and some of you will be familiar with the content of these lectures in one way or another. But one was more or less laughed at if one spoke of public affairs being influenced by forces whose origins can be found when one looks into certain secret societies that have traditions of ancient initiatory wisdom and apply them in the wrong direction. Today, in a relatively short time, this has changed. The sober English press, which is not prone to making any great leaps, has been publishing articles for weeks about the existence of secret societies; and even if these articles are based on nothing more than Jesuitical fabrications, one must nevertheless say: Even if people sense the wind blowing from the wrong direction, they are already paying attention to such things today. And what has been discussed for weeks, what I would say has been discussed with philological precision, indicates how thoroughly the world has changed in this respect over the last few years. But people easily overlook it when, as I said, even the sober English newspapers today publish compilations such as this, stating that in 1897 something came before the world like a description of future events. They publish this today by writing it down in columns on the left-hand side and printing the Bolsheviks' programs and what is happening now on the right-hand side. What was already known in 1897 is happening today, and it can be proven philologically that what is happening today corresponds to what happened in the past. Of course, without any knowledge of the deeper connections, people point to these things in a journalistic manner. Of course, very few people today sense what such things are about, that it is about people who stand deep in the background of events but nevertheless hold the strings of events tightly in their hands, who want to remain unknown and therefore shift the blame onto others. Everything that is printed is a fabrication, but it is a well-calculated fabrication when one looks back at its origins, for it is designed to accuse others so that humanity does not think of those who really hold the strings. As I said, it is already the case today that we must feel responsible for looking at what is actually happening.p>

I said to some people in 1914: The history of that war catastrophe that began in 1914 must not be written as previous events were written, simply from the archives. If you really want to understand what began in 1914, you have to adopt an occult way of thinking, you have to realize that the most important personalities who were involved in bringing about the catastrophe throughout the civilized world were clouded, their consciousness was clouded. But those moments when people's consciousness is clouded are the gateways through which the Ahrimanic forces enter the world to guide and direct it. When someone occupies an important position and their consciousness is clouded at an important moment, then it is no longer they who rule, but Ahriman who rules through them. Spiritual forces rule in the world, such as I mean now, in this case of an Ahrimanic nature. Only if one wants to pursue these connections in a spiritual scientific way can one understand the events of recent years; and it will become less and less possible to understand what is happening to the civilized world if one does not want to understand it from spiritual scientific foundations; one can discuss at length whether this or that person said this or that three or four or more years ago, or is saying it today. It is much more important today to acquire knowledge of human nature so that one knows how healthy or unhealthy this or that person was or is in that situation, for it depends on this whether good or evil forces are at work in the course of events. It is true that the path to judgment in this way is not exactly strewn with roses; for if people are to judge in this way when supersensible or sub-sensible forces come into play in this sensory world, they will easily be led astray into becoming enthusiastic, mystically exalted.

Those who wish to pursue spiritual science seriously need not only the usual degree of sobriety, but a higher degree of sobriety; no enthusiasm whatsoever, no losing oneself, but standing firmly on the solid ground of reality—that is necessary. We must educate ourselves to reality if we want to judge as we should judge today.

It is a great danger when someone says that what he says is not the result of what he wants or does not want, but of higher powers. Behind this there is usually nothing but the purest egoism. And the mystics who present themselves to the world as bearers of this or that spirituality are usually the greatest egoists. Therefore, the first thing that is necessary on the path to a certain higher knowledge is to become sober, to be able to look beyond everything that is connected with egoism. Enthusiasm is usually just another form of egoism. And in particular, it will be necessary for humanity to acquire a certain sense of humor on the path to spirituality. The world today is far removed from this sense of humor. And it is extremely difficult to come to terms with the judgment of the world when it comes to such things, because everything that lies deep within human nature has a say in the matter.

This perhaps indicates, for the time being, what needed to be indicated in order to point out the importance of the path to spiritual judgment on the one hand, and the difficulty and danger of this path on the other. We must look at both of these things. We must not allow ourselves to be held back by the dangers; but neither must we become complacent about the efforts that must be made in order to arrive at a truly spiritual judgment. We must always keep these things in mind if we want to understand people in the present. And without understanding people in the present, it is impossible to arrive at any social judgment. People in the present must be understood in such a way that they are truly seen in their entirety as soul, body, and spirit, so that one is able to look not only at their life between birth and death, but also at the life between death and a new birth. And basically, the judgment “useful” or “harmful” has no meaning for life between death and a new birth, but the judgment ‘healthy’ and “sick” has a great deal of meaning precisely for this time between death and new birth. There, souls are healthy under the after-effects of earthly life, or they are sick under the after-effects of earthly life. To regard something as useful or harmful in the sense we explain here as true or false means at the same time to limit all worldview to the physical world. And the fact that there is a pragmatism and a philosophy of “as if” in the present day is the surest sign that people have no feeling for anything that lies beyond the threshold from the physical world to the spiritual world.

However, a healthy social judgment can only come about on the basis of this science of initiation. For, you see, let us take the one area of the threefold social organism, let us take the most material and prosaic, as some say, economic life. We know that economic life will only develop in a healthy way if it develops under the principle of association. What does that mean? It means that in the future, people will not develop economic judgment at all out of their individuality. It will, of course, originate epistemologically from individuality, but it will not be formed out of individuality. To form an economic judgment solely out of individuality will seem to the people of the future, if they develop correctly, like the famous sleeper in Jean Paul's story who wakes up in the middle of the night in a dark room, sees nothing, hears nothing, and thinks about what time it is, trying to figure it out by thinking. One must be in harmony with one's surroundings if one wants to form a judgment in the middle of the night about what time it is. And in the future, if you want to form an economic judgment, say, a price judgment or a judgment about how many workers are likely to be employed in a particular industry, you will have to have associations around you, associations that produce in that industry, associations that consume in that industry. And from the confluence of what emanates from these associations, one will form a judgment. The way one wants to do it today, based on individuality, would be equivalent to the sleeper who wants to figure out for himself what time it is. We have just seen how far one gets with such a judgment, which is not based on associative experience.

I have already given another example to a number of you. In the 19th century, we had educated discussions about the usefulness of the gold standard, and you can find the most beautiful and ingenious reasons why the gold standard should replace bimetallism in the mid-19th century and continuing into the last third of the century from people in all European parliaments and in all possible practical fields. What did people expect from it? They said that the gold standard would bring free trade. And what actually happened? Protective tariffs everywhere, the opposite of what the clever economists and the clever parliamentarians said! I do not mean this humorously when I say “the clever people.” They were all mistaken, but I do not call them stupid or foolish; they were really clever. But they had no experience, no economic experience; for this experience cannot be sucked out of one's fingers or developed by thinking, but can only be gained by drawing connections between things in an associative context. And just as one reads the time from a clock, so one reads the foundations for an economic judgment that can lead to action from associations.

What does all this mean? You will remember that I have often said that at a certain point in the development of humanity, there was a kind of group judgment, a group soul. Out of instinct, people in entire groups judged and felt the same way. Languages would never have developed if people had not judged in such groups. As I have explained in some cycles, there was even a group memory. So one started from groups, from instinctive group judgment. One then reaches a certain lowest point and rises again through associations, but now consciously, by uniting people in groups in economic life, to associations that hold and carry themselves through their economic judgment. One rises again to associative judgment. Only it will be such that these groups are formed consciously, that what used to happen atavistically and instinctively now happens with full consciousness. Here you have again one of the reasons that can be given from spiritual science for the necessity of such a social development as is presented in The Crucial Point of the Social Question. These things are such that they arise with absolute mathematical certainty when one goes to the sources of real knowledge. These things are not carelessly spoken into the world, but are drawn from the foundations of human life. But our time needs this, that a world be built socially out of human knowledge. Without this, we cannot move forward; without this, all talk of left-wing and right-wing politics, of all dogmatic dictates that people must believe in a God, from the philistine to the most liberal view of the women's question, from the most reactionary wing to the Bolshevik wing, without this, all remains empty talk that will not establish any reality but will only lead to destruction. Only through spiritual experience can reality be grasped. But then one must be able to enter into a real understanding of human nature; then one must see how something that is demanded in full consciousness as an associative link in economic life results, in its ascent, in precisely what has been lost in its descent in the form of atavistic, instinctive judgment. We are dealing with real, genuine, completely transparent science; with a science that is as transparent as the Pythagorean theorem, even if today's scientists do not respond to this transparency. But there must be a sufficiently large number of people who see through this inner crystal clarity of judgment, which alone can lead from decline to ascent from the sources of spiritual science.

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I wanted to mention this as a kind of preparation for tomorrow, when we will talk here in lectures and free discussion about the formation of social judgment and about the necessity of such a formation of social judgment in the social conditions of the present.