Spiritual Science as a Foundation for Social Forms
GA 199
27 August 1920, Dornach
Lecture IX
A hundred-fifty years ago today Hegel was born in Stuttgart, and when we recall this fact today, we should be spontaneously filled with a feeling for the tremendous change and transformation the times have undergone since the birth of this individual whose spirit was so extraordinarily characteristic of the whole of modern civilization. In a sense, Hegel does embody the essence of the Central European cultural life, which, subsequent to his influence, has changed so considerably. Having played a certain role in Central Europe, this cultural life is just about beginning to disappear from this region.
Hegel was born in Stuttgart, in Swabia; he spent his maturing years of development of his particular spiritual character in middle Germany. In the last period of his life, he was a personality of great consequence in northern Germany, where he was particularly influential in public education, but also in a number of other cultural concerns of that region. Born on August 27, 1770, having developed slowly because of a certain sluggish mentality, Hegel attended the University of Tuebingen where he studied theology. Above all else, he made the acquaintance of the much more mentally mobile and quick, young Schelling.70Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling: 1775–1854. He also became acquainted with Hoelderlin,71Friedrich Hoelderlin: 1770–1843. who, one might say, transposed the melancholic sentiments of ancient Greece into modern times. In close relationship with these two, Hegel spent his years of study in Tuebingen. Then, like Schelling, he turned to middle Germany, to the University of Jena in Thuringia, where, again like Schelling, attracted to the personality of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, he made his first attempts at working out his own ideas of a world view. He taught at the University until 1806. In that year, while Napoleon's cannons thundered around Jena, he concluded his first sizable independent work, his Phenomenology of the Spirit. This work contains the attempt to re-experience in thoughts all that human consciousness can experience—from the dimmest impressions of the world to that mental clarity in which the human being experiences the world of ideas with such intensity that this ideal world itself appears to him as the very substance of spirit. One could say that this Phenomenology of the Spirit is something like a world tour of the spirit.
The difficult conditions in Germany at that time brought an end to Hegel's position at the University of Jena. Yet he continued to remain in middle Germany, and for the next year or so edited a political newspaper in Bamberg. Then he was principal of a secondary school in Nuremberg, until he took a position as professor at the University of Heidelberg for a few years. During his years in Nuremberg, Hegel completed his most important work, Science of Logic. In Heidelberg, he wrote his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. Then he was called to the University of Berlin, which had been founded on the spirit of Fichte and Humboldt. There, his activity expanded in influence and authority to cover the entire educational system then being administered from Berlin, as well as other matters of cultural importance.
Hegel was a strange personality even in outward appearance when he lectured. Before him were the written pages of his manuscript, which, so it seems, were always in disarray so that he was constantly turning and searching among his pages. He was somewhat awkward in his presentation and laborious in his delivery. While he was lecturing, the thought within him worked out of deep substrata of the soul, forming itself only with great difficulty into a word, which then issued forth as if in a stuttering, disjointed manner. Yet, his lecture, which reached its audience in this way as if constantly interrupting itself, is supposed to have made an extraordinarily grand impression on those who were capable of appreciating such a personality. In other ways, too, Hegel had remarkable personal qualities. He truly entered into and familiarized himself with the whole structure of the environment in which he happened to find himself. Thus, one can observe how he actually outgrew the Swabian milieu. One can see that he retained within himself the Swabian spirit with all its special characteristic features until he went to Switzerland and Frankfurt/Main—he spent some time as a private tutor in both Switzerland and Frankfurt after graduating from the university—where he again merged relatively quickly with the life of his new surroundings.
Then he moved to Jena, where Fichte's fiery spirit operated, where, above all else, there existed something like a concentrated summation of the entire cultural essence of Central Europe—a time of which people today can scarcely form a picture. It was indeed so that when Fichte presented his expositions in the university auditorium, which, in his characteristic manner, were on a high spiritual, yet nevertheless abstract level, these discourses were continued and carried on in debates right out into the streets and squares of Jena. In very truth, a lecture by Fichte was not merely a discussion pertaining to questions of one or another kind, but an event. It was an event also in this respect, that at that time, from all around Jena, individuals in need of a world outlook came to hear Fichte speak. One who reads the correspondence, of which there is a great deal, in which people tell of hearing Fichte in Jena, will again and again come across passages testifying to Fichte's tremendous spiritual influence. Indeed, long after Fichte had died, decades later, people who had heard him in Jena still spoke of the great influence he had upon their soul life. The philosophical fire-spirit, Schelling, was stimulated by what flowed as the power of spirit into the world; the more ponderous Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel was motivated as well, and joined forces with Schelling to develop Fichte's philosophy further. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Schelling and Hegel published the Critical Journal of Philosophy in Jena. Its articles certainly stood on the highest levels of abstract philosophical thinking, but in such a manner that one sees how these utterances, couched in thin abstractions, concern themselves—as though welling up straight from the human heart—with those affairs of human life and the world that have always been the high points of all striving for a world concept. Following this, Hegel worked his way to a certain independence, and in 1806 wrote his Phenomenology of the Spirit, which, however, is actually a phenomenology of consciousness.
As I said, Hegel always stood completely within his milieu. The riddles of his surroundings worked deep within him. Just as the Swabian spirit with its depth, as found in a few select Swabians, was so strongly revealed in Hegel's youth, so was this whole spirit of philosophy, comprising in concentrated form the whole new cultural striving, that took hold of him in Jena at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was out of this philosophical spirit that he wrote and taught, a spirit which was always nourished, and increasingly maintained, however, by an overview of the general world condition.
Out of this spirit, too, arose Hegel's Logic—no ordinary logic, but something entirely different. It was written in the second decade of the nineteenth century. One is moved to say that the most singular of all kinds of human striving on the highest level manifests itself in this Hegelian logic.
To Hegel, logic was something akin to a summation of what Hellenism, in a manner somewhat different from Hegel's, understood as logos or universal reason. During the profound inner experience that Hegel underwent while working out his Phenomenology of the Spirit, he began to feel strongly that if man works himself up to the intensive experience of the “idea,” hence the ideas of the world, then this experiencing of the “idea” is no longer a mere thought experience but one of the divine cosmic element in all its truth, purity, and light-filled clarity. Something that had pulsed for centuries in the minds and souls of Central Europe came into inner soul existence at that time in Hegel. One need only recall the deep mysticism of Meister Eckhart, of Johannes Tauler. Recently, we have become acquainted with this mysticism from another side; yet it nevertheless remains profound—for the experience remains the same, after all, even if one is familiar with the deeper occult foundations of which I spoke here a few days ago.72See Lecture IV of this volume. One need only think of this mystical experience that became an inner revelation, as in Valentin Weigel, even in Paracelsus or in Jacob Boehme. One need only transform for oneself into the bright, light-filled clarity of universal ideas what minds such as Meister Eckhart or Johannes Tauler experienced more out of intense feeling than something abstract, what Jacob Boehme set out in images through inner experience, hence replacing the mysticism of feeling and imagery with the mysticism of ideas; then one has the experience that was Hegel's when he wrote his Logic. It was the soul's surrender to pure ideas, but in the conviction that these ideas are the very substance of the universe. It was a dwelling in something that Nietzsche later called the cold, icy realm of ideas. To Hegel, on the other hand, this was accompanied by the awareness that such an experience of the ideas was a dialogue with the cosmic spirit itself.
What Hegel experienced, not in a vaguely defined unity of the world, not in such vague concepts as those produced by the Pantheists, but in concrete ideas that were followed through from simple “existence” all the way to the fully saturated “idea of the organism” and the “spirit,” what can be experienced to the full extent of the developed world of ideas, this Hegel summed up in his Logic. Thus, it is the intent in his Logic to present a structure of those ideas attainable for the human being, ideas which, as man experiences them, simultaneously demonstrate the certainty that they are of the same element by which the universal spirit allows reality to come into being. This is why Hegel called the contents of his Logic the divinity prior to the creation of the world. Yet, icy is the region in which a person finds himself who studies Hegel's Logic; this is because Hegel moves entirely in what the ordinary person calls the uttermost abstraction. He begins by presenting “being” as the simplest idea; then he passes over to “nothingness”; proceeds dialectically from “being” through “nothingness” to “becoming,” to “existence,” and on to “causality.” One does not gain from this what the ordinary person wants when he wishes to be filled inwardly in his soul with divine cosmic warmth. Instead, one receives what in ordinary life would be called a sum of abstract ideas.
What is this Logic? When it is really contemplated, this Logic becomes an experience; it even turns into an experience that can give a person much information about many a secret of humanity and the world in general. One is induced to say that what is experienced through Hegel's Logic can really only be characterized by means of spiritual science. It is only through spiritual science that one finds words to characterize this experience. This is a remarkable discovery. Hegel's pupil, Rosenkranz,73Karl Rosenkranz: 1805–1879, philosopher and literary historian. Hegel's Leben, Berlin, 1844. who was devoted to his master, has presented us with a biography of Hegel, written not only in a kindly but also a spirited manner. In it, he uses words that are, I might say, in a certain respect significant for the events of that time. It was around the mid-forties of the nineteenth century that he said, “We are actually the grave diggers of the great philosophers.” Rosenkranz then lists the great philosophers who rose from European civilization during the period near the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, and how they actually died within that same period. One experiences a melancholy feeling when reading this passage in Rosenkranz's biography of Hegel, for something very true has been expressed. As this nineteenth century advanced step by step, it became the grave digger not only of the philosophers but of philosophy itself, indeed, of the profound questions dealing with world concepts. The decay of European civilization, now approaching us with giant strides, first announced itself in the lofty regions of philosophy. The presumptuous philosophical systems of the second half of the nineteenth century are at bottom expressions of decline.
On the basis of spiritual science, on the other hand, one cannot speak as did Rosenkranz; based on spiritual science, I would say that even what is outwardly, physically dead must also come to life. For what is eternal in the human being works on eternally, on one side in super-sensible worlds, but on the other side also in the earthly realm itself; and if it falls to the impulses of decline to have grave diggers, it is up to spiritual science to seek out what is eternally alive soul essence in what is dead and to place it before the world in its ever continuing life. Therefore, I would like to speak today not of the dead but of the living Hegel.
To be sure, however, living personalities of Hegel's kind also become, in a certain sense, sharp critics of what—partly from indolence of soul, partly from sheer bad will—presently forms an alliance with the powers of decadence. Therefore, from the spiritual-scientific standpoint, I must say: Yes, it is true that Hegel's logical dialectic runs its course in the cold, icy realm of what at first seem to be abstract concepts. To experience Hegel's Logic actually means finding oneself dwelling in a multitude of concepts, which a thoughtless person does not care for, about which the thoughtless man would say, “That does not interest me.” But this conceptual world of Hegel's, this sum of apparent abstractions, these icy, cold concepts, what exactly are they? One can investigate what these concepts are, particularly through what spiritual science offers us. There is no doubt that they cannot be eternal universal reason itself, for universal reason could never have created from this sum of pure abstractions the entire multiform and, above all, warmth-pervaded world of ours. These logical concepts, these logical ideas, seem like transparent conceptual veils; indeed, Hegel himself calls his logical ideas shadow images.
Therefore, what Hegel initially experienced in this logic is, of course, something that it cannot be. It is a sum of ideas that begin with “being,” pass from “nothingness” to “becoming,” and so on through many such concepts, ending with the “idea bearing its own purpose within itself ”—therefore, concluding with what ordinary consciousness would also still call an abstraction. It is certain then that the world could not have been created out of such ideas; nor is this logic to be viewed as the living spirit, that is, what must be grasped in supersensory perception as living spirit. Indeed, I would say, it is out of an admittedly subjective feeling that Hegel declares that the contents of this logic are the thoughts of God prior to the world's creation. Out of these thoughts, one could never in any way comprehend the rich abundance of the created world. And yet, if one allows oneself to go into these thoughts, the experience is a strong and powerful one. What exactly is it then that is contained in this logic?
Look at our building here.74Rudolf Steiner: Der Baugedanke des Goetheanum, Gesamtausgabe Stuttgart, 1958. It is intended to have as the central group in the middle of the eastern end a kind of Christ figure, with Lucifer rising above it, and below Ahriman, as though being thrust into the earth by the Representative of Humanity, who inwardly preserves complete balance of soul. The intention is to represent the full human condition in this group. In reality, man is, after all, that being who must seek the balance between what tries to rise above the human being and what draws him down into the ground—the balance between the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic nature. Physiologically, physically speaking, the Luciferic force is that element in us which brings about fever, pleurisy, which brings man into conditions of warmth that tend to dissolve him, cause him to be dissipated in the world; the Ahrimanic force brings about ossification, calcification. Speaking of the soul level, man is the entity who must seek the equilibrium, on the one hand, between rapturous mysticism—between theory, between all that strives to the insubstantial but nevertheless light-irradiated realm—and what pulls him down, on the other hand, to the pedantic, philistine, materialistic and intellectualistic sphere. Spiritually speaking, man must hold the balance between the Luciferic force always wishing to lull him to sleep, always tempting him to yield himself up to the universal all, and the Ahrimanic force that shocks him awake again and again, striking through him with a violence that does not let him sleep. One does not comprehend the nature of the human being if one cannot place it in the middle between the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic force.
Yet, the experience of the human soul at this middle point is a complicated one; the soul can only fully experience this complexity in its development in the course of time, and one must understand each of the successive stages of this development. One can say that whoever understands Hegel and the way he elaborated his Logic can see how, at that time, in the second decade of the nineteenth century, mankind began to calcify, to become materialistic, to densify inwardly, to become entangled in matter. In the realm of knowledge and perception, this age gives the impression of sinking down into matter. As in a picture, humanity appears to be sinking into the material element, with Hegel standing in the center, working himself out of it with all his might and snatching away from Ahriman what he has that is good, namely, the abstract logic that we need for our inner liberation, without which we will not achieve pure thinking. Hegel wrests this logic from the powers of gravity, from the terrestrial powers, presenting it in all its cold abstractness, so that it may not live in the Ahrimanic element dwelling in man, but can rise into human thinking. Yes, this Hegelian logic is wrested from the Ahrimanic powers, torn free from them and bestowed on humanity. This is what mankind needs and without which it cannot progress—which, however, had first to be rescued from Ahriman.
Thus, Hegelian logic actually remains something eternal; thus it must continue to be effective. It must ever and again be sought for. We cannot do without it. If we try to manage without it, we either fall back into the nebulous softness of “Schleiermacherei,”T1“Schleiermacherei”—an apt play on words around the name of Hegel's contemporary, F.D.E. Schleiermacher (lit. = veil maker). Steiner described his world view as ardently devotional and sincere, but introspective. See Riddles of Philosophy, pp. 165–168. or we founder in what people immediately became enmeshed in when they have approached Hegel without being able to grasp him. For there appears on the one side the image of Hegel, who Lifts himself out of Ahriman's realm, who rescues from Ahriman what, as pure logic, has to be saved for mankind, actually has to be saved for human thinking. On the other side, there arises the image of Karl Marx, who also orients himself on Hegel, taking up Hegel's thinking, but is gripped by Ahriman's claws and dragged into the lowest depths of the material bog—who by Hegel's method arrives at historical materialism. Here, we cannot help but see, side by side, the upward striving spirit, snatching the logic away from Ahriman, because, with this logic, one must truly keep oneself upright by means of all one's inner human soul forces, and the one who, with this logic, sinks into the Ahrimanic morass.
Hegel actually appears as a spirit that can be understood only if one tries to comprehend him with the concepts which only spiritual science can supply. This is what Hegel became through the influence brought to bear on him by Fichte's fiery words in Jena, the essence of which he then formulated in his way, during his subsequent sojourns in Bamberg, Nuremberg and Heidelberg.
Subsequently, he was transferred to northern Germany. He always experienced fully what his surroundings contained. In a humanly personal manner, his inner life awakened to what was around him. Thus he became the influential genius of the University of Berlin. Now the world experienced through him that work which he had to create out of the very middle of the modern civilized world if he was truly a spirit fully belonging to this middle. In the last few weeks, we have, after all, been characterizing the East, the Middle, and the West. We have found that it is the economic thinking that flourishes particularly in the West; in the East, spiritual thinking flourished; in the Middle, the legal, political element has chiefly raised itself to a special flowering. Fichte has written a work dealing with natural law. The most enlightened minds occupied themselves with ideas concerning human rights. It was just at the time of his move to northern Germany that Hegel gave the world his Basic Principles of the Philosophy of Rights or Natural Rights and Science of the State in Outline. Everything that could be termed a defamation of Hegel was due chiefly to this book, which contains the remarkable sentence: “Everything reasonable is real, and everything real is reasonable.”75Literally, this sentence says: “What is rational, is real; and what is real is rational.” From preface to Hegel's Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821.
Whoever can appreciate that it was Hegel who wrested human reason from the clutches of the Ahrimanic powers will also recognize his right to search it out, and to make it effectual throughout the world. Thus, because his field of action was the Ahrimanic which cannot lead a person upward to what lies before birth or into what is active after death, Hegel became an interpreter of spirituality, but only of the physical, earthly one; he turned into a philosopher of natural science and history. Yet he depicted what dwells in the external world in the relation of man to man and which then develops systematically as organized human life. This he summed up in his concept of “objective spirit.” In the expression of rights, in morality, in the implementation of treaties and so forth, he beheld the spirit active in the social organization itself. Regarding these matters, he stood completely within not only the spatial, but also the temporal milieu. It was not yet the trend of that time, particularly in the area where Hegel lived, to worship the state as much as was the case later on. Therefore, it is incorrect to view the concept of the state appearing in Hegel's writing in the same light as must be done in regard to later times. Within his structure of the state, for example, Hegel still acknowledged free corporations, a corporate life. All the antihuman elements that made their appearance later in the Prussian realm were not yet in evidence when Hegel, one might say, deified the idea of the state in Prussia of all places; but this grew out of his attempt to see at work in the world that reason which he had wrested from Ahriman through his logic.
Thus, we cannot help but say that this is basically the tragedy that has since been enacted historically in such a shocking way. The element living in Middle Europe is indeed something we must not regard in the same way as do Western eyes, particularly since the mendacities of recent years. It is something best characterized by the fact that, even now, it gives the impression to a mind such as Oswald Spengler's that the only social salvation for the impending age of decline must come through Central Europe, not in order to counteract the decline—Spengler does not believe in such counteraction—but merely to make the decline that will take place tolerable, until, in the beginning of the next millennium, total barbarism supposedly will come into being.
One can say that in the twenties of the nineteenth century Hegel appears as the ruling spirit governing the whole realm of Prussian education; he stands there with the kind of reasonableness I have just characterized for you. It is a reasonableness that is born, as it were, out of the ice of Ahriman, but it also possesses in its spirit structure something of an inner firmness, having nothing mathematical about it, yet containing a tremendous force, an element of fine spirituality.
Now, one has to understand that what was present as the special element of Central Europe has to be characterized also from this aspect: that right into the ninth century its lack of culture still included the practice of blood sacrifice. This showed characteristics that have a certain value when taken up by such a spirit as Hegel's. Such a spirituality, however, is rare, it does not repeat itself. Hegel's students were basically all small minds, and the one who, in a certain respect, was a great mind, Karl Marx, quickly succumbed to the Ahrimanic powers. The element which then gained ground was the very one that precipitated the plunge into the Ahrimanic abyss.
Hegel salvaged something from what plunged into this abyss—something that must be eternal, something he could only salvage because it was saved from just this element. It was necessary that this be done by a person whose soul essence was of the very being of Middle Europe. This was the case with Hegel. He was Swabian by birth and by virtue of the region of his youth: middle German, Franconian and Thuringian in respect to his maturation; and he was so pronouncedly Prussian in the final period of his life that he experienced Prussia as the center of the world, with Berlin as the very center of this world center.
There is a certain inherent force in Hegelianism, truly not a physical force but a different one, namely a spiritual force; Hegelianism contains something that must be taken up by every spiritual world view. For any spiritual science would have to become rachitic if it could not be permeated by the skeletal system of ideas which Hegel wrested from the ossifying grip of Ahriman. We need this system to become inwardly strong in a certain manner. We have need of this sober thoughtfulness if, in our spiritual endeavors, we wish to avoid the degeneracy of nebulous, cozy mysticism. We also need the force that lived in Hegel; we require the force of his creed of reason, if we do not wish to sink into what Karl Marx directly succumbed to when he tried independently to work himself into Hegel's mentality.
It would really be necessary at this point in time—which is perhaps one of the most important moments, more important even than 1914—that as many people as possible recall this significant element in Hegel. For a true recognition, especially of Hegel, could bring about a certain awakening of soul. And an awakening is needed! No one believes, no one wishes to believe, what dangers are actually at work in European civilization and its American appendage; one does not wish to believe what forces of decline prevail. In public life today, only the forces of decline are taken into account. No one wishes to perceive, to feel the uplifting forces. Let us focus on single characteristic things that just recently may have caught our attention. What thoughts are harbored, for instance, in the attitude becoming prevalent now in the civilized world in regard to the traditional spiritual life? I am not referring to our spiritual life, for we intend to bring a new spirit into humanity's civilization. What are the thoughts in the attitude of mind now growing and spreading in relation to the life of the spirit? You can find such thoughts in a recent article76Professor Paul Menzer: “Abbau der Universitaeten?” in “Hallische Nachrichten,” August 18, 1920. written by the rector of the University of Halle for the Hallischen Nachrichten under the title, “Gradual Abolition of the Universities.” He states:
At least this much appears certain, namely, that a government agency has actually put forward the suggestion to close down a part of the German universities. Other educational tasks are held to be more important, and it is believed that greater financial resources have to be freed for them. Since these resources are unavailable, it is thought that a number of universities should be abolished in order to found a type of civil service school where persons who have not attended a university would be educated so that they could administer the official posts allotted to them.
So, civil service training begins! In Russia it is going at full speed. And the Western world pays no attention! They will have to pay bitter attention to it, however, if an awakening of souls does not take place, if even the best minds continually turn a deaf ear to all that refers to the spirit; and, for their own amusement, certainly not for the good of this world, they continue to entertain the world with the timeworn slogans of liberalism, conservatism, pacificism, and so on.
And particularly morality among our intellectuals is fast going downhill. Here is a small indication of it. But first, I must mention that when Ernst Haeckel retired from his professorship at Jena, he himself chose as his successor his pupil Plate,77Ludwig Plate, 1862–1937. who had recently arrived from Berlin. He installed him, so to speak, for Haeckel's voice really carried weight at the University of Jena at the time of his retirement. He installed Plate in all the responsible posts he had held: His professorship, his administration of the Zoological Institute and the Phyletic Museum, established for Haeckel himself on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday78The Phyletic Museum of the University of Jena was founded in 1907, and according to its foundation-charter was "intended for the development and dissemination of the teaching of evolution as well as morphology and anthropology." Already in 1886, Ernst Haeckel had tried to realize the plan of the museum with the help of the so-called Ritter-Foundation, but had failed because of the Opposition of the donor, Paul von Ritter. It is quite possible that on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, Haeckel talked about this planned museum in Dr. Steiner's presence. For Haeckel's birthday, his students and friends collected money for a marble bust. More money was collected than was needed. In 1894, this surplus of 10,000 marks still existed when the museum was established. It was then included in the capital of the foundation. In a footnote to a letter from Haeckel to Carneri on March 23, 1907, the publisher of the letters writes, “The construction of the Phyletic Museum in Jena was of great significance for the popularization of the teaching of evolution. For a long time, Haeckel had been envisioning such a ‘public-spirited center of education,’ namely, a collection ... in which the most pertinent facts of phylogeny would be suitably placed together, ... preparations, pictures and explanations would aid the public's understanding. The necessary fmancial means came together through donations.” Rudolf Steiner was aware of all these matters. by the Haeckel Foundation that had come into existence. It was from all this that Haeckel withdrew, installing in his place his pupil Plate. Now I would like to read you a news item79Refers to the article by E.F.: “Haeckel und—Plate,” in the “Berliner Tageblatt,” evening edition of August 19, 1920. of a few days ago:
One year ago, eight days after Haeckel's death, an obituary notice in the Berliner Tageblatt by Dr. Adolf Heilborn made the first mention of the martyrdom inflicted on Haeckel during the last ten years of his life, as a result of the conduct of Professor Ludwig Plate. On April 1, 1909, Haeckel had relinquished the chair of zoology at Jena, which he had occupied for forty-eight years, and the directorship of the Zoological Institute and Phyletic Museum to his former pupil Ludwig Plate, for which the latter expressed his heartiest thanks to “his highly honored Excellency.” Upon settling down in his new positions, one of Plate's first official acts was to demand that Haeckel clear out his workroom in the Zoological Institute without delay. When Haeckel protested,80 The writer of the article, E.F., bypasses the true facts with his report. Compare with this Heilborn's description on pp. 12 and 13 of his pamphlet, Die Lear-Tragoedie Ernst Haeckels: “One of Plate's first official actions after his move was the demand that Haeckel immediately clear out his study in the zoological institute. The elderly scientist was at that moment suffering from severe rheumatism. In order to be able to comply with Plate's request, Haeckel had to have himself carried into the institute ... This hasty move then took place in the custodian's and Haeckel's daughter's presence; a move that required the transport of letters, documents and books across to the Phyletic Museum. In two days, this was accomplished. Haeckel was just surveying his new workroom when the recently appointed director of the museum, Plate, appeared, announcing that he was requisitioning the„assistant's room for his ... 84 cages of live mice that he had brought with him ... for the purpose of genetic tests. Haeckel ... protested against this because of the unavoidable dirt and smell of such a breeding center and asked whether the mice couldn't be housed somewhere else in Jena besides the brand-new museum. Haeckel suggested ... a room in the zoological institute for this purpose. Plate, however, did not like this, because the foul smell would be too irksome for him in the adjacent laboratory. When Haeckel remarked that surely he had a voice in the matter of the arrangements in the Phyletic Museum, which was to serve purposes other than the raising of mice, especially since the museum had cost him two years of work and a great part of his own fmancial resources, Plate declared as if with the full weight of his office, ‘I am sole director of the Phyletic Museum since April 1 and you have to submit to all my orders without exception.’ A bitter exchange of words ensued and the elderly Haeckel finally said, ‘You treat me like an assistant who is twenty years younger, not like your teacher who is thirty years older!’ Plate left without a word ... This was the first tribute of gratitude on the part of the ‘sincerely devoted old pupil’ and the first expression of his ‘special joy over furnishing the museum together with Haeckel according to the latter's intentions!’” Plate's explanation was: “Since April 1, I have been sole director of the Phyletic Museum, and you are to comply without question to all my directions.” This prelude and the further developments of the conflict were related in simple words by Heilborn who was Haeckel's pupil and friend, with the result that Professor Ludwig Plate brought an action of libel against him at the District Court in Jena. Following this, Dr. Heilborn made public all the relevant facts in a small brochure, The Lear-Tragedy of Ernst Haeckel (Hoffman & Campe, Hamburg/Berlin 1920), based on Haeckel's unpublished letters and notes, and on official documents. Heilborn could make use of a turn of phrase that a witty advocate once used before the court: “I move for the condemnation of my respected Opponent on the same grounds which he himself has brought forward.” Nothing weighed more against Plate than his own remarks. From Haeckel, who had made endowments to the University of over a million marks, who had donated his large library and collections representing fifty-five years of work to it, Plate demanded the return of a-number of allegedly missing books, and at another time the return of a considerable number of cardboard boxes. Furthermore, Plate stated the following: “This grave injustice which has been done to me can never be erased; however, in recognition of his great services to science and because he is my former teacher, I shall forgive him.”—and “No one will hold it against me that after all these experiences I have broken off all personal contact with Haeckel.”
So much for Plate versus Haeckel. I am reminded of a lecture once given by Ottokar Lorenz,81 Ottokar Lorenz: 1832–1904, Austrian historian. one of the better historians of earlier times. I did not agree with its content, but one expression appealed to me that he used right at the beginning. At a Schiller jubilee, Ottokar Lorenz had to lecture on “Schiller as a Historian.” As I said, I did not agree with the content, but he said:
Indeed, from the standpoint of present-day science, there is actually nothing more to be said about Schiller as a historian. If I nevertheless do say something more, it will be on behalf of the High Senate and my honored colleagues.
The High Senate and the colleagues were all sitting there. Now follows what we could call a special declaration by the High Senate and the colleagues. For he says:
“ In the academic world of Jena, Plate stood quite alone.”
—I question whether he stood by himself when he came into the lecture hall!?
The anatomist Schwalbe once wrote: “It is unbelievable ... how Plate behaved. I am amazed that the students in Jena did not react. It would be a really good deed if they could make it too hot for him in Jena.”
Thus write the professors, the "honored colleagues," who thoroughly deplore that the students did not manage to torment Plate enough to make him leave Jena. These honored colleagues who write like this—in private letters, of course have, however, carefully avoided being unfriendly to Professor Plate when he enters the lecture hall.
Heinrich Heine once said that Lessing's opponents, due to their association with him, were preserved, like an insect in amber, from vanishing without a trace. Now it would be discourteous to apply this comparison to living persons, however well it would fit in a scientific context. We will therefore content ourselves with Heilborn's remark to the effect that nothing will remain of Plate's name and work except the sinister remembrance of the martyrdom that he inflicted on Haeckel.
One could cite a great many similar examples of academic morality, of the morality of the present-day intelligentsia. What comes to light thereby is that today we have to do not merely with the struggle of this or that world-view versus another; we are dealing today with the struggle of truth against the lie, and in this conflict it is the lie that directs its weapons against the truth. Today, truth's struggle against falsehood, which is extending its grip further and further on mankind, is more important than any dispute over other concepts.
It was perhaps thought to be exaggerated when, in a recent lecture, I said that the people of Europe are asleep. They will have to experience bitterly—I mentioned this in a different context—how the most extreme effect of the Western world concept is spreading in Bolshevism across all of Asia, and will be taken up by the people of Asia with the same fervor with which they received their sacred Brahman at one time. This will indeed happen, and modern civilization will have to face up to it. And one feels the deepest pain on seeing the sleeping souls in Europe, who fall so completely to evoke in their minds that real earnestness which is what matters today.
A few days after I had expressed this here, I came across the following news item:
Some days ago, I had the opportunity to take a look at a 10,000 ruble note in possession of a representative of the Soviet Republic. What astonished me was not so much its high denomination; rather, what struck me was that in the center the bank note bore a finely and clearly drawn swastika.
This symbol, which a Hindu or an ancient Egyptian once looked upon when he spoke of his sacred Brahman, is seen today on a 10,000 ruble note! In the strongholds of politics, people know how to influence human souls. One knows what the victorious advance of the swastika signifies, the sign which a great number of people in Central Europe are already wearing today—again based on other underlying reasons—one knows what it means. Yet one is unwilling to listen to something that seeks to interpret the secrets of today's historical developments out of the most important symptoms.
This interpretation, however, can proceed only out of what can come to light through spiritual science. One must take a good look at what is presently going on. One must focus on the tendency to devastation in regard to the established cultural life, the tendency that is seeking to transform even the vestiges of this old cultural life into schools for civil servants and bureaucratic machinery, and that has morally sunk down to a low point such as I described to you in regard to Herr Plate, who is Haeckel's closest pupil, the favorite pupil of that inwardly decent, good man, Haeckel! Haeckel did not do things like that; the Ahrimanic, materialistic culture does.
In this age—in which one knows how to proceed if one goes about it consciously—one should recall great minds such as Hegel, born 150 years ago in Stuttgart, who in an inner struggle of soul and spirit wrested from the Ahrimanic powers those concepts and ideas which are needed to acquire sufficient inner spiritual steadfastness for ascending the ladder into the spiritual world; but who also offers much else of inner spiritual discipline. Truly, through the way in which his ideas can be alive now, Hegel should be treasured on the part of spiritual science; and because of what can live of him today, let us commemorate him today, on this, his 150th birthday.
He died of cholera on November 14, 1831, in Berlin, on the anniversary of the death of Leibnitz, the great European philosopher. What he has left behind, has, to begin with, either been misunderstood in the outer world, or been misrepresented by his students, or else has been dragged down directly into the Ahrimanic sphere, as in Marxism. With the help of spiritual science, the soil must be found in which the eternally enduring force that was born 150 years ago in Stuttgart in Georg Friedrich Hegel—a force containing the best extract of European spiritual life, which exerted its influence throughout sixty years in Middle Europe—can grow. It must not be buried; it must be awakened to life in spiritual science, a life such as we now truly need in this intellectual, moral and economic decline.
Neunter Vortrag
Heute vor hundertfünfzig Jahren wurde in Stuttgart Hegel geboren, und man muß, indem man an diesem Tage sich dieser Tatsache erinnert, eigentlich unwillkürlich von dem Gefühl durchdrungen sein der ungeheuren Veränderung und Umwandlung, welche die Zeiten erfahren haben seit der Geburt dieses für die ganze moderne Zivilisation so außerordentlich charakteristischen Geistes. Hegel schließt ja in sich gewissermaßen den Extrakt des Geisteslebens jenes mitteleuropäischen Gebietes, das sich nach seinem Wirken so wesentlich verändert hat, das jetzt beginnt, von diesem mitteleuropäischen Gebiete, in dem es eine gewisse Rolle gespielt hat, geradezu ideell zu verschwinden.
Hegel ist in Stuttgart, im Schwabenlande geboren, hat die Jahre seiner Reifung, die Jahre der Entwickelung der besonderen Art seines Geistes in Mitteldeutschland verlebt und war dann in der letzten Epoche seines Lebens eine in Norddeutschland einflußreiche Persönlichkeit, einflußreich insbesondere für das Unterrichtswesen, aber auch für manche andere geistige Angelegenheiten Norddeutschlands. Am 27. August 1770 in Stuttgart geboren, kam Hegel, der sich langsam aus einer gewissen schwerfälligen Geistigkeit heraus entwickelte, im achtzehnten Lebensjahre an die Tübinger Universität, studierte dort Theologie und machte die Bekanntschaft vor allen Dingen des viel beweglicheren, geistig regsameren, jugendlichen Schelling, machte die Bekanntschaft des, ich möchte sagen, die schwermütigsten Empfindungen des alten Griechenland in die neuere Zeit heraufhebenden Hölderlin, verbrachte mit diesen beiden, mit Hölderlin und Schelling, in inniger Kameradschaft seine Studienjahre in Tübingen, wandte sich dann gleich Schelling Mitteldeutschland, Thüringen, der Jenenser Universität zu, wo er zunächst, ebenso wie Schelling, angezogen durch die Persönlichkeit Johann Gottlieb Fichtes, seine ersten Versuche in Ausarbeitung eigener Weltanschauungsideen machte. Er wirkte an der Universität bis zum Jahre 1806. In diesem Jahre vollendete er sein erstes größeres, selbständiges Werk, «Die Phänomenologie des Geistes», wie man sagt, während die Kanonen Napoleons um Jena herum donnerten. In diesem Werke ist enthalten der Versuch, alles dasjenige in Gedanken wiederzuerleben, was das menschliche Bewußtsein erleben kann von seinen dumpfesten Welteindrücken bis zu jener Klarheit herauf, wo der Mensch in einer solchen Intensität die Ideenwelt durchlebt, daß ihm diese Ideenwelt selbst als die Substanz des Geistes erscheint. Man möchte sagen, etwas wie eine Weltreise des Geistes ist diese «Phänomenologie des Geistes».
Die damals schwierigen Verhältnisse in Deutschland brachten Hegel um seine Stellung an der Universität in Jena. Er blieb aber weiter im mittleren Deutschland und redigierte zunächst ein Jahr etwa eine politische Zeitung in Bamberg, war dann Gymnasialdirektor in Nürnberg, bis er für wenige Jahre Universitätsprofessor in Heidelberg wurde. Während seiner Nürnberger Zeit arbeitete er sein bedeutsamstes Werk, die «Wissenschaft der Logik» aus. In Heidelberg schrieb er seine «Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften». Dann wurde er berufen an die ja aus dem Geiste Fichtes und Humboldts heraus begründete Berliner Universität, an der er eine einflußreiche Tätigkeit ausübte, welche Tätigkeit sich eben ausdehnte über das gesamte Unterrichtswesen, das von Berlin aus verwaltet werden konnte, und auch über andere geistige Angelegenheiten.
Hegel war eine merkwürdige Persönlichkeit schon äußerlich, wenn er vortrug.Er hatte seine geschriebenen Manuskriptblätter vor sich, die aber immer, wie es scheint, ungeordnet waren, so daß er fortwährend blätterte, suchte. Er war etwas ungelenk im Darstellen, brachte nur schwer seine Sachen hervor. Der Gedanke in ihm arbeitete, arbeitete aus tiefen Untergründen der Seele heraus, während er vortrug, gestaltete sich außerordentlich schwer zum Worte, das wie stotternd und wie abgerissen hervorkam. Dennoch aber soll sein Vortrag, der in dieser Weise, wie fortwährend sich unterbrechend, an die Zuhörer herantrat, einen außerordentlich großartigen Eindruck gemacht haben auf diejenigen, die einen Sinn dafür hatten, auf eine solche Persönlichkeit einzugehen. Aber auch sonst hatte Hegel merkwürdige persönliche Eigenschaften. Er lebte sich wirklich ein in die ganze Struktur der Umgebung, in der er sich befand, er erlebte mit die Struktur dieser Umgebung. Und so kann man bemerken, wie er tatsächlich aus dem schwäbischen Milieu herauswächst, wie er gewissermaßen den Schwabengeist mit all seinen besonderen charakteristischen Merkmalen in sich hat, bis er - nachdem er die Universität absolviert hatte, war er einige Zeit auch Hauslehrer in der Schweiz und in Frankfurt am Main -, bis er in die Schweiz und nach Frankfurt am Main kam, wo er sich verhältnismäßig schnell wiederum in die andere Umgebung einlebte.
Und dann kam er nach Jena, wo Fichtes Feuergeist wirkte, wo vor allen Dingen etwas war wie eine Zusammenfassung des ganzen mitteleuropäischen Geisteswesens, eine Zeit, von der sich heute die Menschen kaum noch eine Vorstellung machen können. Es war ja so, daß, wenn Fichte in seiner Art die durchaus voll auf einer hohen geistigen Stufe stehenden Auseinandersetzungen im Hörsaale machte, die aber trotzdem auf einer abstrakten Höhe standen, diese Auseinandersetzungen sich in Debatten bis in die Straßen und öffentlichen Plätze in Jena fortsetzten; so daß in der Tat solch ein Vortrag Fichtes nicht bloß eine Auseinandersetzung mit irgendwelchen Problemen war, sondern ein Ereignis war, ein Ereignis auch in der Hinsicht, daß von allen irgendwie nicht allzuweit von Jena abliegenden Orten dazumal nach Weltanschauung bedürftige Persönlichkeiten in Jena sich einfanden. Und wer Briefschaften liest, die ja reichlich vorhanden sind, in denen Persönlichkeiten sich aussprechen, die in Jena Fichte gehört haben, der stößt immer wieder und wiederum auf Stellen, die von dem ungeheuren geistigen Einfluß Fichtes sprechen. Ja, man muß sagen, nach vielen Jahren, nachdem Fichte längst gestorben war, nach Jahrzehnten noch drücken sich Persönlichkeiten, die ihn in Jena gehört haben, in der Weise aus, daß sie von jenem großen Einflusse auf ihre Seele sprechen, den sie erfahren haben durch Fichte in Jena.
Angeregt durch das, was da Gewaltiges an Geist in die Welt floß, war der philosophische Feuergeist Schelling, war auch der schwerfälligere Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, der sich aber mit Schelling zusammentat, um die Fichtesche Philosophie weiterzubilden. Schelling und Hegel gaben dazumal in Jena im Beginne des vorigen Jahrhunderts das «Kritische Journal der Philosophie» heraus, das sich in seinen Artikeln durchaus auf den höchsten Höhen philosophischen abstrakten Denkens bewegte, aber so, daß man sieht: die in dünne Abstraktionen gesenkten Auslassungen beschäftigen sich, wie unmittelbar aus dem menschlichen Herzen hervorsprudelnd, mit denjenigen Angelegenheiten des Menschen- und Weltlebens, die die Gipfelpunkte alles Weltanschauungsstrebens nun einmal sind. Dann arbeitete sich Hegel zu einer gewissen Selbständigkeit heraus und schrieb eben bis 1806 seine «Phänomenologie des Geistes», die aber eigentlich eine Phänomenologie des Bewußtseins ist.
Immer stand Hegel, wie ich sagte, in dem ganzen Milieu darinnen. Tief in seinem Inneren arbeiteten die Rätsel, die in seiner Umgebung waren. Und so, wie es der Schwabengeist war mit seiner — nun, ich will nicht unhöflich sein — bei einzelnen auserlesenen Schwaben sich findenden Tiefe, wie es der Schwabengeist war in seiner Jugend, der in ihm so recht zur Offenbarung kam, so war es dieser ganze, das neuere Geistesstreben in Konzentration zusammenfassende Philosophengeist, der ihn in Jena im Beginne des 19. Jahrhunderts ergriff, und aus dem heraus er schrieb und wirkte, aus diesem philosophischen Geist, der sich aber immer nährte an einem Überblicke, den er sich unaufhörlich über die allgemeine Weltlage machte.
Aus diesem heraus entstand auch Hegels «Logik», keine gewöhnliche Logik, sondern etwas ganz anderes. Sie ist im zweiten Jahrzehnt des 19. Jahrhunderts geschrieben. Man möchte sagen: Die allereigentümlichste Art des Strebens der Menschheit auf der höchsten Höhe tritt gerade in dieser Hegelschen Logik zutage.
Logik ist für Hegel etwas wie eine Art Zusammenfassung desjenigen, was das Griechentum in einer etwas andern Art, als es Hegel tat, unter Logos verstand — die Weltvernunft. Hegel war dazu gekommen, während jenes inneren, tiefen Erlebens, das er durchmachte bei der Ausarbeitung seiner «Phänomenologie des Geistes», so recht zu fühlen: Wenn der Mensch sich erhebt bis zum intensiven Erleben der Idee, also der Ideen der Welt, dann ist dieses Erleben der Idee nicht mehr ein Gedankenerleben bloß, dann ist dieses Erleben der Idee ein Erleben des göttlichen Weltelementes in seiner Wahrheit, in seiner Reinheit, in seiner lichten Klarheit. Etwas, was in Mitteleuropa in den Geistern, in den Seelen seit Jahrhunderten pulste, es kam auf besondere Art in Hegel dazumal zum innerlich seelischen Dasein. Man braucht sich nur zu erinnern an die tiefe Mystik des Meister Eckhart, des Johannes Tauler wir haben sie in diesen Tagen von einer andern Seite kennengelernt, aber tief bleibt sie doch, und das Erleben bleibt ja dasselbe, auch wenn man die tieferen okkulten Untergründe kennt, von denen ich vor einigen Tagen hier gesprochen habe —, man braucht nur zu denken an dieses mystische Erleben, wie es dann etwa in Valentin Weigel, selbst in Paracelsus, in Jakob Böhme innerliche Offenbarung wurde, und man braucht sich nur dasjenige, was Geister wie der Meister Eckhart oder der Johannes Tauler mehr aus einem intensiven Gefühle heraus als abstrakt erlebten, was Jakob Böhme in Bildern auseinanderlegte durch inneres Erleben, man braucht sich das nur in die helle, lichte Klarheit der Weltideen zu verwandeln und also an die Stelle von Gefühls- und Bildermystik Ideenmystik zu setzen, dann hat man das Erleben, das Hegels Erleben war, als er die «Logik» schrieb: ein Aufgehen der Seele in reinen Ideen, aber mit der Überzeugung, daß diese Ideen die Weltsubstanz sind, ein Leben in dem, was Nietzsche später genannt hat die kalte, eisige Ideenregion, aber bei Hegel ein Erleben der Ideen mit dem Bewußtsein, daß dieses Erleben der Ideen ein Zwiegespräch mit dem Weltengeiste selber ist.
Was da Hegel erlebte, nicht in vagen Definitionen von einer Einheit der Welt, nicht in solchen vagen Begriffen, wie sie die Pantheisten auseinandersetzen, sondern in konkreten Ideen, die zu verfolgen waren von dem einfachen Sein bis herauf zu der vollerfüllten Idee des Organismus und des Geistes, was da erlebt werden kann in aller Breite der entwickelten Ideenwelt, das faßte Hegel zusammen in seiner «Logik»; so daß in seiner «Logik» gegeben werden will ein Organismus der dem Menschen möglichen Ideen, die aber zu gleicher Zeit, indem sie der Mensch erlebt, die Gewißheit zeigen, daß sie dasselbe sind, wonach der Weltengeist die Wirklichkeit werden läßt. Daher nennt Hegel auch den Inhalt seiner «Logik» die Göttlichkeit vor der Erschaffung der Welt. Aber eisig ist die Region, in die der Mensch versetzt wird, der Hegels «Logik» nachstudiert, eisig ist diese Region, denn Hegel bewegt sich durchaus in demjenigen, was der gewöhnliche Mensch die äußerste Abstraktion nennt. Er beginnt als die einfachste Idee das Sein hinzusetzen, geht dann in das Nichts über, schreitet fort vom Sein durch das Nichts dialektisch zum Werden, zum Dasein und so weiter, zum Für-sich-Sein, zum Wesen, zur Substantialität, zur Kausalität und so weiter; und man bekommt nicht dasjenige, was der gewöhnliche Mensch will, wenn er innerlich in seiner Seele erfüllt werden will von der göttlichen Weltenwärme; man bekommt eine Summe von, wie eben im gewöhnlichen Leben gesagt wird, abstrakten Ideen.
Was ist. diese «Logik»? Diese «Logik», wenn man sich in sie vertieft, sie wird schon zu einem Erlebnis; sie wird sogar zu einem Erlebnis, das einem viel Aufschluß geben kann über manche Geheimnisse des Menschen und der Welt überhaupt. Man möchte sagen: Dasjenige, was man da erlebt an Hegels «Logik», es läßt sich im Grunde genommen erst durch die Geisteswissenschaft richtig charakterisieren. Man findet erst aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus Worte, durch die man dieses Erlebnis charakterisieren kann. Es geht einem da ganz merkwürdig. Rosenkranz, der Schüler Hegels, der seinem Meister ganz ergeben war, er hat uns eine wirklich nicht nur liebenswürdig, sondern auch geistvoll geschriebene Biographie von Hegel geschenkt. Er spricht in dieser Hegel-Biographie Worte aus, die, ich möchte sagen, für die Zeitentwickelung in gewisser Beziehung signifikant sind. Er sagt, etwa so Mitte der vierziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts: Wir sind eigentlich die Totengräber der großen Philosophen. Und er zählt dann auf, wie die großen Philosophen um die Wende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert aus der europäischen Zivilisation aufgestiegen sind, und wie sie eigentlich in jener Zeit gestorben waren. Man bekommt ein wehmütiges Gefühl, wenn man gerade diese Stelle in Rosenkranz’ Hegel-Biographie liest, denn es ist etwas sehr Wahres ausgesprochen. Dieses 19. Jahrhundert, indem es immer mehr und mehr vorrückte, wurde zum Totengräber nicht nur der Philosophen, sondern der Philosophie, ja der großen Weltanschauungsfragen überhaupt. Dasjenige, was uns jetzt entgegentritt mit solchen Riesenschritten, der Verfall der europäischen Zivilisation, er zeigte sich zuerst auf den philosophischen Höhen. Die anmaßenden philosophischen Systeme aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts sind ja im Grunde genommen Niedergang.
Aber auf dem Boden der Geisteswissenschaft kann man nicht so sprechen, wie Rosenkranz gesprochen hat; auf dem Boden der Geisteswissenschaft muß, ich möchte sagen, auch lebendig werden dasjenige, was äußerlich physisch tot ist. Denn dasjenige, was im Menschen ewig ist, wirkt ja ewig fort, auf der einen Seite in übersinnlichen Welten, auf der andern Seite aber auch in der irdischen Welt selber; und wenn es den Niedergangsimpulsen zufällt, die Totengräber zu haben, so fällt es der Geisteswissenschaft zu, das seelisch Ewig-Lebendige aus dem Toten herauszusuchen und es in seinem Fortleben vor die Welt hinzustellen. Deshalb möchte ich auch heute nicht von dem toten Hegel sprechen, sondern von dem lebendigen Hegel.
Aber allerdings, Lebendige solcher Art, wie Hegel es war, sie werden in gewisser Beziehung zu gleicher Zeit zu scharfen Kritikern desjenigen, was in unserer Zeit zum Teil aus der Schläfrigkeit der Seele, zum Teil aus bösem Willen heraus sein Bündnis mit den Niedergangsmächten schließt. Und so muß ich vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte sagen: Ja, wahr ist es, in einer kalten, eisigen Region zunächst abgezogener Begriffe verläuft die logische Dialektik Hegels. Man lebt eigentlich in lauter Begriffen, indem man die Hegelsche «Logik» durchlebt, die der gedankenlose Mensch nicht liebt, bei denen der gedankenlose Mensch sagt: Das interessiert mich nicht. — Aber gerade diese Begriffswelt Hegels, gerade diese Summe von scheinbaren Abstraktionen, gerade diese eisig kalten Begriffe, was sind sie denn? Man kann nachforschen in dem, was einem gerade die Geisteswissenschaft gibt, was diese Begriffe sind. Sie können ja ganz ohne Zweifel die ewige Weltvernunft selbst nicht sein, denn diese ewige Weltvernunft hätte nimmermehr aus dieser Summe von bloßen Abstraktionen heraus die ganze vielgestaltige und vor allen Dingen nicht die ganze wärmehaltige Welt erbilden können. Wie dünne Begriffsschleier - Hegel nennt selbst seine Ideen der Logik. Schattenbilder —, so nehmen sich diese logischen Begriffe, diese logischen. Ideen aus.
Also dasjenige, was Hegel zunächst in seinem Glauben erlebte von dieser Logik, das kann sie natürlich nicht sein; sie ist eine Summe von Ideen, die beginnt bei dem Sein, geht durch das Nichts zum Werden und so weiter, durch lauter solche Begriffe, und endet bei der ihren Zweck in sich selber tragenden Idee, also bei dem, was das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein auch noch eine Abstraktion nennt. Also gewiß, die Welt erschaffen aus solchen Ideen hätte man nicht können, und dasjenige, was lebendiger Geist ist, was ja erfaßt werden muß im übersinnlichen Erkennen als lebendiger Geist, das ist auch diese Logik nicht. Es ist schon, ich möchte sagen, aus einem subjektiven Empfinden heraus, wenn Hegel sagt, der Inhalt dieser Logik, das seien die Gedanken Gottes vor der Erschaffung der Welt. Man könnte nimmermehr die reiche Fülle der Welt irgendwie erfassen aus diesen Gedanken heraus. Und dennoch, das Erlebnis, wenn man sich nur überhaupt darauf einläßt, ist ein starkes, ein gewaltiges. Was ist es denn eigentlich, was in dieser Logik enthalten ist?
Wenn Sie hier unseren Bau betrachten - er soll als die Mittelpunktsgruppe haben am Ostende in der Mitte eine Art Christus-Gestalt, überragt von Luzifer, und darunter, gewissermaßen in die Erde gestoßen von dem Menschheitsrepräsentanten, der in sich das seelische Gleichgewicht vollständig hält, Ahriman. Es soll da dargestellt sein die volle Menschlichkeit in dieser Gruppe. Der Mensch ist ja in Wirklichkeit dasjenige, was das Gleichgewicht suchen muß zwischen dem, was über den Menschen hinaus will, und zwischen dem, was den Menschen zum Boden hinunterzieht, zwischen dem Luziferischen und dem Ahrimanischen. Physiologisch, physisch gesprochen ist ja das Luziferische in uns diejenige Kraft, die den Menschen zum Fieber, zum Pleuritischen bringt, dasjenige, was den Menschen in Wärmeverhältnisse bringt, die ihn auflösen, die ihn in der Welt zerstieben lassen, und dem Ahrimanischen, das ihn verknöchert, verkalkt. Seelisch gesprochen ist der Mensch dasjenige, was das Gleichgewicht suchen muß zwischen schwärmerischer Mystik, zwischen Theorie, zwischen alldem, was zu dem Wesenlosen, aber vom Lichte Durchhellten hinauf will, und demjenigen, was zum Pedantischen, zum Philiströsen, zum Materialistischen, zum Intellektualistischen den Menschen hinunterzieht. Geistig gesprochen muß der Mensch das Gleichgewicht halten zwischen dem, was ihn immer einschläfert, was ihn immer dazu bringt, wie sich hinzugeben an das Weltenall: das Luziferische, und demjenigen, was ihn immerfort aufweckt, was ihn durchzuckt mit jener Gewalt, die ihn nicht schlafen läßt: dem Ahrimanischen. Man begreift das menschliche Wesen nicht, wenn man es nicht hineinstellen kann in die Mitte zwischen dem Luziferischen und dem Ahrimanischen. Aber dasjenige, was da die Menschenseele in dieser Mitte erlebt, ist ein Kompliziertes, und die Menschenseele erlebt eigentlich dieses Komplizierte nur im Laufe der Zeit, im Laufe der Entwickelung, und man muß die einzelnen Etappen dieser Entwickelung verstehen. Man kann sagen: Wer Hegel versteht, wie er seine «Logik» ausarbeitet, der sieht, wie die Menschheit in dieser Zeit, da Hegel seine «Logik» ausarbeitet — im zweiten Jahrzehnt des 19. Jahrhunderts -, beginnt zu verkalken, beginnt materialistisch zu werden, dicht zu werden, in die Materie verstrickt zu werden. Wie ein Versinken in die Materie im Wissen, im Erkennen ist es in dieser Zeit. Und es erscheint einem wie im Bilde diese Menschheit, im Materiellen versinkend, Hegel wie in der Mitte stehend, mit aller Gewalt sich herausarbeitend und entreißend Ahriman dasjenige, was Ahriman Gutes hat: die abstrakte Logik, die wir brauchen zu unserer innerlichen Befreiung, ohne die wir nicht zum reinen Denken kommen, diese entreißend den Mächten der Schwere, diese entreißend den irdischen Mächten und sie hinstellend in ihrer ganzen kalten Abstraktheit, damit sie nicht in demjenigen Elemente lebe, das das Ahrimanische im Menschen ist, sondern damit sie heraufkomme in das menschliche Denken. Ja, diese Hegelsche Logik ist den ahrimanischen Mächten entrissen, entrungen und der Menschheit gegeben; sie ist dasjenige, was die Menschheit braucht, ohne das sie nicht vorwärtskommen kann, was aber erst Ahriman entrissen werden mußte.
So bleibt die Hegelsche Logik tatsächlich etwas Ewiges, so muß sie fortwirken. Sie muß immer wieder gesucht werden. Man kann ohne sie nicht auskommen. Will man ohne sie auskommen, so verfällt man entweder in die Weichlichkeit der Schleiermacherei, oder man versinkt in dasjenige, in das man sogleich versunken ist, als man an Hegel sich heranmachte und ihn nicht fassen konnte. Denn da steht, ich möchte sagen, während auf der einen Seite das Bild des Hegel auftritt, der sich herauserhebt aus dem Ahrimanischen, der dasjenige, was von Ahriman als reine Logik für die Menschheit zu retten ist, für das menschliche Denken wirklich rettet, da steht auch auf der andern Seite das Bild von Karl Marx auf, der auch sich an Hegel orientierte, das Hegelsche Denken aufnimmt, aber von Ahrimans Klauen ergriffen wird und in die tiefsten Tiefen des materiellen Sumpfes hineingerissen wird, der mit Hegels Methode zum historischen Materialismus kommt. Da sieht man unwillkürlich nebeneinander den nach aufwärts strebenden Geist, der dem Ahriman die Logik entreißt, und neben ihm denjenigen, der mit dieser Logik, weil man mit ihr sich eben aufrechterhalten muß durch alle inneren menschlichen Seelenkräfte, der versinkt in das Ahrimanische.
So steht schon Hegel da als ein Geist, den man nur fassen kann, wenn man ihn zu fassen sucht mit den Begriffen, die eigentlich nur wiederum die Geisteswissenschaft geben kann. Das ist dasjenige, was Hegel geworden ist aus jenen Wirkungen, die auf ihn ausgeübt worden sind durch die flammenden Fichte-Worte in Jena, deren Extrakt er dann in seiner Art ausgebildet hat während seiner Bamberger, während seiner Nürnberger, während seiner Heidelberger Zeit.
Und dann wurde er nach Norddeutschland versetzt. Immer stand er darinnen in demjenigen, was seine Umgebung war. Sein Inneres weckte in menschlich-persönlicher Art auf das, was seine Umgebung war. So wurde er eben der einflußreiche Geist der Berliner Universität. Und jetzt erlebte die Welt von ihm dasjenige Werk, das er ja aus der Mitte der modernen Zivilisationswelt heraus schaffen mußte, wenn er wirklich ein solcher Geist war, der dieser Mitte voll angehörte. Wir haben ja charakterisiert in den letzten Wochen den Osten, die Mitte und den Westen, haben gefunden, wie im Westen besonders das wirtschaftliche Denken blüht, im Osten das geistige Denken blühte, wie in der Mitte das Rechtliche, Staatliche zur besonderen Blüte sich erhoben hat. Fichte hat ein Werk über Naturrecht geschrieben. Mit Rechtsideen beschäftigten sich die erleuchtetsten Geister. Hegel stellte vor die Welt hin gerade in der Zeit, als er seinen Übergang nach Norddeutschland fand, seine «Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, oder Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse». All das, was man nennen könnte Verleumdung Hegels, ist ja vielfach gerade von diesem Buch ausgegangen, das den merkwürdigen Satz enthält: Alles Vernünflige ist wirklich und alles Wirkliche ist vernünftig. - Wer aber ermessen kann, daß ja Hegeles war, der den ahrimanischen Mächten die Menschenvernunft abgerungen hat, der wird auch ermessen, daß er ein Recht dazu hatte, überall in der Welt nun diese Vernunft zu suchen, diese Vernunft geltend zu machen. Und so wurde er — weil er sich lediglich in dem Ahrimanischen bewegte, das nicht hinaufführen kann in dasjenige, was vor der Geburt liegt, in dasjenige,”was nach dem Tode wirkt -, er wurde zum Interpreten der Geistigkeit, aber nur der Geistigkeit des Irdisch-Physischen: er wurde zum Natur- und Geschichtsphilosophen. Aber er stellte dasjenige hin, was lebt in der Außenwelt im Verhältnis von Mensch zu Mensch, was sich dann systematisch ausbildet als organisiertes Menschenleben; er faßte das in seinem Begriff vom objektiven Geiste zusammen. Er sah in dem Ausleben des Rechtes, der Sitte, in dem Ausleben von Verträgen und so weiter, den in der sozialen Organisation selber wirksamen Geist. Er stand mit diesen Dingen nicht nur im räumlichen, sondern auch im zeitlichen Milieu durchaus drinnen. Es war ja noch der Geist der Zeit, wo insbesondere in dem Gebiete, in dem Hegel lebte, der Staat nicht so angebetet worden ist wie später. Deshalb ist es auch nicht richtig, wenn man dasjenige, was bei Hegel als Begriff des Staates auftritt, in demselben Lichte sieht, in dem man später den Staat sehen mußte. Hegel anerkannte zum Beispiel innerhalb seines Staatsgebildes noch freie Korporationen, ein korporatives Leben. Alles dasjenige, was im Preußischen später als antihuman zutage getreten ist, das war ja dazumal noch nicht vorhanden, als Hegel in einer gewissen Weise, ich möchte sagen, die Staatsidee gerade in Preußen theifizierte; aber es ging das hervor aus seinem Streben, in der Welt die Vernunft zu sehen, die Vernunft, die er in seiner Logik dem Ahriman abgerungen hatte.
Und nun muß man schon sagen: Das ist ja im Grunde die Tragik, die sich in so erschütternder Weise geschichtlich dann vollzogen hat. Dasjenige, was in Mitteleuropa lebt, es ist ja etwas, was nicht in derselben Weise angeschaut werden darf, wie der Westen es, insbesondere seit den Verlogenheiten der letzten Jahre, ansieht, es ist etwas, was gerade dadurch besonders zu charakterisieren ist, daß es selbst einem solchen Geist, wie Oswald Spengler einer ist, jetzt noch den Eindruck macht, es müsse aus ihm heraus die einzige Rettung, die einzige soziale Rettung geboren werden für die Niedergangszeiten; nicht um den Niedergang aufzuheben — an eine solche Aufhebung glaubt Spengler nicht —, aber um den Niedergang nur erträglich zu machen, der sich vollziehen wird, bis im Beginne des nächsten Jahrtausends die vollständige Barbarei da sein werde.
Man darf sagen: Hegel steht in den zwanziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts wie der über das gesamte Unterrichtswesen Preußens gebietende Geist da, steht da mit jener Art von Vernünftigkeit, die ich Ihnen eben jetzt charakterisiert habe, die, ich möchte sagen, aus dem Eis des Ahriman geboren ist, aber die auch etwas hat von einer inneren Straffheit der Geistorganisation, die nichts Mathematisches hat, die aber etwas von einer ungeheuren Kraft hat, etwas von Feingeistigkeit hat.
Und nun muß man eigentlich gestehen: Dasjenige, was da in diesem Mitteleuropa vorhanden war, was ja immerhin auch durch die Seite zu charakterisieren ist, daß es im 9. Jahrhundert noch Blutopfer in seiner Unkultur hatte, das hat Eigenschaften gezeitigt, die einen gewissen Wert haben dann, wenn sie von einer solchen Geistigkeit befehligt werden, wie sie die Hegelsche war. Aber die ist selten, die wiederholte sich nicht. Die Schüler Hegels waren alle im Grunde genommen kleine Geister, und derjenige, der in gewisser Beziehung ein großer Geist war, Karl Marx, verfiel sogleich den ahrimanischen Mächten, und was sich dann ausbreitete, das war eben dasjenige, was den Sturz in die ahrimanischen Tiefen vollzog. Aus dem, was da stürzte, hat Hegel etwas gerettet, was aber ewig sein muß, und was er daraus nur dadurch retten konnte, daß er es gerade aus diesem Element heraus rettete. Das mußte schon solch ein Extrakt, seelischer Extrakt des mitteleuropäischen Wesens vollbringen, wie Hegel es war: Schwabe von Geburt, Schwabe in bezug auf sein Jugendland, Mitteldeutscher, Franke und Thüringer in bezug auf seine Reifejahre, und in bezug auf die letzte Epoche seines Lebens so stark Preuße, daß er Preußen wie den Mittelpunkt der Welt empfand und Berlin die Mitte des Mittelpunktes nannte. Aber es liegt eine gewisse Kraft, wahrhaftig nicht eine physische Kraft, sondern eine andere Kraft, eine geistige Kraft in diesem Hegeltum, und es liegt in ihm etwas, das aufgenommen werden muß von jeder geistigen Weltanschauung. Denn rachitisch müßte werden jede Geisteswissenschaft, die nicht durchdrungen werden könnte von dem knöchernen Ideensystem, das dem Ahriman, dem verknöchernden Ahriman abgerungen worden ist durch Hegel. Man braucht dieses System. Man muß in einer gewissen Weise daran innerlich stark werden. Man braucht diese kühle Besonnenheit, wenn man nicht in nebuloser, warmer Mystik verkommen will beim geistigen Streben. Man braucht auch die Kraft, die in Hegel lebte, man braucht seine Kraft zum Vernunftbekenntnis, wenn man nicht untersinken will in dasjenige, in das Karl Marx sogleich untergesunken ist, als er selbständig die Hegelsche Geistigkeit in sich verarbeiten wollte.
Es ist notwendig, es wäre notwendig, daß in diesem Zeitpunkte, der vielleicht einer der wichtigsten ist, noch wichtiger als 1914, möglichst viele Menschen sich gerade an das Bedeutsame in Hegel erinnern. Denn die Seelen könnten in einer gewissen Weise aufwachen gerade an Hegel. Und Aufwachen ist nötig. Man glaubt es nicht, man will es nicht glauben, welche Gefahren eigentlich in der Zivilisation Europas und seines amerikanischen Anhanges walten; man will nicht glauben, welche Niedergangskräfte vorhanden sind. Man rechnet ja eigentlich nur mit den Niedergangskräften heute im Öffentlichen Leben. Die Aufgangskräfte will man nicht spüren. Lassen Sie uns einzelne charakteristische Dinge hervorheben, die gerade in den letzten Tagen einem aufstoßen können: Woran denkt denn zum Beispiel dasjenige, was jetzt Gesinnung wird in der zivilisierten Welt gegenüber dem geistigen Leben, jenem geistigen Leben, das eben überkommen ist — es ist nicht unser Geistesleben, wir wollen einen neuen Geist hineinbringen in die Zivilisation der Menschheit —, aber woran denkt denn dasjenige, was jetzt immer mehr und mehr als Gesinnung in bezug auf das geistige Leben sich ausbreitet? — Sie können das entnehmen einem Artikel, den der Rektor der Universität Halle vor ganz kurzer Zeit in den «Hallischen Nachrichten» unter der Überschrift «Abbau der Universitäten?» geschrieben hat! Er schreibt: «Es scheint nun so viel festzustehen, daß tatsächlich von einer Regierungsstelle der Vorschlag gemacht worden ist, einen Teil der deutschen Universitäten abzubauen. Man hält andere erzieherische Aufgaben für wichtiger und glaubt, daß für sie größere Mittel flüssig gemacht werden müßten. Und da diese fehlen, so will man einige Universitäten eingehen lassen, um eine Art Beamtenschule zu gründen, auf der Personen, die nicht durch die Universitäten gegangen sind, so weit gebildet werden sollen, daß sie die ihnen übertragenen Ämter verwalten können.»
Beamtendressur, da beginnt es! In. Rußland ist es im vollen Gange. Und die westlichen Menschen glauben nicht daran. Sie werden es bitter erleben müssen, daß auch sie werden daran glauben müssen, wenn nicht ein Aufwachen der Seelen stattfindet, wenn selbst die besten Geister fortwährend taube Ohren haben gegen alles dasjenige, was vom Geiste spricht, und in den alten Phrasen von Liberalismus, von Konservatismus, von Pazifismus, von allem möglichen die Welt unterhalten zu ihrem eigenen Amüsement, jedenfalls aber nicht zum Heile dieser Welt.
Und die Moralität, sie geht gerade unter unseren Intellektuellen in einer rasenden Art bergab. Dafür auch ein kleines Zeichen.
Ich sende voraus, daß Ernst Haeckel, als er von seiner Jenenser Professur zurücktrat, seinen nach Berlin gekommenen Schüler Plate selbst zu seinem Nachfolger bestimmte. Er setzte ihn ein sozusagen, denn Haeckels Stimme bedeutete an der Universität Jena etwas, als sich Haeckel pensionieren ließ; er setzte Plate ein in alle die Ämter, die er hatte, in die Professur, in die Verwaltung des Zoologischen Instituts, aber auch des Phyletischen Museums, das für Haeckel selber gestiftet worden war durch die Haeckel-Stiftung, die zustande gekommen war; an Haeckels sechzigstem Geburtstag wurde dieses Phyletische Museum gegründet. Das alles war es, wovon Haeckel sich zurückzog und für das er seinen Schüler Plate einsetzte. Nun möchte ich Ihnen eine Nachricht der letzten Tage vorlesen:
«Vor einem Jahre, acht Tage nach Ernst Haeckels Tode, machte ein Nachruf Dr. Adolf Heilborns im «Berliner Tageblatt» zum erstenmal Mitteilung von dem Martyrium, welches Haeckel durch das Verhalten Professor Ludwig Plates in seinen letzten zehn Lebensjahren auferlegt wurde. Am i. April 1909 hatte Haeckel den zoologischen Lehrstuhl in Jena, den er achtundvierzig Jahre hindurch eingenommen hatte, und das Direktorat des Zoologischen Instituts und des Phyletischen Museums an seinen Berliner Schüler Ludwig Plate abgetreten, wofür dieser der
So schreiben die Professoren, die «Herren Kollegen», die furchtbar bedauern, daß die Studenten den Plate nicht hinausgegrault haben. Die Herren Kollegen aber, die so schreiben — selbstverständlich in Privatbriefen —, haben es wohl vermieden, unfreundlich zu sein mit Herrn Plate, wenn er ins Kolleg gekommen ist.
«Heinrich Heine sagt einmal, Lessings Gegner wurden dadurch, daß sie mit ihm in Verbindung gebracht waren, vor dem spurlosen Verschwinden bewahrt, wie das Insekt im Bernstein. Es wäre unhöflich, diesen Vergleich auf Lebende anzuwenden, so gut er auch in eine naturwissenschaftliche Atmosphäre paßt. Wir begnügen uns deshalb mit der Bemerkung Heilborns, daß von Plates Namen und Werk nichts übrig bleiben wird, als die dunkle Erinnerung an das Martyrium, das er Haeckel bereitet hat.»
Man könnte sehr viel ähnliche Beispiele anführen für die GelehrtenMoral, für die Moral unserer Intelligenz der Gegenwart; denn was dadurch zutage tritt, das ist, daß wir es heute nicht zu tun haben etwa bloß mit dem Kampf dieser oder jener Weltanschauung gegen die andere Weltanschauung; wir haben es zu tun heute mit dem Kampf der Wahrheit gegen die Lüge, und die Lüge ist es, die ihre Waffen gegen die Wahrheit richtet. Und wichtiger als alles Streiten um sonstige Begriffe ist heute der Kampf der Wahrheit gegen die Verlogenheit, die immer weiter und weiter die Menschen ergreift.
Man hat es vielleicht übertrieben gehalten, als ich gelegentlich eines Vortrages neulich sagte: Die Menschen in Europa schlafen. Sie werden bitter erfahren — ich sagte es aus einem andern Zusammenhange heraus —, sie werden bitter erfahren müssen, wie dasjenige, was sich als äußerster Ausläufer der westeuropäischen Weltanschauung im Bolschewismus über ganz Asien verbreitet, etwas ist, was von Asien, von diesen Menschen Asiens aufgenommen wird mit derselben Inbrunst, mit der sie einstmals ihr heiliges Brahman aufgenommen haben. — Das wird es nämlich, und die moderne Zivilisation wird sich bekanntmachen müssen damit. Und man empfindet den tiefsten Schmerz, wenn man in Europa die schlafenden Seelen sieht, die so gar nicht dazu kommen, sich diesen Ernst, um den es sich heute handelt, wirklich vor die Seele zu rufen. Ein paar Tage, nachdem ich dieses hier ausgesprochen hatte, fand ich die folgende Nachricht: «Vor einigen Tagen hatte ich Gelegenheit, bei einem Vertreter der Sowjet-Republik eine 10 000-Rubelnote zu sehen. Was mich in Erstaunen setzte, war nicht die Höhe der Rubelnote; — was mir an jenem 10 000-Rubelschein auffiel, war vielmehr ein in der Mitte des Papiers fein und deutlich herausgearbeitetes Hakenkreuz, Svastika.» Jenes Zeichen, zu dem einstmals der Inder oder der alte Ägypter hingeblickt hat, wenn er von seinem heiligen Brahman sprach, er erblickt es heute auf der Zehntausend-Rubelnote! Man weiß da, wo große Politik gemacht wird, wie man auf Menschenseelen wirkt. Man weiß, was der Siegeszug des Hakenkreuzes, Svastika, das eine große Anzahl von Menschen in Mitteleuropa bereits trägt — wiederum aus anderen Untergründen heraus —, man weiß was dieses bedeutet, aber man will nicht hinhorchen auf dasjenige, was aus den wichtigsten Symptomen heraus die Geheimnisse des heutigen geschichtlichen Werdens deuten will.
Diese Deutung kann aber nur erfolgen aus dem, was geisteswissenschaftlich zutage treten kann. Man muß den Blick hinwerfen auf dasjenige, was gegenwärtig ist. Man muß den Blick hinwerfen auf die Verwüstungstendenz gegenüber dem alten Geistesleben, das verwandeln will selbst den Rest dieses alten Geisteslebens in Beamtenschulen und -maschinerien, das zu einer solchen moralischen Tiefe heruntergesunken ist, wie ich es Ihnen in bezug auf Herrn Plate mitgeteilt habe, der der unmittelbare Schüler Haeckels ist, der Lieblingsschüler des seelisch so guten Haeckels. Das hat nicht Haeckel gemacht, das macht die ahrimanisch-materialistische Kultur. In dieser Zeit - in der man aber weiß, da, wo man bewußt zu Werke geht, wie man wirken muß -, in dieser Zeit sollte man zurückdenken an solche Geister, wie es der hundertfünfzig Jahre vorher in Stuttgart geborene Hegel ist, der in innerem seelisch-geistigem Kampfe den ahrimanischen Mächten diejenigen Begriffe und Ideen abgerungen hat, die man braucht, um innerliche geistige Festigkeit genug zu haben, die Leiter hinauf in die geistige Welt zu gehen, der aber auch noch manches andere bietet an innerer Geistesdisziplin. Wahrhaftig, durch das, wie er jetzt leben kann, soll Hegel geschätzt werden von seiten der Geisteswissenschaft, und wegen dessen, was heute von ihm leben kann, sei heute an seinem hundertfünfzigsten Geburtstage an ihn erinnert.
Er starb am i4. November 183 1 in Berlin an der Cholera, am Todestage Leibnizens, des großen europäischen Philosophen. Was er hinterlassen hat, ist zunächst in der äußerlichen Welt entweder verkannt worden, von Schülern verdummt worden, oder es ist direkt ins Ahrimanische hinuntergezogen worden, wie im Marxismus. Durch Geisteswissenschaft muß sich der Boden finden, wo dasjenige nicht begraben werden darf, was in Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel als ein Ewiges vor hundertfünfzig Jahren in Stuttgart geboren worden ist, was die besten Geistesextrakte Europas in sich schließt, was gewirkt hat durch sechzig Jahre in Mitteleuropa. Es darf nicht begraben werden, es muß in der Geisteswissenschaft zu einem Leben erweckt werden, wie wir es wahrhaftig jetzt in diesem intellektuellen, moralischen und ökonomischen Niedergange brauchen.
Ninth Lecture
One hundred and fifty years ago today, Hegel was born in Stuttgart, and as we remember this fact on this day, we cannot help but be filled with a sense of the tremendous change and transformation that the times have undergone since the birth of this mind so characteristic of modern civilization as a whole. Hegel embodies, in a sense, the essence of the intellectual life of that region of Central Europe which, after his work, has changed so fundamentally that it is now beginning to disappear, in an ideal sense, from the very region of Central Europe in which it played such an important role.
Hegel was born in Stuttgart, in Swabia, spent the years of his maturation, the years of the development of his particular kind of mind, in central Germany, and was then, in the last period of his life, an influential figure in northern Germany, influential especially in education, but also in many other intellectual matters in northern Germany. Born in Stuttgart on August 27, 1770, Hegel, who slowly developed out of a certain ponderous intellectuality, entered the University of Tübingen at the age of eighteen, studied theology there, and made the acquaintance above all of the much more agile, intellectually lively, youthful Schelling, made the acquaintance of, I would say, Hölderlin, who brought the most melancholic feelings of ancient Greece into modern times. He spent his student years in Tübingen in close friendship with these two, Hölderlin and Schelling, then turned, like Schelling, to central Germany, Thuringia, and the University of Jena, where he initially, like Schelling, attracted by the personality of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, made his first attempts at developing his own worldview. He worked at the university until 1806. In that year, he completed his first major independent work, “The Phenomenology of Spirit,” as it is called, while Napoleon's cannons thundered around Jena. This work contains an attempt to relive in thought everything that human consciousness can experience, from its dullest impressions of the world to that clarity where man experiences the world of ideas with such intensity that this world of ideas itself appears to him as the substance of the spirit. One might say that this “Phenomenology of Spirit” is something like a world tour of the spirit.
The difficult conditions in Germany at that time cost Hegel his position at the University of Jena. However, he remained in central Germany, initially editing a political newspaper in Bamberg for about a year, then becoming a high school principal in Nuremberg, until he became a university professor in Heidelberg for a few years. During his time in Nuremberg, he worked on his most important work, the “Science of Logic.” In Heidelberg, he wrote his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. He was then appointed to the University of Berlin, which had been founded in the spirit of Fichte and Humboldt, where he exerted an influential activity that extended over the entire educational system administered from Berlin and also over other intellectual matters.
Hegel was a remarkable personality, even outwardly, when he lectured. He had his written manuscript pages in front of him, but they always seemed to be in disorder, so that he was constantly leafing through them, searching. He was somewhat awkward in his presentation and found it difficult to express himself. The thoughts within him worked and worked from the depths of his soul while he lectured, and they were extremely difficult to put into words, which came out stuttering and broken. Nevertheless, his lecture, which approached the audience in this manner, constantly interrupted, is said to have made an extraordinarily great impression on those who had a sense for such a personality. But Hegel also had other remarkable personal characteristics. He really immersed himself in the entire structure of his surroundings, he experienced the structure of this environment. And so one can see how he actually grew out of the Swabian milieu, how he had, so to speak, the Swabian spirit with all its special characteristics within him, until—after graduating from university, he spent some time as a private tutor in Switzerland and Frankfurt am Main— until he came to Switzerland and Frankfurt am Main, where he settled relatively quickly into his new environment.
And then he came to Jena, where Fichte's fiery spirit was at work, where there was, above all, something like a summary of the entire Central European intellectual spirit, a time that people today can hardly imagine. It was the case that when Fichte, in his own way, engaged in debates in the lecture hall that were certainly on a high intellectual level, but nevertheless remained at an abstract level, these debates continued in the streets and public places of Jena; so that in fact such a lecture by Fichte was not merely a discussion of some problems, but was an event, an event also in the sense that personalities in need of a worldview gathered in Jena from all places not too far away at that time. And anyone who reads the abundant correspondence in which personalities who heard Fichte in Jena express themselves will repeatedly come across passages that speak of Fichte's enormous intellectual influence. Yes, it must be said that many years after Fichte's death, even decades later, personalities who had heard him in Jena still express themselves in such a way that they speak of the great influence on their souls that they experienced through Fichte in Jena.
Inspired by the powerful intellectual force that flowed into the world, there was the philosophical firebrand Schelling, and there was also the more ponderous Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, who joined forces with Schelling to further develop Fichte's philosophy. At the beginning of the last century, Schelling and Hegel published the “Critical Journal of Philosophy” in Jena, whose articles moved at the highest heights of philosophical abstract thought, but in such a way that one can see: the omissions, reduced to thin abstractions, deal, as if springing directly from the human heart, with those matters of human and world life that are the pinnacles of all worldview striving. Hegel then worked his way up to a certain independence and wrote his “Phenomenology of Spirit” in 1806, which is actually a phenomenology of consciousness.
As I said, Hegel always stood within this whole milieu. Deep within him worked the mysteries that surrounded him. And just as it was the spirit of Swabia with its—well, I don't want to be rude—depth found in certain select Swabians, just as it was the spirit of Swabia in his youth which came to full expression in him, so it was this whole philosophical spirit, concentrating the newer intellectual striving, that seized him in Jena at the beginning of the 19th century, and out of which he wrote and worked, out of this philosophical spirit, which, however, was always nourished by the overview he constantly maintained of the general state of the world.
This also gave rise to Hegel's “Logic,” which is no ordinary logic, but something quite different. It was written in the second decade of the 19th century. One might say that the most distinctive form of humanity's striving at its highest level is revealed precisely in this Hegelian logic.
For Hegel, logic is something like a summary of what the Greeks understood by logos in a slightly different way than Hegel did—the world reason. Hegel had come to feel this during the deep inner experience he went through while working on his “Phenomenology of Spirit”: When man rises to the intense experience of the idea, that is, of the ideas of the world, then this experience of the idea is no longer merely a thought experience; then this experience of the idea is an experience of the divine element of the world in its truth, in its purity, in its luminous clarity. Something that had been pulsating in the minds and souls of Central Europe for centuries came into inner spiritual existence in a special way in Hegel at that time. One need only recall the profound mysticism of Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler, which we have come to know from another perspective in recent days, but it remains profound, and the experience remains the same, even if one is aware of the deeper occult underpinnings I spoke about here a few days ago — one need only think of this mystical experience as it became inner revelation in Valentin Weigel, even in Paracelsus, in Jakob Böhme, and one need only transform into the bright, clear light of the world ideas what spirits such as Meister Eckhart or Johannes Tauler experienced more out of intense feeling than as something abstract, what Jakob Böhme explained in pictures through inner experience, one need only transform this into the bright, clear light of world ideas and thus replace emotional and pictorial mysticism with mysticism of ideas, then one has the experience that was Hegel's experience when he wrote the “Logic”: a merging of the soul with pure ideas, but with the conviction that these ideas are the substance of the world, a life in what Nietzsche later called the cold, icy realm of ideas, but in Hegel an experience of ideas with the awareness that this experience of ideas is a dialogue with the world spirit itself.
What Hegel experienced there, not in vague definitions of a unity of the world, not in such vague concepts as the pantheists discuss, but in concrete ideas that could be traced from simple being up to the fully realized idea of the organism and the spirit, what can be experienced there in all the breadth of the developed world of ideas, Hegel summarized this in his “Logic,” so that in his ‘Logic’ there is an organism of ideas possible for human beings, which at the same time, as they are experienced by human beings, show with certainty that they are the same as what the world spirit makes become reality. That is why Hegel also calls the content of his “Logic” the divinity before the creation of the world. But the region into which the person who studies Hegel's “Logic” is transported is icy; this region is icy because Hegel moves entirely within what ordinary people call the utmost abstraction. He begins by positing being as the simplest idea, then passes into nothingness, proceeds dialectically from being through nothingness to becoming, to existence, and so on, to being-for-itself, to essence, to substantiality, to causality, and so on; and one does not get what ordinary people want when they want to be fulfilled in their souls by the divine warmth of the world; one gets a sum of, as it is said in ordinary life, abstract ideas.
What is this “logic”? This “logic,” when one delves into it, becomes an experience; it even becomes an experience that can give one a great deal of insight into many secrets of human beings and the world in general. One might say that what one experiences in Hegel's “logic” can, in essence, only be properly characterized through spiritual science. It is only through spiritual science that one finds words with which to characterize this experience. It is a very strange feeling. Rosenkranz, Hegel's student, who was completely devoted to his master, has given us a biography of Hegel that is not only charming but also wittily written. In this biography, he says something that I would say is significant in a certain way for the development of the times. He says, around the middle of the 1840s: We are actually the gravediggers of the great philosophers. And he then lists how the great philosophers rose from European civilization at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century, and how they actually died during that time. One feels a sense of melancholy when reading this passage in Rosenkranz's biography of Hegel, because it expresses something very true. The 19th century, as it advanced more and more, became the gravedigger not only of philosophers, but of philosophy itself, indeed of the great questions of worldview in general. What now confronts us with such giant strides, the decline of European civilization, first manifested itself on the philosophical heights. The presumptuous philosophical systems of the second half of the 19th century are, in essence, a decline.
But on the ground of spiritual science, one cannot speak as Rosenkranz did; on the ground of spiritual science, I would say, even that which is outwardly physically dead must come to life. For that which is eternal in man continues to work eternally, on the one hand in supersensible worlds, but on the other hand also in the earthly world itself; and if it falls to the impulses of decay to be the gravediggers, then it falls to spiritual science to seek out the eternally living in the soul from among the dead and to present it to the world in its continued existence. That is why I do not want to speak today of the dead Hegel, but of the living Hegel.
But of course, people of such a lively nature as Hegel were, in a certain sense, at the same time sharp critics of what in our time, partly out of spiritual sluggishness and partly out of ill will, has formed an alliance with the forces of decline. And so, from the standpoint of spiritual science, I must say: Yes, it is true that Hegel's logical dialectic proceeds in a cold, icy region of abstract concepts. One actually lives in pure concepts when one lives through Hegel's “logic,” which the thoughtless person does not love, to which the thoughtless person says: That does not interest me. — But what are these concepts of Hegel, this sum of apparent abstractions, these icy cold concepts? One can investigate what the humanities give us, what these concepts are. They cannot, without a doubt, be the eternal world reason itself, for this eternal world reason could never have formed the whole multifaceted and, above all, the whole warm world out of this sum of mere abstractions. Like thin veils of concepts—Hegel himself calls his ideas of logic “shadow images”—this is how these logical concepts, these logical ideas, appear.
So what Hegel initially experienced in his belief in this logic cannot, of course, be it; it is a sum of ideas that begins with being, passes through nothingness to becoming, and so on, through such concepts alone, and ends with the idea that carries its purpose within itself, that is, with what ordinary consciousness still calls an abstraction. Certainly, the world could not have been created from such ideas, and that which is living spirit, which must be grasped in supersensible cognition as living spirit, is not this logic either. It is already, I would say, out of a subjective feeling when Hegel says that the content of this logic is the thoughts of God before the creation of the world. One could never grasp the rich fullness of the world from these thoughts. And yet, the experience, if one allows oneself to be drawn in at all, is a powerful one. What is it, then, that is contained in this logic?
If you look at our building here—it is supposed to have a kind of Christ figure at the center of the east end, towering above Lucifer, and below, pushed into the earth, so to speak, by the representative of humanity, who maintains complete spiritual balance within himself, Ahriman. This group is supposed to represent the full humanity. In reality, human beings are those who must seek balance between what wants to rise above them and what pulls them down to the ground, between the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic. Physiologically, physically speaking, the Luciferic in us is the force that brings humans to fever, to pleurisy, that which brings humans into conditions of heat that dissolve them, that scatter them in the world, and the Ahrimanic, which ossifies them, calcifies them. Spiritually speaking, human beings are those who must seek a balance between enthusiastic mysticism, between theory, between everything that wants to rise up to the immaterial but light-filled, and that which pulls human beings down to pedantry, philistinism, materialism, and intellectualism. Spiritually speaking, human beings must maintain a balance between that which always lulls them to sleep, that which always leads them to surrender themselves to the universe: the Luciferic, and that which constantly awakens them, which flashes through them with that force that does not allow them to sleep: the Ahrimanic. One cannot understand the human being if one cannot place him in the middle between the Luciferic and the Ahrimanic. But what the human soul experiences in this middle is complicated, and the human soul actually experiences this complexity only in the course of time, in the course of development, and one must understand the individual stages of this development. One can say that those who understand how Hegel elaborates his “logic” can see how humanity, at the time when Hegel was elaborating his “logic” — in the second decade of the 19th century — began to calcify, to become materialistic, dense, entangled in matter. It is like a sinking into matter in knowledge, in cognition, at this time. And it appears to us as if this humanity is sinking into the material, with Hegel standing in the middle, struggling with all his might to wrest from Ahriman that which is good in Ahriman: the abstract logic that we need for our inner liberation, without which we cannot arrive at pure thinking, snatching it from the forces of gravity, snatching it from the earthly forces and setting it down in all its cold abstractness, so that it does not live in that element which is the Ahrimanic in human beings, but so that it may rise up into human thinking. Yes, this Hegelian logic has been wrested from the Ahrimanic forces and given to humanity; it is what humanity needs in order to progress, but it had to be wrested from Ahriman first.
Thus, Hegel's logic actually remains something eternal; it must continue to have an effect. It must be sought again and again. One cannot do without it. If one wants to do without it, one either falls into the softness of veil-making, or one sinks into that into which one sank as soon as one approached Hegel and could not grasp him. For there stands, I would say, on the one hand, the image of Hegel, who rises out of the Ahrimanic, who truly saves for human thinking that which Ahriman, as pure logic, wants to destroy for humanity; and on the other hand, there stands the image of Karl Marx, who also oriented himself toward Hegel, who took up Hegel's thinking, but is seized by Ahriman's claws and dragged into the deepest depths of the material swamp, arriving at historical materialism using Hegel's method. One involuntarily sees side by side the upward-striving spirit that snatches logic from Ahriman, and next to him the one who, because one must maintain oneself with this logic through all the inner forces of the human soul, sinks into the Ahrimanic.
Thus Hegel already stands there as a spirit that can only be grasped if one tries to grasp him with concepts that can actually only be provided by spiritual science. This is what Hegel became as a result of the effects exerted on him by the fiery words of Fichte in Jena, the essence of which he then developed in his own way during his time in Bamberg, Nuremberg, and Heidelberg.
And then he was transferred to northern Germany. He always stood there in what was his environment. His inner self responded in a human and personal way to what his environment was. Thus he became the influential spirit of the Berlin University. And now the world experienced from him the work that he had to create from the center of modern civilization if he was truly such a spirit who belonged fully to this center. In recent weeks, we have characterized the East, the center, and the West, and have found how economic thinking flourishes in the West, intellectual thinking flourished in the East, and how the legal and state systems have risen to particular prominence in the center. Fichte wrote a work on natural law. The most enlightened minds were preoccupied with ideas of law. Hegel presented his “Outlines of the Philosophy of Right, or Natural Law and Political Science in Outline” to the world just as he was moving to northern Germany. Much of what could be called slander against Hegel originated from this book, which contains the remarkable sentence: “Everything rational is real, and everything real is rational.” But anyone who can appreciate that it was Hegel who wrested human reason from the Ahrimanic forces will also appreciate that he had a right to seek this reason everywhere in the world and to assert it. And so he became — because he moved solely in the Ahrimanic, which cannot lead up to that which lies before birth, to that which “works after death” — he became the interpreter of spirituality, but only of the spirituality of the earthly-physical: he became a philosopher of nature and history. But he placed what lives in the outer world in relation to human beings, what then systematically develops as organized human life, in his concept of the objective spirit. He saw in the living out of law, custom, contracts, and so on, the spirit at work in social organization itself. He was thoroughly immersed in these things, not only in a spatial sense, but also in a temporal sense. It was still the spirit of the times, especially in the area where Hegel lived, when the state was not worshipped as it was later. Therefore, it is not correct to view what appears in Hegel as the concept of the state in the same light in which the state had to be viewed later. For example, within his concept of the state, Hegel still recognized free corporations, a corporate life. Everything that later emerged in Prussia as anti-human did not yet exist at the time when Hegel, in a certain sense, I would say, theologized the idea of the state, particularly in Prussia; but this arose from his striving to see reason in the world, the reason that he had wrested from Ahriman in his logic.
And now we must say: this is basically the tragedy that then unfolded in such a shocking way in history. What lives in Central Europe is something that cannot be viewed in the same way as the West has viewed it, especially since the hypocrisy of recent years. It is something that can be characterized precisely by the fact that even a mind such as Oswald Spengler's still has the impression that that the only salvation, the only social salvation for the times of decline must come from within it; not to prevent decline—Spengler does not believe in such a prevention—but only to make the decline that will take place bearable until, at the beginning of the next millennium, complete barbarism will be upon us.
One might say that Hegel stands in the 1820s as the spirit commanding the entire Prussian educational system, standing there with the kind of rationality I have just characterized, which, I would say, is born of the ice of Ahriman, but which also has something of an inner rigor of spiritual organization which has nothing mathematical about it, but which has something of an immense power, something of a refined spirit.
And now one must actually admit: What existed in this Central Europe, which can also be characterized by the fact that in the 9th century it still had blood sacrifices in its barbarism, produced qualities that have a certain value when they are commanded by a spirituality such as Hegel's. But that is rare; it did not repeat itself. Hegel's disciples were all, in essence, small minds, and the one who was, in a certain sense, a great mind, Karl Marx, immediately fell prey to the Ahrimanic forces, and what then spread was precisely that which brought about the fall into the Ahrimanic depths. From what fell, Hegel saved something that must be eternal, and he could only save it by rescuing it from this very element. This had to be accomplished by such an extract, a spiritual extract of the Central European essence, as Hegel was: a Swabian by birth, a Swabian in relation to the land of his youth, a Central German, a Franconian and a Thuringian in relation to his mature years, and in relation to the last epoch of his life so strongly Prussian that he felt Prussia to be the center of the world and called Berlin the center of the center. But there is a certain power, truly not a physical power, but another power, a spiritual power in this Hegelianism, and there is something in it that must be taken up by every spiritual worldview. For any spiritual science that cannot be permeated by the skeletal system of ideas wrested from Ahriman, the ossifying Ahriman, by Hegel would become rickety. We need this system. In a certain sense, we must become inwardly strong through it. One needs this cool prudence if one does not want to degenerate into nebulous, warm mysticism in one's spiritual striving. One also needs the strength that lived in Hegel, one needs his strength to profess reason if one does not want to sink into that into which Karl Marx immediately sank when he tried to independently process Hegel's spirituality within himself.
It is necessary, it would be necessary, that at this moment, which is perhaps one of the most important, even more important than 1914, as many people as possible remember precisely what is significant in Hegel. For in a certain sense, souls could awaken precisely through Hegel. And awakening is necessary. People do not believe, they do not want to believe, what dangers actually prevail in the civilization of Europe and its American appendage; they do not want to believe what forces of decline are at work. Today, people only reckon with the forces of decline in public life. They do not want to feel the forces of ascent. Let us highlight a few characteristic things that may strike us in the last few days: What, for example, is the current mindset in the civilized world toward spiritual life, that spiritual life that has just been handed down—it is not our spiritual life, we want to bring a new spirit into the civilization of humanity—but what is the mindset that is now spreading more and more in relation to spiritual life? You can find this in an article written very recently by the rector of the University of Halle in the Hallische Nachrichten under the headline “Abbau der Universitäten?” (Dismantling the universities?). He writes: "It now seems to be a matter of fact that a government agency has proposed dismantling some of the German universities. Other educational tasks are considered more important, and it is believed that greater funds should be made available for them. And since these are lacking, the plan is to close some universities in order to establish a kind of civil service school where people who have not attended university will be educated to a level where they can administer the offices assigned to them."
Civil service training, that's where it starts! In Russia, it's in full swing. And Westerners don't believe it. They will have to learn the hard way that they too will have to believe in it, unless there is a spiritual awakening, unless even the best minds continue to turn a deaf ear to everything that speaks of the spirit, and entertain the world with the old phrases of liberalism, conservatism, pacifism, and everything else imaginable, for their own amusement, but certainly not for the good of this world.
And morality is rapidly declining, especially among our intellectuals. Here is a small sign of this.
I would like to mention that when Ernst Haeckel resigned from his professorship in Jena, he appointed his student Plate, who had come to Berlin, as his successor. He appointed him, so to speak, because Haeckel's voice carried weight at the University of Jena when he retired; he appointed Plate to all the positions he had held, to the professorship, to the administration of the Zoological Institute, but also in the Phyletic Museum, which had been founded for Haeckel himself by the Haeckel Foundation, which had been established on Haeckel's sixtieth birthday. This was everything that Haeckel withdrew from and for which he appointed his student Plate. Now I would like to read you a piece of news from the last few days:
"A year ago, eight days after Ernst Haeckel's death, an obituary by Dr. Adolf Heilborn in the Berliner Tageblatt reported for the first time on the martyrdom that Haeckel had been subjected to by Professor Ludwig Plate during the last ten years of his life. On April 1, April 1909, Haeckel had resigned the chair of zoology in Jena, which he had held for forty-eight years, and the directorship of the Zoological Institute and the Phyletic Museum to his Berlin student Ludwig Plate, for which the latter expressed his heartfelt thanks to his “highly esteemed Excellency.” One of Plate's first official acts after his move was to demand that Haeckel vacate his office at the Zoological Institute immediately, and when Haeckel protested, the explanation came: "Since April 1, I am the sole director of the Phyletic Museum, and you must comply with all my orders without question. Heilborn, as Haeckel's student and friend, recounted this prelude and the further development of the conflict in simple terms here, with the result that Professor Ludwig Plate filed a lawsuit against him for defamation at the Jena District Court. Now, in a short pamphlet entitled “Die Lear-Tragödie Ernst Haeckel” (Hoffmann u. Campe, Hamburg/Berlin 1920), Dr. Heilborn reveals the whole story to the public on the basis of unpublished letters and notes by Haeckel and official documents. Heilborn was able to make use of a turn of phrase that a witty lawyer once used in court: “I move that my opponent be convicted on the grounds that my opponent himself has presented.” Nothing incriminates Plate more than his own statements. He demanded that Haeckel, who had donated over a million marks, his large library, and his collections acquired over 55 years to the university, return a number of allegedly missing books and, on another occasion, a large number of cardboard boxes. He then judges as follows: “This grave injustice done to me can no longer be undone, but I wish to forgive him in recognition of his great services to science and because he is my former teacher” and: “No one will blame me for breaking off all personal contact with Haeckel after all these experiences.” So much for Plate and Haeckel. I am reminded of a lecture once given by Ottokar Lorenz, one of the better historians of earlier times. I did not agree with its content, but I did like a turn of phrase right at the beginning. Ottokar Lorenz was speaking at a Schiller anniversary celebration on “Schiller as a historian.” As I said, I did not agree with the content of what he said, but he said: Yes, actually, from the point of view of today's science, there is nothing more to say about Schiller as a historian. But if I do say something, it is on behalf of the High Senate and my colleagues — everyone was sitting there, the High Senate and my colleagues. And so I would like to say—now comes what appears to be a very special, well, let's say, enunciation of the High Senate and my colleagues. It says: “In the academic world of Jena, Plate stood alone”—I would like to know whether he stood alone when he joined the faculty. "The anatomist Schwalbe once wrote: 'It is unbelievable how... Plate behaved. I am surprised that the students in Jena did not react. It would be a really good deed if they could get rid of Plate ...’ ”
This is what the professors, the ”colleagues," write, who deeply regret that the students did not get rid of Plate. But the gentlemen colleagues who write this—in private letters, of course—have probably avoided being unfriendly to Mr. Plate when he came to the college.Heinrich Heine once said that Lessing's opponents were saved from disappearing without a trace, like insects in amber, by their association with him. It would be rude to apply this comparison to living people, however well it fits in a scientific atmosphere. We will therefore content ourselves with Heilborn's remark that nothing will remain of Plate's name and work but the dark memory of the martyrdom he inflicted on Haeckel."
One could cite many similar examples of scholarly morality, of the morality of our contemporary intelligentsia; for what this reveals is that we are not merely dealing today with the struggle of one worldview against another; we are dealing today with the struggle of truth against falsehood, and it is falsehood that which directs its weapons against truth. And more important than all the arguments about other concepts is the struggle of truth against the mendacity that is increasingly taking hold of people.
Perhaps it was considered exaggerated when I said recently in a lecture: The people of Europe are asleep. They will learn bitterly — I said this in a different context — they will have to learn bitterly that what is spreading throughout Asia as the extreme offshoot of the Western European worldview in Bolshevism is something that is being taken up by Asia, by these people of Asia, with the same fervor with which they once took up their sacred Brahman. That is what it will be, and modern civilization will have to come to terms with it. And one feels the deepest pain when one sees the sleeping souls in Europe who are so incapable of truly grasping the seriousness of what is at stake today. A few days after I had said this, I found the following message: "A few days ago, I had the opportunity to see a 10,000-ruble note at the office of a representative of the Soviet Republic. What astonished me was not the value of the ruble note; what struck me about that 10,000-ruble note was rather a swastika, finely and clearly engraved in the middle of the paper." That symbol, which the Indians and ancient Egyptians once looked upon when they spoke of their holy Brahman, can now be seen on the ten thousand ruble note! Those who are involved in high politics know how to influence people's souls. They know what the triumph of the swastika, which is already worn by a large number of people in Central Europe — again for other reasons — means, but they do not want to listen to those who, based on the most important symptoms, seek to interpret the secrets of today's historical development.
However, this interpretation can only come from what can be revealed through spiritual science. We must look at what is happening now. We must look at the tendency to destroy the old spiritual life, which wants to transform even the remnants of this old spiritual life into bureaucratic schools and machinery, which has sunk to such moral depths, as I have told you in relation to Mr. Plate, who is the direct student of Haeckel, the favorite student of the spiritually good Haeckel. Haeckel did not do this; it is the Ahrimanic-materialistic culture that is doing it. In this time—in which, however, one knows, where one consciously goes about one's work, how one must work—in this time one should think back to such spirits as Hegel, who was born in Stuttgart one hundred and fifty years ago, who in an inner soul-spiritual struggle wrested from the Ahrimanic forces those concepts and ideas that are needed to have enough inner spiritual strength to climb the ladder into the spiritual world, but which also offers many other things in terms of inner spiritual discipline. Truly, Hegel should be appreciated by spiritual science for the way he is now able to live, and because of what can live on from him today, he should be remembered on his 150th birthday.
He died on November 14, 1831, in Berlin of cholera, on the anniversary of the death of Leibniz, the great European philosopher. What he left behind was initially either misunderstood in the outer world, dumbed down by his students, or directly pulled down into the Ahrimanic, as in Marxism. Through spiritual science, we must find the ground where that which was born in Stuttgart 150 years ago as something eternal in Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, which contains the best extracts of the European spirit and which has been effective in Central Europe for sixty years, must not be buried. It must not be buried; it must be brought to life in spiritual science, as we truly need it now in this intellectual, moral, and economic decline.