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Materialism and the Task of Anthroposophy
GA 204

3 June 1921, Dornach

Lecture XVI

Yesterday, we concluded with two significant questions resulting from considering the position of a personality such as John Scotus Erigena. In him, we discover a world view, dating from the first centuries of Christianity that throws its light into the ninth century. Based on everything we have learned recently, we can say that the manner of perception, the whole way of thinking, differed in the first centuries A.D. from what it was later on. As we already know, a great change occurred in the fourth Christian century. From the middle of that century onward, people simply thought much more rationally than they had done earlier. One could say that until that time all perception, all forming of concepts had sprung far more from a form of inspiration than later on when human beings became increasingly conscious of the fact that they themselves were working with thoughts. What we have found to be the consciousness of human beings prior to the fourth century A.D. is still echoed in statements such as that by Scotus Erigena that man makes judgments and draws conclusions as a human being but perceives as an angel. This idea Scotus Erigena brings up as an ancient legacy, as a kind of reminiscence, was acknowledged by anyone who thought at all prior to the fourth century A.D. It never occurred to people in those days to attribute to the human being thoughts that transmit knowledge or perception. They ascribed those to the angel working within man. An angel inhabited the body of human beings; the angel perceived, and human beings shared in this knowledge.

Such a direct consciousness had faded away altogether after the fourth century. In men like Scotus Erigena it emerged once again, drawn forth from the soul with effort, as it were. This proves that the whole way of looking at the world had changed in the course of these centuries. That is why it is so difficult for people today to turn their minds back to the mode of thinking and conceiving prevalent in the first centuries after Christ. Only with the help of spiritual science can this be done again. We have to arrive once more at views that will truly correspond to what was thought in the first centuries A.D.

Already in the days of John Scotus Erigena controversies such as the one over Communion and man's predestination began. These were unmistakable indications of the fact that what was earlier more like an inspiration people did not argue about had now moved to the level of human debate. This came about because, as time went on, many things were simply no longer understood at all.

Among the things that were no longer understood, for example, is the beginning of the Gospel of St. John in the form generally known. If we take this beginning of the Gospel of John seriously, it actually states something that is no longer present in subsequent centuries in the general consciousness of those who profess Christianity. Consider that this Gospel starts with the words: “In the beginning was the Word”—and then it says further that through the Logos all things were made, that is, everything came into being that belongs among created things, and nothing was created except through the Logos.

If we take these words seriously, we have to admit: They signify that all visible things, all the things of the world, came into being through the Logos and that the Logos is therefore the actual creator of all things. In the Christian thinking after the fourth century A.D. the Logos, rightly identified with Christ in the sense of the Gospel of John, was certainly not regarded as the creator of all visible things. Instead, Christ is contrasted with the Creator as the Father, as God the Father. The Logos is designated as the Son, but the Son is not considered the Creator; it is the Father Who is made into the Creator. This doctrine has persisted through the centuries and completely contradicts the Gospel of St. John. You cannot take this Gospel seriously and not regard Christ as the Creator of all things visible, and instead view the Father God as the Creator. You can see, my dear friends, how little this Gospel was taken seriously in later Christian times.

In our mind, we have to place ourselves in the whole mode of thinking of the first Christian centuries, which, as I have said, experienced a change at the point in time indicated above. This way of thinking was in turn structured on the basis of insights into the spiritual world left behind from ancient pagan times. In particular, we have to understand clearly how people viewed the Last Supper, which then continued in the Christian Sacrifice of the Mass. We have to understand the view concerning Communion, the main content of which is contained in the words: “This is my body”—pointing to the bread—and “This is my blood”—pointing to the wine. This content of Communion was truly comprehended during the first Christian centuries; it was even understood by people who were by no means educated but simply gathered together in remembrance of Christ in the Sacrament of Communion. But what did people actually mean by that? They referred to the following.

Throughout antiquity, people were in possession of a religious doctrine of wisdom. Fundamentally speaking, the further back we go in time, the more we find this religious teaching of wisdom based on the being of the Father God. When we consider the religions of very ancient times, preserved in decadent form in later religious faiths, they exhibit in all instances a certain worship of what had remained behind from the ancestor of a tribe or a people. In a sense, human beings worshiped the ancestral father of a tribe. You know from Tacitus' Germania1Publius Cornelius Tacitus, around A.D. 55 until 120, Roman historian and consul. His work, De origine et situ germanorum, is the oldest surviving source concerning the geography and ethnography of the Germanic peoples. how even those tribes who then invaded the Roman empire and made possible the new civilization, definitely retained such memories of tribal deities although in many cases they had already changed to a different form of worship, namely, to that of local gods—something I have mentioned in the public lectures of the last course.2Contained in Die Naturwissenschaft und die weltgeschichtliche Entwicklung der Menschheit seit dem Altertum, six lectures, 1921. GA 325, 1969. They believed that while generation after generation had passed since a certain ancient ancestor had lived who had established the tribe or nation, the soul, the soul-spiritual element of this tribal father, still held sway in the most recent generations.

This presence was believed to be connected with the physical community of the bodies in the tribe. After all, these bodies were all related to each other. They all had the same ancestry. The common blood flowed through their veins. The body and the blood were one. As people looked up in religious devotion to the soul-spiritual element of the tribal father, they also experienced the presence of the deity to whom the tribal father had returned, the god through whom this ancestral father now affected the whole tribe or nation by means of his soul-spiritual nature. The rule of this deity was seen in the bodies, in the blood that ran down through the generations. A profound mystery was sensed in the mysterious forces of the body and the blood.

In those ancient pagan times, people actually beheld the forces of the deity in what held sway in the body and circulated in the blood. Therefore, it is possible to say that when a follower of such an ancient world view saw an animal's blood or, what was more, human blood run out, he beheld in this blood the corporeality of the deity. In the bodies of his race or tribe, which were built up by the blood, he beheld the forms, the image, of the deity. People today no longer have any idea of how the divine-spiritual was worshiped then at the same time as the material substance.

Truly, through the blood of the generations flowed the power of the deity; through the bodies of the generations the deity formed its image. The soul and spirit of the ancestor rose up to this deity and hence worked upon the descendants with divine power and was worshiped as the ancestral god. Not only in regard to these ancient beliefs, but above all in regard to actual truth, the elements working in the human body depend on the forces of the earth. As you know, the body's origins lie in much more ancient times but the forces of the earth are active in the human body as it is today—containing the mineral kingdom—and in the blood.

In the human blood, for example, not only those forces are active that enter the human being through foods but also those that are effective in the whole planet earth. For instance, due to the fact that a person lives in a region rich in red soil, hence a region possessing certain geological characteristics and certain metallic inclusions in the soil, an effect proceeds from the earth to the blood. In turn, the formation, the body, of man is dependent on the earth. The body develops one way in warmer, another way in colder regions of the earth. The corporeality and the elements active in the blood depend on the forces working in the earth. This truth, which we are approaching once again today through spiritual scientific research, was immediately clear to people in antiquity due to their instinctive perception. They know that the earth forces pulsate in the blood.

Today we say that when we connect a telegraph machine in station A by wire to one in station B, we connect the machines one-sidedly. We transmit the electrical current through the wire but the circuit must be closed. It is closed when we make the so-called ground connection. You probably know that if we have a telegraph machine at one station, we guide the wire over the telegraph poles. Yet the circuit is then not closed and it must be closed. We transmit the current into the plate sunk into the ground at one station and do the same at the other station but do nothing more. We could run a different wire there, but we do not do that; we mount an earth-wire plate on both ends of the wire, and the earth takes care of the rest. We know this today as a result of science. We have to presume that electricity, the electric current, works within the earth.

Now people in antiquity knew nothing of electricity and electric currents. Instead, they know something about their blood. They stood on the earth and knew that something was in the earth that also lived in the blood. They looked at the matter differently; they did not speak of electricity but of an earthly element that dwelled in their blood. We no longer know that the earth's electricity lives in the blood. We only speak out of attempts to grasp the matter outwardly through mathematical and mechanistic conceptions. This is why human beings linked their conception of God to the earth's body as such. They realized that the divine element worked in the blood and in the body through the earth. This was what appeared in the concept of the Father God because people considered the primal ancestor, the father, of the tribe or their folk as the point of departure for the influence of the divine element. The primal ancestor was believed to be working through the earth as his means, and the effects of the earth in the blood and the whole human body were seen to be the effects of the divine.

Now these people of old had still another conception. They said, The human being is not only affected by the earthly element. It would be fine if only the earth influenced mankind, but that is not the case. The neighbor of the earth, the moon, works together with the earth's forces. Therefore, they said, it really is not the earth alone but earth and moon together that are effective. With this combination of earth and moon forces, they now linked conceptions of not only one uniform deity of the earth, but many subordinate deities who were then present in the pagan world. All the conceptions that existed of the deity, the elements that affected the human being through the body and blood, all these were the primal source that fed any view of God in this ancient period.

It is not surprising that all search for insight turned in antiquity to the earth, the moon, and the earth's influences and therefore people had to figure out what affected the earth. Thus, a most sophisticated form of science was developed. An echo of this science of the Father God still influenced the first three books by John Scotus Erigena I spoke about yesterday. Basically though, he was not really familiar any more with this primal wisdom, for he lived as late as the ninth century, but bits of this science had been handed down and been preserved. They referred to the insight that the Father God, Who was not created but creates, dwells in everything surrounding the human being on earth, that the other deities, who have been created but also create, live in it as well. They are then the various entities of the hierarchies. Furthermore, the visible world is spread out around man, the created as well as the noncreating. Finally, human beings are to await the world in which the deity as a noncreating and not created, hence, as a resting divinity, holds sway and receives all else into its bosom. This is what is contained in Scotus Erigena's fourth book.

As I have told you, this fourth book deals mainly with soteriology and eschatology. It presents the history of Christ Jesus, the Resurrection and the gifts of grace, but also the end of the world and the entering into the resting Godhead. The first three chapters of the great book by Scotus Erigena clearly show us a reflection of ancient world views, for basically only the fourth chapter is really Christian. The first three chapters are permeated with a number of Christian concepts but what predominates in them really dates from ancient pagan times. We also find this unchanged pagan wisdom in the Church Fathers of the first Christian centuries. We can say that through nature, through what the human being saw in the creatures surrounding him, he beheld the region of the Father God. He saw a world of ideals behind nature; he saw certain forces in nature. He also saw the rule of the Father God in the sequence of generation, in the development of mankind in individual tribes and nations.

In the first Christian centuries, another insight had joined this knowledge, which has been almost completely lost. The first Christian Church Fathers referred to something their later critics thoroughly eradicated. They said it was true that the Father God worked in the element flowing in the blood through the generations and expressed in the bodies, but He did so in constant conflict and together with His opponent powers, the nature spirits. This was a particularly vivid conception in the first Christian centuries, namely, that the Father God had never been quite successful in exerting His influence exclusively. Rather, He was waging a constant battle with the nature spirits who rule in any number of things in the outer world. Therefore, these first Christian Church Fathers said, The ancients of pre-Christian times believed in the Father God, but they really could not distinguish Him from the nature spirits, they actually believed in a kingdom of the Father God that included the domain of nature. They believed that the whole visible world has its source in it. This, however, is not true, so they said. All these spiritual beings, these various nature deities, do work together in nature, but first of all they crept into the things of the earth. Now, these earthly things we see around us with our senses, the things that have come about on earth, neither originate from these nature spirits nor from the Father God Who actually expressed His creative being only in the metamorphoses preceding the earth. What we see as earth does not originate from the Father God nor from the nature spirits. It comes from the Son, from the Logos, whom the Father God let spring forth from Himself so that the earth might be created by the Logos. And the Gospel of St. John, a mighty, significant monument was written in order to indicate: No, it is not as the people of old believed; the earth was not created by the Father God. The Father God made the Son come forth from Him; and the Son is the creator of the earth.

This is what the Gospel of John was supposed to state. This was basically what the Church Fathers of the first Christian centuries struggled for. This then became so hard to grasp for the developing human intellect that Dionysius the Areopagite preferred to say: Everything the intellect creates is positive theology and does not penetrate into the regions containing the actual mysteries of the universe. We can enter into them only if we negate all predicates, if we do not speak of the existence of God but of God's existence transcending existence, if we do not refer to the personality but the personality transcending personality. Hence, human beings only enter into them if they transpose everything into its negative. Then, through negative theology, he takes hold of the actual secret of existence. So Dionysius and his successors, such as John Scotus Erigena, who was already completely imbued with the intellect, did not believe that the human being was at all capable of explaining these mysteries of the universe with human intellect.

Now, what is implied by saying that the Logos is the creator of everything? We need to recall what was present in all the ancient pre-Christian times and endured in diminished form until the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. People believed that the deity works through the blood and through the body. This led them to believe that when the blood flows through the veins of the human being or the animals, it is really taken away from the gods. It is the rightful possession of the gods. Therefore, human beings can approach the gods if they return blood to them. The gods really wish to keep the blood for themselves; humans have taken possession of it. In turn, human beings must give the blood back to the gods, hence the blood sacrifice of ancient times.

Then came Christ and said: This is not what counts; this is not the way to approach earthly things. They do not originate from those gods who desire the blood. Look upon what works in the human being prior to the earth's influence on him; take bread, something that nourishes human beings, and look at how they initially partake of it. They partake of it by means of the sense of taste. The food in human beings goes to a certain point before it is transformed into blood. For it is only changed into blood after having passed through the walls of the intestines into the organism. Only there does the earth's influence begin; as long as the food has not been taken hold of by the blood, the earth's influence has not yet begun. Therefore, do not view blood as something corresponding to the god; behold that in the bread before it turns into blood and in the wine before it enters the blood. There is the divine element; there is the incarnation of the Logos. Do not look upon the element that flows in the blood, for that is an ancient legacy from the Moon age, the pre-earthly time. Before it turns into blood, food has to do with what is earthly in the human being. Therefore, do away with the conceptions of blood, body, and flesh. Instead, turn your thinking to what has not yet become blood nor flesh; direct your minds to what is prepared out there on earth, to what is of the earth without the moon having had an influence on it, to what comes from the sun's influence. For we behold the things through the light of the sun; we eat bread and drink wine, and in them we eat and drink the force of the sun. The visible things have not come about through the Father God, they have come into being through the Logos.

With this, the whole realm of human thought was directed to something that could not be attained from the whole of nature in the way people in the past had done. It could be attained only by looking upon what the sun lets shine forth upon the earth. Human thinking had been turned to something purely spiritual. Human beings were not supposed to extract the divine element from the physical things of the earth; they were supposed to behold this divine element in the purely spiritual, the Logos. The Logos was contrasted to the ancient conceptions of God the Father. That is, people's minds were directed toward a purely spiritual element. In pre-Christian times, people beheld the deity only through what was in a manner of speaking, organically brewed up in them and then arose within them somewhat like a vision. They did indeed behold the divine arising out of the blood. Now they sought to grasp it in the purely spiritual element. They were to view the visible things around them as a result of the Logos and not of what had only slipped into them, as the result of a god who had been creative in pre-earthly times.

Only by thinking in this manner do we actually approach the concepts of the first Christian centuries. Human beings had been told not to use any force other than that of their consciousness to attain the concepts with which to arrive at the comprehension of the deity. Human beings were being directed toward the spirit. Therefore, what could be said to them? They could be told: Formerly, the earth was so powerful that it bestowed upon you the concepts of the divine. That has ceased. The earth no longer gives you anything. Through your own efforts you must come to the Logos and to the creative principle. Up to now, you have basically worshipped something that was creative in pre-earthly conditions; now you must revere the creative principle in the earthly realm. But you can grasp this only through the power of your I, your spirit.

The first Christians expressed this by saying: The end of the world is near. They meant the end of the earth condition that bestows insights on man without his working on these insights with his consciousness. In fact, a profound truth is expressed in these words concerning the end of the world, for human beings had formerly been children of the earth. They had given themselves up to the forces of the earth. They had relied on their blood to give them their knowledge. This, however, was no longer possible, The kingdoms of the heavens drew near, the kingdoms of the earth ceased to be. Henceforth, man can no longer be a son of the earth. He has to turn into the companion of a spiritual being, a being that has come down to earth from the spiritual world, the Logos, the Christ.

The end of the world was prophesied for the fourth century A.D.: the end of the earth, the beginning of a new kingdom, the dawn of that age when man is to experience himself living as spirit among spirits. This is probably the most difficult to picture for people of our present age, namely, that our present manner of dwelling as human beings would not have been considered by people of the early Christian centuries as living in an earthly manner. It would have been seen as life in the spirit realm, after the destruction of the earth as it was when it still bestowed faculties upon the human being. If we properly understood the first Christians' way of thinking, we would not say that they superstitiously believed in the end of the world, which did not take place. As the first Christians saw it, this end did occur in the fourth century A.D.

The way we live today would have been considered by the first Christians as the New Jerusalem, the kingdom where the human being lives as spirit among spirits. However, they would have said: According to our view, the human being has actually entered heaven, but he is so worthless that he does not realize it. He believes that in heaven everything overflows with milk and honey, that there are no evil spirits against whom he has to defend himself. The first Christians would have said: Formerly, these evil spirits were contained in the things of nature; now they have been let loose, flit about invisibly, and human beings must withstand them.

Hence, in the sense of the first Christian centuries, the end of the world definitely did occur, but people simply did not comprehend this. It was not understood that instead of the god dwelling in the earth, a god whose presence is announced through events on the earth, now the supersensory Logos was present who must be recognized in the supersensory realm and to whom human beings must adhere by means of super-sensory faculties. Now, assuming this, we can comprehend why in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, a feeling of the end of the world was present again in civilized Europe. Again, people awaited the world's end. They did not know what the first Christians had meant by it. Out of this frame of mind of anticipating the end of the world, which spread over all of civilized Europe during these centuries, something developed that caused people to seek Christ in a more physical manner than they ought to have looked for him. People should realize that we are to find the Logos in the spirit, not based on nature's phenomena. This search for the Logos in the spirit is something that these people, who once again were in a mood of expecting the end of the world, did not understand. Instead, they set about this search in a more materialistic way. Thus, this mood gave rise to the Crusades, the material quest for Christ in his tomb in the Orient. People adhered to Christ in this mood of the world's end, in the misunderstood mood of the end of the world.

However, Christ was not found in the Orient. People received approximately the same answer his disciples had received when they sought him tangibly in his tomb—He whom you seek is no longer here—for He must be sought in the spirit.

Now, in the twentieth century, once again a mood of the world's end prevails—and these phenomena will increase—although people have become so lethargic and indifferent that they do not even notice this anticipation of the end of the world. But the man who did speak of this mood of the world's end in his Decline of the West3Oswald Spengler, 1880–1936, philosopher of history and culture. made a significant and noticeable impression, and this frame of mind will become increasingly prevalent.

Actually, we do not need to speak of the end of the world. It has already ended in the sense that humanity can no longer find the spirit based on nature; it is a matter of realizing that we live in a spiritual world. Humanity's error of not knowing that we live in a spiritual world has brought misfortune over us. It causes wars to be bloodier and bloodier. It is becoming increasingly evident that human beings act as if possessed. Indeed, they are possessed by the evil forces who confuse them, for their speech no longer expressed the inherent content of their I. They are as though possessed by a psychosis. This psychosis is much talked about but little understood.

What the first Christians meant by the end of the world, and what they understood by it, did take place. The new age is here, but it must be recognized. People must realize that when the human being perceives, he does perceive as an angel, and when he becomes conscious of his own self, he becomes self-aware as an archangel. The significant point is that the spiritual world has already descended and human beings must become conscious of it. Many have thought that they take the Gospel seriously. Yet, although the Gospels clearly say that all things that were made, hence, all things under consideration should not be explained based on their earthly forces but originated through the Logos, people professed the Father God. He should be acknowledged as one with the Christ but as that aspect of the Trinity that was active until the earth was formed, whereas the actual ruler of the earth is the Christ, the Logos.

These matters could hardly be comprehended anymore in the ninth century when Scotus Erigena was active. This is why, on the one hand, his book about the divisions of nature is so great and significant. On the other hand, as I told you yesterday, this is why it is chaotic as well. This is why you only begin to find your way in it when you view it from the spiritual scientific viewpoint as we have done yesterday and today.

Well, as I said, in the fourth chapter, Erigena speaks of the uncreated entity that is not creating. If we understand the true meaning of what Scotus Erigena describes here, namely, the resting deity in which everything unites, then the necessary step has been taken. The world that is described in the preceding three chapters has come to an end. The world of the resting Godhead, the noncreated and noncreating being, is here.

Insofar as it is nature, the earth is declining. I have often called attention to the fact that this is the case by indicating that even geologists say nowadays that by and large, nothing new originates anymore on the earth. Certainly, as an aftereffect, plants develop, and so forth, plants, animals, and human propagate. But the earth as a whole has turned into something other than what it was. It is becoming fragmentized; it is splitting. The earth as a whole is already in a state of disintegration as far as its mineral kingdom is concerned.

The great geologist, Suess,4Eduard Suess, 1831–1914, geologist. Das Antlitz der Erde, 3 vol., 1885–1909. expressed this in his work The Countenance of the Earth (Das Antlitz der Erde) by saying that we walk around on the corroding crust of the earth. He points to certain regions on earth where this corrosion is evident. He stresses that in the past this was different. This is what the world view and conception of life in the first Christian centuries referred to, though not based on facts of nature but on the moral facts of humanity's evolution.

Indeed, it is true that since the beginning of the fifteenth century we live even more in the resting Godhead than did Scotus Erigena. This Godhead awaits our attainment of Imagination and Inspiration through our own efforts. Then we will be able to recognize the world around us as a spiritual world. We will perceive that we are indeed in a spiritual world that has thrown off the earthly one. This deity awaits our realization that we are living after the end of the world and that we have arrived in the New Jerusalem.

It is indeed a strange spiritual destiny for human beings that they dwell in the spiritual world and neither know it nor wish to know it. There is no substance in any of the interpretations aiming at representing true Christianity as mixed up with some half-baked conceptions of an end of the world, which, after all, did not occur and was only meant symbolically, and so on. What we find in the writings of Christianity must be comprehended in its true meaning. It must be grasped in the right way. There must be clarity concerning the fact that the early Christian views referred to a world that had already changed after the fourth century A.D.

The teachings in the first Christian centuries stood in awe of the abundant wisdom of paganism, and the Christian Church Fathers attempted to connect it with the secret of Golgotha. Matters were actually viewed the way I described it today. Yet, it was not believed that mankind could understand them offhand. This is why the secrets of ancient time were preserved in dogmas meant only to be believed, not to be understood. The dogmas are by no means superstition or untruth. The dogmas are true, but they must be comprehended in the right way. They can only be understood, however, if this comprehension is sought for with the faculty that has developed since the beginning of the fifteenth century.

When Scotus Erigena lived, human reason was still a force. Scotus Erigena still sensed that the angel within him comprehended. After all, this human intellect was still a force in the best minds of that period. Since the middle of the fifteenth century, we have only the shadow of this reason, this intellect. Since that time, we have developed the consciousness soul. Yet we still retain the shadow of the intellect. When a person develops his concepts today, he is indeed far from having any idea that an angel is comprehending something within him. He simply thinks: I am figuring something out concerning the things I have experienced. He certainly does not talk about the presence of a spiritual being that is perceiving, much less of a still higher spiritual being, which he is by virtue of his self-awareness. The faculty with which we try to know things is only the shadow of the intellect that had developed for the Greeks, for example for Plato and Aristotle, and even for the Romans and that had still been alive for Scotus Erigena in the ninth century A.D.

But this is the point, my dear friends. We no longer need to be misled by the intellect; this insight can help us to progress. Today, people follow a shadow, the reasoning or intellect within them. They allow themselves to be misled by it instead of striving for Imagination, Inspiration, and Intuition, which in turn would lead once again into the spiritual world that actually surrounds us. It is really beneficial that the intellect has become like a shadow. Initially, we established external natural science with this shadowlike intellect. On the basis of this intellect we have to work further, and God rests so as to allow us to work. The fourth stage is completely here today. We just have to become conscious of it. If we do not become aware of this fact, nothing can develop further on earth. For what the earth has received as a legacy is gone; it is no more. New things must be inaugurated.

An individual such as Spengler beholds the fragments of the old civilizations. After all, they were prepared in sufficient numbers. In the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, the mood of the imminent end of the world prevailed. Then came the Crusades. They really accomplished nothing new, for people sought in the material realm something that should have been sought in the spirit. Now, because the Crusades had brought no results, the Renaissance came, so to speak, to the rescue of mankind. Greek culture was again disseminated in what prevails today as education. Greek culture was present again but not as something new. The mathematical and mechanistic concepts of external nature developed since the beginning of the fifteenth century were the only new elements. But the ruins of antiquity were there, too, and they are crammed into our young people in the secondary schools. They then form the basis of civilization. Oswald Spengler encountered these fragments of the Renaissance. Like erratic blocks, they float on the sea that is intent on producing something more. Yet if you merely look upon these floating ice blocks, you behold the decline. For what has been retained from the past is characterized by a mood of decline, and nobody can galvanize our modern education. It is perishing. Out of the spirit, through primal creation, a different civilization must be created for the fourth stage is here.

This is how Scotus Erigena must be understood, who brought along his wisdom—already difficult to understand for him, I would say—from the Irish isle, from the mysteries that had been cultivated in Ireland. This is how we must interpret Scotus Erigena's work. Thus, not only the primal knowledge that can be attained through spiritual science, but also the documents of former times express this meaning if we are willing really to understand them, if we are willing finally to free ourselves from the Alexandrianism of the modern philosophic science that calls itself philology. For we must admit that the way things are handled today, we do not see much of either philology or philosophy. If we observe the methods of cramming and the way examinations are conducted in our educational institutions, very little is present of philo, of love. That has to emerge from a different direction, but we are in need of it once again.

It was my intention, first of all, to present the figure of Scotus Erigena to you. Secondly, I wanted to point out that the ways to properly grasp the buried primordial wisdom have yet to be sought. Nowadays people pay no attention to the fact that the Gospel of St. John clearly states that the Logos is the creative principle, not the Father God.

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[ 1 ] Wir haben gestern geschlossen mit zwei bedeutsamen Fragen, die sich ergeben haben aus der Betrachtung der Stellung einer solchen Persönlichkeit wie Johannes Scotus Erigena es war. Bei diesem Mann finden wir ja eine Anschauung, die herüberleuchtet aus den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten in das 9. Jahrhundert hinein. Wir können sagen, aus allem dem, was sich im Laufe der letzten Zeit ergeben hat, sind die Vorstellungsarten, ist die ganze Art zu denken in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten noch anders als später. Und ein großer Umschwung hat stattgefunden, wie wir ja schon wissen, im 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert. Die Menschen haben einfach von der Mitte des 4. Jahrhunderts an viel verstandesmäßiger gedacht als vorher. Man möchte sagen: alles Erkennen, alles Vorstellungbilden war vorher viel mehr einer Art von Eingebung entsprungen als später, wo die Menschen sich immer mehr bewußt wurden, selber mit den Gedanken zu arbeiten. Und was sich als solches Bewußtsein für die Menschen vor dem 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte herausgestellt hatte, das klingt nach noch in einem solchen Ausspruche wie dem des Scotus Erigena, daß der Mensch als Mensch urteilt und Schlüsse zieht, daß er aber als Engel erkennt. Was da Scotus Erigena, ich möchte sagen wie ein altes Erbstück, wie durch eine Reminiszenz noch heraufholt, das wurde von all denen angenommen vor dem 4. Jahrhundert, die überhaupt Gedanken hatten. Sie kamen gar nicht darauf, die Gedanken, die ein Wissen, ein Erkennen vermittelten, dem Menschen als solchem zuzuschreiben, sondern sie schrieben das dem in ihnen wirkenden Engel zu. Ein Engel bewohnte den Leib des Menschen, der erkannte, und an dieser Erkenntnis nahm der Mensch teil.

[ 2 ] Solch ein unmittelbares Bewußtsein war ganz verglommen seit dem 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert, und in solchen Geistern wie in Johannes Scotus leuchtete es wieder auf, wurde es gewissermaßen mit Mühe herausgeholt aus der Seele. Das beweist eben, daß die ganze Art des Weltenschauens anders geworden ist im Laufe dieser Jahrhunderte, und daher wird es so schwer für die Menschen der Gegenwart, sich zurückzuvetsetzen in die Denk- und Anschauungsweise der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte. Erst mit Hilfe der Geisteswissenschaft muß das wiederum angestrebt werden. Man muß wiederum zu Vorstellungen kommen, die nun wirklich entsprechend sind dem, was in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten gedacht worden ist. Schon zur Zeit des Scotus Erigena begannen ja solche Dinge wie der sogenannte Abendmahlsstreit, wie der Streit über die Vorherbestimmung des Menschen. Es waren die Dinge, welche durchaus anzeigen, wie in die Sphäre des menschlichen Diskutierens dasjenige hereingezogen ist, was vorher mehr einer Inspiration, einer Eingebung entsprach, und über das man eigentlich nicht gestritten hat. Aber es wurden eben später viele Dinge ganz und gar nicht mehr verstanden.

[ 3 ] Zu den nicht mehr verstandenen Dingen gehört zum Beispiel der Anfang des Johannes-Evangeliums, so wie er einfach populär vorliegt. Wenn wir diesen Anfang des Johannes-Evangeliums ernst nehmen, so besagt er ja eigentlich etwas, was im allgemeinen Bewußtsein der christlichen Bekenner durch die späteren Jahrhunderte gar nicht mehr vorhanden ist. Bedenken Sie doch nur, daß im Anfang des Johannes-Evangeliums die Worte sind: Im Urbeginne war der Logos -, und daß es dann weiter heißt: Durch den Logos sind alle Dinge entstanden, ist alles dasjenige entstanden, was eben zu dem Entstandenen gehört, und außer durch den Logos ist nichts von dem Entstandenen geworden.

[ 4 ] Wenn man diese Worte ernst nimmt, so-muß man sich sagen: Sie bedeuten, daß durch den Logos die sichtbaren Dinge, die Weltendinge entstanden sind, und daß also der Logos der eigentliche Schöpfer der Weltendinge ist. Im christlichen Bewußtsein nach dem 4. Jahrhunderte wird ja der Logos, der im Sinne des JohannesEvangeliums ganz richtig mit dem Christus identifiziert wird, durchaus nicht als der Schöpfer der sichtbaren Dinge angesehen, sondern der Schöpfer wird dem Christus gegenübergestellt als der Vatergott, der Gottvater. Der Logos wird als der Sohn bezeichnet, aber nicht der Sohn wird zum Schöpfer gemacht, sondern der Vater wird zum Schöpfer gemacht. Das ist eine Lehre, die durch die Jahrhunderte gelebt hat, und die durchaus dem Johannes-Evangelium widerspricht. Man kann nicht das Johannes-Evangelium ernst nehmen und in dem Christus nicht den Schöpfer aller sichtbaren Dinge sehen, sondern in dem Vatergott den Schöpfer der sichtbaren Dinge sehen. Sie sehen, meine lieben Freunde, wie wenig ernst eigentlich das Evangelium in den späteren christlichen Zeiten genommen worden ist.

[ 5 ] Nun müssen wir uns schon zurückversetzen in die ganze Denkweise, die, wie gesagt, einen Umschwung in dem gekennzeichneten Zeitpunkte erfahren hat, und die diejenige der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte war, die ja im Grunde genommen aufgebaut war wiederum auf demjenigen, was aus alten heidnischen Zeiten über die geistige Welt dageblieben war. Wir müssen uns namentlich klarwerden darüber, wie angesehen worden ist dasjenige, was sich ja dann in dem. christlichen Meßopfer fortsetzte, wie angesehen worden ist das Abendmahl, dessen wesentlicher Inhalt ja in dem Worte liegt: Dies ist mein Leib -— wobei hingedeutet wird auf das Brot -, dies ist mein Blut - wobei hingedeutet wird auf den Wein. Dieser Inhalt des Abendmahles, er war wirklich in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten verstanden worden, sogar verstanden worden von Menschen, die gar nicht etwa gelehrte Naturen waren, sondern die sich einfach im Zeichen des Abendmahles zum Andenken an den Christus versammelten. Aber was meinte man denn damit eigentlich? Man meinte das Folgende.

[ 6 ] Man hatte im ganzen Altertum eine religiöse Weisheitslehre, und im Grunde genommen war diese religiöse Weisheitslehre um so mehr auf dem Wesen des Vatergottes aufgebaut, in je frühere Zeiten man zurückschaut. Wenn wir die religiösen Bekenntnisse sehr alter Zeiten betrachten, die sich dekadent dann erhalten haben in den späteren religiösen Bekenntnissen, wenn wir diese alten Bekenntnisse nehmen, so zeigen sie überall eine gewisse Verehrung desjenigen, was zurückgeblieben war von dem Ahnherrn eines Stammes, eines Volkes. Man verehrte gewissermaßen den Stammvater eines Stammes, eines Volkes. Sie wissen ja aus Tacitus’ «Germania», wie auch diejenigen Völkerschaften, die dann ins Römische Reich gedrungen sind und die neue Zivilisation möglich gemacht haben, durchaus noch Erinnerungen hatten an solche Stammesgottheiten, obwohl sie schon vielfach übergegangen waren, wie ich in den öffentlichen Vorträgen des letzten Kurses ausgeführt habe, zu einer anderen Form der Gottesverehrung, zu den Lokalgottheiten. Man hatte also die Meinung, Generation nach Generation ist verflossen, seitdem ein alter Ahne da war, der den Stamm, der das Volk begründet hat, und die Seele, das Geistig-Seelische dieses Stammvaters, das waltete noch bis in die spätesten Generationen hinein. Und dieses Walten ist an die physische Gemeinschaft der Leiber des Stammes gebunden. Diese Leiber sind ja alle miteinander verwandt. Sie sind eben gemeinsamer Abstammung. Durch ihre Adern fließt das gemeinsame Blut. Der Leib und das Blut sind eines. Und wie man hinauf sah zu dem Seelisch-Geistigen des Stammvaters, indem man sich religiös erhob, so fühlte man das Walten der Gottheit, zu der der Stammvater gegangen ist, von der der Stammvater nunmehr wirkte durch sein Seelisch-Geistiges auf den ganzen Stamm, auf das ganze Volk. Das Walten dieser Gottheit sah man in den Leibern, in dem Blute, das durch Generationen herunterrann, und etwas tief Geheimnisvolles sah man in den geheimnisvollen Kräften des Leibes und in den Kräften des Blutes.

[ 7 ] Man sah wirklich in jenen alten heidnischen Zeiten in demjenigen, was im Leibe waltete und was durch das Blut rann, die Kräfte der Gottheit selber. Man kann daher schon sagen, daß wenn ein Bekenner jener alten Weltanschauung tierisches oder gar Menschenblut herausrinnen sah, er in diesem Blute den Leib der Gottheit selber erblickte, und er sah in dem, was sich aus dem Blute aufbaute, in den Leibern der Stammesverwandten, der Volksverwandten, die Gestalten der Gottheit, das Ebenbild der Gottheit. Wie da in dem Materiellen zu gleicher Zeit das Göttlich-Geistige verehrt wurde, davon können sich die Menschen heute eben keine Vorstellungen mehr machen.

[ 8 ] Durch das Blut der Generationen rann also die Kraft der Gottheit herunter; durch die Leiber der Generationen gestaltete die Gottheit ihr Ebenbild, und zu dieser Gottheit kam die Seele und der Geist des Ahnen und wirkte mit Götterkraft auf die Nachkommen, wurde verehrt als die Ahnengottheit. Nicht nur für diese alten Bekenntnisse, sondern vor allen Dingen auch für die wirkliche Wahrheit hängt dasjenige, was im menschlichen Leibe wirkt, von den Kräften der Erde ab. Seine Anlagen, das wissen Sie ja, sind aus viel älteren Zeiten; aber in dem menschlichen Leib, so wie er heute ist mit dem mineralischen Reiche in sich, und im Blute wirken die Kräfte der Erde.

[ 9 ] Im menschlichen Blute zum Beispiel wirken nicht bloß diejenigen Kräfte, die durch Nahrungsmittel einziehen in den Menschen, sondern die Kräfte, die im ganzen Erdenplaneten tätig sind. Dadurch, daß zum Beispiel der Mensch in einer Gegend lebt, die sehr viel von roter Erde hat, also eine gewisse geologische Beschaffenheit, gewisse metallische Einschlüsse hat in der Erde, dadurch wird von der Erde auf das Blut gewirkt. Und wiederum, von der Erde ist die Gestaltung, ist der Leib des Menschen abhängig. Anders gestaltet sich der Leib in wärmeren, anders in kälteren Gegenden der Erde. Das Leibliche und das im Blute Wirkende hängt von dem ab, was in der Erde als Kräfte waltet. Diese Wahrheit, zu der wir heute erst wiederum kommen durch geisteswissenschaftliche Untersuchung, sie war aus ihrer instinktiven Erkenntnis heraus diesen alten Menschen noch ohne weiteres klar. Sie wußten, im Blute pulsieren die Erdenkräfte. Wir sagen uns heute, wenn wir den einen Telegraphenapparat von der Station A dutch einen Draht verbinden mit dem Telegraphenapparat der Station B, so verbinden wir nur einseitig die Apparate. Wir leiten durch den Draht den elektrischen Strom; aber der elektrische Strom muß sich schließen. Er schließt sich dadurch, daß wir die sogenannte Erdleitung bilden. Es ist Ihnen ja wohl bekannt, daß wenn wir auf der einen Station einen Telegraphenapparat haben, wir über die Telegraphenstangen den Draht führen; aber der Strom ist dann nicht geschlossen, der Strom muß geschlossen werden. Wir leiten ihn in die Platte, die wir in die Erde versenken, hinein, hier ebenfalls in die Platte [auf der anderen Seite], die wir in die Erde versenken, tun sonst gar nichts. Wir könnten auch einen anderen Draht hier legen, dann würde der Strom geschlossen sein, aber wir tun das nicht, wir bringen hier eine Erdleitungsplatte und hier eine Erdleitungsplatte an (es wird gezeichnet), und die Erde besorgt das andere selbst. Das wissen wir heute als ein Ergebnis der äußeren Wissenschaft. Wir müssen voraussetzen, daß die Elektrizität, der elektrische Strom in der Erde drinnen arbeitet. Nun, die alten Menschen wußten nichts von der Elektrizität und dem elektrischen Strom. Aber sie wußten dafür etwas von ihrem Blute. Sie standen auf der Erde und wußten, da ist etwas in der Erde drinnen, was im Blute auch lebt. Sie sahen die Sache anders an; sie sprachen nicht von Elektrizität, aber sie sprachen von etwas Irdischem, das in ihrem Blute lebt. Wir wissen nicht mehr, daß sie im Blute lebt, die Elektrizität der Erde. Wir reden nur, indem wir äußerlich dutch mathematisch-mechanische Vorstellungen die Sache zu umfassen trachten. Und so kam es, daß die Menschen mit dem Erdenkörper als solchem verbanden diese Gottesvorstellung, die sie hatten. Sie sagten sich: das Göttliche waltet im Blute, waltet im Leibe, es waltet durch die Erde. Das war dasjenige, was in der Gottvatervorstellung erschien. Die Gottvatervorstellung ist eine solche aus dem Grunde, weil man ja den Urvater des Stammes, des Volkes, als den Ausgangspunkt des Göttlichen ansah; aber als das Mittel, wodurch er wirkte, sah man die Erde an, und die Wirkungen der Erde im Blute, im ganzen Menschenleib sah man als dasjenige an, was eigentlich Wirkungen des Göttlichen sind.

[ 10 ] Nun aber hatten alle diese alten Menschen noch eine andere Vorstellung. Sie sagten sich: Nicht allein das Irdische wirkt auf den Menschen. Es wäre ja gut, wenn bloß das Irdische auf den Menschen wirkte, aber das ist nicht der Fall, sondern es wirkt der Nachbar der Erde, der Mond, zusammen mit den Kräften der Erde. Und so sagten sie sich: Es wirkt eigentlich nicht die Erde allein, sondern Erde und Mond wirken zusammen, und mit dieser Mischung von Erden- und Mondenkräften verbanden sie die Vorstellungen von jetzt nicht nur einer einheitlichen Gottheit der Erde, sondern von vielen Untergottheiten, die eben dann in der heidnischen Welt da waren. Alles dasjenige, was als Gottesvorstellung da war, was auf den Menschen wirkte durch Leib und Blut, das also war der Urquell, der die Gottesvorstellung eigentlich speiste in dieser alten Zeit.

[ 11 ] Es war nun kein Wunder, daß alles Erkennen in diesen alten Zeiten sich hinwandte zur Erde, sich hinwandte zum Monde, hinwandte zu den Wirkungen der Erde, daß man das dazu ergründen mußte, was auf die Erde wirkte. Da bildete man eine feine Wissenschaft aus. Diese Wissenschaft von der Vatergottheit, die wirkte nach in den drei ersten Büchern des Johannes Scotus Erigena, von denen ich Ihnen gestern gesprochen habe. Im Grunde genommen weiß er es nicht mehr recht, denn er lebte eben schon im 9. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte; aber Erbstücke der Urweisheit waren vorhanden, die davon sprachen, daß in dem, was den Menschen irdisch umgibt, der Vatergott lebt, der nicht geschaffen, aber schaffend ist, die anderen Gottheiten leben, die geschaffen sind, aber schaffend sind. Das sind also die verschiedenen Wesenheiten der Hierarchien. Dann ist ausgebreitet um den Menschen dasjenige, was sichtbare Welt ist, das Geschaffene und Nichtschaffende, und erwarten soll der Mensch diejenige Welt, in welcher die Gottheit als eine nichtschaffende und nichtgeschaffene, also als eine ruhende waltet, die alles andere in ihrem Schoße aufnimmt. Dies das vierte Buch des Scotus Erigena.

[ 12 ] Nun, in diesem vierten Buche, das habe ich Ihnen ja gesagt, ist vorzugsweise die Soteriologie und die Eschatologie behandelt. In diesem vierten Buche wird dargestellt die Geschichte des Christus Jesus, die Auferstehung, die Gnadengaben werden dargestellt, aber auch gewissermaßen das Weltenende, das Hineingehen in die ruhende Gottheit. Die drei ersten Kapitel des großen Buches des Scotus Erigena zeigen uns, ich möchte sagen, klar einen Nachklang alter Anschauungen, denn im Grunde genommen recht christlich wird erst das vierte Kapitel. Die drei ersten Kapitel, sie werden christlich durchsetzt mit allerlei Vorstellungen, aber dasjenige, was in ihnen eigentlich wirksam ist, ist im Grunde genommen noch aus der alten Heidenzeit, und wir finden es so, wie es in der Heidenzeit war, auch bei den Kirchenvätern der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte. Wir können sagen: Durch die Natur, durch dasjenige, was der Mensch in den Wesen, die ihn umgaben, sah, sah er die Region des Vatergottes. Er sah eine Idealwelt hinter der Natur. Er sah gewisse Kräfte in der Natur. Er sah endlich in der Aufeinanderfolge der Generationen, in diesem Werden der Menschheit selber in den einzelnen Stämmen und Völkern das Walten des Vatergottes. In den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten war zu dieser Erkenntnis nur eine andere noch hinzugetreten, die fast ganz verlorengegangen ist.

[ 13 ] Die ersten christlichen Kirchenväter - ihre spätchristlichen Kritiker haben ja das gründlich ausgerottet -, die sagten nämlich: In dem, was namentlich durch die Generationen hindurch durch das Blut geflossen ist, was sich in den Leibern ausgestaltet hat, da wirkte schon der Vatergott, aber in fortwährendem Kampf und in fortwährendem Zusammensein mit seinen gegnerischen Mächten, den Naturgeistern. Das war eine besonders lebendige Vorstellung in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten, daß es dem Vatergott eigentlich nie gelungen war, allein zu wirken, sondern daß er im steten Kampfe gelegen hatte mit den Naturgeistern, die in allem Möglichen der Außenwelt walteten. Und so sagten diese ersten christlichen Kirchenväter: Die Alten der vorchristlichen Zeit glaubten an den Vatergott, aber sie konnten ihn ja gar nicht unterscheiden von den Naturgeistern; sie glaubten eigentlich an dieses ganze Reich des Vatergottes mit dem Naturreich zusammen. Sie glaubten, daß von dem herrührte die ganze sichtbare Welt. Das ist aber nicht wahr, so sagten sie. Es wirken zusammen alle diese geistigen Wesenheiten, diese verschiedenen Naturgottheiten, sie wirken in der Natur, aber sie haben sich erst in die irdischen Dinge hineingeschlichen. Die irdischen Dinge aber, die wir mit den Sinnen sehen, die außer uns sind, die also geworden sind als irdische, die rühren nicht von diesen Naturgeistern und auch nicht vom Vatergotte her, der eigentlich nur in denjenigen Metamorphosen sein schaffendes Wesen hatte, die der Erde vorangegangen sind. Dasjenige, was Erde ist, dasjenige, was man sieht als Erde, das rührt nicht vom Vatergotte her und nicht von den Naturgeistern, das rührt von dem Sohne, von dem Logos her, den der Vatergott hat aus sich hervorgehen lassen, damit der Logos die Erde schaffe; und das Johannes-Evangelium ist aufgerichtet, ein großes, bedeutsames Monument, um anzudeuten: Nein, es ist nicht so, wie die Alten geglaubt haben, daß die Erde vom Vatergott geschaffen sei; der Vatergott hat den Sohn aus sich hervorgehen lassen, und der Sohn ist der Schöpfer der Erde.

[ 14 ] Das sollte das Johannes-Evangelium sagen. Das war im Grunde genommen dasjenige, wofür die Kirchenväter der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte gekämpft haben, was dann zu fassen dem menschlichen Verstande, der sich entwickelte, so schwer geworden ist, daß Dionysius der Areopagite vorgezogen hat, zu sagen: Alles dasjenige, was der Verstand schafft, ist positive Theologie und dringt nicht bis in die Regionen hinein, die die eigentlichen Geheimnisse der Welt enthalten. Dahinein kann man nur kommen, wenn man alle Prädikate negiert, wenn man spricht nicht von dem Sein Gottes, sondern von dem Übersein Gottes, wenn man nicht spricht von der Persönlichkeit, sondern von der Überpersönlichkeit, wenn man also alles ins Negative hinüberversetzt; dann kommt man dutch die negative Theologie dem eigentlichen Geheimnis des Daseins bei. Aber Dionysius und ein solcher Nachfolger wie Johannes Scotus Erigena, der aber schon ganz von dem Verstande durchsetzt war, die glaubten eben nicht, daß man mit dem menschlichen Verstande überhaupt noch fähig sei, diese Geheimnisse der Welt zu erklären.

[ 15 ] Nun, was ist denn damit aber gesagt, daß der Logos der Schöpfer von allem ist? Denken Sie an dasjenige, was ja im Grunde genommen, nur eben dann abgeschwächt gegen die Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha hin, aber was im Grunde genommen in allen alten vorchristlichen Zeiten vorhanden war. Die Menschen sagten sich: Durch das Blut, durch den Leib wirkt die Gottheit, und sie hatten damit die Vorstellung verbunden, daß wenn das Blut durch die Adern des Menschen oder der Tiere rinnt, dieses Blut dann eigentlich den Göttern weggenommen ist. Es ist der rechtmäßige Besitz der Götter. Man kann also den Göttern sich nähern, wenn man ihnen Blut zurückgibt. Sie wollen das Blut eigentlich für sich haben; die Menschen haben das Blut in Besitz genommen, man muß den Göttern wiederum das Blut zurückgeben. Daher die Blutopfer in jenen alten Zeiten.

[ 16 ] Nun kam der Christus und sagte: Das ist nicht dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, da kommt man nicht an die irdischen Dinge heran. Die irdischen Dinge sind gar nicht von denjenigen Göttern, die das Blut haben wollen. Sehen wir auf dasjenige, was wirkt im Menschen, bevor die Erde auf ihn wirkt, nehmen wir das Brot, also dasjenige, wovon sich der Mensch ernährt, nehmen wir es so, wie es der Mensch zunächst aufnimmt. Er nimmt es auf durch seinen Geschmack. Es geht das Nahrungsmittel im Menschen bis zu einem gewissen Punkt, bevor es in Blut umgewandelt wird. Es wird ja erst in Blut umgewandelt, nachdem es durch die Darmwände in die Organisation übergegangen ist. Da beginnt erst die Erdenwirkung; solange das Nahrungsmittel noch nicht übernommen ist vom Blute, hat die Erdenwirkung noch nicht begonnen. Sehet also nicht in dem Blute dasjenige, was dem Gotte entspricht, sehet es in dem Brote, bevor das Brot zu Blut wird, und sehet es in dem Wein, bevor der Wein in das Blut hineingeht. Da ist das Göttliche, da ist die Verkörperung des Logos. Sehet nicht auf dasjenige, was im Blute rinnt, denn das, was im Blute rinnt, das ist bei den Menschen altes Erbstück der Mondenzeit, der vorirdischen Zeit. Dasjenige, was im Menschen irdisch ist, mit dem hat das Nahrungsmittel zu tun, bevor es Blut wird. Also weg mit den Vorstellungen von dem Blute und von dem Leibe, von dem Fleische, dagegen hingelenkt die Vorstellungen zu demjenigen, was noch nicht Blut geworden ist und noch nicht Fleisch geworden ist, hingelenkt die Vorstellungen auf dasjenige, was auf der Erde draußen bereitet wird, was irdisch ist, ohne daß der Mond einen Einfluß dabei hat, das heißt auf das, was vom Sonneneinfluß herkommt. Denn wir sehen die Dinge durch das Licht der Sonne, und wir essen das Brot und trinken den Wein, indem wir in ihnen die Sonnenkraft essen und trinken. Die sichtbaren Dinge sind nicht durch den Vatergott, die sichtbaren Dinge sind durch den Logos.

[ 17 ] Denken Sie, da war die ganze Vorstellungswelt der Menschen hingelenkt auf dasjenige, was man nun nicht im Stile der Alten gewinnen konnte aus der ganzen Natur, was man nur dadurch gewinnen konnte, daß man hinsah auf dasjenige, was die Sonne erglänzen läßt auf der Erde. Es war auf etwas rein Geistiges hingewiesen. Man soll nicht heraussaugen aus den physischen Dingen der Erde dasjenige, was das Göttliche ist, man soll dieses Göttliche sehen in dem reinen Geistigen, in dem Logos. Es wurde der Logos entgegengesetzt den alten Gottvatervorstellungen, das heißt, es wurde der Menschen Sinn auf etwas rein Geistiges hingelenkt. Niemals hat in vorchristlichen Zeiten der Mensch durch etwas anderes als durch dasjenige, was in ihm gewissermaßen organisch gekocht worden ist, und in ihm dann innerlich als eine Vision oder dergleichen aufgegangen ist, das Göttliche gesehen. Er sah schon das Göttliche auch für ihn aufsteigen aus dem Blute. Jetzt suchte er es im reinen Geistigen zu erfassen. Jetzt sollte er aber auch die Dinge, die um ihn herum sichtbar sind, als ein Ergebnis des Logos ansehen, nicht desjenigen, was sich in die Dinge erst hineingeschlichen hat, als das Ergebnis eines Gottes, der im Vorirdischen geschaffen hat.

[ 18 ] Damit, wenn wir so denken, kommen wir den Vorstellungen der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte eigentlich erst nahe. Aber damit war ja den Menschen zunächst etwas gegeben wie ein Hinweis, daß sie nicht irgendwelcher anderen Kraft, als der Kraft ihres Bewußtseins entnehmen sollen die Vorstellungen, um zum Göttlichen zu kommen. Die Menschen waren hingelenkt auf das Geistige. Was konnte man ihnen daher sagen? Man konnte ihnen sagen: Ehedem war die Erde so mächtig, daß sie euch die Vorstellung gegeben hat vom Göttlichen. Das hat aufgehört. Die Erde gibt nichts mehr her. Ihr müßt dutch euch selbst zum Logos und zum schöpferischen Prinzip kommen. Ihr habt im Grunde genommen bisher verehrt dasjenige, was im Vorirdischen schöpferisch war; jetzt sollt ihr dasjenige verehren, was im Irdischen schöpferisch ist. Das könnt ihr aber nur durch die Kraft eures Ich, eures Geistes erfassen.

[ 19 ] Und das drückte sich aus in dem, daß die ersten Christen sagten: der Weltuntergang ist nahe. Sie meinten, der Untergang derjenigen Erde, die dem Menschen Erkenntnis gibt, ohne daß er mit seinem Bewußtsein an diesen Erkenntnissen arbeitet. Und es ist in der Tat eine tiefe Wahrheit ausgesprochen mit diesem Weltuntergange, denn der Mensch war vorher ein Sohn der Erde. Der Mensch überließ sich den Erdenkräften. Er verließ sich darauf, daß sein Blut ihm seine Erkenntnisse gab. Damit war es aus. Die Reiche der Himmel sind nahe herangekommen, die Reiche der Erde haben aufgehört. Der Mensch kann fortan nicht mehr ein Sohn der Erde sein. Der Mensch muß sich zum Genossen eines geistigen Wesens machen, das von der geistigen Welt auf die Erde heruntergekommen ist, des Logos, des Christus.

[ 20 ] Der Weltuntergang wurde prophezeit für das 4. nachchristliche Jahrhundert: Erdenuntergang, der Anbruch eines neuen Reiches, der Anbruch desjenigen Reiches, wo der Mensch sich fühlen soll, wohnend als Geist unter Geistern. Das wird wohl dem Menschen der Gegenwart am schwierigsten sein, sich vorzustellen, daß tatsächlich unsere gegenwärtige Art, als Menschen zu wohnen, die Menschen der Christus-Zeit nicht als ein irdisches Wohnen angesehen haben würden, sondern als ein Wohnen schon im Geisterreiche, nachdem die Erde, wie sie war, als sie noch für den Menschen die Kräfte hergab, untergegangen ist. Jemand, der in der richtigen Weise die Denkweise der ersten Christen verstanden hätte, würde heute nicht sagen, die ersten Christen hätten abergläubisch an den Untergang der Welt geglaubt; er sei aber nicht gekommen. In dem Sinne, wie die ersten Christen das gesehen haben, ist dieser Untergang im 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert dagewesen, und diejenige Art, wie wir jetzt leben, würden eben diese ersten Christen schon als das neue Jerusalem angesehen haben, als das Reich, in dem der Mensch als Geist unter Geistern lebt. Nur würden sie gesagt haben: Nach unserer Anschauung ist eigentlich der Mensch in den Himmel eingezogen, aber er ist so schlecht, daß er das nicht erkennt; er glaubt, daß im Himmel drinnen nur alles von Milch und Honig überfließt, daß da nicht die bösen Geister seien, gegen die er sich zu wehren hat. - Die ersten Christen würden gesagt haben: vorher waren diese bösen Geister in den Naturdingen drinnen, nun sind sie losgelassen, schwirren unsichtbar herum; der Mensch muß sich ihrer erwehren.

[ 21 ] Also Weltuntergang im Sinne der ersten christlichen Zeiten war eben durchaus da. Man hat es nur nicht verstanden. Man hat nicht verstanden, daß statt des in der Erde wohnenden Gottes, der also sich ankündigte durch die Erdenereignisse, daß statt dessen da war der übersinnliche Logos, den man im Übersinnlichen erkennen muß, an den man sich halten muß durch übersinnliche Kräfte. Und wenn man dies annimmt, dann wird man auch verstehen, wieso im 9., 10., 11. Jahrhundert wiederum Weltuntergangsstimmung da war im zivilisierten Europa. Wiederum erwartete man den Weltuntergang. Man wußte nicht, was die ersten Christen damit gemeint haben, aber aus dieser Weltuntergangsstimmung, die über das ganze zivilisierte Europa im 9., 10., 11. Jahrhundert verbreitet war, bildete sich dasjenige, was nun auch auf mehr materielle Art den Weg zu dem Christus hin suchte, als man ihn eigentlich hätte suchen sollen. Man sollte erkennen: im Geiste soll man den Logos finden, nicht aus den Naturerscheinungen heraus. Dieses den Logos im Geiste Suchen, das haben diese Menschen, die nun wiederum in die Weltuntergangsstimmung hineinkamen, nicht begriffen, sondern sie haben es auf mehr materielle Art gesucht. Und so entstand aus dieser Stimmung heraus die Stimmung der Kreuzzüge: den Christus materiell im Orient in seinem Grabe wenigstens noch zu suchen, sich zu halten an den Christus in der Weltuntergangsstimmung, man möchte sagen, in der mißverstandenen Weltuntergangsstimmung.

[ 22 ] Ja, man fand nicht den Christus drüben im Oriente. Man hat ungefähr diejenige Antwort bekommen, die auch dazumal die Leute bekommen haben, die den Christus im Grabe sichtbarlich suchten, die Antwort: Der, den ihr suchet, der ist nicht mehr hier -, der muß eben im Geiste gesucht werden.

[ 23 ] Und jetzt im 20. Jahrhundert, und die Dinge werden sich wieder vermehren, ist ja auch Weltuntergangsstimmung, wenn auch die Menschen so lethargisch und gleichgültig geworden sind, daß sie nicht einmal mehr diese Weltuntergangsstimmung merken. Aber es hat immerhin derjenige, der von dieser Weltuntergangsstimmung im «Untergang des Abendlandes» spricht, einen bedeutenden, weithin bemerkbaren Eindruck gemacht, und diese Weltuntergangsstimmung wird sich immer mehr und mehr verbreiten.

[ 24 ] Eigentlich aber brauchte man nicht von dem Untergang der Welt zu reden. Sie ist in dem Sinne, daß man aus der Natur heraus das Geistige finden kann, untergegangen, und es handelt sich darum, daß man gewahr wird, man lebt in einer geistigen Welt. Dieser Irrtum der Menschen, nicht zu wissen, daß sie in einer geistigen Welt leben, das ist es, was das Unheil über die Welt heraufgebracht hat, das macht, daß die Kriege immer blutiger und blutiger werden, und daß immer deutlicher und deutlicher wird: die Menschen sind wie besessen. Sie sind auch von den bösen Mächten besessen, die sie durcheinanderführen, denn sie reden gar nicht mehr, als ob sie dasjenige aussprechen würden, was in ihrem Ich liegt. Sie sind wie von einer Psychose besessen. Diese Psychose ist ja etwas, von dem man viel redet, was aber wenig verstanden wird.

[ 25 ] Was die ersten Christen als Weltuntergang gemeint haben, was sie darunter verstanden haben, das ist dagewesen, und die neue Zeit ist da. Sie muß nur erkannt werden, es muß nur durchschaut werden, daß tatsächlich der Mensch, wenn er erkennt, erkennt als ein Engel, und wenn er seiner selbst bewußt wird, er seiner selbst bewußt wird als ein Erzengel. Daß also die geistige Welt bereits heruntergekommen ist, daß man sich ihrer nur bewußt werden muß, das ist das Wichtige. Viele haben gemeint, sie nehmen das Evangelium ernst. Aber obwohl es im Evangelium ganz deutlich steht, daß alle Dinge, die da entstanden sind, die also in Betracht kommen, nicht aus ihren irdischen Kräften erklärt werden sollen, sondern durch den Logos entstanden sind, trotzdem bekannten sich die Leute zum Vatergotte, der eben anzuerkennen ist zwar als eins mit dem Christus, aber eben als derjenige Aspekt der Dreieinigkeit, der gewirkt hat, bis die Erde sich gebildet hat; während der eigentliche Regent der Erde der Christus, der Logos ist.

[ 26 ] Diese Dinge konnten kaum mehr verstanden werden im 9. Jahrhundert, als Scotus Erigena wirkte. Daher ist auf der einen Seite dieses Buch über die Gliederung der Natur von Scotus Erigena groß und bedeutend, auf der anderen Seite, wie ich Ihnen eben gestern sagte, wiederum chaotisch, so daß man sich eigentlich erst anfängt auszukennen, wenn man es in dem Sinne geisteswissenschaftlich betrachtet, wie wir das gestern und heute getan haben.

[ 27 ] Nun, wie gesagt, im vierten Kapitel spricht Johannes der Schotte von der nichtgeschaffenen und nichtschaffenden Wesenheit. Durchschauen wir das, durchschauen wir den wirklichen Sinn desjenigen, was Scotus Erigena da schildert, die ruhende Gottheit, in der sich alles vereint, so ist der Schritt ja schon da. Die Welt, die in den früheren drei Kapiteln geschildert wird, ist untergegangen. Diese Welt der ruhenden Gottheit, der nichtgeschaffenen und nichtschaffenden Wesenheit, sie ist da. Die Erde ist im Niedergehen, insofern sie Natur ist. Ich habe öfter darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß das so ist, indem ich Sie hingewiesen habe darauf, daß selbst der Geologe heute sagt: Im großen ganzen entsteht ja auf der Erde nichts mehr. Gewiß, als Nachklang bilden sich Pflanzen und so weiter, pflanzen sich Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen fort; aber die Erde im großen und ganzen, sie ist ja etwas anderes geworden, als sie war. Sie zersplittert, sie zerschellt. Die Erde ist ja im ganzen in ihrem mineralischen Reiche bereits im Zerfall. - Der große Geologe Sueß drückt das in seinem Werk «Das Antlitz der Erde» aus, indem er sagt, wir gehen auf den auseinanderfallenden Schollen der Erde herum. Und er weist auf gewisse Gebiete dieser Erde hin, wo man das sehen kann, wie man bereits diese auseinanderfallenden Erdschollen hat. Er weist darauf hin, wie das früher anders war. Das, allerdings nicht aus Naturtatsachen, aber aus den moralischen Tatsachen der Menschheitsentwickelung heraus meint die Weltanschauung und Lebensauffassung der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte.

[ 28 ] Und tatsächlich, seit dem Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts leben wir noch mehr, als das für Scotus Erigena der Fall war, in der ruhenden Gottheit darin, die da wartet, bis wir nun in unserer Aktivität dazu kommen, die Imagination, die Inspiration zu erlangen, um die Welt um uns herum als eine geistige anzusehen, um zu erkennen, daß wir ja in der geistigen Welt sind, die die irdische abgestoßen hat, daß wir nach dem Weltuntergang leben, daß wir angekommen sind bei dem neuen Jerusalem.

[ 29 ] Es ist in der Tat ein eigentümliches geistiges Schicksal der “Menschheit, daß sie in der geistigen Welt lebt und es nicht weiß und nicht wissen will. Alle Interpretationen, die darauf ausgehen, das wirkliche Christentum so darzustellen, als ob es verquickt wäre mit irgendwelchen unvollständigen Vorstellungen, wie von einem Weltuntergang, der doch nicht eingetreten ist und der nur symbolisch gemeint sein soll und so weiter, alle diese Auslegungen sind ein Nichts. Dasjenige, was da steht in den Schriften des Christentums, das muß nur eben im richtigen Sinne verstanden werden, das muß nur richtig aufgefaßt werden. Es muß Klarheit herrschen darüber, daß es sich handelt darum, daß allerdings die ersten christlichen Vorstellungen solche waren, daß man von einer Welt gesprochen hat, die schon anders war nach dem 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte.

[ 30 ] Solche Lehren, wie sie in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten vorhanden waren, solche Lehren bewunderten die Weistümer des Heidentums, und die christlichen Kirchenväter versuchten diese zu verbinden mit dem Geheimnis von Golgatha. Man sah tatsächlich die Dinge so an, wie ich sie heute geschildert habe. Aber man glaubte nicht daran, daß die Menschen sie zunächst verstehen können. Daher konservierte man in Dogmen, die nur geglaubt werden sollen, die nicht verstanden werden sollen, die Geheimnisse der alten Zeit. Die Dogmen sind nicht etwa Aberglaube oder Unwahrheit. Die Dogmen sind schon wahr, nur daß sie in der richtigen Weise verstanden werden müssen. Verstanden können sie aber nur werden, wenn durch dasjenige, was nun heraufgekommen ist mit dem Beginne des 15. Jahrhunderts, dieses Verständnis gesucht wird.

[ 31 ] Sehen Sie, als Scotus Erigena noch lebte, da war der menschliche Verstand noch eine Kraft. Scotus Erigena empfand noch, daß der Engel in ihm erkennt. Er war immerhin bei den Besten noch eine Kraft, dieser menschliche Verstand. Seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts haben wir ja nur noch den Schatten dieses Verstandes, dieses Intellektes. Wir entwickeln die Bewußtseinsseele seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts; aber wir haben noch den Schatten des Verstandes. Wenn der Mensch heute seine Begriffe entwickelt, nun, er ist wahrhaftig weit genug entfernt von der Vorstellung, daß da ein Engel in ihm erkennt. Er denkt sich nun halt: Ich denke da etwas aus über die Dinge, die ich erfahren habe. Er redet jedenfalls nicht davon, daß da eigentlich ein geistiges Wesen vorhanden ist, das da erkennt, oder gar ein noch höheres geistiges Wesen, das er ist durch sein Selbstbewußtsein. Dasjenige, womit der Mensch heute die Dinge zu erkennen versucht, das ist der Schatten des Intellektes, wie er sich für die Griechen, zum Beispiel für Plato und Aristoteles, wie er sich selbst für die Römer noch herausgebildet hat, wie er selbst noch lebendig war für Scotus Erigena im 9. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert.

[ 32 ] Aber gerade das, meine lieben Freunde, daß wir uns durch den Verstand nicht mehr zu beirren lassen brauchen, das kann uns weiterhelfen. Die Menschen laufen heute einem Schatten nach, dem Verstande in ihnen, dem Intellekt. Von dem lassen sie sich beirren, statt zu streben nach Imagination, nach Inspiration, nach Intuition, die nun wiederum in die geistige Welt, die eigentlich uns umgibt, hineinführen. Daß der Verstand schattenhaft geworden ist, das ist ja gerade gut. Aber wir haben zunächst mit diesem schattenhaften Verstande die äußere Naturwissenschaft gegründet. Wir müssen von ihm aus weiterarbeiten, und Gott ist zur Ruhe gekommen, damit er uns arbeiten lasse. Der vierte Zustand ist heute vollends da. Der Mensch muß sich nur dessen bewußt werden. Und ohne daß er sich dessen bewußt wird, kann nichts weiter sich bilden auf der Erde. Denn dasjenige, was die Erde als Erbstück empfangen hat, das ist dahin, das ist untergegangen. Neues muß gegründet werden.

[ 33 ] Solch ein Mensch wie Spengler schaut auf die Trümmer, die da sind noch von den alten Zivilisationen. Sie sind ja auch genügend zubereitet worden. Im 9., 10., 11. Jahrhundert war Weltuntergangsstimmung. Nachher kamen die Kreuzzüge. Sie haben nichts eigentlich gebracht, weil ja im Materiellen gesucht worden ist dasjenige, was im Geiste hätte gesucht werden sollen. Nun, da die Kreuzzüge nichts gebracht hatten, kam den Menschen, man möchte sagen, zunächst wie eine Aushilfe, die Renaissance. Das Griechentum wurde wieder erschlossen, dasjenige, was heute unter den Menschen als Bildung verbreitet wird, das Griechentum war wieder da, es war aber zunächst nicht da als ein Neues. Das Neue war nur in bezug auf die äußere Natur in mathematisch-mechanischen Vorstellungen da seit dem Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts. Dafür aber waren da die Trümmer des Altertums. Unseren jungen Leuten werden die Trümmer des Altertums als Gymnasialbildung eingepfropft. Sie bilden dann die Grundlage der Zivilisation. Oswald Spengler hat diese Trümmer der Renaissance angetroffen. Wie erratische Blöcke schwimmen sie auf dem Meer, das weiteres erzeugen will. Aber schaut man nur hin auf diese Eisblöcke, die da schwimmen, dann sieht man den Untergang. Denn dasjenige, was da aus dem Alten sich erhalten hat, ist in Untergangsstimmung, und niemand kann galvanisieren dasjenige, was unsere heutige Bildung ist. Die geht zugrunde. Eine andere Zivilisation muß aus dem Geistigen heraus durch Urschöpfung geschaffen werden, denn der vierte Zustand ist da.

[ 34 ] So muß Scotus Erigena verstanden werden, der sich seine Weisheit — ich möchte sagen, für ihn schon schwer verständlich — aus der Irischen Insel herübergebracht hatte, aus den Mysterien, die da auf der Irischen Insel gepflegt worden waren; das muß man heute aus dem Scotus Erigena herauslesen. Und so spricht nicht nur dasjenige, was man aus der Geisteswissenschaft als Urerkenntnis haben kann, sondern so sprechen auch die Dokumente der älteren Zeiten, wenn man sie wirklich verstehen will, wenn man endlich loskommen will von dem Alexandrinismus der neueren philosophischen Wissenschaft, welche sich Philologie nennt. Man muß schon sagen, so wie diese Dinge getrieben werden heute, merkt man weder viel von Philologie noch von Philosophie. Wenn man die Einpaukereien und die Examensordnungen in unseren Bildungsanstalten sich anschaut, dann ist von «Philo» außerordentlich wenig vorhanden, das muß schon aus einer anderen Ecke heraus kommen, aber wir brauchen es wiederum.

[ 35 ] Ich wollte Ihnen vorführen erstens die Gestalt des ScotusErigena, zweitens aber wollte ich zeigen, wie man die Wege erst suchen muß, um dasjenige, was verschüttet ist von der Urweisheit, in der richtigen Weise fassen zu können. Solche Tatsachen beachten ja die Menschen heute nicht, daß im Johannes-Evangelium klar ausgesprochen ist: Der Logos ist das Schöpferische, nicht der Vatergott.

Sixteenth Lecture

[ 1 ] Yesterday, we concluded with two significant questions that arose from our consideration of the position of a personality such as John Scotus Erigena. In this man, we find a view that shines through from the first Christian centuries into the 9th century. We can say that, from everything that has emerged in recent times, the modes of thought, the whole way of thinking in the first Christian centuries, were different from later ones. And, as we already know, a great change took place in the 4th century AD. From the middle of the 4th century onwards, people simply thought much more rationally than before. One might say that all cognition, all formation of ideas, arose much more from a kind of inspiration than later, when people became increasingly aware of working with their thoughts themselves. And what emerged as this consciousness for people before the 4th century AD can still be heard in statements such as that of Scotus Erigena, that man judges and draws conclusions as a human being, but that he recognizes as an angel. What Scotus Erigena brings up, I would say like an old heirloom, as if through a reminiscence, was accepted by all those before the 4th century who had any thoughts at all. They did not even think of attributing the thoughts that conveyed knowledge and recognition to man as such, but rather to the angel working within them. An angel dwelt in the body of the man who recognized, and man participated in this recognition.

Such immediate consciousness had completely faded since the 4th century AD, and in minds such as those of John Scotus, it shone again, was, so to speak, brought out of the soul with difficulty. This proves that the whole way of looking at the world has changed over the course of these centuries, and that is why it is so difficult for people today to put themselves back into the way of thinking and seeing of the first Christian centuries. Only with the help of spiritual science can this be attempted again. We must once again arrive at ideas that truly correspond to what was thought in the first Christian centuries. Already at the time of Scotus Erigena, things such as the so-called Eucharistic controversy and the dispute about human predestination began. These were things that clearly showed how something that had previously been more of an inspiration, an intuition, and about which there had been no real dispute, had been drawn into the sphere of human discussion. But later, many things were no longer understood at all.

[ 3 ] Among the things that are no longer understood is, for example, the beginning of the Gospel of John, as it is simply popularly understood. If we take this beginning of the Gospel of John seriously, it actually says something that is no longer present in the general consciousness of Christian believers in later centuries. Just consider that at the beginning of the Gospel of John, the words are: “In the beginning was the Logos,” and that it then goes on to say: “Through the Logos all things came into being, everything that belongs to what has come into being, and nothing that has come into being came into being except through the Logos.”

[ 4 ] If one takes these words seriously, one must say: They mean that through the Logos the visible things, the things of the world, came into being, and that therefore the Logos is the actual creator of the things of the world. In Christian consciousness after the 4th century, the Logos, which in the sense of the Gospel of John is quite correctly identified with Christ, is by no means regarded as the creator of visible things, but the creator is contrasted with Christ as the Father God, God the Father. The Logos is called the Son, but it is not the Son who is made the Creator, but the Father who is made the Creator. This is a teaching that has lived through the centuries and is completely contrary to the Gospel of John. One cannot take the Gospel of John seriously and not see Christ as the creator of all visible things, but rather see God the Father as the creator of visible things. You see, my dear friends, how little the Gospel was actually taken seriously in later Christian times.

[ 5 ] Now we must transport ourselves back to the whole way of thinking which, as I have said, underwent a radical change at the time I have mentioned, and which was that of the first Christian centuries, which was basically built up again on what had remained from ancient pagan times about the spiritual world. We must be clear about how what was then continued in the Christian sacrifice of the Mass was regarded, how the Lord's Supper was regarded, the essential content of which lies in the words: This is my body — referring to the bread — this is my blood — referring to the wine. This content of the Last Supper was truly understood in the first Christian centuries, even by people who were not at all learned, but who simply gathered in the sign of the Last Supper to remember Christ. But what did this actually mean? It meant the following.

[ 6 ] Throughout antiquity, there was a religious wisdom teaching, and basically, the earlier one looks back, the more this religious wisdom teaching was based on the nature of God the Father. If we look at the religious creeds of very ancient times, which were then preserved in a decadent form in later religious creeds, if we take these old creeds, they show everywhere a certain veneration for what remained of the ancestor of a tribe, of a people. In a sense, the progenitor of a tribe, of a people, was venerated. You know from Tacitus' Germania how even those peoples who then penetrated the Roman Empire and made the new civilization possible still had memories of such tribal deities, although they had already passed over in many cases, as I explained in the public lectures of the last course, to a different form of worship, to local deities. So the opinion was that generation after generation had passed since there was an ancient ancestor who founded the tribe, the people, and the soul, the spiritual-soul of this progenitor, still reigned until the latest generations. And this reign is bound to the physical community of the bodies of the tribe. These bodies are all related to each other. They are of common descent. The same blood flows through their veins. The body and the blood are one. And just as one looked up to the soul and spirit of the tribal father by raising oneself up religiously, so one felt the influence of the deity to whom the tribal father had gone, from whom the tribal father now worked through his soul and spirit on the whole tribe, on the whole people. The rule of this deity was seen in the bodies, in the blood that flowed down through generations, and something deeply mysterious was seen in the mysterious powers of the body and in the powers of the blood.

[ 7 ] In those ancient pagan times, people truly saw in what was at work in the body and what flowed through the blood the powers of the deity itself. One can therefore say that when a believer in that ancient worldview saw animal or even human blood flowing out, he saw in that blood the body of the deity itself, and he saw in what was built up from the blood, in the bodies of his tribal relatives, his ethnic relatives, the forms of the deity, the image of the deity. People today can no longer imagine how the divine-spiritual was worshipped in the material world at the same time.

[ 8 ] Thus, the power of the deity flowed down through the blood of generations; through the bodies of generations, the deity formed its image, and to this deity came the soul and spirit of the ancestors, which worked with divine power upon the descendants and was worshipped as the ancestral deity. Not only for these ancient beliefs, but above all for the real truth, what works in the human body depends on the forces of the earth. Its predispositions, as you know, are from much older times; but in the human body as it is today, with the mineral kingdom within it, and in the blood, the forces of the earth are at work.

[ 9 ] In human blood, for example, it is not only the forces that enter the human being through food that are at work, but also the forces that are active throughout the entire planet Earth. For example, the fact that a person lives in an area that has a lot of red earth, i.e., a certain geological composition, certain metallic inclusions in the earth, means that the earth has an effect on the blood. And in turn, the earth determines the form, the body of the human being. The body is formed differently in warmer regions of the earth than in colder regions. The physical body and what is active in the blood depend on the forces at work in the earth. This truth, which we are only now rediscovering through spiritual scientific research, was clear to the ancient people out of their instinctive knowledge. They knew that the forces of the earth pulsate in the blood. Today we say that when we connect a telegraph apparatus at station A to the telegraph apparatus at station B by means of a wire, we are only connecting the apparatus on one side. We conduct the electric current through the wire, but the electric current must be closed. It is closed by means of what we call the earth connection. You are well aware that when we have a telegraph apparatus at one station, we run the wire through the telegraph poles; but the current is not then closed; the current must be closed. We conduct it into the plate that we sink into the earth, here also into the plate [on the other side] that we sink into the earth, and do nothing else. We could also lay another wire here, then the current would be closed, but we do not do that; we attach an earth plate here and an earth plate here (it is drawn), and the earth takes care of the rest itself. We know this today as a result of external science. We must assume that electricity, the electric current, works inside the earth. Now, the ancient people knew nothing about electricity and electric current. But they knew something about their blood. They stood on the earth and knew that there was something inside the earth that also lived in their blood. They saw things differently; they did not speak of electricity, but they spoke of something earthly that lived in their blood. We no longer know that the electricity of the earth lives in the blood. We only talk about it by trying to comprehend it through external, mathematical-mechanical concepts. And so it came about that people associated their conception of God with the earthly body as such. They said to themselves: the divine reigns in the blood, reigns in the body, reigns through the earth. That was what appeared in the conception of God the Father. The concept of God the Father is such because the original father of the tribe, of the people, was regarded as the starting point of the divine; but the earth was regarded as the means through which he worked, and the effects of the earth in the blood, in the whole human body, were regarded as what are actually the effects of the divine.

[ 10 ] But all these ancient people had another idea. They said to themselves: It is not only the earthly that acts upon man. It would be good if only the earthly acted upon man, but that is not the case; rather, the neighbor of the earth, the moon, acts together with the forces of the earth. And so they said to themselves: It is not actually the earth alone that has an effect, but the earth and the moon work together, and with this mixture of earthly and lunar forces they connected the ideas of not only a single deity of the earth, but of many sub-deities that existed in the pagan world at that time. Everything that existed as a concept of God, everything that affected humans through body and blood, was the original source that actually fed the concept of God in those ancient times.

[ 11 ] It was no wonder that all knowledge in those ancient times turned to the earth, turned to the moon, turned to the effects of the earth, that one had to investigate what was working on the earth. A subtle science was developed. This science of the Father God continued in the first three books of John Scotus Erigena, which I spoke to you about yesterday. Basically, he no longer knows this very well, because he was already living in the 9th century AD; but there were remnants of ancient wisdom that spoke of the fact that in what surrounds human beings on earth, the Father God lives, who is not created but is creative, and that the other deities live, who are created but are creative. These are the different beings of the hierarchies. Then, spread out around humans is the visible world, the created and the non-creative, and humans should expect the world in which the deity reigns as non-creative and non-created, that is, as a resting being that takes everything else into its bosom. This is the fourth book of Scotus Erigena.

[ 12 ] Now, in this fourth book, as I have already told you, soteriology and eschatology are dealt with in particular. This fourth book presents the story of Jesus Christ, the resurrection, the gifts of grace, but also, in a sense, the end of the world and the entry into the resting deity. The first three chapters of Scotus Erigena's great book show us, I would say, a clear echo of ancient views, for it is only the fourth chapter that is fundamentally Christian. The first three chapters are interspersed with all kinds of Christian ideas, but what is actually effective in them is basically still from the old pagan times, and we find it as it was in pagan times, even among the Church Fathers of the first Christian centuries. We can say that through nature, through what man saw in the beings that surrounded him, he saw the realm of God the Father. He saw an ideal world behind nature. He saw certain forces in nature. Finally, in the succession of generations, in the development of humanity itself in the individual tribes and peoples, he saw the rule of God the Father. In the first Christian centuries, only one other insight was added to this, which has been almost completely lost.

[ 13 ] The first Christian Church Fathers—their late Christian critics thoroughly eradicated this—said: In what has flowed through the generations through the blood, what has developed in the bodies, the Father God was already at work, but in constant struggle and in constant coexistence with his opposing powers, the nature spirits. This was a particularly vivid idea in the first Christian centuries, that the Father God had never actually succeeded in working alone, but that he had been in constant struggle with the nature spirits that ruled in all possible aspects of the external world. And so these early Christian Church Fathers said: The ancients of pre-Christian times believed in the Father God, but they could not distinguish him from the nature spirits; they actually believed in this whole realm of the Father God together with the realm of nature. They believed that the whole visible world originated from this. But that is not true, they said. All these spiritual beings, these various nature deities, work together; they work in nature, but they have only crept into earthly things. But the earthly things that we see with our senses, that are outside of us, that have thus become earthly, do not originate from these nature spirits, nor from God the Father, who actually only had his creative being in those metamorphoses that preceded the earth. That which is earth, that which we see as earth, does not originate from the Father God or from the nature spirits, but from the Son, from the Logos, whom the Father God allowed to emerge from himself so that the Logos might create the earth; and the Gospel of John was established as a great and significant monument to indicate that No, it is not as the ancients believed, that the earth was created by the Father God; the Father God let the Son come forth from himself, and the Son is the creator of the earth.

[ 14 ] That is what the Gospel of John was meant to say. That was basically what the Church Fathers of the first Christian centuries fought for, which then became so difficult to grasp for the developing human mind that Dionysius the Areopagite preferred to say: Everything that the mind creates is positive theology and does not penetrate into the regions that contain the actual mysteries of the world. One can only enter there if one negates all predicates, if one speaks not of the being of God but of the super-being of God, if one speaks not of personality but of super-personality, if one thus translates everything into the negative; then, through negative theology, one arrives at the actual mystery of existence. But Dionysius and a follower such as John Scotus Erigena, who was already completely imbued with reason, did not believe that the human mind was capable of explaining these mysteries of the world at all.

[ 15 ] Well, what does it mean to say that the Logos is the creator of everything? Think of what was basically true, albeit in a weakened form toward the time of the mystery of Golgotha, but what was basically true in all ancient pre-Christian times. People said to themselves: Through the blood, through the body, the deity works, and they associated with this the idea that when blood flows through the veins of humans or animals, this blood is actually taken away from the gods. It is the rightful possession of the gods. So you can get closer to the gods by giving them back their blood. They actually want the blood for themselves; humans have taken possession of the blood, so the blood must be given back to the gods. Hence the blood sacrifices in those ancient times.

[ 16 ] Then Christ came and said: That is not what it is all about; that is not how you can approach earthly things. Earthly things do not belong to those gods who want the blood. Let us look at what is at work in human beings before the earth has any effect on them. Let us take bread, that is, what human beings eat, and take it as human beings first take it in. He takes it in through his sense of taste. The food goes through the human being to a certain point before it is converted into blood. It is only converted into blood after it has passed through the intestinal walls into the organization. Only then does the earth's effect begin; as long as the food has not yet been taken up by the blood, the earth's effect has not yet begun. So do not see in the blood that which corresponds to God, see it in the bread before the bread becomes blood, and see it in the wine before the wine enters into the blood. There is the divine, there is the embodiment of the Logos. Do not look at what flows in the blood, for what flows in the blood is, in human beings, an old inheritance from the lunar period, from the pre-earthly period. What is earthly in human beings has to do with food before it becomes blood. So away with ideas about blood and the body, about flesh, and instead direct your ideas toward that which has not yet become blood and has not yet become flesh, direct your ideas toward that which is prepared outside on the earth, that which is earthly, without the influence of the moon, that is, toward that which comes from the influence of the sun. For we see things through the light of the sun, and we eat bread and drink wine, eating and drinking the power of the sun in them. Visible things are not through the Father God; visible things are through the Logos.

[ 17 ] Think of how the entire world of human imagination was directed toward that which could not be gained from nature in the style of the ancients, but could only be gained by looking at that which the sun causes to shine on the earth. It pointed to something purely spiritual. One should not extract what is divine from the physical things of the earth; one should see this divine in the pure spiritual, in the Logos. The Logos was opposed to the old conceptions of God the Father, that is, human consciousness was directed toward something purely spiritual. In pre-Christian times, human beings never saw the divine through anything other than what had been cooked, so to speak, organically within them and then emerged within them as a vision or something similar. They already saw the divine rising up from their blood. Now they sought to grasp it in the purely spiritual. Now, however, they also had to regard the things visible around them as the result of the Logos, not of something that had crept into things, as the result of a God who had created in the pre-earthly realm.

[ 18 ] When we think in this way, we actually come close to the ideas of the first Christian centuries. But this gave people something like a hint that they should not draw their ideas from any other power than the power of their consciousness in order to reach the divine. People were directed toward the spiritual. What could one say to them? One could say: Once upon a time, the earth was so powerful that it gave you the idea of the divine. That has ceased. The earth gives nothing more. You must come to the Logos and the creative principle through yourselves. Basically, you have hitherto worshipped that which was creative in the pre-earthly realm; now you must worship that which is creative in the earthly realm. But you can only grasp this through the power of your ego, your spirit.

[ 19 ] And this was expressed in the fact that the first Christians said: the end of the world is near. They meant the end of the earth that gives man knowledge without him working on this knowledge with his consciousness. And there is indeed a profound truth expressed in this end of the world, for man was previously a son of the earth. Man surrendered himself to the forces of the earth. He relied on his blood to give him knowledge. That was the end of it. The kingdoms of heaven have come close, the kingdoms of earth have ceased to exist. From now on, man can no longer be a son of the earth. Man must make himself a companion of a spiritual being who has come down to earth from the spiritual world, the Logos, the Christ.

[ 20 ] The end of the world was prophesied for the 4th century AD: the end of the Earth, the dawn of a new kingdom, the dawn of the kingdom where man is to feel himself living as a spirit among spirits. It will probably be most difficult for people today to imagine that our present way of living as human beings would not have been regarded by the people of the time of Christ as earthly living, but as living already in the spirit realm after the earth, as it was when it still provided the forces for human beings, had perished. Someone who had understood the way of thinking of the first Christians in the right way would not say today that the first Christians believed superstitiously in the end of the world, but that it did not come. In the sense in which the first Christians saw it, this destruction took place in the fourth century after Christ, and the way we live now would have been regarded by those first Christians as the New Jerusalem, as the kingdom in which human beings live as spirits among spirits. Only they would have said: According to our view, man has actually entered heaven, but he is so bad that he does not recognize it; he believes that in heaven everything overflows with milk and honey, that there are no evil spirits against whom he must defend himself. The first Christians would have said: previously these evil spirits were inside natural things, now they have been released and are whirling around invisibly; man must defend himself against them.

[ 21 ] So the end of the world in the sense of the early Christian era was indeed upon us. People just did not understand it. People did not understand that instead of God dwelling in the earth, who thus announced himself through earthly events, there was instead the supersensible Logos, which must be recognized in the supersensible and to which one must adhere through supersensible forces. And if one accepts this, then one will also understand why there was again a mood of doomsday in civilized Europe in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries. Once again, people expected the end of the world. People did not know what the first Christians meant by this, but out of this mood of doom that spread throughout civilized Europe in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, there arose something that sought the way to Christ in a more material way than it should have been sought. It should be recognized that the Logos is to be found in the spirit, not in natural phenomena. These people, who were now once again caught up in the mood of doom, did not understand this search for the Logos in the spirit, but sought it in a more material way. And so, out of this mood arose the mood of the Crusades: to seek Christ materially in the Orient, at least in his tomb, to cling to Christ in the apocalyptic mood, one might say, in the misunderstood apocalyptic mood.

[ 22 ] Yes, Christ was not found over there in the Orient. People received roughly the same answer that those who sought Christ visibly in the tomb received at that time: “He whom you seek is no longer here — he must be sought in the spirit.”

[ 23 ] And now in the 20th century, things are multiplying again, and there is also a mood of doom, even though people have become so lethargic and indifferent that they no longer even notice this mood of doom. But at least the person who speaks of this apocalyptic mood in “The Decline of the West” has made a significant, widely noticeable impression, and this apocalyptic mood will spread more and more.

[ 24 ] Actually, however, there was no need to talk about the decline of the world. It has declined in the sense that the spiritual can be found in nature, and it is a matter of becoming aware that we live in a spiritual world. This error of human beings, not knowing that they live in a spiritual world, is what has brought disaster upon the world, what makes wars ever bloodier and bloodier, and what makes it ever clearer that human beings are possessed. They are also possessed by evil forces that confuse them, for they no longer speak as if they were expressing what is in their own minds. They are as if possessed by a psychosis. This psychosis is something that is much talked about but little understood.

[ 25 ] What the first Christians meant by the end of the world, what they understood by it, has come to pass, and the new era is here. It just needs to be recognized, it just needs to be understood that when a person recognizes, he recognizes as an angel, and when he becomes conscious of himself, he becomes conscious of himself as an archangel. So the important thing is that the spiritual world has already come down, that one only has to become conscious of it. Many have thought that they take the Gospel seriously. But although it is quite clear in the Gospel that all things that have come into being, that are therefore to be considered, cannot be explained by their earthly forces, but have come into being through the Logos, people nevertheless professed their belief in God the Father, who is indeed to be recognized as one with Christ, but precisely as that aspect of the Trinity who worked until the earth was formed; while the actual ruler of the earth is Christ, the Logos.

[ 26 ] These things could hardly be understood in the 9th century, when Scotus Erigena was active. Therefore, on the one hand, this book on the structure of nature by Scotus Erigena is great and significant, but on the other hand, as I told you yesterday, it is chaotic, so that one can only begin to understand it when one considers it from a spiritual scientific point of view, as we have done yesterday and today.

[ 27 ] Now, as I said, in the fourth chapter, John of Scotland speaks of the uncreated and uncreative essence. If we understand this, if we understand the real meaning of what Scotus Erigena describes, the resting deity in which everything is united, then we have already taken the first step. The world described in the previous three chapters has perished. This world of the resting deity, of the uncreated and non-creating essence, is here. The earth is in decline, insofar as it is nature. I have often pointed this out by referring to the fact that even geologists today say that, on the whole, nothing new is being created on earth. Certainly, plants and so forth continue to form as an aftereffect, plants, animals, and humans continue to reproduce; but the earth as a whole has become something other than what it was. It is fragmenting, it is shattering. The earth as a whole, in its mineral realm, is already in decay. The great geologist Sueß expresses this in his work “The Face of the Earth” by saying that we are walking on the crumbling clods of the earth. And he points to certain areas of the earth where one can see how these crumbling clods of earth already exist. He points out how things used to be different. This is what the worldview and outlook on life of the first Christian centuries believed, not based on natural facts, but on the moral facts of human development.

[ 28 ] And indeed, since the beginning of the 15th century, we have been living even more than Scotus Erigena did, in the resting deity that waits until we, in our activity, attain the imagination and inspiration to see the world around us as a spiritual one, to recognize that we are indeed in the spiritual world that has rejected the earthly one, that we are living after the end of the world, that we have arrived at the New Jerusalem.

[ 29 ] It is indeed a peculiar spiritual fate of "humanity that it lives in the spiritual world and does not know it and does not want to know it. All interpretations that seek to portray true Christianity as if it were mixed up with some incomplete ideas, such as the end of the world, which did not happen and is only meant to be symbolic, and so on, all these interpretations are nothing. What is written in the Christian scriptures must simply be understood in the right sense, it must simply be correctly interpreted. It must be clear that the first Christian ideas were such that people spoke of a world that was already different after the 4th century AD.

[ 30 ] Such teachings as existed in the first Christian centuries were admired by the wise men of paganism, and the Christian Church Fathers tried to combine them with the mystery of Golgotha. People actually saw things as I have described them today. But they did not believe that people could understand them at first. Therefore, the mysteries of ancient times were preserved in dogmas that were only to be believed, not understood. The dogmas are not superstition or untruth. The dogmas are true, but they must be understood in the right way. But they can only be understood if this understanding is sought through what has now come up with the beginning of the 15th century.

[ 31 ] You see, when Scotus Erigena was still alive, the human intellect was still a force. Scotus Erigena still felt that the angel within him recognized things. Among the best, this human intellect was still a force. Since the middle of the 15th century, we have only had the shadow of this intellect. We have been developing the consciousness soul since the middle of the 15th century, but we still have the shadow of the intellect. When people today develop their concepts, they are truly far removed from the idea that an angel is recognizing within them. They simply think: I am thinking something about the things I have experienced. In any case, they do not talk about the existence of a spiritual being that recognizes, or even a higher spiritual being that they are through their self-consciousness. What human beings use today to try to understand things is the shadow of the intellect as it developed for the Greeks, for example for Plato and Aristotle, as it still existed for the Romans, and as it was still alive for Scotus Erigena in the 9th century AD.

[ 32 ] But it is precisely this, my dear friends, that we no longer need to be misled by the intellect, that can help us further. People today are chasing after a shadow, the intellect within them. They allow themselves to be misled by it instead of striving for imagination, inspiration, and intuition, which in turn lead us into the spiritual world that actually surrounds us. The fact that the intellect has become shadowy is a good thing. But we first used this shadowy intellect to establish external natural science. We must continue to work from there, and God has come to rest so that He can let us work. The fourth state is now fully present. Man only needs to become aware of it. And without this awareness, nothing further can be formed on Earth. For that which the Earth has received as a legacy is gone, it has perished. Something new must be founded.

[ 33 ] A person like Spengler looks at the ruins that remain of the old civilizations. They have been sufficiently prepared. In the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, there was a mood of doom and gloom. Then came the Crusades. They did not really achieve anything, because what should have been sought in the spirit was sought in material things. Now that the Crusades had achieved nothing, the Renaissance came to people, one might say, initially as a temporary remedy. Greek culture was rediscovered, what is now spread among people as education, Greek culture was back, but at first it was not there as something new. The new was only there in relation to external nature in mathematical-mechanical ideas since the beginning of the 15th century. But there were the ruins of antiquity. The ruins of antiquity are grafted onto our young people as a high school education. They then form the basis of civilization. Oswald Spengler encountered these ruins of the Renaissance. Like erratic blocks, they float on the sea that wants to create something new. But if you just look at these ice blocks floating there, you see doom. For what has been preserved from the old is in a mood of doom, and no one can galvanize what our education is today. It is going under. Another civilization must be created from the spiritual through primordial creation, for the fourth state is here.

[ 34 ] This is how Scotus Erigena must be understood, who brought his wisdom — I would say, already difficult for him to understand — from the Irish island, from the mysteries that had been cultivated there; this is what must be read today from Scotus Erigena. And so it is not only what can be gained from spiritual science as primordial knowledge that speaks in this way, but also the documents of earlier times, if one really wants to understand them, if one finally wants to break away from the Alexandrianism of modern philosophical science, which calls itself philology. It must be said that, the way these things are done today, one notices neither much philology nor much philosophy. If one looks at the rote learning and exam regulations in our educational institutions, there is very little “philosophy” to be found; it has to come from somewhere else, but we need it nonetheless.

[ 35 ] I wanted to show you, first, the figure of Scotus Erigena, but secondly, I wanted to show how one must first seek the paths in order to grasp in the right way that which has been buried by the original wisdom. People today do not pay attention to the fact that the Gospel of John clearly states: The Logos is the creative force, not God the Father.