Speech and Drama
GA 282
9 September 1924, Dornach
V. The Secret of the Art of the Masters Consists in This: He Annihilates Matter Through Form
We will begin today with two recitations that will demonstrate for you how in a poetic composition, on the one hand an inclination to prose may predominate, or again the work may have throughout the character of fully developed poetry. Goethe gives us good opportunity for observing these two possibilities, for there are quite a number of works that he wrote in rhythmical prose and afterwards re-composed in verse. He was from the outset sensible of the poetry of the theme, and brought it to expression in cadence and rhythm. But when, later on, he returned with riper knowledge and experience to these prose poems of his, he felt a need to re-write them and give them a language that was inherently artistic throughout. And so we have, for example, the two plays of Iphigenie, a ‘German’ and a ‘Roman’. The German play is born out of immediate feeling that still has a considerable prosaic element in it; but Goethe not being a man for whom it was possible to have merely prosaic feelings for such a theme, his language would, in telling of these inner experiences of the soul, inevitably find its way into rhythm and become rhythmical prose. Then, later on, he gave the theme full poetic form. That was when, through an intense and living experience of the forms of classical art, Goethe had come to feel a need to mould his language artistically, to give it a plastic character.
today, then, we will begin with the famous soliloquy in Iphigenie. We will listen to it first in rhythmical prose, as we find it in what is known as the German Iphigenie.
(Frau Dr. Steiner): Monologue from Iphigenie.
IPHIGENIA. Into your shade, O sacred grove, into the shadow of those trees whose topmost boughs are never still, even as into the holy shrine of the Goddess whom I serve, I come each time with fear and trembling, never feeling that I am on familiar ground. Many a long year have I lived here in concealment, and am still no less a stranger than at my first coming hither. For I long continually for the far-off and lovely land of the Greeks; fain would I cross the wide seas and share the destiny of those I love. Woe to that man who leads a lonely life far from father and mother, far from brothers and sisters. Grief will not suffer him to enjoy whatever happiness should befall him; thoughts of his home weigh heavy upon him, of that beloved home of his fathers where the golden sun first opened the heavens to his view, and where as he played day by day with his brothers and sisters bonds grew up between them as precious and tender as any earth affords.
Verily for a woman is life hardest of all! A man, if fate favour him, will rule, will win fame on the field of battle; or, if the Gods have prepared for him a hard destiny, will fall, the first of his family, and die a noble death. But, as for the woman—her happiness is enclosed within narrow bounds, she must perpetually owe her well-being to others, often to strangers; and if destruction overtake her home, some conqueror will lead her forth from the smoking ruins, where those she loves best lie slain.
Yea, and here does Thoas keep me in this holy place in a kind of honourable slavery. What a difficult lot is mine I To serve thee, O Goddess, who art pure to all eternity, against my will! For so it is; my life is perforce dedicated to thee in everlasting service. Yet in thee too will I never cease to place my hope—in thee, O Goddess, who received me, the outcast daughter of the greatest of kings, into thy gentle and holy arms. O Goddess, daughter of Jove, thou hast led away from the fallen walls of Troy the godlike Agamemnon, whose daughter thou didst demand and who brought her, his darling child, as an offering to thine altar; thou hast led him back, covered with glory, to his native land, where thou didst keep safe for him my sister Electra and the boy Orestes, and our mother—those dearest treasures of his heart. Even so, 0 Goddess, who saved me aforetime from death, save me now from life in this place, which is none other than a second death.
(Dr. Steiner): There we have Goethe's original experience of the theme. And now we must picture to ourselves how later on, when he was in Italy, Goethe took up the unfinished works he had begun in Weimar and found them, as he frequently expressed it, Gothic or Nordic in character, rather like some rough wood-carving—strong and original, but without the perfection of line that is to be found, shall we say, in Raphael's paintings or in the sculptures of Michelangelo. And this finer artistic forming Goethe felt deeply impelled to bring into his own work. You will remember, it was in the contemplation of Goethe's poetry that Schiller, when he was writing his Aesthetic Letters, rose to that lofty conception of beauty to which he gave expression in the saying: In the annihilation of matter through form lies the secret of the art of the Master. What does this mean? Let me put it in the following way.
We can for instance tell something, expressing ourselves simply and directly, straight out of our feeling, straight out of our perception. That will lead to one kind of writing. But we can then go further and try to find a form. And now we shall no longer have merely the original matter and the original feeling, prosaically expressed; now the effect will be produced, not by these, but by form, by picture, by rhythm. In other words, the matter will have been vanquished by form. And it was in this vanquishing of matter by form that Schiller, as he came more and more under the influence of Goethe, believed he had found the secret of the art of the beautiful.
We will now listen to the corresponding passage in the second, the Roman, Iphigenie. What has Goethe done here? We shall find that he has tried to achieve such a complete conquest of the original matter by form, as to allow the form to work upon the listener, whereas in the prose drama it wasmore the theme itself that left its impression upon him.
(Frau Dr. Steiner): Monolog aus Iphigenie auf Tauris.
IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS
Act I.
Scene 1. A Grove before the Temple of Diana.
IPHIGENIA
Beneath your leafy gloom, ye waving boughs
Of this old, shady, consecrated grove,
As in the goddess' silent sanctuary,
With the same shuddering feeling forth I step,
As when I trod it first, nor ever here
Doth my unquiet spirit feel at home.
Long as a higher will, to which I bow,
Hath kept me here conceal'd, still, as at first,
I feel myself a stranger. For the sea
Doth sever me, alas! from those I love,
And day by day upon the shore I stand,
The land of Hellas seeking with my soul;
But to my sighs, the hollow-sounding waves
Bring, save their own hoarse murmurs, no reply.
Alas for him! who friendless and alone,
Remote from parents and from brethren dwells;
From him grief snatches every coming joy
Ere it doth reach his lip. His yearning thoughts
Throng back for ever to his father's halls,
Where first to him the radiant sun unclosed
The gates of heav'n; where closer, day by day,
Brothers and sisters, leagued in pastime sweet,
Around each other twin'd love's tender bonds.
I will not reckon with the gods; yet truly
Deserving of lament is woman's lot.
Man rules alike at home and in the field,
Nor is in foreign climes without resource;
Him conquest crowneth, him possession gladdens,
And him an honourable death awaits.
How circumscrib'd is woman's destiny!
Obedience to a harsh, imperious lord,
Her duty, and her comfort; sad her fate,
Whom hostile fortune drives to lands remote!
Thus Thoas holds me here, a noble man,
Bound with a heavy though a sacred chain.
O how it shames me, Goddess, to confess
That with repugnance I perform these rites
For thee, divine protectress! unto whom
I would in freedom dedicate my life.
In thee, Diana, I have always hoped,
And still I hope in thee, who didst infold
Within the holy shelter of thine arm
The outcast daughter of the mighty king.
Daughter of Jove! hast thou from ruin'd Troy
Led back in triumph to his native land
The mighty man, whom thou didst sore afflict,
His daughter's life in sacrifice demanding—
Hast thou for him, the godlike Agamemnon,
Who to thine altar led his darling child,
Preserv'd his wife, Electra, and his son,
His dearest treasures?—then at length restore
Thy suppliant also to her friends and home,
And save her, as thou once from death didst save,
So now, from living here, a second death.
(From the translation by Anna Swanwick.)
(Dr. Steiner): There you can follow how the poetry comes into being. The poet himself shows it to us through the forming of the language. And even as we recite the poem, we find we can learn from its fully-formed speech how to develop and form our voice for its recitation.
I must, however, warn you that if you take a work that is genuinely artistic in its language (say, this Iphigenie, or Tasso), and prepare it for recitation—and this will apply even more if you prepare it for dramatic representation on the stage—you will at once find yourself faced with a certain danger. One is inclined to skip lightly over the emotional experience of the theme, and go straight to the more or less technical forming of the speech. It will accordingly be good to undertake beforehand the following preparation. Naturally, there is as a rule no time for it; stage life, as we know, is lived ‘on the run’. Still, that is no reason why I should not explain what the ideal preparation would be. Select what is essential in the poem and change it back from poetry into prose—doing, in fact, the reverse of what Goethe did, when from his prose Iphigenie he formed his Iphigenie in verse. We ought really to do this with every poem we set out to recite, and while we are speaking it in prose, give ourselves up to the feeling the content awakens in us. And then, having in this way done our utmost to unite ourselves in feeling with the drift and tenor of the poem, we can pass on to the artistic ‘forming’ of our speech in the poem itself. And we shall find that, provided we are able to make right use of the powers we have within us for the forming of speech, we shall then quite instinctively bring the feeling of the content, not only into the word, but into the very way we form the words.
We must now at this point say something about these forces that man has within him for the forming of his speech. They lie, in part, deep within the human organism—those for instance that we employ for the utterance of vowels being down in the lungs. They are, however, mainly in the organs of the larynx. Some have their seat of action still higher. These last are the forces that come into operation when, for example, we use the nose in speech; and they are active also in forming the space at the front of the mouth, and so on.
When we begin to consider man as a speaking human being, it follows quite as a matter of course that we are taken back from speech to the anatomy and physiology of speech. And we may then be tempted to look away from speech altogether and take for our study the anatomy and physiology of the speech organs. What is there to prevent me from concluding that if I once learn how to manage my lungs, and my diaphragm, and my nose-organs, then I shall be able, if it is given me to have any ability at all in speaking, to speak in the way that is right ?
Now, unfortunately—forgive my use of the word in this connection!—a very ably developed and thoroughly scientific physiology of speech has made its appearance in modern times. On the strength of this theoretical physiology of speech, all manner of suggestions can of course then be advanced for the management of the speech organs—in speaking, and also in singing. There is no difficulty about that sort of thing today. The strange thing is, however, that whilst in regard to the physiology of speech something like agreement has been reached, the methods of teaching singing and speaking are many and various, and the representatives of each expound the matter in a different way and give different directions. Well, we can let that remain a little mystery; I have no desire to delve into it any further just now. This is, however, not the road that leads to health, whether we are aiming at healthy speech organs or healthy speaking. We must take our start, as I have frequently explained, not from the speech organs, not from anatomy and physiology however well recognised and established, but from speech itself. We have to learn to look upon speech as an organism on its own account, we have to see it as something objective, detached from the human being.
In this speech organism of ours we have then, to begin with, the system of the vowels, from the very sound of which we can recognise at once their organic character. Now if you were going to describe man, you would I am sure find it best to proceed with your description in some sort of order, to correspond with his organism. You would not think of saying, for example: ‘Man consists of head, legs, breast, neck'; you would be more likely to say: `Man consists of head, neck, breast, legs’. And here too we must look for the right order. The speech organism is of course always in movement, and the elements of speech naturally become intermingled; but we can nevertheless hold this speech organism before our mind's eye, and contemplate it as something apart from the whole organism of man, contemplating it objectively as a kind of image or spectre, if you will. We are not, you see, regarding man now in the way anatomists and physiologists do, who look at the physical body and think to have there the whole of man. No; for we are regarding man's speaking as something outside him, though of course dependent on him for its forming
Taking then, first, the vowels, we shall find we can arrange them in the following order:
aei/oäöüu1See Pull-out.
For what do we have when we give utterance to the vowels in this sequence: a e i o ä ö ü u We have, roughly speaking, all possible forms that the organs can take which come into use for the utterance of vowel sounds.
In a we have the speech organism wide open; it opens wide and lets itself right out.
This is less the case with e. The space through which the sound passes is somewhat narrowed; the e is, however, still quite far back in the mouth. The a is formed farthest back of all, and no forward part of the mouth interposes to modify the original elemental forming of the vowel a.
With i, the space through which the sound passes is still narrower; it is very nearly closed. The i passes through no more than a tiny rift. We are at the same time again still moving forward in the mouth.
We go farther forward and come to o. Here we are already in front of that narrow rift if we are forming the vowel in the right way. We go farther and farther forward, trying always to look for what is essential in the forming of the vowel, and come at length to ü and u in both of which the sound formation is very far forward.
While we are going through the vowels in this sequence: a e i o ä ö ü u, we have before us the speech organism as such, detached from the human being. And if we do this quite often, setting vowel beside vowel, careful always to seek out for each its exactly right place and not allowing one to merge into another, then the exercise itself will ensure that we have the absolutely right position in the mouth for each vowel. As you see, in our practice and training we take our start from speech. This then will be the first step. And now we can go further.
We can do exercises—I will presently give you some examples—which need not be clever or even sensible, since their sole purpose is to further the right speaking of vowels. Those of you who have already had lessons here in speech will know that for exercise we cannot give proper intelligent sentences; we have to give exercises in which each sound stands at the right place for it to find its way to the corresponding organ.
Suppose you take for an exercise the following sequence of words, giving special attention to the vowels:
Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben,2Ch (as in’ loch’), g (hard).
practising the sentence again and again with special intonation of the vowels: Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben.
You will quickly be able to detect what this exercise does for you. As you do it, organ-forming forces begin to work in you. And you can feel where they are working, namely, in the direction of the organs that are situated farther back; as you continue to practise this sequence of words, you will find that lungs, larynx and even diaphragm are brought into a healthy condition.
For what are you doing when you speak the words: Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben? You go, in the vowel, up to the point where the passage for the breath is most nearly blocked—a e i, speaking, so far, only vowels that lie behind this point. As you speak, you press back as it were at this point of greatest obstruction, not allowing your speaking to come beyond it. By this means you exercise lungs, larynx, and as far down as diaphragm. For you first move forward in the mouth up to this boundary line, but then go back again, keeping all the time strictly behind it. You have in the middle of the sentence i i i i; a e at the beginning, and a e again at the end. Working thus, you will be evolving from the speech organism no abstract physiology but a physiological forming of the organs. We have therefore here an important indication of methods that should be employed if we want to work beneficially on the more inward organs of speech. We set ourselves a boundary, when we put the i there in the middle of the sentence.
Take another sequence of words. As I said before, these sentences have no profound meaning, they are mere exercises.
O schäl' and schmor mühvoll mir mit Milch Nüss' zu Muss.3Sch (sh), v (f). See Pull-out.
The words have very little sense, but the sequence of sounds accords well with the ‘sense’ of a particular speech process. For here you have again i i i in the middle, and again you divide off with the same boundary line what you want to leave out; but this time, in the rest of the sequence all the vowel sounds lie, not behind but in front of the boundary. If you try to speak the sentence in the way it should be spoken, you will have in it all the resonances you need—nasal resonance, head resonance; you will have them all. The sentence is spoken forward throughout. To speak well in the more forward part of the mouth is rather difficult; it can, however, be learned. And this sentence, once we have learned to speak it rightly, will do wonders for the health and mobility of the organs that are situated farther forward.
O schäl' and schmor miihvoll mir mit Milch Nüss' zu Muss.
I want you to understand that we are here making a practical attempt to work from speech into the forming of the organs, so that these shall acquire the necessary faculty of vibration. To get the best value from these exercises, you should speak the first sentence ten times, and then the second ten times; then the first and the second—one after the other—ten times. In this way it is actually possible to bring about a modification of the forms of the organs; and that will be most advantageous for the right speaking of vowels.
And now let me tell you of an exercise that is useful for the right forming of consonants. I am giving these exercises now as examples; we shall have others to add as the course proceeds. Take the following sequence of words:
Harte starke—and now do not immediately continue the sentence, but make a pause with a a a—Finger sind— wait again, and say i i i—bei wackern—a a a—Lenten schon—a a a—leicht—i i i—zu finden—u u u.4 St (sht), ng (as in’ ring’), ei (as in’ height’), eu (oi), z (ts). This is then the little monster of a sentence that you have to speak:
Harte starke—a a a—Finger sind—iii—bei wackern—a a a—Leuten schon—a a a—leicht—i i i—zu finden—u u u—.
What is the good of such an exercise? I was telling you the other day that when we classify consonantal sounds according to the way they are spoken, we have sounds we can call ‘blown’ or ‘breath’ sounds, and others that we can call sounds of ‘impact’, or ‘thrust’ sounds. In actual speaking, the sounds are of course mixed up together; in order therefore to speak artistically we shall have to acquire a fluency that allows these two kinds of sounds to work harmoniously into and with one another. If we succeed in bringing this about, we shall find that we attain at the same time something else; namely, that this co-operation of blown sounds and impact sounds works back physiologically upon our organs. And so, working this time with consonants, we shall once more be bringing our organs into right vibration.
But now, in this exercise, in between blown sounds and impact sounds, vibrating sounds are interposed, and also wave sounds. We start with a blown sound h, and follow it up with an impact sound t; but in between we have the vibrating sound r; then again: blown sound, impact sound, vibrating sound, impact sound. We make blown sounds and impact sounds alternate, but the vibrating sound r has to come between, and also, in a corresponding manner, the ‘glide’ l, the wave sound. Through the practice of an exercise that obliges us to alternate blown sounds with impact sounds just in this way, we bring about a right configuration of the organs of speech.
We have first to let out the breath, then pull it up short, and from time to time interpose now a vibrating movement, now again a wave-like movement. And an exercise that provides this alternation—here letting the voice come to rest as far back as possible, here going into the middle, then back again, then once more into the middle, and finally forward—an exercise like this, because it has its source in the speech organism itself, will produce fluency and variety in our speaking. And while we are thus continually bringing our voice to rest at different places of our speech organism in turn, pausing a little at the middle when we are there, at other times going to the periphery, now backwards, now forwards—while we are doing this, not only shall we be forming our speech so that it becomes whole and healthy, but we shall at the same time be promoting the health also of the several organs.
You will therefore do well to practise such an exercise, which allows the consonant element in speech to work formatively upon the speech organs. (In this first part of our lecture course I am concerned primarily, as you know, with the forming of speech.)
Harte starke—a a a—Finger sind—iii—bei wackern—a a a—Leuten schon—a a a—leicht—i i i—zu finden—u u u—.
Here again, it will be best to do the exercises in succession, one after the other. If we call the first exercise A, the second B, the third C, then it will be: ten times A, ten times B, ten times A B, ten times C, ten times A B C. One should then pass on to some poem that gives opportunity to put this all into practice.
Here, however, we find ourselves up against a difficulty. For it is not exactly easy to come across passages in poetry where vowels and consonants are arranged purely out of the configuration of the speech organism. Poets are not always such good poets as to achieve this instinctively! I have, however, found a few verses which do very nearly fulfil the requirements of speech formation in certain respects and can accordingly be useful to us.
After you have been right through the exercises, repeating them in the order I recommended, and have in this way achieved fluency and ease in the use of your speech organs, you may then go straight on to speak the following verse by Kugler:
Und der Wandrer zieht von dannen,
Denn die Trennungsstunde ruft,
Und er singet Abschiedslieder.
Lebewohl tönt ihm hernieder,
Tücher wehen in der Luft.
This stanza, taken immediately after the speech exercises, can help considerably, for it is founded upon the nature of the speech organs themselves. The sounds are not entirely right throughout; I would have preferred, for example, not to have here—in ‘der Wandrer’—an e and an a, but one cannot expect perfection. If you have practised beforehand the exercises expressly designed to promote fluency, then a little verse like this will help you to come quite naturally into a right sounding—especially of vowels, and also in some measure of consonants.
Another verse that can prove useful in this direction is a stanza taken from the Ausgewanderter Dichter of Freiligrath:
Ich sonne mich im letzten Abendstrahle
Und leise säuselt über mir die Röster.
Du jetzt, mein Leben, wandelst wohl im Saale,
Der Teppich rauscht und strahlend flammt der Lüster.
Twice in this verse we come almost to the very front of the speech organs, and that gives the verse again the same character that I was able to point out to you in the other. Compare especially the i ü, and then the o and a, etc.
I have found also in a poem of Johann Peter Hebel's a verse that can be particularly helpful for exercising the speech organs that lie in front of the i:
Und drüber hebt si d'Suni in d'Höh
Und luegt in d'Welt und seit: wos muss i se
In aller Früi—Der Fridli schlingt si Arm
Ums Käterli und s'wird erm wol und warm,
Druf hat erm's Käterli ä Schmützli ge.
This is an excellent exercise for the nose and the other more forward organs. It should be practised often, and I recommend that in between the verses you repeat every time the whole series of exercises that I gave before. Thus, you begin with:
10 times A
10 times B
10 times A B
10 times C
10 times A B C.
Then you recite: Und der Wandrer zieht von dannen. Then take again the above series: A, B, AB, C, ABC. Then: Ich sonne mich im letzten Abendstrahle. Then once more the series: A, B, AB, C, ABC. And finally : Und drüber hebt si d'Suni still in d' Höh—, finishing up, that is, with this capital and droll little verse. And you will see, your organs will become quite wonderful; you will in very truth be finding your way, by sheer persistent practice, into a right forming of speech.
5. Das Kunsigeheimnis des Meisters: Vertilgung des Stoffes durch die Form
Wir wollen heute damit beginnen, rezitatorisch zu zeigen, wie auf der einen Seite das in einer Dichtung nach der Prosa Hinüberspielende mehr wirken kann, und auf der anderen Seite die durchgebildete Dichtung. Es gibt dazu eine Möglichkeit dadurch, daß wir bei Goethe wiederholt Dichtungen zunächst in rhythmischer Prosa durchgeführt finden, Dichtungen, in denen Goethe den Stoff von vornherein dichterisch empfindet; er rhythmisierte ihn. Aber als er später an diese Dichtungen wieder herantrat und reifer war, hatte er das Bedürfnis, die Dichtungen umzuschreiben, so umzuschreiben, daß sie in bezug auf die Sprachgestaltung innerlich ganz künstlerisch wurden. Und so haben wir von Goethe geradezu eine deutsche und eine römische «Iphigenie». Die deutsche «Iphigenie», sie ist noch herausgeboren aus dem unmittelbaren Empfinden, in dem noch viel Prosaelement war. Aber Goethe konnte solche Dinge überhaupt nicht bloß prosaisch empfinden, sondern wenn er von solchen inneren Erlebnissen sprach, so wurde das schon durchaus poetisch, wurde rhythmische Prosa. Die Gestaltung gab er dann später, als er in römischen Formen lebend das Bedürfnis bekam, alle Sprachgestaltung, ich möchte sagen, wirklich plastisch künstlerisch zu machen.
Und so werden wir denn heute mit dem Iphigenien-Monolog beginnen, zunächst so, wie ihn Goethe innerhalb der deutschen «Iphigenie» in rhythmischer Prosa ausgebildet hat.
Frau Dr. Steiner: Monolog aus «Iphigenie»
Heraus in eure Schatten, ewig rege Wipfel des heiligen Hains, wie in das Heiligtum der Göttin der ich diene, tret’ ich mit immer neuem Schauder, und meine Seele gewöhnt sich nicht hierher! So manche Jahre wohn’ ich hier unter euch verborgen, und immer bin ich wie im ersten fremd. Denn mein Verlangen steht hinüber nach dem schönen Lande der Griechen, und immer möcht’ ich übers Meer hinüber, das Schicksal meiner Vielgeliebten teilen. Weh dem, der fern von Eltern und Geschwistern ein einsam Leben führt; ihn läßt der Gram des schönsten Glückes nicht genießen; ihm schwärmen abwärts immer die Gedanken nach seines Vaters Wohnung, an jene Stellen, wo die goldne Sonne zum erstenmal den Himmel vor ihm aufschloß, wo die Spiele der Mitgebornen die sanften, liebsten Erdenbande knüpften.
Der Frauen Zustand ist der schlimmste vor allen Menschen. Will dem Manne das Glück, so herrscht er und erficht im Felde Ruhm; und haben ihm die Götter Unglück zubereitet, fällt er, der Erstling von den Seinen in den schönen Tod. Allein des Weibes Glück ist eng gebunden: sie dankt ihr Wohl stets andern, öfters Fremden, und wenn Zerstörung ihr Haus ergreift, führt sie aus rauchenden Trümmern, durchs Blut erschlagener Liebsten, ein Überwinder fort.
Auch hier an dieser heiligen Stätte hält Thoas mich in ehrenvoller Sklaverei! Wie schwer wird mir’s, dir wider Willen dienen, ewig reine Göttin! Retterin! Dir sollte mein Leben zu ewigem Dienste geweiht sein. Auch hab’ ich stets auf dich gehofft und hoffe noch, Diana, die du mich, verstoßne "Tochter des größten Königs, in deinen heiligen, sanften Arm genommen! Ja, Tochter Jovis, hast du den Mann, dessen Tochter du fordertest, hast du den göttergleichen Agamemnon, der dir sein Liebstes zum Altare brachte, hast du vom Felde der umgewandten Troja ihn glücklich und mit Ruhm nach seinem Vaterlande zurück begleitet, hast du meine Geschwister, Elektren und Oresten, den Knaben, und unsere Mutter, ihm zu Hause den schönsten Schatz bewahrt, so rette mich, die du vom Tod gerettet, auch von dem Leben hier, dem zweiten Tod!
Das ist das ursprünglich Empfundene. —- Nun müssen wir uns votstellen, wie Goethe, als er später in Italien seine in Weimar begonnenen Dichtungen wieder vornahm, sie, wie er ja öfter wohl das aussprach, als gotisch empfand, nordisch, gewissermaßen wie aus Holz mit groben Strichen geschnitzt, allerdings ursprünglich, aber nicht in Raffaelische Linien der Malerei oder in Michelangelosche Linien der Plastik gebracht. Dazu hatte er aber das tiefste Bedürfnis. Wir brauchen nur zu denken, wie in der Anschauung Goethes später Schäller, als er seine «Ästhetischen Briefe» schrieb, in der Idee des Schönen so weit aufging, daß er eine kurze Formel finden konnte, die da heißt: In der Vernichtung des Stoffes durch die Form liegt das wahre Kunstgeheimnis des Meisters.
Was heißt das? Das heißt, man kann etwas aussprechen; man spricht da aus seinem Gefühl, aus seiner Empfindung heraus. Das ist das eine. Man kann aber nun eine Form finden, durch die der ursprüngliche Stoff, Empfindung, Gefühl, wie sie sich prosaisch ausdrücken, gar nicht mehr wirken, in der aber durch die Formung, durch das Bild, durch den Rhythmus dasselbe bewirkt wird wie ursprünglich durch den Stoff. Dann ist durch die Formung, durch die Gestaltung der Stoff überwunden. Und in dieser Überwindung des Stoffes durch die Form suchte Schiller später eben, gerade im Aufschließen der Goetheschen Schülerschaft, das Geheimnis der Kunst, das Geheimnis des Schönen.
So daß man fragen kann, indem wir jetzt die zweite, die römische «Iphigenie» in einer Probe hören: Was ist geschehen durch Goethe? Goethe versuchte den ursprünglichen Stoff durch die Form so völlig zu überwinden, daß nun die Form wirkt wie ursprünglich der in Prosa vorgebrachte Stoff.
Frau Dr. Steiner: Monolog aus «Iphigenie»
Heraus in eure Schatten, rege Wipfel
Des alten, heil’gen dichtbelaubten Haines,
Wie in der Göttin stilles Heiligtum,
Tret’ ich noch jetzt mit schauderndem Gefühl,
Als wenn ich sie zum erstenmal beträte,
Und es gewöhnt sich nicht mein Geist hierher.
So manches Jahr bewahrt mich hier verborgen
Ein hoher Wille, dem ich mich ergebe;
Doch immer bin ich, wie im ersten, fremd.
Denn ach, mich trennt das Meer von. den Geliebten,
Und an dem Ufer steh’ ich lange Tage
Das Land der Griechen mit der Seele suchend;
Und gegen meine Seufzer bringt die Welle
Nur dumpfe Töne brausend mir herüber.
Weh dem, der fern von Eltern und Geschwistern
Ein einsam Leben führt! Ihm zehrt der Gram
Das nächste Glück vor seinen Lippen weg.
Ihm schwärmen abwärts immer die Gedanken
Nach seines Vaters Hallen, wo die Sonne
Zuerst den Himmel vor ihm aufschloß, wo
Sich Mitgeborne spielend fest und fester
Mit sanften Banden aneinander knüpften.
Ich rechte mit den Göttern nicht; allein
Der Frauen Zustand ist beklagenswert.
Zu Haus’ und in dem Kriege herrscht der Mann
Und in der Fremde weiß er sich zu helfen.
Ihn freuet der Besitz; ihn krönt der Sieg!
Ein ehrenvoller Tod ist ihm bereitet.
Wie enggebunden ist des Weibes Glück!
Schon einem rauhen Gatten zu gehorchen,
Ist Pflicht und Trost; wie elend, wenn sie gar
Ein feindlich Schicksal in die Ferne treibt!
So hält mich Thoas hier, ein edler Mann,
In ernsten, heil’gen Sklavenbanden fest.
O wie beschämt gesteh’ ich, daß ich dir
Mit stillem Widerwillen diene, Göttin,
Dir meiner Retterin! Mein Leben sollte
Zu freiem Dienste dir gewidmet sein.
Auch hab’ ich stets auf dich gehofft und hoffe
Noch jetzt auf dich, Diana, die du mich,
Des größten Königes verstoßne Tochter,
In deinen heil’gen, sanften Arm genommen.
Ja, Tochter Zeus, wenn du den hohen Mann,
Den du, die Tochter fordernd, ängstigtest,
Wenn du den göttergleichen Agamemnon,
Der dir sein Liebstes zum Altare brachte,
Von Troja’s umgewandten Mauern rühmlich
Nach seinem Vaterland zurück begleitet,
Die Gattin ihm, Elektren und den Sohn,
Die schönsten Schätze, wohl erhalten hast;
So gib auch mich den Meinen endlich wieder,
Und rette mich, die du vom Tod’ errettet,
Auch von dem Leben hier, dem zweiten Tode!
Sie sehen, wie die Dichtung wird. Und an einem solchen Beispiele, wo der Dichter selber das in der Dichtung durch die Sprachgestaltung gezeigt hat, kann man schon lernen, wie man eigentlich dann, wenn man rezitierend oder deklamierend der Dichtung nachgeht, dazu kommen kann, in der in voller Sprachgestaltung vor uns tretenden Dichtung auch die entsprechende Stimmentwickelung, Stimmgestaltung und so weiter zu finden.
Im Grunde genommen ist ja die Sache so: Wenn man eine wirklich in Sprachgestaltung auftretende Dichtung hat, sagen wir also «Iphigenie» oder «Tasso», und man bereitet sie vor zum Sprechen oder namentlich zur dramatischen Darstellung auf der Bühne, so ist man von vornherein in eine Schwierigkeit versetzt. Man überspringt sozusagen zu sehr das Gefühl und gestaltet eben mehr oder weniger sogar technisch die Sprache. Daher ist es gut, einiges zur Vorbereitung zu tun; man hat nur nicht immer Zeit dazu, weil namentlich das Bühnenleben in schnellem Trab geht; deshalb kann aber immerhin doch dargestellt werden, wie die ideale Zubereitung der Sache wäre. Eigentlich sollte man in einer vollgestalteten Dichtung das Wesentliche aufsuchen, sollte sich dieses selber — wie Goethe aus der Prosa-Iphigenie die römische, die Vers-Iphigenie geformt hat — zurückverwandeln: nämlich die versifizierte Dichtung in Prosadichtung. Das sollte man im Grunde genommen bei jedem Gedichte machen, das man rezitieren will, und dann sich wirklich dem Gefühl und der Empfindung überlassen, wenn man die Prosa nun spricht. Dann aber, nachdem man möglichst die Empfindung mit der Hauptsache verbunden hat, gehe man über zu der Gestaltung. Dann wird man finden, daß man ganz instinktiv nicht nur in das Wort, sondern in die Gestaltung der Worte die Empfindung hineinbringt, wenn man in der richtigen Weise die Kräfte, die der Mensch zum Gestalten hat, verwenden kann.
Daher müssen wir, anknüpfend an das eben Vorgebrachte, von dieser richtigen Gestaltung, von den Gestaltungskräften im Menschen sprechen. Sie liegen zum Teil tief in der menschlichen Organisation drinnen, für Vokalisches im Lungenteil selbst, aber vor allen Dingen in den Nachbarorganen des Kehlkopfes. Sie liegen aber auch mehr nach oben; sie liegen in der Benützung der Organe, die sich in Nase und so weiter finden, in der Gestaltung des Raumes im vorderen Munde und so weiter.
Wir kommen auf diese Art, wenn wir den sprechenden Menschen ins Auge fassen, ganz selbstverständlich von der Sprache zurück zur Anatomie der Sprache, zur Physiologie der Sprache. Und man kann dann versucht sein, von der Sprache ganz abzusehen und auf die Anatomie, auf die Physiologie der Sprachorgane des Menschen zu gehen. Warum sollte man sich das nicht vorstellen können: Lerne ich richtig Lunge, lerne ich richtig Zwerchfell behandeln, lerne ich richtig meine Nasenorgane behandeln, dann werde ich anknüpfend daran, wenn mir das Sprechen gegeben ist, eben sprechen können in richtiger Weise.
Nun ist zum Unglück noch - verzeihen Sie, daß ich den Ausdruck gebrauche - in der neueren Zeit eine sehr geistvolle, durch und durch wissenschaftliche Sprachphysiologie entstanden. Nach dieser theoretischen Sprachphysiologie kann man leicht allerlei Andeutungen für die Behandlung der Organe sowohl im Sprechen wie im Singen geben; das ist heute gar nicht besonders schwierig. Höchstens ist zu verwundern, daß, während die Sprachphysiologie doch schon zu ziemlicher Einheitlichkeit gekommen ist, jeder Methodiker des Singens und Sprechens doch wiederum anders die Sache angibt und anders orientiert. Nun ist das aber doch eine Auffälligkeit, deren Gründe wir hier natürlich nicht weiter untersuchen wollen. Aber in dieser Art kommt man weder in die Gesundung der Sprachorgane noch in das gesunde Sprechen hinein. Man muß eben, wie ich oftmals auseinandergesetzt habe, nicht ausgehen vom Sprachorganismus des Menschen, von der Anatomie und Physiologie, wenn das auch noch so sehr kaschiert ist, sondern man muß von der Sprache selbst ausgehen, die objektive, vom Menschen gesonderte Sprache als einen Organismus auffassen.
Nun hat man zunächst aber das System der Vokale, die durchaus uns so entgegentreten, daß wir sie organisch erfassen können. Geradeso wie wir bei einem Menschen gut tun, wenn wir beschreiben: Kopf, Hals, Brust, Beine, und nicht: Kopf, Beine, Brust, Hals, sondern in irgendeiner Reihenfolge, die dem Organismus entsprechend ist, beschreiben, so können wir auch den Sprachorganismus, der nur beweglich ist und wiederum die Sprachelemente durcheinandermischt, erfassen, so daß uns gewissermaßen der Sprachorganismus wie eine Art Menschengespenst außerhalb des Menschen erscheint. Es ist nicht der Mensch so angeschaut, wie ihn der Anatom oder der Physiologe anschaut am menschlichen Körper; sondern es ist dasjenige außen angeschaut, abgesondert vom Menschen, was Sprache ist, was ja am Menschen sich gestaltet.
Und nehmen wir das zunächst im System der Vokale, dann können wir folgende Anordnung haben:
a e i | o d ö ä n
Was haben wir denn, wenn wir zunächst in dieser Aufeinanderfolge die Vokale aussprechen: a e i o ä ö ä ü u? Wir haben sozusagen alle mögliche Gestaltung der Organe des Menschen, die der Sprache beim Vokalisieren dienen. Wir haben zunächst den Sprachorganismus ganz nach außen geöffnet im a; voll öffnet sich und gibt sich hin der Sprachorganismus nach außen.
Es ist das schon weniger der Fall beim e. Der Raum, durch den der Laut geht, wird verengert, aber das e ist noch weit hinten. Das a entsteht am weitesten hinten, und nichts vorne wirkt mit, um den Vokal in e zu modifizieren in seiner ursprünglichen Bildung.
Beim i haben wir den Raum, durch den der Laut geht, hier ungefähr am meisten innerlich abgesperrt, geschlossen. Das i geht durch eine schmale Ritze hindurch; aber wir sind noch immer rückwärts.
Und gehen wir weiter: o. Da sind wir schon vor der Ritze, wenn es um das Wesentlichste sich handelt. Und immer weiter und weiter kommen wir, wenn wir das Wesentlichste aufsuchen für die Vokalbildung, bis wir bei dem ü und u ankommen, bei denen die Lautgestaltung also ganz vorn im Organismus in Betracht kommt.
Wir haben also den Sprachorganismus abgesondert vom Menschen vor uns, wenn wir diese Vokalfolge in der Art hinstellen: a e i o ä ö ü u. Und wenn wir das recht oft machen, genötigt sind, dadurch, daß wir Vokal neben Vokal setzen, damit sie nicht ineinanderfließen, die Stellungen aufzusuchen, dann bringt die Vokalisierung die gesündeste Organstellung hervor. Wir gehen also im Üben selber von der Sprache aus. Das würde ein erstes sein.
Aber wir können weitergehen. Wir können Übungen machen - ich will Ihnen Beispiele von solchen Übungen geben, die nicht gerade geistreich zu sein brauchen, weil sie nur für das Vokalisieren dienen sollen; aber diejenigen, die schon einmal sich mit solchen Dingen befaßt haben, wissen, daß man eigentlich nicht gut geistreiche Übungen geben kann, wenn es sich um das Bilden in der Sprache handelt, sondern solche Übungen, wo der richtige Laut an der richtigen Stelle steht, damit er auftrifft auf das entsprechende Organ.
Denken Sie sich, Sie üben mit besonderer Betonung, mit besonderem Sich-Verlegen auf die Vokale die folgende Wortfolge:
A. Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben
und Sie üben es so, daß Sie besonders die Vokale intonieren: «Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben.» Sie werden es von vornherein verspüren können — wenn Sie diese Übung machen, so wirkt alles mit, was sich in Ihnen organgestaltend ergibt —, Sie spüren: die Organgestaltung, wenn Sie das so machen, wirkt so, daß es von dem vorderen Sprachorgan nach dem hinteren zu liegt. Sie üben Lunge, Kehlkopf bis zum Zwerchfell hinunter so, daß diese in eine gesunde Konstitution kommen, wenn Sie solch eine Wortfolge üben: «Aber ich will nicht dir Aale geben.» Denn was tun Sie? Sie gehen in dem Vokal bis dahin: a e i /, wo der stärkste Verschluß ist, und sprechen nur Vokale, die hinter diesem stärksten Verschluß liegen. Dadurch drükken Sie mit diesem stärksten Verschluß im Sprechen zurück, und zwar nur nach rückwärts. Dadurch üben Sie ganz besonders dasjenige ein, was Lunge, Kehlkopf bis zum Zwerchfell hin ist, indem Sie bis zur Grenze gehen, und die Grenze halten Sie ganz scharf fest. Daher haben Sie in der Mitte i i i i, beginnend mit a e, schließend mit a e, und Sie haben aus dem Sprachorganismus heraus nicht bloß Physiologie, sondern Physiologisierung der Organe getrieben. Da haben wir Anhaltspunkte für die Methode, zu wirken nach innen. Und ich bilde mir selber die Grenze, indem ich das i da hinstelle.
Nehmen Sie eine andere Wortfolge. Wie gesagt, die Dinge sind nicht geistreich, aber sie sind zum Üben da:
B. O schäl und schmor mühevoll mir mit Milch
Nüss’ zu Muß — — —
Es ist nicht geistreich, aber es ist dem Geiste eines ganz bestimmten Vorganges angepaßt. Diese Wortfolge gibt Ihnen wiederum das, daß Sie in der Mitte i i i haben, sich scharf abgrenzen dasjenige, was Sie abgrenzen wollen, und mit der übrigen Vokalfolge immer dasjenige treffen, was von dieser Grenze nach vorn liegt, und Sie werden alle Resonanzen, die Sie brauchen, Nasen-, Kopfresonanzen, alles haben, wenn Sie diesen Satz in der entsprechenden Weise versuchen auszusprechen. Er ist, weil alles Vorn-Sprechen, wenn es richtig gemacht wird, schwierig ist, etwas schwieriger zu sprechen als das Rück wätrtsSprechen, was aber manche nicht lernen, aber die sprechen nicht gut vorn, sondern eben schlecht. Er ist etwas schwer zu sprechen, aber er ist ein außerordentlich guter Satz für die Gesundung und Beweglichkeit derjenigen Organe, die nach vorn gelegen sind: «O schäl und schmor mühevoll mir mit Milch / Nüss’ zu Muß.»
Sehen Sie, da ist versucht, aus der Sprache heraus hineinzuwirken ‚in die Gestaltung der Organe, das heißt dahin, daß die Organe die nötige Vibrationsfähigkeit bekommen. Und besonders gut ist es, wenn man den ersten Satz zunächst zehnmal sagt, dann den zweiten Satz zehnmal; dann den ersten Satz und dann den zweiten Satz und sie miteinander wiederum zehnmal sagt. So daß man in dieser Weise recht modifizierend in die Organgestaltung eingreift. Dies ist nützlich für die Vokalbildung.
Nun will ich Ihnen noch eine andere Übung sagen, die nützlich ist für die Konsonantenbildung, zunächst als Beispiel; ich werde im Verlaufe der Vorträge ja manches noch hinzufügen. Nehmen Sie die Wortfolge: «Harte starke» — aber jetzt setzen Sie den Satz nicht gleich fort, sondern sagen, indem Sie anhalten: a a a — «Finger sind», indem Sie anhalten, sagen Sie: i i i - «bei wackren» - a a a - «Leuten schon» a a a — «leicht» — i i i — «zu finden» — u u u. Also Sie sprechen folgendes Satzungetüm:
C. Harte starke — a a a — Finger sind — i i i —
bei wackren — a a a — Leuten schon — a a a —
leicht — i i i — zu finden — u u u —.
Was wird durch eine solche Übung erreicht? Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, es gibt, wenn wir gerade auf das Sprechen hin die Laute einteilen, Laute, die wir ansprechen können als Blaselaute, und Laute, die wir ansprechen können als Stoßlaute. Es ist natürlich in der wirklichen Sprache durcheinandergemischt, und wir müssen in eine Geläufigkeit hineinkommen, wenn kunstvoll gesprochen werden soll, daß die Blaselaute und die Stoßlaute richtig hineinanderwirken.
Tun Sie das, dann erreichen wir aber auch dieses, daß nun durch dieses Zusammenwirken der Blaselaute und der Stoßlaute wiederum zurückphysiologisiert wird auf unsere Organe. Wir bringen nun auf konsonantische Art unsere Organe in die richtige Vibration. Und wenn wir dann zur rechten Zeit Zitterlaute und Wellenlaute dazwischen haben - den Wellenlaut l, den Zitterlaut r -, wenn wir also eine richtige Aufeinanderfolge von Blaselaut b, Stoßlaut t, der Zitterlaut r ist dazwischen, dann wieder Blaselaut, Stoßlaut, Zitterlaut, Stoßlaut haben, wenn wir also in dieser Weise Blaselaute, Stoßlaute so durcheinanderbringen, daß sie wesentlich abwechseln und dazwischen Zitterlaute sind, der Zitterlaut r, und wir dann in dem Entsprechenden auch darinnen haben den Gleitlaut l, den Wellenlaut l, wenn wir dies in einer solchen Zusammenstellung haben, daß wir genötigt sind, im Verlauf der Übung abwechseln zu lassen in entsprechender Weise das Blasen und das Stoßen, dann bringen wir eine richtige Konfiguration der Organe zustande. Wenn wir blasen und stoßen und hineingemischt zuweilen zittern und wellig gehen, wenn wir das aufeinander folgen lassen und das so abteilen, daß wir nun hier möglichst wie nach rückwärts gehen mit dem Ruhen der Stimme, hier in die Mitte gehen, wiederum zurück gehen, aber dann wiederum nach der Mitte gehen - siehe Übung -, dann ganz nach vorn gehen mit dem Ruhen der Stimme, dann ist eine solche Übung dasjenige, was uns, weil es aus dem Sprachorganismus selber heraus ist, die Geläufigkeit im Sprechen, die Variabilität im Gestalten hervorruft. Und wenn wir zu gleicher Zeit immer an verschiedenen Stellen unserer Sprachorgane die Ruhepunkte haben, möglichst in der Mitte auch auf der Mitte ruhen bleiben, sonst nach der Peripherie gehen, nach rückwärts, nach vorwärts gehen, haben wir die Möglichkeit, wirklich Sprache zu gestalten, so Sprache zu gestalten, daß sie als Sprache gesund wird, aber auch gesundend wirkt auf die Organe.
So daß also so etwas gut geübt werden kann, um gerade durch das Konsonantische, auf konsonantisch möchte ich sagen, die Sprachorgane entsprechend zu bilden:
Harte starke — a a a — Finger sind — i i i —
bei wackren — a a a — Leuten schon — a a a
leicht — i i i — zu finden — u u u —
Es kommt mir zunächst in diesem ersten Teil des Vortragskurses auf Sprachgestaltung an.
Wiederum ist es gut, wenn man das recht oft hintereinander macht. Sagen wir also, wenn man zunächst so übt - ich will diese erste Übung A nennen, die zweite Übung B, die dritte Übung C —, sagen wir also: zehnmal A, zehnmal B, zehnmal A B, zehnmal C, zehnmal A B C, dieses hintereinander macht -, wenn dann aber an solches gegangen wird, das imstande ist, diese Dinge gleich anzuwenden.
Nun ist das ja schwierig, weil man in der Dichtung nicht so leicht Dinge findet, in denen rein, möchte ich sagen, aus der Konfiguration des Sprachorganismus Vokale und Konsonanten auch angeordnet sind. Dichter sind nicht so gute Dichter, daß sie instinktiv die Dinge so zustande kriegten, daß der Sprachorganismus richtig gestaltet ist. Aber ich habe mich bemüht, wenigstens einiges von dem zu finden, was in gewissen Dingen am meisten sich demjenigen nähert, was auch sprachorganisch richtig ist; und daher kann man sagen, es erscheint als etwas, was immerhin der Sprachgestaltung dienen kann.
Nachdem man diese Prozedur gemacht hat, bemüht man sich dann, nun unmittelbar, nachdem man seine Organe geläufig gemacht hat, das folgende Gedichtchen von Kugler zu sagen:
Und der Wandrer zieht von dannen,
Denn die Trennungsstunde ruft;
Und er singet Abschiedslieder.
Lebewohl! tönt ihm hernieder,
Tücher wehen in der Luft.
Sie werden etwas Wohltätiges, weil in der Natur der Sprachorgane begründet, gerade dann in dieser Strophe finden, wenn Sie vorher diese sprachgestaltende Übung gemacht haben, von der ich gesprochen habe. Sie werden dann finden, daß Ihre Organe sich wie von selber — es stimmt nicht ganz, mir wäre es zum Beispiel lieber, wenn hier nicht ein e und ein a wäre, aber es ist ja nur annähernd zu erreichen -, Sie werden finden, wenn Sie von der reinen Geläufigkeitsübung übergehen zu einem solchen Gedichtchen, daß Sie tatsächlich wie von selbst hineinkommen werden sowohl namentlich in die Vokale wie ein wenig hier auch in die Konsonanten.
Etwas anderes, was nach dieser Richtung sehr gut wirken kann, ist eine Strophe von Freiligrath, nur eine Strophe aus dem «Ausgewanderten Dichter»:
Ich sonne mich im letzten Abendstrahle
Und leise säuselt über mir die Rüster.
Du jetzt, mein Leben, wandelst wohl im Saale,
Der Teppich rauscht und strahlend flammt der Lüster.
Daß man da in zwei Fällen sehr nahe zu dem Vordersten der Sprachorgane kommt, das gibt dieser Strophe - in dem i ü Zusammenhange mit dem anderen, in dem o und o und so weiter — wiederum das Gepräge, das ich auch von der vorigen anführen konnte.
Etwas, was namentlich dadurch nützen kann, daß man die vorderen Sprachorgane, die vor dem i liegen, gut darin übt, habe ich in einer Strophe von Johann Peter Hebel finden können:
Und drüber hebt si d’Sunne still in d’Höh
und luegt in d’Welt und seit: «was muesz i sê
in aller Früei?» — Der Friedli schlingt si Arm
um’s Kätterli und ’s wird em wol und warm.
Druf het em’s Kätterli ä Schmüezli gê.
Es ist das eine sehr gute Übung für Nase und so weiter, und es sollte dieses recht oft geübt werden, wobei ich empfehle, daß Sie jedesmal zwischen diesen Übungen das Ganze abolvieren. Also
zehnmal A
zehnmal B
zehnmal A B
zehnmal C
zehnmal A B C
dann: «Und der Wandter zieht von dannen» - noch einmal das wie oben A, B, A B, C, A B C; dann: «Ich sonne mich im letzten Abendstrahle» - noch einmal das wie oben A, B, AB, C, A B C; dann: «Und drüber hebt si d’Sunne still in d’Höh» - also diesen letzten drolligen feinen Spruch sagen, dann werden Sie sehen, wie wunderbar die Organe werden, so daß Sie tatsächlich aus dem bloßen Üben in die "Sprachgestaltung hineinkommen.
5. The master's artistic secret: destruction of the material through form
Today, we want to begin by reciting examples that show how, on the one hand, the transition from prose to poetry can have a greater effect, and on the other hand, how well-formed poetry can have a greater effect. One way to do this is by looking at Goethe, who repeatedly wrote poems in rhythmic prose, poems in which Goethe perceived the material as poetic from the outset; he gave it rhythm. But when he later returned to these poems and was more mature, he felt the need to rewrite them, to rewrite them in such a way that they became completely artistic in terms of their linguistic form. And so we have from Goethe a German and a Roman “Iphigenia.” The German “Iphigenia” is still born out of immediate feeling, in which there was still a lot of prose element. But Goethe could not feel such things in a purely prosaic way at all; when he spoke of such inner experiences, it became thoroughly poetic, became rhythmic prose. He then gave it form later, when, living in Roman forms, he felt the need to make all language truly plastic and artistic, I would say.
And so today we will begin with the Iphigenia monologue, first as Goethe developed it in rhythmic prose within the German “Iphigenia.”Dr. Steiner: Monologue from “Iphigenia”
Out into your shadows, eternally lively treetops of the sacred grove, as into the sanctuary of the goddess I serve, I step with ever new awe, and my soul does not accustom itself to this place! I have lived here among you in hiding for many years, and I am still as foreign as I was at first. For my longing is for the beautiful land of the Greeks, and I always want to cross the sea to share the fate of my beloved. Woe to him who lives a lonely life far from his parents and siblings; grief prevents him from enjoying the most beautiful happiness; his thoughts always wander down to his father's home, to those places where the golden sun first opened the sky before him, where the games of his fellow children forged the gentle, dearest bonds of earth.
The condition of women is the worst of all people. If fortune favors a man, he rules and wins glory in the field; and if the gods have prepared misfortune for him, he falls, the first of his people, into a beautiful death. But a woman's happiness is closely bound: she always thanks others, often strangers, for her well-being, and when destruction seizes her house, she leads a conqueror away from the smoking ruins, through the blood of slain loved ones.
Here too, in this sacred place, Thoas keeps me in honorable slavery! How difficult it is for me to serve you against my will, eternally pure goddess! Savior! My life should be devoted to your eternal service. I have always hoped in you and still hope, Diana, you who took me, the rejected “daughter of the greatest king,” into your holy, gentle arms! Yes, daughter of Jove, you have the man whose daughter you demanded, you have the godlike Agamemnon, who brought you his dearest to the altar, you have accompanied him happily and gloriously from the field of conquered Troy back to his fatherland, you have my siblings, Elektra and Orestes, the boy, and our mother, preserved the most beautiful treasure for him at home, then save me, you who saved me from death, also from life here, the second death!
That is what was originally felt. —- Now we must imagine how Goethe, when he later resumed his poems begun in Weimar while in Italy, perceived them, as he often expressed, as Gothic, Nordic, carved from wood with rough strokes, original, but not rendered in Raphael's lines of painting or Michelangelo's lines of sculpture. But he had a deep need for this. We need only think of how, in Goethe's later view, when he wrote his “Aesthetic Letters,” he became so absorbed in the idea of beauty that he was able to find a short formula that says: “The true secret of the master's art lies in the destruction of the material by the form.”
What does that mean? It means that one can express something; one speaks from one's feelings, from one's emotions. That is one thing. But one can also find a form through which the original substance, sensation, feeling, as they are expressed prosaically, no longer have any effect, but in which the same effect is achieved through the form, through the image, through the rhythm as originally through the substance. Then, through the form, through the design, the substance is overcome. And it was in this overcoming of the material through form that Schiller later sought, precisely in unlocking Goethe's discipleship, the secret of art, the secret of beauty.
So that we can ask, as we now hear the second, Roman “Iphigenia” in a rehearsal: What has Goethe achieved? Goethe attempted to overcome the original material so completely through form that now the form has the same effect as the material originally presented in prose.
Dr. Steiner: Monologue from “Iphigenia”
Out into your shadows, lively treetops
Of the old, sacred, densely leafed grove,
As in the goddess's silent sanctuary,
I still step in with a shuddering feeling,
As if I were entering it for the first time,
And my spirit does not accustom itself to this place.
So many years keep me hidden here
A lofty will to which I surrender;
Yet I am always, as in the beginning, a stranger.
For alas, the sea separates me from my beloved,
And on the shore I stand for long days
Seeking the land of the Greeks with my soul;
And against my sighs, the waves bring
Only muffled sounds roaring back to me.
Woe to him who, far from parents and siblings, Leads a lonely life! Grief consumes him, Taking away the happiness closest to his lips.
His thoughts always drift downward To his father's halls, where the sun
First opened the sky before him, where
His fellow children played, forming ever closer bonds
With gentle ties.
I do not quarrel with the gods; alone
The condition of women is lamentable.
At home and in war, the man rules
And in foreign lands, he knows how to help himself.
He rejoices in his possessions; victory crowns him!
An honorable death is prepared for him.
How tightly bound is the woman's happiness!
To obey a harsh husband
Is duty and consolation; how miserable when she
Is driven into the distance by a hostile fate!
So Thoas, a noble man, keeps me here,
In serious, sacred bonds of slavery.
Oh, how ashamed I confess that I serve you
With silent reluctance, goddess,
You, my savior! My life should
Be devoted to your free service.
I have always hoped in you and still hope
In you now, Diana, who took me,
The rejected daughter of the greatest king,
Into your holy, gentle arms.
Yes, daughter of Zeus, if you frightened the great man,
Whom you demanded as your daughter,
If you accompanied the godlike Agamemnon,
Who brought you his most precious possession to the altar,
From the walls of Troy,
Accompanied back to his fatherland,
His wife, Electra, and his son,
The most beautiful treasures, well preserved;
Then give me back to my people at last,
And save me, you who saved me from death,
Also from life here, the second death!
You see how poetry becomes. And from such an example, where the poet himself has shown this in poetry through the formation of language, one can already learn how, when reciting or declaiming poetry, one can arrive at finding the corresponding voice development, voice formation, and so on, in the poetry that appears before us in full linguistic form.
Basically, the situation is this: if you have a poem that really comes into its own in speech formation, let's say “Iphigenia” or “Tasso,” and you are preparing it for recitation or, in particular, for dramatic presentation on stage, you are faced with a difficulty from the outset. One skips over the feeling too much, so to speak, and shapes the language more or less technically. Therefore, it is good to do some preparation; one just does not always have time for this, because stage life in particular moves at a fast pace; nevertheless, it is still possible to describe what the ideal preparation for the matter would be. Actually, one should seek out the essence in a fully formed poem, and this essence should transform itself back—as Goethe did when he formed the Roman Iphigenia from the prose Iphigenia—namely, the versified poem into a prose poem. Basically, one should do this with every poem one wants to recite, and then really surrender to the feeling and sensation when speaking the prose. But then, after connecting the sensation with the main point as much as possible, one should move on to the form. Then you will find that you instinctively bring the feeling not only into the word, but into the shaping of the words, if you can use in the right way the powers that human beings have for shaping.
Therefore, following on from what has just been said, we must talk about this correct shaping, about the shaping powers in human beings. They lie partly deep within the human organism, for vowels in the lungs themselves, but above all in the organs neighboring the larynx. But they are also located higher up; they are found in the use of the organs in the nose and so on, in the shaping of the space in the front of the mouth and so on.
In this way, when we consider the speaking human being, we naturally return from language to the anatomy of language, to the physiology of language. And one may then be tempted to disregard language altogether and focus on the anatomy and physiology of the human speech organs. Why should one not be able to imagine this: if I learn to treat the lungs correctly, if I learn to treat the diaphragm correctly, learn to treat my nasal organs correctly, then, building on that, if I am given the gift of speech, I will be able to speak correctly.
Unfortunately, in recent times, a very ingenious, thoroughly scientific physiology of speech has emerged, if you will pardon my use of the term. According to this theoretical physiology of speech, it is easy to give all kinds of suggestions for the treatment of the organs in both speaking and singing; that is not particularly difficult today. At most, it is surprising that, while speech physiology has already achieved a considerable degree of uniformity, every methodologist of singing and speaking still presents the matter differently and with a different orientation. Now, this is a striking phenomenon, the reasons for which we do not want to examine further here, of course. But in this way, one cannot achieve either the healing of the speech organs or healthy speech. As I have often argued, one must not start from the human speech organism, from anatomy and physiology, even if this is very much concealed, but one must start from language itself, understanding objective language, separate from humans, as an organism.
Now, however, we first have the system of vowels, which we can perceive organically. Just as we do well when we describe a human being as head, neck, chest, legs, and not: head, legs, chest, neck, but in some order that corresponds to the organism, we can also grasp the language organism, which is only mobile and in turn mixes the elements of language, so that the language organism appears to us, as it were, like a kind of human ghost outside of humans. It is not the human being as seen by the anatomist or physiologist in the human body; rather, it is that which is seen externally, separate from the human being, which is language, which is formed in the human being.
And if we take this first in the system of vowels, then we can have the following arrangement:
a e i | o d ö ä n
What do we have when we first pronounce the vowels in this sequence: a e i o ä ö ä ü u? We have, so to speak, all possible formations of the human organs that serve speech when vocalizing. First, we have the speech organ completely open to the outside in the a; the speech organ opens fully and surrenders itself to the outside.
This is less the case with e. The space through which the sound passes is narrowed, but the e is still far back. The a is produced furthest back, and nothing at the front contributes to modifying the vowel in e in its original formation.
With the i, the space through which the sound passes is most closed off, most internal. The i passes through a narrow slit, but we are still backwards.
And let's continue: o. Here we are already in front of the slit when it comes to the most essential aspect. And we continue further and further as we search for the most essential elements of vowel formation, until we arrive at the ü and u, where the sound is formed at the very front of the organism.
So we have the speech organ separate from the human being in front of us when we arrange this sequence of vowels in the following way: a e i o ä ö ü u. And if we do this quite often, we are compelled, by placing vowel next to vowel so that they do not flow into each other, to seek out the positions, then vocalization produces the healthiest organ position. So in our practice we start from the language itself. That would be the first step.
But we can go further. We can do exercises — I will give you examples of such exercises, which do not need to be particularly witty, because they are only intended to serve the purpose of vocalization; but those who have already dealt with such things know that it is not really possible to give witty exercises when it comes to forming language, but rather exercises where the correct sound is in the correct place so that it hits the corresponding organ.
Imagine you are practicing the following sequence of words with special emphasis, focusing particularly on the vowels:
A. But I don't want to give you eels
and practice it by intonating the vowels in particular: “But I don't want to give you eels.” You will be able to feel it from the outset — when you do this exercise, everything that shapes your organs will work together — you will feel that when you do this, the organ formation works in such a way that it moves from the front speech organ to the back. You exercise your lungs, larynx, and diaphragm in such a way that they become healthy when you practice this sequence of words: “But I don't want to give you eels.” For what are you doing? You go into the vowel up to a e i /, where the strongest closure is, and speak only vowels that lie behind this strongest closure. In this way, you push back with this strongest closure in speaking, and only backwards. In this way, you are specifically exercising your lungs, larynx, and diaphragm by going to the limit and holding the limit very sharply. Therefore, you have i i i i in the middle, beginning with a e and ending with a e, and you have driven not only physiology but also physiologization of the organs out of the speech organism. This gives us clues for the method of working inwardly. And I create the boundary myself by placing the i there.
Take another sequence of words. As I said, the things are not witty, but they are there for practice:
B. Oh, peel and stew laboriously with milk
nuts to must — — —
It is not witty, but it is adapted to the spirit of a very specific process. This sequence of words again gives you the fact that you have i i i in the middle, sharply delineating what you want to delineate, and with the remaining sequence of vowels always hitting what lies forward of this boundary, and you will have all the resonances you need, nasal and head resonances, everything, if you try to pronounce this sentence in the appropriate manner. Because all forward speech, when done correctly, is difficult, it is somewhat more difficult to speak than backward speech, which some people do not learn, but they do not speak well forward, only poorly. It is somewhat difficult to speak, but it is an exceptionally good sentence for the health and mobility of those organs that are located in the front: “O peel and stew laboriously for me with milk / Nuts to Muß.”
You see, there is an attempt to influence 'the formation of the organs, that is, to give the organs the necessary vibratory capacity. And it is particularly good to say the first sentence ten times, then the second sentence ten times; then the first sentence and then the second sentence, and say them together ten times. In this way, one intervenes in the formation of the organs in a quite modifying way. This is useful for vowel formation.
Now I would like to tell you about another exercise that is useful for consonant formation, first as an example; I will add more in the course of the lectures. Take the word sequence: “Hard strong” — but now do not continue the sentence immediately, but say, pausing: a a a — “Fingers are,” pausing, say: i i i — “at brave” — a a a — “people already” a a a — ‘easy’ — i i i — “to find” — u u u. So you say the following monstrosity:
C. Hard strong — a a a — fingers are — i i i —
with wackren — a a a — people already — a a a —
easy — i i i — to find — u u u —.
What is achieved by such an exercise? I have told you that, if we classify sounds purely in terms of speech, there are sounds that we can refer to as blown sounds and sounds that we can refer to as plucked sounds. Of course, in real speech they are mixed together, and we must become familiar with them if we are to speak artfully, so that the blown sounds and the plosive sounds interact correctly.
If you do this, we will also achieve the following: through this interaction of the blown sounds and the plosive sounds, our organs will be physiologically restored. We now bring our organs into the right vibration in a consonantal way. And if we then have trill sounds and wave sounds in between at the right time — the wave sound l, the trill sound r — if we therefore have a correct sequence of the blowing sound b, the plosive sound t, the trill sound r in between, then again the blowing sound, plosive sound, trill sound, plosive sound, if we mix up the fricative sounds and plosive sounds in such a way that they alternate significantly and there are trill sounds in between, the trill r, and then we also have the glide l, the wave l in the corresponding position, if we have this in such a combination that we are forced to alternate blowing and striking in a corresponding manner in the course of the exercise, then we achieve a correct configuration of the organs. If we blow and push and occasionally mix in trembling and undulating sounds, if we let this follow one another and divide it up in such a way that we now go as far back as possible with the resting of the voice, go to the middle here, go back again, but then go to the middle again — see exercise — then go all the way forward with the voice at rest, then such an exercise is what, because it comes from the speech organism itself, evokes fluency in speaking and variability in shaping. And if, at the same time, we always have the resting points at different places in our speech organs, resting as much as possible in the middle, otherwise going to the periphery, going backwards, going forwards, we have the opportunity to really shape speech, to shape speech in such a way that it becomes healthy as speech, but also has a healing effect on the organs.
So that something like this can be practiced well, in order to shape the speech organs appropriately, precisely through the consonantal, I would say consonantly:
Hard, strong — a a a — fingers are — i i i —
in brave — a a a — people already — a a a
easy — i i i — to find — u u u —
This is what matters to me in this first part of the lecture course on speech formation.
Again, it is good to do this quite often in succession. So let's say that if you practice like this at first — I'll call this first exercise A, the second exercise B, and the third exercise C — let's say: ten times A, ten times B, ten times A B, ten times C, ten times A B C, one after the other — but then you move on to something that is capable of applying these things right away.
Now, this is difficult because in poetry it is not so easy to find things in which, I would say, vowels and consonants are arranged purely from the configuration of the speech organism. Poets are not such good poets that they instinctively achieve things in such a way that the speech organism is correctly formed. But I have endeavored to find at least some of what, in certain things, comes closest to what is also correct in terms of speech organism; and therefore one can say that it appears as something that can at least serve the purpose of speech formation.
After completing this procedure, one then endeavors, immediately after familiarizing oneself with one's organs, to recite the following little poem by Kugler:
And the wanderer departs,
For the hour of parting calls;
And he sings farewell songs.
Farewell! echoes down to him,
Cloths flutter in the air.
You will find something beneficial, because it is rooted in the nature of the speech organs, in this stanza, especially if you have done the speech-forming exercise I mentioned earlier. You will then find that your organs will, as if by themselves—it's not quite right, I would prefer, for example, if there were no e and a here, but that can only be achieved approximately— you will find that when you move from the pure fluency exercise to a little poem like this, you will actually slip into it as if by itself, both in terms of the vowels and, to a lesser extent, the consonants.
Something else that can work very well in this direction is a stanza by Freiligrath, just one stanza from “The Emigrant Poet”:
I bask in the last rays of evening
And softly the elm tree rustles above me.
You now, my life, are walking in the hall,
The carpet rustles and the chandelier shines brightly.
The fact that in two cases one comes very close to the front of the speech organs gives this stanza—in the i ü connection with the other, in the o and o and so on—the same character that I was able to cite from the previous one.
I found something that can be useful for this purpose, namely by practicing the front speech organs that are located in front of the i:
And above it, the sun rises quietly into the sky
Then Kätterli gives him a kiss.
and looks down on the world and says: “What must I do
in all this early morning?” — Friedli wraps his arms
around the cat and feels good and warm.
This is a very good exercise for the nose and so on, and it should be practiced quite often, whereby I recommend that you complete the whole thing between these exercises each time. So
ten times A
ten times B
ten times A B
ten times C
ten times A B C
then: “And the wall climber moves away” - once again as above A, B, A B, C, A B C; then: “I bask in the last rays of evening” – once again as above A, B, AB, C, A B C; then: “And above, the sun rises silently into the heights” – say this last droll, delicate phrase, and you will see how wonderfully your organs become attuned, so that you actually enter into “speech formation” through mere practice.
