Speech and Drama
GA 282
10 September 1924, Dornach
VI. Sensitive Perception for Sound and Word Instead of for Meaning and Idea
We will now see how we can find the transition from practice in speech as such to dialogue, to the treatment of drama. For this is what is needed in the art of the stage—that from the right forming of speech a powerful new impulse shall make itself felt there. Many people today are deeply dissatisfied with the drama as it is, and the cause of their dissatisfaction lies to no small extent, lies indeed mainly in the fact that the stage has entirely lost the old traditions—I mean, the traditions of very long ago—and has not yet found any point of departure which could lead to the creation of something new. Truth is, the new thing needed never will be found until we approach the matter from a spiritual standpoint. Let us therefore now go on to consider what guidance a spiritual outlook can give for the treatment of dialogue, trialogue and so forth.
We will take for our starting-point a recitation that will be given by Frau Dr. Steiner; and since in the matter of giving artistic form to conversation Molière may be said to have brought drama to a high degree of excellence, we have chosen for our recitation a scene from one of his plays. We shall of course try to find also in German literature some similarly striking example,1 See p. 130. but there is no doubt about it, in Molière we do have a particularly good demonstration of the way conversation should be treated on the stage, all the back and forth of retort and repartee. We will accordingly begin today with a scene from Molière.
(Frau Dr. Steiner): I am taking a scene out of Le Misanthrope. We are introduced to a coquettish young widow, who has many admirers and is on this account an object of envy to her not altogether faithful lady friend. She has a sharp tongue, this young widow, and has just been letting off witty remarks at the expense of some of her admirers. At this moment her false friend—in reality her enemy—is announced.
THE MISANTHROPE
by Molière
Act III Scene IV
(ARSINOÉ, CÉLIMÈNE, CLITANDRE, ACASTE)
CÉLIMÈNE
O Madame, what fortunate chance brings you here? In truth I had feared there was something amiss.
ARSINOÉ
I come to give counsel I feel to be due.
CÉLIMÈNE
La, Madame, to see you I'm happy indeed!
(Exeunt CLITANDRE and ACASTE, laughing.)
ARSINOÉ
Could ever departure more opportune be!
CÉLIMÈNE
Shall we be seated?
ARSINOÉ
There's no need for that.
Now friendship, dear Madame, should show itself most
In affairs that have major importance in life;
And as there is none that gives greater concern
Than that of our honour and general repute,
In proof of the friendship to you in my heart
With counsel I'm here that touches your honour.
I yesterday happened to visit some friends
Whose virtue is really exceedingly great;
Your conduct the subject of discourse became
And because it is talked of it was, alas, blamed.
The crowds whom you're willing each day to receive
Your dalliance which is the talk of the town
Were censured with rancour exceeding their due
And a rigour more great than I ever could wish.
You can, Madame, picture the part that I played;
I did all I could to defend your good name;
I spoke of the goodness you always intend,
And tried to stand surety for what's in your soul.
You'll admit that there is some conduct in life
That much as we wish to we cannot condone,
And I found myself forced to make the avowal
That you may be unwise in the way that you live,
Which has an appearance less good than it is;
That there is no scandalous story that wants
For list'ners who willingly take it as truth;
And that to your conduct you could if you would
Give a complexion less open to censure.
Not that I think you have really done wrong.
Preserve me, O heaven, from having such thought!
But people are readily led to believe
In what is perhaps but the shadow of crime;
And it is not enough of ourselves to approve.
Madame, I warrant you have too much sense
Not to accept this most excellent counsel
And not to see in it a gesture discreet
Of my zeal to assist in your ev'ry concern.CÉLIMÈNE
O Madame, indeed I must render you thanks,
Your counsel compels it; and far from the thought
Of taking offence,I will instantly pay
Your favour by giving some counsel to you.
Now seeing the friendship you feel towards me
y repeating the rumours of me about town,
I'll take your example and tell what I've heard
When visiting people of singular merit.
They spoke of good done by a virtuous soul
And then conversation was turned upon you;
Your prudery, Madame, your outbursts of zeal
Were not considered as very good models.
Your outward behaviour affectedly grave,
Your constant harangues on wisdom and honour;
Your cries at the shadow of what is impure,
Which might have been meant in an innocent way;
The high estimation you have of yourself,
The pitying glances you throw all around,
Your lectures unending, your censures severe
On things that are really both harmless and pure;
All this, my dear Madame, I candidly say
Was judged very harshly by common consent.
What purpose, they asked, does her modesty serve,
Her outward appearance of virtue profound,
When indeed all the rest can give them the lie.
When prayers are in question her scruples are strict,
But her servants she beats and gives them no pay;
For deeds of devotion she shows a great zeal
But seeks admiration by painting her face;
She covers the nude with meticulous pains,
But yet has a love for the real that is there.
I was your defender, dear Madame, in all,
Assuring them calumny here played a part,
But the general view was in contrast with mine.
At last they concluded that you would do well
To pay less attention to actions of others
And give all your care to improving your own;
That one ought to reflect very long on oneself
Before one should dare other people to judge;
That in all the verdicts passed upon others
An exemplary life in the balance should weigh.
All this it is better to leave in the care
Of those to whom heaven has given the task.
Dear Madame, you also have reason too much
Not to accept this most excellent counsel,
And not to see in it a gesture discreet
Of my zeal to assist in your ev'ry concern.ARSINOÉ
Whatever reprisal one had to expect
This answer of yours has exceeded all bounds.
O Madame, your bitterness makes me aware
This excellent counsel has given you pain.CÉLIMÈNE
On the contrary, Madame, and were we but wise
Such mutual advice would be used for our good;
This blindness of ours where ourselves are concerned
Would thus in good faith be completely destroyed.
It depends upon you if with the same zeal
We continue to follow the path we've begun
And when we're together most faithfully tell
What each of us hears in respect of the other.ARSINOÉ
Ah! Madame, it is not of you that one hears,
'Tis rather in me that the faults can be found.CÉLIMÈNE
We can, Madame, find as I firmly believe
In ev'ry case something to praise and to blame;
And each one of us can claim to be right
According to age or according to taste.
For dalliance is there a season that's fit,
But also for prudery is there the same.
When brilliance of youth has taken its leave
We can tactfully make up our minds to be prude,
Thus cov'ring the ravages age has in store.
One day, it is true, I may walk in your path,
Age brings us all manner of things in its train;
And, Madame, we know that indeed it's too soon
When one is but twenty to act as a prude.ARSINOÉ
Verily, Madame, you make a great boast
Of having a vantage that's modest indeed;
Besides, of your age one may certainly say
That you make nothing less than a terrible song!
Though older than you other people may be
It's hardly a difference that need be remarked;
I really don't know why you feel yourself roused
To harass me, Madame, in such a strange way.CÉLIMÈNE
And I, my dear Madame, can really not tell
Why you should attack me whenever we meet.
Your plaints must you bring to me without ceasing?
And is it my fault if you do not receive
Attentions so readily rendered to me?
If my person is prone men's love to inspire
And if they continue to offer each day
Those vows that you certainly do not approve,
Then I cannot help it, and am not in fault.
You have a free field but I cannot prevent
Your lacking those charms we must have to attract.ARSINOÉ
O heavens! D'you fancy that one is disturbed
By the number of lovers to which you make claim?
And that it's not easy for others to judge
What payment is needed to keep them attached?
With the world as it is can you make people think
It's your merit alone that draws all this crowd?
That it is honest love that burns in their hearts,
And that for your virtues they fall at your feet?
One is not quite blinded by empty pretence,
The world's not deceived; and one sees those endowed
With power to inspire the utmost affection
Who do not however have lovers around.
So, Madame, from this we may really conclude
Encouragement's needed to gain human hearts,
That no man will sigh for our beauty alone
And that for attention we always must pay.
Thus, Madame, don't puff yourself up in this way
Over successes that can't be called shining,
In your power to charm take a little less pride,
And do not treat others with such condescension.
And if our eyes envy success due to yours
I think we can do what others have done,
Discard all precaution and make it quite plain
As soon as we will we all may have lovers.CÉLIMÈNE
Then have them, dear Madame, and let us all see
The secret you have to make yourself pleasing; And...ARSINOÉ
Let us stop, Madame, for this conversation
Is much too exacting for you and for me;
And I should already have taken my leave
If I had not, alas, to wait for my carriage.CÉLIMÈNE
O Madame, please stay just as long as you will,
For indeed there is nothing that need make you haste.
But that by my presence you may not be tired
A better companion I'll put in my stead;
The happiest chance has made Monsieur return
And he'll entertain you far better than I.(Translation by V.E.W.)
(Dr. Steiner): When it is a question of giving form to a dialogue or to a wider conversation, what we have to look to most of all is that the art shall be true—true, that is, as art. Naturalism, which aims at imitating external reality, can never be true as art. For consider the very conditions within which we find ourselves on the stage. What we have to do there is obviously to represent, to act—and never to forget that we are acting. No servile imitation of real life can ever override our obligation to act. The acting will provide the material with which we have to work as artists; we shall have to find all we need in the acting itself.
The first thing to have in mind is that in art everything must be perceptible—must be immediately present to the spectator or listener. The moment he has to fill out what is given from his own resources, the moment he is obliged to add something of his own construction—for example, in the theatre, before he can understand some actor who comes on to the stage—we have come away from the realm of art. The artistic representation should comprise everything the audience needs for its comprehension. The artist of the stage has at his disposal, first of all, the word—the word in its artistic formation; and then he has also mime, gesture, posture. A genuine artist will endeavour to express by means of these everything the audience require to have before them.
One could point to many things in present-day civilisation that frustrate this ideal. An outstanding one is the fact that we have no longer today any true feeling for sound or for word, we have feeling only for ideas. We look through the word to its meaning, to the idea that is behind it. We have completely unlearned how to understand in hearing, and in ordinary life we are all too inclined merely to hear in understanding. There is an essential difference between the two,
Understanding in hearing
Hearing in understanding
and it is most important for you to be clear in your minds about the difference. It will help you to discern it if we recall at this point some things that I said in the earlier lectures, looking at them now from a rather different angle.
You will remember I pointed out that no single sound is ever formed by the human soul without its reflecting, in the case of a vowel, some inner feeling of the soul that may be experienced in connection with the world outside; or in the case of a consonant, without an endeavour to imitate, in the very way the sound is formed, some external object, some external being or process.
Whenever I intone the sound a (ah), then if I am not content with perceiving the meaning or the idea, but want to develop a feeling for the sound pure and simple, the intonation of a will, under all circumstances, imply an experience of wonder or astonishment. That this is no longer felt in the language of everyday intercourse, that the experience has completely faded out, makes no difference at all. And every time I intone i (ee), there lies behind it the joy and delight that the soul experiences with the assertion of the self. When I intone u (oo), there is always behind it some feeling of fear or anxiety. Each vowel sound expresses an experience of the soul occasioned by something in the world outside.
Every sound, on the other hand, that is consonantal in character expresses an effort on the part of the soul to imitate, in the forming of the sound, some external object or process. When I say the sound, I am of course obliged, in order to utter it, to have recourse to the help of a vowel; it is nevertheless the consonant with which I am here concerned.
When I intone b, there lies behind it an endeavour to imitate something that covers or protects. True, this original endeavour of the soul has today gone far down into the unconscious, has gone down, shall we say, into the stomach that digests food but not sounds. Nevertheless, it is still true that the intoning of b signifies that I am speaking of the shell or sheath of something. R denotes that I am endeavouring to form a sound-picture in imitation of a process of commotion and excitement, or trembling. The consonants imitate; they shape themselves in imitation of forms or processes, of things or events in the world outside.
It follows from this that wherever, for example, an a appears in a word, we shall ultimately find, hidden away within the word, the inner experience of wonder. For our present study we can naturally go no further than the German language; but the same holds good, as I shall show a little later, for all languages. The modifications that have come about are to be explained on quite other grounds.
Suppose you utter the simple word Band (a band or ribbon). There is, you see, an a in it. What lies behind this word ? The answer I am about to give is in reality more exact than all the explanations offered nowadays by learned philologists. I have no wish to call in question the learning of these scholars, but when it comes to treating of what is artistic in speech and language, they can offer us very little help.1It is interesting to recall here Rudolf Steiner's appreciation of August Fresenius in Chapter XX of The Course of My Life. For Fresenius, he says, philology was in very truth love for the word ‘...Whoever he adds would carry out a genuine and thoroughgoing research into the secrets of words will need to have insight into all the secrets of existence.’
What then can we find in a word like Band? Without a doubt, there is contained in it the fact that when the word first came into being, men felt it to be a cause of wonder that they could bind something together with a Band that then held. And it is wonderful—that we can gather a thing together and make it fast in this way with a Band. The vowel of a word will always reveal for us the inner experience of soul that gave rise to the word.
And when I have ‘bound’ something, then the Band is around it. B always expresses a covering, a wrapping round. Whether the covering be a whole house for a family, or merely such scant covering as a piece of ribbon, the sound b will always contain the meaning of wrapping or sheltering. N expresses a lightness of touch, suggesting something that easily flows or slips off—Band. And then the d expresses a making firm and fast; d gives one the feeling of something satisfactorily finished off. We fasten the Band. And there the word ends. At first the Band is loose—n; then we fasten it—d. Thus can one feel one's way through the whole word, sound by sound.
If men had always felt towards words and sounds as they do today, feeling merely the meaning and the idea, adopting in fact an entirely intellectual attitude, it would never have been possible for words to come into existence as words of a language. A language can be born only out of experience, out of inner soul experience; and as words signify something external, they have to be born out of an experience man has with something other than himself, with something, in fact, in his environment.
In the interjections we have opportunity, even now, to see how words were originally formed. Interjections are indeed the only instances left where men still feel today, though it be but feebly, what is really there in the word.
I said that u has always to do with an experience of fear or anxiety. Now f is always an indication that something is coming forth from its place of origin, is escaping from its corner. (Hence the German expression for knowing something very thoroughly: to understand it aus dem ff, to understand it, that is, right from its very beginnings. A keenly sensitive feeling is behind expressions of this kind.) And so, if from some corner you suddenly sense the approach of something that alarms you and fills you with fear, you will say: ‘Uff!’, and you will even direct the f sound inwards instead of outwards as you utter it.
What we are still able to experience with interjections can really be experienced with every single word. Here someone will very naturally interpose: ‘But if that were so, all languages would have to be alike! There could be only one language for the whole world!’ In reply, all I can say is that in reality there is only one language. That sounds very strange! Nevertheless it is so, there is one language; only, no one speaks this language. How is that?
Take the simple German word Kopf (head). Starting with the o sound, we have, in the first place, the inner experience of roundness. O is always something that embraces or surrounds, and in a mood of sympathy. Similarly, we could show with the k, the p and the f what the word Kopf wants to say. Primarily, however, Kopf expresses the round form of the human head. Kopf is the endeavour of the soul to imitate in word picture the shape and form of the head.
Now it is peculiar to the German to remark particularly the shape of the head, its spherical form, and to want to imitate that in speech. And he does it not only for the human head; he speaks of Kohlkopf2The o in Kohl is long, and the o in Kopf is short. when he wants to imitate in speech the round form of the Kohl (cabbage). Kohlkopfis of course also the recognised technical term in thieves' language for the human head. (For thieves have, as you know, a language of their own. A thief would never say Kopf for a man's head but always Kohlkopf. They have their own names for everything )
If the Italian or the Frenchman had the same feeling about the head, if he also wanted to express its roundness, then he too would call it Kopf. He could not use any other word for it. Naturally the word would in his country have undergone some change, due to sound-shifting; but that does not affect the issue. The Italian does not, however, want to express the form or shape of the head; he wants to signify that something has been determined by the head, has been declared. So he says ‘testa’ (you have the same meaning in the word ‘testament’), denoting with the word the attestation given by the human head.
If the German felt a desire to express this fact about the head, he too would say ‘testa’, and not Kopf. For it is really so: for any one thing, only one word is possible so long as the thing is looked at from the same point of view.
Thus, it is definitely not in the making of their words that nations differ, but in what they feel and experience in the objects. One nation will draw attention to the spherical form of the head, another to the statements that proceed from the mouth. It would be quite possible to gather up all languages into one, and then in this universal language there would be Kopf, ‘testa’, and so on, and so on, all together; and each nation might then choose out the words that accorded with its character. The sounds in these word pictures have undergone some shifting in course of time; that is how the languages have come to be apparently so very different from one another. But the essence of the word persists; it is always there. And it is just in the most grotesque dialect words that you will often be able to recognise their original and essential element.
One can indeed make very interesting studies in this matter of dialect. The Austrian dialect contains, for example, the word bagschirli.3-ir- (and -ier-) as ‘ear’. The very sounds of the word will always give the Austrian the feeling that the thing described as being bagschirliis quaint, is rather funny, but has nevertheless to be taken seriously; he likes it for its oddness, but he knows he must not forget that it is, for all that, sober truth. Bagschirli has to carry, in fact, many nuances of meaning. And now, what is this word? It is simply the word possierlich (droll), translated into Austrian dialect. But the Austrian never feels in his word the nuance that possierlich bears. There is for him far too little heart in possierlich. To call something possierlich is as if one were looking down from a remote height of great learning. And the Austrian is not proud of what he has learned. He says he is, but in reality he is—inwardly—proud of what he has not learned! And so he can't leave the word as it is, he must adapt it to his lighter, easier way of taking life; and for his taste, in bagschirli he has a perfectly marvellous word picture. Analyse the two words from the point of view of sound, and you will find they bring you into a whole new world of experience—possierlich, bagschirli.
So, you see, the feeling for sound and the feeling for word are verily still there in man. They have only been pushed down in more recent times into the unconscious or semiconscious, into the realm of instinct. If, however, we want to qualify for speaking on the stage, we shall have to stop stressing the importance of meaning and idea, and begin to think again of the significance of sound and word. And that is what we have now to consider together: how an understanding for these things can be brought into the preparation of students for the stage.
When you are studying music, you learn many things that you would not think of playing at a concert. For it is certainly not customary to have five-finger exercises and suchlike performed in public. You learn how to do these exercises; then you go on working at them, until what you at first had to take pains to learn passes over into instinct, becomes use, becomes habit.
Where students are being prepared for the stage we do not always find things done in this way. Yet, there is such a thing as an ‘art ' of the stage; and he who would be an artist there must once more come to have a feeling for sound and for word, and out of this feeling develop the true artistic speaking that belongs to the stage.
Let us take first dialogue. Two people are standing there on the stage, engaged in more or less serious conversation. When we are facing merely the external world, then, if we enter fully into the experience, we feel in vowels and imitate in consonants; and if we have acquired a sensitiveness for sound, something very fruitful will develop out of our relationship to the things and beings of the world. But here we are facing a person; and we have moreover to reckon as well with the audience. For it is certainly my experience that the audience is quite an important factor in the art of the stage; I have never yet found that actors took much pleasure in playing to an empty house! The audience, then, the spectators, are also there as a third party.
Now a dialogue on the stage has to reveal the whole changing course of the reciprocal relationship between the two speakers. This means that each must have, as he listens to the other, the sound-feeling that the other is experiencing. Imagine you have the two actors before you. The first should be able, while listening to what the second is saying, to experience in a living manner the sound-feeling that is inherent in what is being said.
This will not necessarily correspond to the vowels and consonants that are uttered; for in our present-day language these will not always express the mood of the speaker. We do not, for example, say: Us nuhut Gufuhr, as we would have to if we were to form a word picture exactly to accord with experience; we say: Es nahet Gefahr (danger is near).
Us nuhut Gufuhr.
Es nahet Gefahr.
Owing to gradual metamorphosis, what was originally a true word picture has nearly faded away. The speech of the stage must, however, restore to the word its original truth. How is this to be done ?
Here we come to an important factor in the technique of the stage, to which we must pay careful attention. If you go back from German to Gothic—and even Gothic, you must remember, is a derived language—you will be astonished to find how often you will suddenly come upon vowels that reflect with absolute accuracy emotions of fear, wonder, etc., in words where in the newer language the vowels have no more than a neutral relation to experience. This lost relation of sound to experience has now to be supplied in another way.
We have on the stage the two actors, one speaking, the other listening. We must in some way bring it about that the second receives the content of what the first says in its true ‘sound ' significance. If someone were to say to me on the stage: Es nahet Gefahr, I ought of course to experience wonder (a). The fact is, we only do not say: Us nuhut Gufuhr, because a metamorphosis has gradually come about, which has led to the replacement of an expression of fear by an expression of wonder. Out of a kind of boldness, we have let fear and anxiety give place to wonder and astonishment. Such changes in sound can always be accounted for. The actor, however, whilst the other is saying: Es nahet Gefahr, will have to feel in himself the feeling u. This must go on, as it were, ‘behind the scenes’ of the acting. Hidden behind in the soul of the actor, the sound-feeling has to play its part. The listening actor must learn to hear this hidden sound. How is he to do so ? Naturally, not by bethinking himself while the other is speaking: Now I must feel an u. Rather must his training have induced in him such an exact and living feeling for the sound of each single consonant and vowel, that when the other speaks words suggestive of fear he will as he listens, irrespective of what vowels the words contain, experience instinctively in his soul the corresponding sound-feeling for fear. This must of course not wait for the performance; the actor must have the experience beforehand, in the rehearsals. If the other actor expresses wonder, astonishment, then he will feel a; if joy, he will feel i. If the words of the other show him to be surprised and taken aback, then the listening actor will feel au (ou in ‘loud’); and so on.
But now all this must come about in the soul of the actor as naturally as the vibration on the drum of the ear—which we certainly do not ourselves set going, but which is in very truth a gift of the Gods; otherwise, we would make as bad a job of hearing as we do of speaking! It should happen quite as a matter of course that when one actor expresses fear, the other's whole mood of soul is attuned to u; and when words are spoken that evoke sympathy, then the soul of the listener vibrates in ei (as in ' height '). This inner hearing has to become absolutely instinctive; it must simply be there of itself.
This then is what we must aim at in our training for the stage; and that is why we have to take our start from sensitiveness for word and for sound, instead of giving our first attention to ideas.
Think for a moment how it is with colours—with blue, for instance. Blue is not in reality simply blue. Take a blue surface and place it by the side of red. It is at once quite different. Place it next to violet; it is different again. By the side of red it is a much more intense blue than it is by the side of violet.4Dr. Steiner illustrated this on the blackboard. The fact is, we never see a colour that is not modified by the colour that is beside it. And this is true of everything in life. Our impressions are determined and conditioned by neighbouring impressions, they receive their nuance from them.
Suppose one of the two who are engaged in a dialogue makes a remark that indicates danger. Instinctively the other will feel u u u. And now he begins to form his answer. His answer will sound altogether different when he utters it out of the feeling of u than it would if he were to speak it out of the feeling of a. It is the same as with the blue colour, which is different according to whether it is beside violet or beside red.
If the actors have learned to develop this sensitiveness for the sound-feeling behind each other's words, then the conversation will receive its right colouring. And the spectator down below in the stalls—yes, and even the spectator up in the gallery—will ‘hear ' this colouring. Naturally, he does not tell you so! He knows nothing about it, consciously—but for that very reason, knows it instinctively all the more surely. And if he hears the right colouring, the piece pleases him; if not, he doesn't care for it. That is the way it shows itself—the one and only way.
So here we have a definite suggestion for training. The student has but to practise himself in sensitiveness for all the several sounds—there are no more than thirty-two or thirty-three altogether—and the corresponding feelings will come, if he will only make up his mind to become conscious of them. And when once he has experienced these corresponding feelings and proved for himself how they arise in him when u, or o, or a, or i is intoned, then he will have to practise this hearing in the rehearsals, just as one practises the piano, playing at first each note consciously and gradually progressing to ease and fluency. Little by little, as the rehearsals proceed, the student will come to the point where he will have instinctively the right sound-feeling for the different parts that are being acted around him. When he has attained to this, he may be said to have completed his training in this respect.
Here again it has naturally to be a question of setting up an ideal. For in the rush of modern life a play will frequently have no more than two or three rehearsals—possibly even fewer ! It is, however, of no little importance that in a matter of this kind we should have before us an ideal. There is, you know, considerable difference of opinion on the subject of rehearsals. For Frau Wilbrandt, who had, by the way, an excellent speaking voice on the stage and divined instinctively much of what I have been describing—for her feeling, a whole series of rehearsals was never enough. She was frequently heard to say that one can only act a part really well when one is acting it in public for the fiftieth time; the first forty-nine performances are simply further rehearsals. Yes, she would repeat that again and again. And there is truth in it, for only by that time would the things of which we are speaking have become instinctive and spontaneous.
One meets also with other views. There was once a company that had played a piece fifty times. For the fifty- first performance the producer proposed to have the prompter's box removed, thinking that by now the actors must surely have their parts by heart. ‘Now, boys,’ he said, ‘today you are playing the piece for the fifty-first time; so we'll take away the prompter's box.’ One of the actors could not at first grasp the situation at all. After thinking it over he said: ‘But won't that mean that the audience can see the prompter?’ That the box was to be removed—that he could grasp; but the prompter—he couldn't possibly do without his prompter!
I can assure you, many changes will have to come about in connection with the art of the stage, and not only in practical matters of this kind; an entirely new approach is needed, we need to think of our work as actors in a new way. If, however, you once begin to put into practice the things of which we are speaking here, then as time goes on the various faults and failings will gradually all be overcome.
Sechster Vortrag
Laut- und Wortempfindung im Gegensatze zu Sinn- und Ideenempfindung
Bevor wir beginnen, möchte ich, damit das nicht vergessen wird, eine Bitte anbringen. Das ist diese, daß die Freunde, welche hier an diesem Kursus teilnehmen, und die mit einer gewissen Berechtigung die Dinge, von denen hier gesprochen wird, dann auch ins praktische Üben überführen, dieses nicht tun sollen zum Beispiel da oben an der Burg oder sonst irgendwo an den unmöglichsten Orten der Umgebung. Wir haben durch derlei, wie soll ich es nennen, Freiheiten der Anthroposophen gerade hier seit Jahren solche Schwierigkeiten gehabt, und obwohl man nicht eigentlich denken sollte, daß darüber immer von neuem wiederum viel geredet werden müßte, so ist es doch heute auch wiederum notwendig, Sie zu bitten, die Übungen womöglich im geschlossenen Raum zu halten. Das ist schon durchaus notwendig.
Wir werden jetzt den Übergang suchen von der Praxis in der Sprachgestaltung überhaupt zu derjenigen Sprachgestaltung, die zum Dialog, zur Handhabung des Dramatischen führt. Es ist tatsächlich in dieser Beziehung ein durchgreifender neuer Zug in die Bühnenkunst hineinzutragen. Und wenn viele Persönlichkeiten heute gerade der Bühnenkunst gegenüber etwas stark Unbefriedigendes fühlen, so rührt es nicht zum wenigsten, sondern zum sehr starken davon her, daß die Bühnenkunst eigentlich die alten Traditionen — aber die sehr alten — völlig verloren hat und nicht den Anschluß gefunden hat, irgendwie neu zu gestalten, weil dieses tatsächlich nur aus einer geistigen Auffassung heraus kommen kann. Und inwiefern eine solche geistige Auffassung zu einer Praktizierung des Dialogs, Trialogs und so weiter führen kann, das zu betrachten, wollen wir jetzt übergehen.
Wir wollen unseren Ausgangspunkt von der Rezitation nehmen, die Frau Dr. Steiner geben wird, und zwar, weil ja das Drama, insofern Unterredung im Drama schon besonders künstlerisch gestaltet ist, bei MoJiere einen Höhepunkt gefunden hat, möchten wir heute gerade von der Rezitation einer Szene bei Moliere den Ausgangspunkt nehmen. Wir werden selbstverständlich auch versuchen, ein ähnlich schlagendes Beispiel innerhalb der deutschen Literatur zu finden, allein man muß schon sagen, daß gerade in den Moliere-Dramen dasjenige, was anschaulich macht, wie Rede und Widerrede einander begegnen sollen auf der Bühne, wie sie ineinander einschlagen sollen, ganz besonders zum Ausdrucke kommt. Daher wollen wir heute damit beginnen, eine Szenenreihe aus Moliere zu bringen.
Frau Dr. Steiner: Ich wähle eine Szene aus dem «Misanthrope». Wir haben die Gestalt der jungen koketten Witwe, die viele Verehrer hat und deshalb viel beneidet wird von ihrer etwas falschen Freundin. Sie hat eine sehr spitze Zunge, diese junge Witwe, und hat nun bereits über einige Verehrer ihren Witz ausgegossen. In diesem Augenblicke wird ihr der Besuch ihrer falschen Freundin, eigentlich ihrer Feindin, gemeldet. Der Diener meldet diese Dame an.
Acte III Scène IV
(ARSINOÉ, CÉLIMÈNE, CLITANDRE, ACASTE)
CÉLIMÈNE
Ah! quel heureux sort en ce lieu vous amène? Madame, sans mentir, j'étais de vous en peine.
ARSINOÉ
Je viens pour quelque avis que j'ai cru vous devoir.
CÉLIMÈNE
Ah! mon Dieu! que je suis contente de vous voir!
(CLITANDRE et ACASTE sortent en riant.)
ARSINOÉ
Leur départ ne pouvait plus à propos se faire.
CÉLIMÈNE
Voulons-nous nous asseoir?
ARSINOÉ
Il n'est pas nécessaire,
Madame. L'amitié doit surtout éclater
Aux choses qui le plus nous peuvent importer;
Et comme il n'en est point de plus grande importance
Que celles de l'honneur et de la bienséance,
Je viens, par un avis qui touche votre honneur,
Témoigner l'amitié que pour vous a mon coeur.
Hier, j'étais chez des gens de vertu singulière,
Où sur vous du discours on tourna la matière;
Et là, votre conduite, avec ses grands éclats,
Madame, eut le malheur qu'on ne la loua pas.
Cette foule de gens dont vous souffrez visite,
Votre galanterie, et les bruits qu'elle excite,
Trouvèrent des censeurs plus qu'il n'aurait fallu,
Et bien plus rigoureux que je n'eusse voulu.
Vous pouvez bien penser quel parti je sus prendre:
Je fis ce que je pus pour vous pouvoir défendre,
Je vous excusai fort sur votre intention,
Et voulus de votre âme être la caution.
Mais vous savez qu'il est des choses dans la vie
Qu'on ne peut excuser, quoiqu'on en ait envie;
Et je me vis contrainte à demeurer d'accord
Que l'air dont vous viviez vous faisait un peu tort;
Qu'il prenait dans le monde une méchante face,
Qu'il n'est conte fâcheux que partout on n'en fasse,
Et que, si vous vouliez, tous vos déportements
Pourraient moins donner prise aux mauvais jugements.
Non que j'y croie, au fond, l'honnêteté blessée;
Me presérve le Ciel d'en avoir la pensée!
Mais aux ombres du crime on prête aisément foi,
Et ce n'est pas assez de bien vivre pour soi.
Madame, je vous crois l'âme trop raisonnable
Pour ne pas prendre bien cet avis profitable,
Et pour l'attribuer qu'aux mouvements secrets
D'un zèle qui m'attache à tous vos interets.CÉLIMÈNE
Madame, j'ai beaucoup de grâces à vous rendre.
Un tel avis m'oblige, et, loin de le mal prendre,
J'en prétends reconnaître, à l'instant, la
faveur Par un avis aussi qui touche votre honneur;
Et comme je vous vois vous montrer mon amie
En m'apprenant les bruits que de moi 1'on public,
Je veux suivre, à mon tour, un exemple si doux
En vous avertissant de ce qu'on dit de vous.
En un lieu, l'autre jour, où je faisais visite,
Je trouvai quelques gens d'un tres rare mérite,
Qui, parlant des vrais soins d'une ame qui vit bien,
Firent tomber sur vous, Madame, l'entretien.
Là, votre pruderie et vos éclats de zèle
Ne furent pas cités comme un fort bon modèle:
Cette affectation d'un grave extérieur,
Vos discours etemels de sagesse et d'honneur,
Vos mines et vos cris aux ombres d'indécence
Que d'un mot ambigu peut avoir l'innocence,
Cette hauteur d'estime où vous etes de vous,
Et ces yeux de pitié que vous jetez sur tous,
Vos freéuentes leçons et vos aigres censures
Sur des choses qui sent innocentes et pures,
Tout cela, si je puis vous parler franchement,
Madame, fut blâmé d'un commun sentiment.
‘A quoi bon, disaient-ils, cette mine modeste,
Et ce sage dehors que dément tout le reste?
Elle est à bien prier exacte au dernier point;
Mais elle bat ses gens et ne les paye point.
Dans tous les lieux dévots elle etale un grand zèle;
Mais elle met du blanc et veut paraitre belle.
Elle fait des tableaux couvrir les nudités;
Mais elle a de l'amour pour les réalités.'
Pour moi, contre chacun je pris votre défense,
Et leur assurai fort que c'était médisance;
Mais tous les sentiments combattirent le mien,
Et leur conclusion fut que vous feriez bien
De prendre moins de soin des actions des autres,
Et de vous mettre un peu plus en peine des vôtres;
Qu'on doit se regarder soi-même un fort long temps
Avant que de songer à condamner les gens;
Qu'il faut mettre le poids d'une vie exemplaire
Dans les corrections qu'aux autres on veut faire;
Et qu'encor vaut-il mieux s'en remettre, au besoin,
A ceux à qui le Ciel en a commis le soin.
Madame, je vous crois aussi trop raisonnable
Pour ne pas prendre bien cet avis profitable,
Et pour l'attribuer qu'aux mouvements secrets
D'un zèle qui m'attache à tous vos interets.ARSINOÉ
A quoi qu'en reprenant on soit assujettie,
Je ne m'attendais pas à cette repartie,
Madame, et je vois bien, par ce qu'elle a d'aigreur,
Que mon sincère avis vous a blessée au coeur.CÉLIMÈNE
Au contraire, Madame; et si l'on était sage,
Ces avis mutuels seraient mis en usage;
On detruirait par là, traitant de bonne foi,
Ce grand aveuglement où chacun est pour soi.
Il ne tiendra qu'à vous qu'avec le même zèle
Nous ne continuions cet office fidele,
Et ne prenions grand soin de nous dire entre nous
Ce que nous entendrons, vous de moi, moi de vous.ARSINOÉ
Ah! Madame, de vous je ne puis rien entendre;
C'est en moi que l'on peut trouver fort à reprendre.CÉLIMÈNE
Madame, on peut, je crois, louer et blamer tout,
Et chacun a raison suivant Page ou le gout.
Il est une saison pour la galanterie;
Il en est une aussi propre ä la pruderie.
On peut, par politique, en prendre le parti,
Quand de nos jeunes ans l'eclat est amorti:
Cela sert ä couvrir de facheuses disgraces.
Je ne dis pas qu'un jour je ne suive vos traces:
L'äge amenera tout, et ce n'est pas le temps,
Madame, comme on sait, d'être prude ä vingt ans.ARSINOÉ
Certes, vous vous targuez d'un bien faible avantage,
Et vous faites sonner terriblement votre âge.
Ce que de plus que vous on en pourrait avoir
N'est pas un si grand cas pour s'en tant prévaloir;
Et je ne sais pourquoi votre âme ainsi s'emporte,
Madame, à me pousser de cette etrange sorte.CÉLIMÈNE
Et moi, je ne sais pas, Madame, aussi pourquoi
On vous voit, en tous lieux, vous déchaîner sur moi.
Faut-il de vos chagrins, sans cesse, à moi vous prendre?
Et puis-je mais des soins qu'on ne va pas vous rendre?
Si ma personne aux gens inspire de l'amour,
Et si l'on continue à m'offrir chaque jour
Des voeux que votre coeur peut souhaiter qu'on m'ôte,
Je n'y saurais que faire, et ce n'est pas ma faute:
Vous avez le champ fibre, et je n'empêche pas
Que pour les attirer, vous n'ayez des appas.ARSINOÉ
Hélas! et croyez-vous que l'on se mette en peine
De ce nombre d'amants dont vous faites la vaine,
Et qu'il ne nous soit pas fort aisé de juger
A quel prix aujourd'hui l'on peut les engager?
Pensez-vous faire croire, à voir comme tout roule,
Que votre seul merite attire cette foule?
Qu'ils ne brûlent pour vous que d'un honnete amour,
Et que pour vos vertus ils vous font tous la cour?
On ne s'aveugle point par de vaines défaites,
Le monde n'est point dupe; et j'en vois qui sont faites
A pouvoir inspirer de tendres sentiments,
Qui chez elles pourtant ne fixent point d'amants;
Et de là nous pouvons tirer des conséquences,
Qu'on n'acquiert point leurs coeurs sans de grandes avances,
Qu'aucun pour nos beaux yeux n'est notre soupirant,
Et qu'il faut acheter tous les soins qu'on nous rend.
Ne vous enflez donc point d'une si grande gloire
Pour les petits brillants d'une faible victoire,
Et corrigez un peu l'orgueil de vos appas
De traiter pour cela les gens de haut en bas.
Si nos yeux enviaient les conquetes des vôtres,
Je pense qu'on pourrait faire comme les autres,
Ne se point ménager, et vous faire bien voir
Que l'on a des amants quand on en veut avoir.CÉLIMÈNE
Ayez-en donc, Madame, et voyons cette affaire:
Par ce rare secret efforcez-vous de plaire,
Et sans.ARSINOÉ
Brisons, Madame, un pareil entretien:
Il pousserait trop loin votre esprit et le mien;
Et j'aurais pris déjà le cone qu'il faut prendre,
Si mon carosse encor ne m'obligeait d'attendre.CÉLIMÈNE
Autant qu'il vous plaira vous pouvez arrêter,
Madame, et là-dessus rien ne doit vous hâter;
Mais, sans vous fatiguer de ma cérémonie,
Je m'en vais vous donner meilleure compagnie,
Et Monsieur, qu'ä propos le hasard fait venir,
Remplira mieux ma place à vous entretenir.
Wenn es sich darum handelt, den Dialog oder die weitere Unterredung zu gestalten, dann muß man vor allen Dingen davon ausgehen, einzusehen, daß die Kunst ehrlich sein muß. Aber sie muß eben als Kunst ehrlich sein. Der Naturalismus, der im wesentlichen die Nachahmung des äußeren Wirklichen erreichen will, kann als Kunst niemals ehrlich sein. Denn man sehe sich die Verhältnisse gerade innerhalb der Bühnenkunst an. Sie zeigen am deutlichsten, daß wir innerhalb der Bühnenkunst eben gerade darstellen und nicht vergessen dürfen, daß wir darstellen. Und die sklavische Nachahmung des Wirklichen kann niemals aus der Welt schaffen, daß wir darstellen. Mit der Darstellung als solcher, das heißt mit den Mitteln, welche in der Darstellung selber liegen, muß künstlerisch gerechnet werden.
Wir haben vor allen Dingen zu berücksichtigen, daß im Künstlerischen alles wahrnehmbar, anschaulich sein muß, daß dasjenige, was Inhalt des Künstlerischen ist, da sein muß in der unmittelbaren Darstellung. In dem Augenblicke stehen wir nicht mehr in der Kunst drinnen, wenn der Zuschauer oder Zuhörer aus seinem Eigenen heraus etwas ergänzen muß, wenn der Zuhörer oder Zuschauer zum Beispiel bei der Bühnenkunst genötigt ist, irgend etwas zu konstruieren, damit er die eine oder die andere Person verstehe. Alles, was dem Zuhörer gegeben werden soll, soll in der künstlerischen Darstellung selber liegen. Der Bühnenkünstler hat zur Verfügung das Wort, das Wort in seiner Gestaltung, das Mimische, die Geste, Gebärde. Und eine ehrliche Kunst muß suchen, in diesen Mitteln der Bühnenkunst alles zur Offenbarung zu bringen, was an den Zuhörer oder Zuschauer herangebracht werden soll.
Dem widerspricht in unserer gegenwärtigen Zivilisation gar manches. Vor allen Dingen widerspricht ihm, daß wir gegenwärtig eigentlich im unmittelbaren Leben keine Laut- und Wortempfindung mehr haben, sondern eigentlich eine Ideenempfindung. Wir empfinden durch das Wort durch zum Sinn des Wortes hin, zu der Idee des Wortes. Wir haben eigentlich das Verstehen im Hören ganz verlernt und wollen im gewöhnlichen Leben überhaupt nurmehr das Hören im Verstehen vertragen. Aber es ist ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen dem Verstehen im Hören und dem Hören im Verstehen.
Verstehen im Hören
Hören im Verstehen
Diesen Unterschied muß vor allen Dingen der Schauspieler sich klarmachen. Und er kann sich ihn klarmachen, wenn er manches von dem, was wir in den bisherigen Stunden schon besprochen haben, noch von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte aus sich vor die Seele stellt.
Ich habe schon darauf aufmerksam gemacht, kein Laut ist durch die menschliche Seele geformt worden, ohne daß er als Vokallaut ein inneres Seelenerlebnis wiedergibt, welches an der Außenwelt erlebt ist, oder daß er als Konsonant versucht, im Lautbild einen äußeren Gegenstand, ein äußeres Wesen oder einen äußeren Vorgang nachzuahmen.
Intoniere ich den Laut a, so liegt unter allen Umständen, wenn ich die Lautempfindung entwickeln will, und nicht bei einer Sinn- oder Ideenempfindung stehenbleiben will, in dem a-Intonieren das Erlebnis der Verwunderung oder des Erstaunens.
Daß wir in der gewöhnlichen Sprache des heutigen Umgangs dies verloren haben, daß dies verblaßt ist, ändert nichts an dem Wesen der Sache. Und jedesmal, wenn ich 7 intoniere, so liegt dem zugrunde das Seelenerlebnis des innerlichen freudig Erregtseins, der Selbstbehauptung.
Intoniere ich », liegt immer irgend etwas von Furcht- oder Angstempfindung zugrunde.
Alles Vokalische drückt das Erlebnis der Seele an etwas in der äußeren Welt aus. Und alles konsonantisch Lautende drückt das Bestreben der Seele aus, irgendeinen äußeren Gegenstand oder einen äußeren Vorgang in der Gestaltung des Lautes nachzuahmen. Sage ich den Laut, so muß ich immer, wenn ich die Konsonanten ausspreche, Vokale zu Hilfe nehmen. Aber wir sehen dann, wenn wir konsonantisieren, eben auf den Konsonanten.
Intoniere ich den Laut b, so liegt dem zugrunde, wenn das auch heute bei den Menschen schon ganz ins Unbewußte, man möchte sagen, in den Magen hinuntergegangen ist, der zwar die Speisen verdaut, nicht aber die Laute, das Bestreben der Seele, in dem 5 eine Umhüllung von etwas nachzuahmen. b-Intonieren bedeutet: ich bezeichne die Schale von etwas, die Umhüllung von etwas.
r bedeutet: ich bestrebe mich, das Lautbild eines Vorganges, der eine innere Erregung, ein Erzittern hat, nachzubilden. Die Konsonanten bilden nach, imitieren Formen, Vorgänge von Dingen oder Geschehnissen der Außenwelt.
Und so ist in jedem Worte, wo ein a vorkommt, doch zuletzt in das Wort hineingeheimnißt das innere Erlebnis der Verwunderung. Ich kann das zunächst nur an der deutschen Sprache klarmachen, aber es gilt, wie ich gleich nachher erwähnen werde, ebensogut für alle anderen Sprachen. Die Modifikation tritt in bezug auf etwas ganz anderes ein, als in bezug auf dieses Wesentliche.
Nehmen Sie an, Sie sprechen das unschuldige Wort «Band» aus. Da ist ein a darinnen. Was liegt eigentlich in diesem Worte? Das, was ich jetzt sagen werde, ist wirklich exakter als alle philologischen und ähnliche Auseinandersetzungen, die heute in so üblicher, aber auch tiefer Gelehrsamkeit bestehen. Ihre Gelehrsamkeit soll ihnen nicht abgesprochen werden, aber für das praktische Handhaben desjenigen, was künstlerisch im Sprechen liegt, bieten sie eigentlich nicht viel. Aber was liegt in einem Worte wie «Band»? Ganz gewiß liegt darinnen, daß, als das Wort entstanden ist, die Verwunderung darüber da war, daß man mit einem Band etwas binden kann, was dann hält. Das ist ja auch etwas Wunderbares. Man muß erstaunt sein darüber, daß man mit einem Band etwas zum Halten bringen kann. Es ist schon an dem Vokal eines Wortes immer anzuschauen, aus welchem Seelenerlebnis das Wort hervorgegangen ist.
Und wenn ich etwas binde, so ist dann dasjenige, was das Band ist, um das andere drüber = Band. 5 drückt immer eine Umhüllung aus. Ob die Umhüllung ein ganzes Haus für eine Familie ist, oder ob die Umhüllung bloß die leise Umhüllung in der Bandbreite ist; es ist immer eine Umhüllung.
Ein n drückt immer etwas aus von leicht Hinnehmen, etwas, das leicht fließt= Band.
Das d drückt immer aus ein Feststellen, ein Richtiges. Das Band knüpft man. Das ist das Feststellen zuletzt. Erst ist das Band leicht beweglich = n; dann aber macht man es fest, knüpft man es = d. So kann man das ganze Wort durchfühlen, durchaus durchfühlen.
Wenn die Menschen immer nur so dem Worte, dem Laute gegenüber gefühlt hätten wie heute, wo sie nur den Sinn, die Idee fühlen, also zum Intellektualismus gegenüber dem Worte übergegangen sind, würden niemals Worte einer Sprache entstanden sein. Denn die Worte einer Sprache müssen ganz herausgeboren sein aus dem seelischen Erleben. Da aber die Worte etwas Äußerliches bedeuten, müssen sie herausgeboren sein aus dem Miterleben mit anderem, das in der Umgebung ist.
Die Interjektionen sind eigentlich dasjenige, was die ursprünglichste Wortgestaltung darstellt. Und bei den Interjektionen ist es einzig und allein, daß der Mensch heute noch fühlt, wenn auch leise fühlt, was in den Dingen liegt.
Ein u sagte ich, ist eigentlich immer etwas, das mit einem Furcht-, Angsterlebnis etwas zu tun hat.
Ein f ist immer etwas, wo ein Ding aus seiner Ecke, seinem Ursprung herauskommt, herausschlüpft. Daher sagt man, wenn man etwas ganz gescheit weiß: es aus dem ff verstehen, aus den Initien verstehen. In solchen Dingen liegt viel Empfindung für die Sache darinnen.
Wenn aber im Deutschen jemand etwas gewahr wird, wo er aus einer ganz bestimmten Ecke die Furcht herankommen sieht, dann sagt er: «uff!» Und spricht sogar das f hinein statt heraus.
Dasjenige, was bei den Interjektionen heute noch erlebt werden kann, das ist aber bei jedem Worte zu erleben.
Natürlich erhebt sich jetzt der Einwand: Dann müßten ja alle Sprachen gleich sein! Das heißt, es könnte nur eine Sprache auf der Erde geben.
Nun, meine lieben Freunde, da muß man das Paradoxon aussprechen, daß es wirklich nur eine Sprache gibt. Es schaut zwar ganz besonders aus, wenn man das sagt, aber es gibt nur eine Sprache; nur sprechen diese Sprache eben keine Menschen. Warum?
Nehmen wir das deutsche, unschuldige Wort «Kopf». Wenn man vom o ausgeht, so hat man zunächst das innere Seelenerlebnis der Rundung. Das o ist immer etwas, was in Sympathie eine Sache umfaßt. Ebensogut könnten wir an dem k, dem p und dem f zeigen, was eigentlich «Kopf» sagen will. Kopf drückt aus die runde Form, die das menschliche Haupt hat. Kopf ist das Bestreben der Seele, die plastische Gestaltung des Kopfes im Lautbilde nachzubilden.
Nun ist es eine Eigentümlichkeit des Deutschen, daß er just die plastische Form, die Kugelform des Kopfes nachbildet. Er tut es ja nicht nur beim Menschen, er sagt auch Kohlkopf, wenn er die runde Form nachbilden will. Ich meine also, nicht bloß zum Menschenkopf sagt man Kopf, sondern auch zum Kohlkopf sagt man Kopf. Beides auf den Menschenkopf angewendet, Kohl und Kopf, das ist ein Terminus technicus der Diebessprache. Die Diebe haben auch eine eigene Sprache, und Kohlkopf ist richtig in der nach dem Deutschen hingearteten Diebessprache der Ausdruck für den Menschenkopf. Der Dieb sagt nicht Kopf beim Menschenkopf, sondern der Dieb sagt Kohlkopf. Er drückt ja alles anders aus.
Würden die Italiener, die Franzosen, dasselbe ausdrücken wollen am Menschenkopf, die Rundung, dann würden sie auch sagen Kopf; wenn man dasselbe ausdrückt, kann man kein anderes Wort gebrauchen als Kopf, wenn auch etwas verändert. Im Laufe der Geschichte verschieben sich die Dinge. Es gibt eine Lautverschiebung, aber das kommt nicht an das Wesentliche heran. Der Italiener zum Beispiel bezeichnet gar nicht die plastische Form, sondern er bezeichnet am menschlichen Haupte das Feststellen, also daß irgend etwas ausgesagt, festgestellt wird, wie man im Testament auch etwas feststellt. Er sagt «testa» und bezeichnet damit das Feststellen, dasjenige, was mit dem Bezeugen, mit dem Zeugnisablegen des menschlichen Hauptes zusammenhängt.
Würde der Deutsche einen Sinn haben, dasselbe Faktische am menschlichen Haupte auszudrücken wie der Italiener, so würde er auch testa sagen und nicht Kopf. Für ein von demselben Gesichtspunkte aus Gesehenes ist nur ein Wort möglich.
Man könnte daher sagen: Die Nationen unterscheiden sich nicht durch die Worte, sondern die Nationen unterscheiden sich durch das, was sie an den Gegenständen empfinden. Der eine bezeichnet die Kugelform des Kopfes, der andere bezeichnet das, was aus dem Mund kommt. -— Und man könnte nun alle Sprachen zu einer zusammenfassen. Da ist Kopf, testa und so weiter, alles zusammen, und die einzelnen Nationen wählen sich dann je nach ihrer Empfindung diejenigen Worte aus dieser gesamten Universalsprache, die eben ihrem Charakter entsprechen. Da sich das, was da als Wortbild zustande kommt, im Laufe der Zeit etwas verschiebt, sind natürlich die Sprachen scheinbar sehr voneinander verschieden. Aber in dieser Beziehung steckt das Wesentliche noch immer darinnen; selbst im groteskesten Dialektworte steckt noch immer dieses Wesentliche darinnen.
Man kann da ganz interessante Studien machen. Es gibt zum Beispiel im deutschen Dialekt in Österreich das Wort «bagschirli». Man wird es so, wie es heute in seinem Lautbestand ist, als österreichischer Deutscher immer fühlen; bagschirli ist irgend etwas, was ein bißchen spaßig ist, aber doch wiederum seriös zu nehmen ist; was man liebt, weil es spaßig ist, aber doch wiederum ganz ernst betrachtet. Bagschirli ist so behaftet mit den einzelnen Nuancen. Ja, was ist dieses Wort? Es ist einfach das in den österreichischen Dialekt übersetzte possierlich. Aber diese Nuance possierlich, die empfindet der österreichische Deutsche nicht, das ist viel zu wenig gemütlich; es ist so theoretisierend, etwas als possierlich zu bezeichnen, es ist so, als ob man viel gelernt hätte. Aber der Österreicher ist nicht stolz auf das, was er gelernt hat; das sagt er nur. In Wirklichkeit, seiner inneren Empfindung nach ist er stolz auf das, was er nicht gelernt hat. Daher kann er das Wort nicht so lassen, er muß es seinem Leichten, Legeren anpassen, und dafür ist wiederum das Wort bagschirli ein ganz wunderbares Wortbild. Wenn Sie es nach den Lautempfindungen nebeneinander analysieren, possierlich und bagschirli, dann werden Sie eine ganze Welt dadrinnen haben.
Sehen Sie, so kann man darauf kommen, daß in der Tat Laut- und Wortempfindung da ist. Sie sind nur ins Unbewußte, ins Halbbewußte, ins Instinktive bei den heutigen Menschen hinuntergedrängt.
Aber derjenige, der zum bühnenmäßigen Sprechen kommen will, muß wiederum von der Sinn-, von der Ideenbedeutung zu der Laut-, zu der Wortbedeutung zurückkommen.
Nun handelt es sich darum, daß das, was damit gemeint ist, in die Schulung übergehen muß, in die Schulung zum Bühnenkünstler. Man lernt auch im Musikalischen zunächst dasjenige, was man dann nicht in Konzerten vorbringt; denn es ist nicht üblich, daß man die ersten Klavier-Fingerübungen und ähnliches in Konzerten vorbringen läßt; sondern man lernt etwas und entwickelt es dann weiter, und dasjenige, was man zuerst gelernt hat, geht in den Instinkt, in die Übung, in die Gewohnheit über.
Bei der Bühnenkunst macht man das nicht immer. Denn es gibt eine Bühnenkunst, und die muß wiederum dazu kommen, Laut- und Wortempfindung zu haben, und aus dieser heraus die bühnenmäßige Sprache künstlerisch zu gestalten. Es gibt eine Bühnenkunst, und es gibt eine Reinhardterei; die hat das nicht nötig, weil sie ja keine Kunst ist.
Wenn wir den Dialog vor uns haben — nehmen wir zunächst den Dialog -, dann stehen zwei Menschen in Wechselbeziehung ihrer Seele. Denken Sie, wenn man bloß der Außenwelt gegenübersteht im vollen Leben, so empfindet man vokalisch, ahmt nach konsonantisch. Erwirbt man sich die Lautempfindung, so wird man wiederum etwas sehr Reiches zwischen sich und den Dingen und Wesen entwickeln. Aber wenn man einer Person gegenübersteht, dann hat man nötig, wenn außerdem noch ein Zuschauer oder Zuhörer da ist - und der gehört meiner Erfahrung nach immer zur Bühnenkunst, denn ich habe noch nicht gesehen, daß man große Freude hat, vor ganz leeren Häusern Aufführungen zu veranstalten -, schon immer mit dem Zuhörer und Zuschauer zu rechnen. Der ist also als der Dritte da. Wenn man es also damit zu tun hat, dann muß anschaulich sein in dem, was als Dialog auftritt, das ganze Wechselverhältnis der Seelen zwischen den zwei Unterrednern; das heißt, der eine Unterredner muß an dem anderen dasjenige in Lautempfindung haben, was der erlebt, der sich mit ihm unterredet. Wir haben einen ersten, einen zweiten Schauspieler, die beiden führen einen Dialog auf. Der zweite Schauspieler muß, während er zuhört, was der erste redet, in der Lautempfindung desjenigen leben können, was jener zum Ausdrucke bringt.
Das wird nicht immer entsprechen der Vokalisierung oder Konsonantisierung. Denn so wie unsere heutige Sprache ist, sagen wir niemals: Us nuhut Gufuhr - wie wir eigentlich sagen müßten, wenn wir das Wortbild ganz nach dem Erlebnis bilden würden, sondern wir sagen heute schon: Es nahet Gefahr.
Us nuhut Gufuhr.
Es nahet Gefahr.
So ist abgekommen durch allmähliche Verwandelung, durch allmähliche Metamorphose das Wortbild von dem ganz Ursprünglichen. Aber die Bühnensprache muß das Ursprüngliche trotzdem wieder hineinbringen. Wie geschieht das?
Hier liegt ein Bedeutsames der Bühnentechnik vor, das wir einmal in Betracht ziehen wollen. Wenn Sie vom Deutschen ins Gotische zurückgehen, das aber auch schon eine abgeleitete Sprache ist, so sind Sie in vielen Fällen erstaunt, wie an Stelle derjenigen Vokale, die schon neutral den Erlebnissen gegenüberstehen in der neueren Sprache, im Gotischen plötzlich die Vokale auftreten, die Furcht, Verwunderung und so weiter ganz richtig wiedergeben.
Wenn ich also einen ersten Schauspieler vor mir habe und den anderen als zweiten Schauspieler — ich meine jetzt nicht der Qualität nach, sondern nur weil es zwei im Dialog Begriffene sind -, einen Menschen als ersten Schauspieler, der spricht, und den anderen, der zuhört, so handelt es sich jetzt darum, daß der zweite, der zuhört, den Inhalt dessen, was der erste spricht, in der richtigen Lautbedeutung aufnimmt. Wenn einer auf der Bühne zu mir sagt: Es nahet Gefahr -, so sollte ich ja eigentlich bei dem a in Gefahr Verwunderung haben. Daß wir heute nicht sagen: Us nuhut Gufuhr -, das liegt nur daran, weil allmählich die Metamorphose sich so vollzogen hat, daß anstelle des Furchtausdruckes der Verwunderungsausdruck gekommen ist. Man hat das Erstaunen, die Verwunderung aus einem gewissen Gefühl der Tapferkeit heraus in Metamorphose anstelle der Furcht oder des Angsterlebens gesetzt. Die Dinge sind immer zu rechtfertigen. Aber der Schauspieler hat nötig, während der andere sagt: Es nahet Gefahr -, bei sich zu empfinden die Lautempfindung #. Es muß also gewissermaßen hinter den Kulissen des Spielens, hinter den Kulissen der Seele des Spielens dieses vorgehen, daß die Lautempfindung eine Rolle spielt. Das muß gewissermaßen das Gehör des Schauspielers werden. Wodurch wird es das?
Es darf natürlich nicht so sein, daß der Schauspieler, wenn der andere redet, sich besinnt, ein u zu empfinden, sondern es muß die Schulung so genau einmal gelebt haben in der Lautempfindung bei jedem Laute konsonantischer oder vokalischer Natur, daß das ganz instinktiv in der Seele auftritt. Wenn einer etwas sagt, in welchem Vokalismus es auch sei, welches das Herannahen einer Furcht bedeutet, hört der andere so zu - schon auf der Probe wird das selbstverständlich so erlebt -, daß er in sich die entsprechende Lautempfindung erlebt. Drückt der eine etwas Erstauntes aus = a; drückt der andere Freude aus = i; drückt der eine eine Überraschung aus, empfindet sein Mitunterredner = au und so weiter. Aber das muß etwas in der Seele des Schauspielers werden, so wie das Vibrieren im Trommelfell etwas ist, was wir auch nicht erst herrichten, was uns die Götter geben, sonst würden wir es nämlich ebenso schlecht machen wie das Sprechen. Aber es muß so sein, daß die ganze Seelenstimmung, wenn der andere Furcht ausdrückt, in u mitschwingt; wenn der andere etwas ausspricht, das man mit Sympathie bekräftigt, ein ei mitschwingt. Das muß selbstverständlich gehört werden, muß ganz instinktiv sein.
Dahin muß die Schulung gehen. Daher muß von der Laut- und Wortempfindung ausgegangen werden, nicht von der Ideenempfindung.
Sehen Sie, Blau ist in Wirklichkeit nicht bloß blau. Nehmen Sie irgendeine blaue Fläche, sie ist etwas ganz anderes neben dem Rot, und sie ist etwas ganz anderes neben dem Violett. Hier [neben dem Rot] es wurde gezeichnet - ist das Blau, trotzdem es eben blau ist, viel intensiver blau als neben dem Violett; es ist dasselbe, doch Sie sehen nie eine Farbe anders als modifiziert durch die Nachbarfarbe. Überall im Leben handelt es sich darum, daß die Eindrücke durch die Nachbareindrücke bestimmt werden, ihre eigentliche Nuancierung bekommen.
Stellen Sie sich jetzt vor, der eine Dialogisierende redet irgend etwas, worin Gefahr ist. Instinktiv empfindet der andere s»#. Und nun beginnt er die Antwort darauf zu formen. Sie wird ganz anders klingen, wenn er sie aus der #-Empfindung heraus gibt, als wenn er sie aus der «-Empfindung heraus gibt, so wie das Blau anders ist neben dem Violett als neben dem Rot.
Hat man daher die Möglichkeit gewonnen, neben dem anderen also zu empfinden, dann bekommt die Wechselrede das entsprechende Kolorit. Und dieses Kolorit, das hört der Zuhörer unten im Parterre, auch auf den Galerien! Und er sagt natürlich nicht, daß er es hört, denn er weiß es nicht mit dem Bewußtsein, aber er weiß es um so stärker im Instinkt. Hört er es in der richtigen Weise, so gefällt ihm die Sache, hört er es nicht in der richtigen Weise, so mißfällt ihm die Sache; dadurch drückt sich das einzig und allein aus. Und so deuten wir hier auf eine Art des Übens in der Schulung. Hat man zunächst das geübt, daß man an den einzelnen Lauten - es sind ja nur zweiunddreißig oder dreiunddreißig — die entsprechenden Empfindungen sie kommen schon, wenn man sich ihrer nur bewußt werden will -, erlebt und wirklich dann ausgeprüft, was man für Empfindungen hat, wenn einer u, o, a, i intoniert, dann übt man, indem man probt, dadurch, daß man sich möglichst bewußt wird, wie man ja sonst auch, nicht wahr, beim Klavierüben aus dem Bewußtsein erst in die völlige Geläufigkeit übergeht -, dann übt man dieses in der Empfindung, in der Lautempfindung, in der Wortempfindung. Dann geht man allmählich im Proben dazu über, das gar nicht mehr zu beachten, sondern es völlig im Instinkt auch für die einzelnen Rollen zu haben; und dann hat man die Sache nach dieser Richtung hin fertig.
Nun handelt es sich natürlich darum, daß man wiederum ein Ideal hinstellt. Denn bei dem heutigen Kulturbetriebe hat man nur oftmals — was weiß ich — zwei bis drei Proben, manchmal noch weniger. Aber, sehen Sie, man muß die Dinge schon im Ideal hinstellen. Davon gibt es verschiedene Auffassungen. Frau Wulbrandt-Baudius empfand immer so - sie war eine ganz gute Sprecherin und hatte instinktiv etwas von dem, was ich eben beschrieben habe -, daß ihr niemals eine Zahl von Proben genügend war. Sie sprach es immer wieder aus, daß man eigentlich erst richtig spielen kann, wenn man fünfzigmal schon gespielt hat vor dem Publikum; die anderen neunundvierzigmal müßte man auch als Proben ansehen. Das sprach sie immer wieder aus. Denn dann kommt es erst, daß diese Dinge, von denen ich gesprochen habe, instinktiv geworden sind, selbstverständlich geworden sind.
Es gibt auch andere Auffassungen. Eine Truppe hatte einmal ein Stück fünfzigmal gespielt. Der Direktor schlug vor, beim einundfünfzigsten Mal den Souffleurkasten wegzulassen, weil er glaubte, daß nun nach all dem vorangegangenen Spielen sie die Sache auswendig wüßten, und er sagte zu den Spielern: Kinder, heute werden wir den Souffleurkasten weglassen, Ihr spielt ja heute zum einundfünfzigsten Mal. - Da besann sich einer. Erst konnte er es gar nicht fassen, dann sagte er: Ja, aber Herr Direktor, dann wird man ja den Souffleur sehen? -— Daß man den Kasten weglasse, das konnte er begreifen, aber den Souffleur konnte er nicht entbehren!
Sehen Sie, es ist schon im praktischen Bühnenleben manches darinnen, was überwunden werden muß, auch in der Gesinnung. Aber aus einer wirklichen, sachlichen Praktizierung der Dinge werden sich die Unfuge doch nach und nach überwinden lassen.
Davon morgen weiter.
Sixth Lecture
Sound and word perception as opposed to meaning and idea perception
Before we begin, I would like to make a request so that it is not forgotten. This is that the friends who are participating in this course and who, with a certain justification, will then put the things discussed here into practice, should not do so, for example, up there at the castle or anywhere else in the most impossible places in the surrounding area. We have had such difficulties for years here because of what I might call the liberties taken by anthroposophists, and although one would not think it necessary to keep talking about this over and over again, it is nevertheless necessary today to ask you once more to keep the exercises indoors if possible. This is absolutely necessary.
We will now seek to make the transition from the practice of speech formation in general to the kind of speech formation that leads to dialogue, to the handling of the dramatic. In this respect, it is indeed necessary to introduce a radical new approach to the performing arts. And if many people today feel something deeply unsatisfactory about the performing arts, it is not least, but very much so, because the performing arts have completely lost the old traditions — the very old ones — and have not found a way to to somehow reshape them, because this can really only come from a spiritual understanding. And to what extent such a spiritual understanding can lead to the practice of dialogue, trialogue, and so on, we will now turn to consider.
We will take as our starting point the recitation that Dr. Steiner will give, because drama, insofar as conversation in drama is already particularly artistically designed, reached its peak with Molière, so today we would like to take the recitation of a scene from Molière as our starting point. We will, of course, also try to find a similarly striking example within German literature, but it must be said that it is precisely in Molière's dramas that what illustrates how speech and counter-speech should encounter each other on stage, how they should clash, is particularly evident. Therefore, we will begin today by presenting a series of scenes from Molière.
Dr. Steiner: I have chosen a scene from “The Misanthrope.” We have the character of the young, coquettish widow who has many admirers and is therefore much envied by her somewhat false friend. This young widow has a very sharp tongue and has already poured out her wit on some of her admirers. At this moment, she is informed of a visit from her false friend, who is actually her enemy. The servant announces the lady's arrival.
Act III Scene IV
(ARSINOÉ, CÉLIMÈNE, CLITANDRE, ACASTE)
CÉLIMÈNE
Ah! What happy fate brings you here? Madam, without lying, I was worried about you.
ARSINOÉ
I come to give you some advice that I felt I owed you.
CÉLIMÈNE
Ah! My God! How happy I am to see you!
(CLITANDRE and ACASTE exit laughing.)
ARSINOÉ
Their departure could not have been more timely.
CÉLIMÈNE
Shall we sit down?
ARSINOÉ
It is not necessary, Friendship must above all shine forth
in the things that matter most to us;
and since there is nothing of greater importance
than honor and propriety,
I have come, with advice that concerns your honor,
to show you the friendship my heart has for you.
Here, I was among people of singular virtue,
Where the conversation turned to you;
And there, your conduct, with its great outbursts,
Madam, had the misfortune of not being praised.
This crowd of people whose visits you suffer,
Your gallantry, and the rumors it excites,
Found more censors than was necessary,
And much more rigorous than I would have liked.
You can well imagine what course I took:
I did what I could to defend you,
I excused you strongly for your intention,
And wanted to be the guarantor of your soul.
But you know that there are things in life
That cannot be excused, however much one might wish to;
And I found myself forced to agree
That the air you lived in did you a little harm;
That it was viewed unfavorably in society,
That it is unfortunate that everywhere people make a fuss about it,
And that, if you wanted, all your behavior
Could give less cause for misjudgment.
Not that I believe, deep down, that honesty is hurt;
Heaven forbid that I should think so!
But people are quick to believe the shadows of crime,
And it is not enough to live well for oneself.
Madam, I believe you to be too reasonable
Not to take this profitable advice well,
And to attribute it only to the secret movements
Of a zeal that attaches me to all your interests.CÉLIMÈNE
Madame, I owe you many thanks.
Such advice obliges me, and, far from taking it badly,
I intend to acknowledge, at once, the
favor With advice that also touches on your honor;
And as I see you showing yourself to be my friend
By telling me the rumors that are circulating about me,
I want to follow, in my turn, such a sweet example
By warning you of what is said about you.
In a place, the other day, where I was visiting,
I found some people of very rare merit,
Who, speaking of the true cares of a soul that lives well,
Brought the conversation to fall upon you, Madame.
There, your prudishness and your outbursts of zeal
Were not cited as a very good model:
This affectation of a serious exterior,
Your speeches full of wisdom and honor,
Your expressions and your cries at the shadows of indecency
That an ambiguous word can have innocence,
The high esteem in which you hold yourself,
And those pitying eyes you cast upon everyone,
Your frequent lectures and your bitter censures
On things that seem innocent and pure,
All this, if I may speak frankly,
Madam, was blamed by a common sentiment.
'What good is it, they said, this modest demeanor,
And this wise exterior that belies everything else?
She is very strict about prayer;
But she beats her people and does not pay them.
In all devout places she displays great zeal;
But she wears white and wants to look beautiful.
She has paintings cover up nudity;
But she has a love for reality.'
For my part, I defended you against everyone,
And assured them strongly that it was slander;
But all opinions fought against mine,
And their conclusion was that you would do well
To take less care of the actions of others,
And to take a little more care of your own;
That one must look at oneself for a very long time
Before thinking of condemning others;
That one must weigh the importance of an exemplary life
In the corrections one wishes to make to others;
And that it is still better to leave it, if necessary,
To those to whom Heaven has entrusted the task.
Madam, I believe you to be too reasonable
Not to take this profitable advice,
And to attribute it only to the secret movements
Of a zeal that attaches me to all your interests.ARSINOÉ
Whatever criticism we may be subject to,
I did not expect this retort,
Madam, and I can see, by its bitterness,
That my sincere advice has hurt you deeply.CÉLIMÈNE
On the contrary, Madam; and if we were wise,
These mutual opinions would be put into practice;
We would thereby destroy, dealing in good faith,
This great blindness where everyone is for themselves.
It will be up to you to ensure that, with the same zeal,
We continue this faithful service,
And take great care to tell each other
What we hear, you from me, me from you.ARSINOÉ
Ah! Madam, I can hear nothing from you;
It is in me that one can find much to reproach.CÉLIMÈNE
Madame, one can, I believe, praise and blame everything,
And everyone is right according to their page or taste.
There is a season for gallantry;
There is also one for prudery.
One can, for political reasons, take sides,
When the splendor of our youth is dulled:
It serves to cover up unfortunate misfortunes.
I am not saying that one day I will not follow in your footsteps:
Age will bring everything, and it is not the time,
Madam, as we know, to be prudish at twenty.ARSINOÉ
Certainly, you boast of a very slight advantage,
And you make a terrible fuss about your age.
What more could one have than you
Is not such a big deal to boast about;
And I don't know why your soul is so carried away,
Madam, as to push me in this strange way.CÉLIMÈNE
And I, Madam, don't know either why
we see you unleashing your fury on me everywhere.
Must you constantly take your sorrows out on me?
And can I do anything but care for you?
If my person inspires love in people,
And if people continue to offer me every day
Wishes that your heart may wish to be taken away from me,
I would not know what to do about it, and it is not my fault:
You have the field open, and I do not prevent
You from having charms to attract them.ARSINOÉ
Alas! And do you believe that we are troubled
By this number of lovers with whom you flaunt yourself,
And that it is not very easy for us to judge
At what price they can be engaged today?
Do you think you can make us believe, seeing how everything is going,
That your merits alone attract this crowd?
That they burn for you only with honest love,
And that they all court you for your virtues?
We are not blinded by vain defeats,
The world is not fooled; and I see some who are made
to inspire tender feelings,
yet who do not fix their lovers;
and from this we can draw conclusions,
That their hearts cannot be won without great advances,
That none of our suitors are attracted by our beautiful eyes,
And that we must purchase all the attention we receive.
Do not therefore swell with such great glory
For the small brilliance of a weak victory,
And correct a little the pride of your charms
Of treating people from top to bottom for that.
If our eyes envied the conquests of yours,
I think we could do as others do,
Not spare ourselves, and make it clear to you
That we have lovers when we want them.CÉLIMÈNE
So have some, Madame, and let's see how this affair turns out:
With this rare secret, strive to please,
And without.ARSINOÉ
Let us break off this conversation, Madame:
It would push your mind and mine too far;
And I would already have taken the cone that must be taken,
If my carriage did not still oblige me to wait.CÉLIMÈNE
You may stop whenever you wish,
Madame, and nothing should hurry you;
But, without tiring you with my ceremony,
I am going to give you better company,
And Monsieur, whom chance has brought here at just the right moment,
Will fill my place better in entertaining you.
When it comes to shaping dialogue or further conversation, one must first and foremost recognize that art must be honest. But it must be honest as art. Naturalism, which essentially seeks to imitate external reality, can never be honest as art. Just look at the circumstances within the performing arts. They show most clearly that within the performing arts we are precisely representing and must not forget that we are representing. And the slavish imitation of reality can never eliminate the fact that we are representing. Representation as such, that is, the means that lie in the representation itself, must be taken into account artistically. Above all, we must take into account that in art, everything must be perceptible and vivid, that the content of art must be present in the immediate representation. We are no longer in the realm of art when the viewer or listener has to supplement something from their own imagination, when the listener or viewer is forced, for example in the performing arts, to construct something in order to understand one person or another. Everything that is to be given to the listener should be contained in the artistic representation itself. The stage artist has at his disposal the word, the word in its form, the facial expression, the gesture, the sign. And honest art must seek to reveal everything that is to be conveyed to the listener or viewer through these means of stage art.
There are many things in our present civilization that contradict this. Above all, it is contradicted by the fact that we no longer have a sense of sound and words in our immediate lives, but rather a sense of ideas. We perceive through the word, through the meaning of the word, through the idea of the word. We have actually completely forgotten how to understand through hearing and in everyday life we only want to tolerate hearing in understanding. But there is a fundamental difference between understanding through hearing and hearing through understanding.
Understanding through hearing
Hearing through understanding
Actors, above all, must be aware of this difference. And they can become aware of it if they consider some of what we have already discussed in previous lessons from a different perspective.
I have already pointed out that no sound has been formed by the human soul without it, as a vowel, reproducing an inner soul experience that is experienced in the outside world, or without it, as a consonant, attempting to imitate an external object, an external being, or an external process in the sound image.
When I intonate the sound a, if I want to develop the sound sensation and not remain at the level of a sensation of meaning or idea, the experience of wonder or astonishment is always present in the intonation of a.
The fact that we have lost this in the everyday language of today, that it has faded, does not change the essence of the matter. And every time I intonate 7, it is based on the soul experience of inner joyful excitement, of self-assertion.
When I intonate, there is always something underlying it that is a feeling of fear or anxiety.
Everything vocal expresses the experience of the soul in relation to something in the external world. And everything that sounds like a consonant expresses the soul's endeavor to imitate some external object or external process in the formation of the sound. When I say the sound, I always have to use vowels to help me pronounce the consonants. But when we consonantize, we see the consonant.
When I intonate the sound b, the underlying principle, even though today it has become completely unconscious in humans, one might say it has gone down into the stomach, which digests food but not sounds, is the soul's striving to imitate the envelope of something. Intonating b means: I designate the shell of something, the envelope of something.
r means: I strive to imitate the sound image of a process that has an inner excitement, a trembling. The consonants imitate, mimic forms, processes of things or events in the outside world.
And so, in every word where an a occurs, the inner experience of wonder is ultimately imbued in the word. I can only explain this clearly in the German language for now, but as I will mention shortly, it applies equally well to all other languages. The modification occurs in relation to something completely different than in relation to this essential element.
Suppose you utter the innocent word “band.” There is an “a” in it. What does this word actually mean? What I am about to say is actually more accurate than all the philological and similar debates that are so common today, but also deeply scholarly. Their scholarship should not be denied, but they do not actually offer much for the practical handling of what is artistic in speech. But what is contained in a word like “band”? Certainly, when the word was coined, there was amazement that a band could be used to tie something together, which would then hold. That is indeed something wonderful. One must be amazed that a ribbon can be used to hold something in place. The vowel of a word always reveals the emotional experience from which the word originated.
And when I tie something, then what the ribbon is, around the other thing = ribbon. 5 always expresses an envelopment. Whether the envelopment is an entire house for a family, or whether the envelopment is merely the soft envelopment in the bandwidth; it is always an envelopment.
An n always expresses something of easy acceptance, something that flows easily = band.
The d always expresses a determination, something that is right. The ribbon is tied. That is the final determination. First, the ribbon is easily movable = n; but then it is secured, tied = d. In this way, one can feel the whole word, feel it thoroughly.
If people had always felt about words and sounds as they do today, where they only feel the meaning, the idea, and have thus moved toward intellectualism in relation to words, the words of a language would never have come into being. For the words of a language must be born entirely out of spiritual experience. But since words signify something external, they must be born out of shared experience with others in the environment.
Interjections are actually the most original form of word formation. And with interjections, it is solely the case that people today still feel, albeit quietly, what lies within things.
A u, I said, is actually always something that has to do with an experience of fear or anxiety.
An “f” is always something where a thing comes out of its corner, its origin, slips out. That is why, when you know something very well, you say: you understand it from the ff, from the initials. In such things there is a lot of feeling for the matter.
But in German, when someone becomes aware of something, when they see fear approaching from a very specific corner, they say: “uff!” And they even pronounce the f inwardly instead of outwardly.
What can still be experienced today with interjections can also be experienced with every word.
Of course, the objection now arises: Then all languages would have to be the same! That means there could only be one language on earth.
Well, my dear friends, one must state the paradox that there really is only one language. It may seem strange to say so, but there is only one language; only no human beings speak this language. Why?
Let's take the innocent German word “Kopf” (head). Starting with the o, we first have the inner soul experience of roundness. The o is always something that embraces a thing with sympathy. We could just as well use the k, the p, and the f to show what “Kopf” actually means. Kopf expresses the round shape of the human head. Kopf is the soul's endeavor to reproduce the plastic shape of the head in the sound image.
Now it is a peculiarity of German that it reproduces precisely the plastic form, the spherical shape of the head. It does not only do this with humans, it also says Kohlkopf (cabbage head) when it wants to reproduce the round shape. So I mean, not only do we say Kopf for the human head, but we also say Kopf for the cabbage head. Both applied to the human head, cabbage and head, are technical terms in thieves' cant. Thieves also have their own language, and cabbage head is the correct expression for the human head in thieves' cant, which is similar to German. Thieves do not say head when referring to the human head, but rather cabbage head. They express everything differently.
If Italians or French people wanted to express the same thing about a human head, its roundness, they would also say Kopf; if you express the same thing, you cannot use any other word than Kopf, even if it is slightly changed. Things shift in the course of history. There is a shift in sound, but that does not touch on the essence. The Italian, for example, does not refer to the plastic form at all, but to the determination on the human head, i.e., that something is stated, determined, as one also determines something in a will. They say “testa” and thereby refer to the statement, that which is connected with the testimony, with the testimony of the human head.
If Germans wanted to express the same factual meaning about the human head as Italians, they would also say testa and not Kopf. From the same point of view, only one word is possible.
One could therefore say: Nations do not differ in their words, but in what they feel about objects. One describes the spherical shape of the head, the other describes what comes out of the mouth. — And one could now combine all languages into one. There is head, testa, and so on, all together, and the individual nations then choose from this entire universal language, according to their feelings, those words that correspond to their character. Since what comes into being as a word image shifts somewhat over time, languages naturally appear to be very different from one another. But in this respect, the essence is still there; even in the most grotesque dialect word, this essence is still there.
One can conduct very interesting studies in this area. For example, in the German dialect spoken in Austria, there is the word “bagschirli.” As an Austrian German, one will always feel it as it is today in its sound structure; bagschirli is something that is a little funny, but at the same time to be taken seriously; something one loves because it is funny, but at the same time regards quite seriously. Bagschirli is so fraught with individual nuances. Yes, what is this word? It is simply the Austrian dialect translation of “poszierlich” (cute). But Austrian Germans do not perceive this nuance of ‘poszierlich’; it is far too uncomfortable; it is so theoretical to describe something as “poszierlich”; it is as if one had learned a lot. But the Austrian is not proud of what he has learned; he only says so. In reality, according to his inner feelings, he is proud of what he has not learned. Therefore, he cannot leave the word as it is; he has to adapt it to his light, casual manner, and for this, the word bagschirli is a wonderful word image. If you analyze them side by side according to their sound sensations, possierlich and bagschirli, you will find a whole world inside them.
You see, this is how one can come to the conclusion that sound and word sensations do indeed exist. They are only pushed down into the unconscious, the semi-conscious, the instinctive in people today.
But those who want to speak on stage must return from the meaning of the sense and the idea to the meaning of the sound and the word.
Now it is a matter of ensuring that what is meant by this is incorporated into training, into training to become a stage artist. In music, too, one first learns what one does not then perform in concerts; for it is not customary to perform the first piano finger exercises and the like in concerts; rather, one learns something and then develops it further, and what one first learned becomes instinct, practice, habit.
In the performing arts, this is not always the case. For there is a performing art, and that must in turn come to have a sense of sound and words, and from this, artistically shape the language of the stage. There is a performing art, and there is Reinhardterei; that does not need it, because it is not art.
When we have dialogue in front of us—let's take dialogue first—then two people stand in interrelation with each other's souls. Think about it: when you face the outside world in full life, you perceive vocally and imitate consonantly. If you acquire a sense of sound, you will in turn develop something very rich between yourself and things and beings. But when you face a person, you need to take the listener and the audience into account, especially if there is also a spectator or listener present — and in my experience, this is always part of the performing arts, because I have never seen anyone take great pleasure in staging performances in front of completely empty houses. So they are there as the third party. When dealing with this, the entire interrelationship of the souls between the two interlocutors must be vividly apparent in the dialogue; that is, one interlocutor must have in their sound perception what the other is experiencing in their conversation. We have a first and a second actor, and the two engage in a dialogue. While listening to what the first is saying, the second actor must be able to live in the sound sensation of what the first is expressing.
This will not always correspond to vocalization or consonantization. For as our language is today, we never say: Us nuhut Gufuhr – as we would actually have to say if we were to form the word image entirely according to the experience, but today we already say: Danger is approaching.
Us nuhut Gufuhr.
Danger is approaching.
Thus, through gradual transformation, through gradual metamorphosis, the word image has deviated from the original. But stage language must nevertheless bring back the original. How does this happen?
Here lies an important aspect of stage technique that we would like to consider. If you go back from German to Gothic, which is also a derived language, you will be amazed in many cases to see how, in place of the vowels that are already neutral in relation to experiences in the newer language, the Gothic suddenly introduces vowels that very accurately reflect fear, amazement, and so on.
So if I have one actor in front of me and another as a second actor—I don't mean in terms of quality, but only because there are two engaged in dialogue—one person as the first actor who speaks and the other who listens, then it is now a matter of the second, who listens, taking in the content of what the first speaks in the correct sound meaning. If someone on stage says to me, “Danger is approaching,” I should actually feel astonishment at the a in danger. The reason we don't say “Us nuhut Gufuhr” today is simply because the metamorphosis has gradually taken place, so that the expression of fear has been replaced by the expression of astonishment. Out of a certain feeling of bravery, astonishment and wonder have been substituted for fear or anxiety in the metamorphosis. Things can always be justified. But while the other person says, “Danger is approaching,” the actor needs to feel the sound sensation # within himself. So, behind the scenes of the play, behind the scenes of the soul of the play, the sound sensation must play a role. This must become, so to speak, the actor's hearing. How does this happen?
Of course, it must not be the case that the actor, when the other is speaking, reflects on feeling a u, but rather the training must have been so precisely lived in the sound sensation for every sound of a consonantal or vocal nature that it occurs quite instinctively in the soul. When one person says something, in whatever vocalism, that signifies the approach of fear, the other person listens in such a way—this is already experienced as a matter of course during rehearsals—that he experiences the corresponding sound sensation within himself. If one person expresses something surprising = a; if the other expresses joy = i; if one expresses surprise, his conversation partner feels = au, and so on. But this must become something in the soul of the actor, just as the vibration in the eardrum is something that we do not have to prepare, something that the gods give us, otherwise we would do it just as badly as we do speaking. But it must be so that the whole mood of the soul resonates when the other expresses fear; when the other says something that one affirms with sympathy, it resonates. This must of course be heard, it must be completely instinctive.
That is where the training must go. Therefore, we must start from the perception of sounds and words, not from the perception of ideas.
You see, blue is not really just blue. Take any blue surface, it is something completely different next to red, and it is something completely different next to violet. Here [next to red] it was drawn—the blue, even though it is blue, is much more intense blue than next to violet; it is the same, but you never see a color other than modified by the neighboring color. Everywhere in life, impressions are determined by neighboring impressions, which give them their actual nuance.
Now imagine that one person in a dialogue says something dangerous. Instinctively, the other person feels s"#. And now he begins to form his response. It will sound very different if he gives it out of the # feeling than if he gives it out of the « feeling, just as blue is different next to violet than next to red.
If one has therefore gained the ability to feel alongside the other, then the dialogue takes on the appropriate color. And this color is heard by the listener down in the stalls, and even in the galleries! And of course he does not say that he hears it, because he is not consciously aware of it, but he knows it all the more strongly in his instinct. If he hears it in the right way, he likes it; if he does not hear it in the right way, he dislikes it; that is the only way it is expressed. And so we are pointing here to a kind of practice in training. Once you have practiced experiencing the individual sounds — there are only thirty-two or thirty-three — and the corresponding sensations (they come naturally if you just want to become aware of them) and really tested what sensations you have when someone intones a, u, o, a, i, then you practice by rehearsing by becoming as conscious as possible, just as one does when practicing the piano, for example, when one moves from consciousness to complete fluency — then one practices this in the sensation, in the sound sensation, in the word sensation. Then, during rehearsals, you gradually move on to not paying attention to this at all, but having it completely instinctively for the individual roles; and then you have finished the task in this direction.
Now, of course, it is a matter of setting an ideal. Because in today's cultural industry, you often only have — what do I know — two or three rehearsals, sometimes even less. But, you see, you have to set things up ideally. There are different views on this. Mrs. Wulbrandt-Baudius always felt this way—she was a very good speaker and instinctively had something of what I have just described—that no number of rehearsals was ever enough for her. She always said that you can only really perform properly once you've performed fifty times in front of an audience; the other forty-nine times should also be considered rehearsals. She said this time and again. Because only then do the things I've been talking about become instinctive, become second nature. A troupe had once performed a play fifty times. The director suggested leaving out the prompter's box for the fifty-first performance, because he believed that after all the previous performances, they knew the play by heart, and he said to the actors: “Children, today we will leave out the prompter's box, because today is your fifty-first performance.” Then one of them had second thoughts. At first he couldn't believe it, then he said: “Yes, but Mr. Director, then the prompter will be visible, won't he?” He could understand leaving out the box, but he couldn't do without the prompter!
You see, there are many things in practical stage life that have to be overcome, including in people's mindsets. But through real, objective practice, these absurdities can gradually be overcome.
More on that tomorrow.
