Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy II
GA 304a
10 August 1923, Ilkley
VIII. Waldorf Pedagogy
3First of all, I would like to apologize for being unable to talk to you in your native language. Since this is not possible, I will speak in German, which will then be translated for you.
The methods of the Waldorf school, which I have been asked to speak about, owe their existence to the merging of two streams in cultural and spiritual life. The school was founded in Germany during the restless and disturbed times following the war, when efforts were made to create new conditions in the social realm. It all began with the ideas of the industrialist Emil Molt, who wished to begin a school for the children of the employees in his factory. This school was to offer an education that would enable the students to grow eventually into adults, well equipped to participate in social life as rational and full human beings, based on the idea that social change should not be at the mercy of political agitators. This constituted the primary element at first; the other came later.
Emil Molt had been a long-standing member of the anthroposophical movement, which is trying to reintroduce spiritual knowledge into the social life of the present times, a spiritual knowledge equally well grounded in the realities of human truths as the natural sciences, which have reached outstanding prominence and made great achievements during the last few centuries. Mister Molt asked me, in my capacity as the leader of the anthroposophical movement, to introduce pedagogical and practical methods into this new Waldorf school.
The school’s approach is not the product of the current movements for educational reform; it is based instead on a pedagogy drawing on deep concrete knowledge of the human being.
Over the course of our civilization we have gradually lost true knowledge of the human being. We turn our eyes increasingly to external nature and see only the physical and natural foundation of the human being. Certainly, this natural physical foundation must not be considered unimportant in the field of education; nevertheless, the human being consists of body, soul, and spirit, and a real knowledge of the human being can be achieved only when spirit, soul, and body are recognized equally.
The principles of Waldorf pedagogy do not depend in any way on local conditions, because this pedagogy is based on a knowledge of the human being, including that of the growing human being, the child. From this point of view it is immaterial whether one thinks of rural or city schools, of boarding schools or of day schools. Because Waldorf schools are based strictly on pedagogical and pragmatic principles, they can meet and adapt to any possible external social conditions.
Furthermore, the Waldorf school is a school for all types of children. Although at first it was opened for the children of Mister Molt’s factory, today, children from all social classes and backgrounds have been accepted there, because pedagogical and practical impulses based on real knowledge of the human being are universally human; they are international in character and relevant for all classes and races of humanity.
Here I do not want to give a detailed account of the Waldorf curriculum—there is too little time for that. In general, the school is built not so much on a fixed program as on direct daily practice and immediate contact with the children according to their character, therefore, I can give only brief indications of the main principles that underlie the Waldorf school, and I must ask you to keep this in mind.
To know the human being means, above all, to have more than the usual knowledge about how the human being’s life goes through different life stages. Although educational theories have generally considered these stages more or less, in Waldorf pedagogy they are considered in full.
In this context I must emphasize that around the child’s seventh year—at the change of teeth—a complete transformation takes place, a complete metamorphosis in the life of the child. When the second teeth begin to appear, the child becomes an altogether different being. Where does this transformation originate? With the arrival of the seventh year, the forces that had been the forces for physical growth, working in the child’s breathing and blood circulation and building the organism in its nutritive and growth activity, are now released. While leaving a remainder behind to carry on with this organic task, these forces themselves go through an important transformation as they enter the child’s metamorphosing soul life.
Recently, many psychological studies have examined how the soul works into the child’s physical organism. A proper science of the spirit does not float around in a mystical fog, but observes life and the world with clear perception, based on direct experience. Thus, spiritual science does not pose abstract questions about how soul and body are related, but asks instead through direct experience, while observing life itself, as clearly as external scientific experiments are observed.
One finds, therefore, that between birth and the change of teeth, the child’s soul forces manifest as organic forces working in the child’s physical body. These same forces, in a somewhat emancipated form, manifest purely in the soul realm (the child’s thinking and memory) in the following period between the change of teeth and puberty. The teacher’s first prerequisite, which has to become thoroughly integrated into attitude and character, is to sharpen the perception of the metamorphosis in human life that takes place around the age of seven and, further, to be conscious of the immense metamorphosis that occurs at puberty, at fourteen or fifteen.
If the growing child is approached with this viewpoint, one fact looms very large in one’s knowledge—that, until the age of seven, every child is a universal sense organ that relates as an organism to the surroundings, just as the eyes or ears relate as sense organs to the external world. Each sense organ can receive impressions from its surroundings and reflect them pictorially. Until the seventh year, the child inwardly pulsates with intense elemental forces. Impressions are received from the surroundings as if the child’s whole being were one large sense organ. The child is entirely an imitating being.
When studying the child, one finds that, until the seventh year, the physical organization is directly affected by external impressions, and later on this relationship is spiritualized and transformed into a religious relationship. We understand the child up to the change of teeth only when we perceive the forces and impulses that, based on the physical and soul organization, turn the child entirely into homo religiosus. Consequently it is incumbent on those who live close to the young child to act according to this particular situation. When we are in the presence of a young child, we have to act only in ways that may be safely imitated. For example, if a child is suspected of stealing, facts may be discovered that I can illustrate with a particular case: Parents once approached me in a state of agitation to tell me that their young boy had stolen. I immediately told them that one would have to investigate properly whether this was really the case. What had the boy done? He had spent money which he had taken from his mother’s cupboard. He had bought sweets with it and shared them with other children. He had even performed a sociable deed in the process! Every day he had seen his mother taking money from a certain place before she went shopping. He could see only what was right in his mother’s action, and so he imitated her. The child simply imitated his mother and was not a thief.
We must make sure that the child can safely imitate whatever happens in the surroundings. This includes—and this is important—sentiments and feelings, even one’s thoughts. The best educators of children under the age of seven do not just outwardly act in a way that is all right for the child to imitate—they do not even allow themselves any emotions or feelings, not even thoughts, other than what the child may imitate without being harmed.
One has to be able to observe properly how the entire process of education affects the child from the spiritual point of view. During the first seven years of life, everything that happens around the child affects the physical organization of that child. We must be able to perceive the effects of people’s activity in front of children. Let’s imagine, for example, that someone is prone to outbursts of a violent temper. Consequently, a child near that person is frequently subjected to the actions of a violent temperament and experiences shocks caused by an aggressive nature. These shocks affect not only the soul of the child, but also the breathing and blood circulation, as well as the vascular system.
If one knows human nature completely and observes not just particular ages but the entire course of life from birth to death, one also knows that anything that affects the vascular system, the blood circulation, and the intimate processes of breathing through physical and spiritual causes and impressions coming from the external world, will manifest in a person’s organization until the fortieth and fiftieth year of life. A child who is tossed about by confusing impressions will suffer from an unreliable coordination of breathing and blood circulation. We are not necessarily talking about obvious medical problems, but of subtle effects in the blood circulatory system, which must be recognized by those who wish to educate children.
The seventh year brings the change of teeth, which represents the end of a chapter, since we change our teeth only once in a lifetime. The forces that led to the second dentition are now liberated for later life, and now enter the mind and soul of the human being; for during the time of elementary schooling, the forces that had previously been involved in plastically shaping the child’s organism can now be seen working musically, so to speak, in the organism until puberty. Until the age of seven, the head organization works on the rest of the human organism. The human head is the great sculptor that forms the vascular system and the blood circulation, and so on. From the ages of seven to fifteen, the rhythmic system in the widest sense becomes the leading system of the human organism. If we can give rhythm and measure to this rhythmic system in our lessons and in our way of teaching—measure in the musical sense—as well as of giving a general musical element through the way we conduct our teaching in all lessons, then we meet the essential demands of human nature at this stage of life.
Education from the change of teeth until puberty should appeal primarily to the artistic aspect in children. An artistic element definitely pervades the Waldorf curriculum from the students’ seventh to fourteenth years. Children are guided pictorially in every respect. Thus, the letters of the alphabet are not taught abstractly. There is no human relationship to the abstract symbols that have become letters in our civilization. Written symbols are abstractions to children. We allow the letters to evolve from pictures. At first, we let our young students paint and draw, and only then do we evolve the forms of the letters from the drawings and paintings that flowed directly from their human nature. Only after the child’s whole organism—body, soul, and spirit—has become fully immersed in writing, through an artistic activity, only then do we go over to another activity, one involving only a part of the human being. Only then do we go to reading, because reading does not involve the complete human being, but only a part, whereas writing is evolved from the entire human organization. If one proceeds this way, one has treated the human individual according to the realities of body, soul, and spirit. If one’s teaching is arranged so that the artistic element can flow through the children, so that in whatever the teachers do they become artists in their work, something rather remarkable can be observed.
As you know, much thought has gone into the question of avoiding exhaustion in students during lessons. Diagrams have been constructed to show which mental or physical activities tire students most. In Waldorf schools, on the other hand, we appeal to the particular human system that never tires at all. The human being tires in the head through thinking, and also gets tired when doing physical work—when using will forces in performing limb movements. But the rhythmic system, with its breathing and heart system (the basis of every artistic activity) always works, whether one is asleep or awake, whether tired or fresh, because the rhythmic system has a particular way of working from birth until death. The healthiest educational system, therefore, appeals to the human rhythmic system, which never tires.
You can see, therefore, that all teaching, all education, in order to be faithful to a fundamental knowledge of the human being, must be based on the rhythmic system, must appeal to the students’ rhythmic forces. By bringing flexibility and music into all teaching, always beginning with the pictorial, rhythmical, melodious, and a generally musical element, one may notice something rather surprising—that, as the child progresses as a result of artistic activities, a powerful need is expressed in relation to what was developed through this pictorial and musical understanding of the world. It becomes evident that this artistic approach is too rich for permanent inner satisfaction. Soon—by the age of ten or eleven—students feel the need for a more direct approach and for simplification, because the artistic realm becomes too rich for their continued inner enjoyment. The desire for simplification becomes a natural and elementary need in the students.
Only when this process begins, has the right moment arrived for making the transition from an artistic approach to a more intellectual one. Only after the child has been allowed to experience artistic wealth is it possible to introduce the relative poverty of the intellectual element without the risk of disturbing the child’s physical and soul development. This is why we extract the intellectual from the artistic qualities. On the other hand, if one lets the children perform artistic movements, if one has them move their limbs musically, as in eurythmy (which is being performed here in Ilkley), if one encourages a sculptural, formative activity in the child, as well as musical movements that take hold of the entire body, then a remarkable hunger makes itself felt in the child—a spiritual, soulful, and bodily hunger. At this stage the child’s whole organization demands specific physical exercises, a specific physical hygiene, because a physical hygiene is healthy for the development of the human organism only when a mysterious kind of hunger is felt for the kinds of movements performed in gymnastics. In other words, the students’ feeling of a need for intellectual pursuit and for will activities arises from artistic development.
As a result of this, we have education that does not aim to develop only a particular part of human nature, but aims to develop the whole human being. We are given the possibility, for example, to train the child’s memory for the benefit of the physical organization. In this context, I would like to say something that sounds paradoxical today, but will be fully accepted by physiology in the future: Everything that works spiritually in the child affects the physical organization at the same time, and even enters the corporeality, the physical organism itself. For example, we might see people today who, around their fiftieth year, begin to suffer from metabolic diseases, such as rheumatism. If, as educators, we do not limit our observations of students only to the age of childhood, but recognize that childhood is like a seedbed for all of life to come—like the seed in the life of the plant—then one also recognizes that, when we strain the child’s powers of memory, the effect will bear right through the organism, so that in the forties or fifties metabolic illnesses will appear that the physical organization can no longer correct.
When I suggest these interconnections, you may believe me that in the Waldorf school we make every effort to ensure that the soul and spiritual aspect will have a beneficial effect on the student’s physical constitution. Every lesson is looked at from the hygienic viewpoint because we can see how spirit continues to affect the human organism. Because our pedagogy and our methods rest on our insight into the human being, we are in a position to create our curriculum and our educational goals for the various ages from direct observation of the growing child. We take up only what the child reveals as necessary. Our pedagogy is completely based on applied knowledge of the human being.
This approach makes us confident that our education is accomplished not just from the perspective of childhood, but also from the viewpoint of the entire earthly life of any child in our care. There are people who, for example, believe that one should teach a child only what can be understood through the child’s own observation; now, from a different perspective, this may be a valid opinion, but those who make such a statement ignore the value that the following situation has for life.
Between the age of seven and puberty it is most beneficial for students if their attitude toward the teacher results from a natural authority. Just as, until the age of seven, the ruling principle is imitation, so also between seven and fourteen the ruling principle is the teacher’s authority. At this stage, much of what is as still beyond the student’s comprehension is accepted in the soul simply through trust in the teacher’s authority, through a respect and an attitude of love toward the teacher. This kind of love is one of the most important educational factors.
It is important to know that, at the age of thirty or forty, one may remember something that one had accepted at the age of eight or nine on the strength of a beloved teacher’s authority. Now, as it rises up to the surface again in the soul, it permeates one’s adult consciousness. Through one’s powers, which have matured in the meantime, one begins to understand what was accepted at the age of eight or nine based merely on a beloved teacher’s authority. When such a thing happens, it is a source of human rejuvenation. It really revitalizes the entire human being in later life if, after decades, one eventually understands what one had accepted previously through a natural feeling of authority. This is another example of the need to consider the entire vista of human life and not only what is perceptible in a one-sided way in the present condition.
I would like to give another example from a moral perspective. If a child’s inherent religious feelings are nourished during religious education—feelings that live naturally in every child—the following observation can be made: Are there not people who, having reached a certain age, merely by their presence create a mood of blessing in those around them? We have all experienced how such a person enters a gathering. It is not the words of wisdom such people may speak that radiate this effect of blessing; their presence, tone of voice, and gestures are enough to create a mood of blessing in those around them. Such persons can teach us when we look back to their childhood days, at how they achieved this ability to bring grace and blessing to those around them. In childhood they respected a loved authority with almost religious veneration. No one in old age can be a blessing who has not learned in childhood to look up in loving veneration to a revered person of authority. I would like to express this symbolically in this way: If one wishes to be able in later life to lift one’s hands in blessing, one must have learned to fold them in prayer during childhood. Symbolically, the folded hands of prayer during childhood lead to the blessing hands of old age.
At all times and everywhere we must consider the whole human being. During childhood we plant the seeds for an inner religious sense of morality and for an adulthood strong enough to meet life’s demands. This can be done when one tries to build a pedagogy from full knowledge of the human being, knowledge that is the result of observation, from birth to the grave. Striving toward educational renewal has become prominent and intensive in our time because the greatest social question is really a question of education.
I have spoken only briefly here about the deep inner attitude that, permeated with a universal love for humanity, glows throughout Waldorf pedagogy. Therefore, however weak and imperfect our attempts may be, we nevertheless cherish the hope that an education based on a fuller knowledge of the human being can, at the same time, be an education for all of humanity in the best sense. To work at school through observation of human life may be the best way also to work toward the good of life everywhere. This will certainly be the fundamental question inherent in most of the striving for educational reform in our time.
Die Waldorfschul-Pädagogik
Meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, vorerst bitte ich Sie um Entschuldigung, daß ich nicht in der landesüblichen Sprache zu Ihnen reden kann. Aber da dies nicht möglich ist, muß ich es in meiner Sprache tun und es muß nachher übersetzt werden.
Die Waldorfschul-Methode, über die gewünscht wird, daß ich hier einiges Prinzipielle mitteile, verdankt ihr Entstehen dem Zusammenströmen von zwei geistigen Elementen. Die Waldorfschule in Stuttgart ist zunächst begründet worden in der aufgeregten Zeit nach dem Kriege in Deutschland, wo man daran gedacht hat, manche sozialen Einrichtungen zu treffen. Der Industrielle Emil Molt dachte zunächst daran, für die Kinder seines Industrie-Unternehmens eine Schule zu begründen; eine Schule, welche erzieherisch in der Art wirkt, daß der erzogene Mensch sich allmählich in vernünftiger, rein menschlicher Art auch in das soziale Leben hineinstellen könne und die soziale Bewegung nicht rein abhängig sein solle von dem politischen Agitationswesen. Das war zunächst das eine Element. Das andere kam dazu.
Emil Molt war langjähriges Mitglied der anthroposophischen Bewegung, jener anthroposophischen Bewegung, welche versucht, in das soziale Leben der Gegenwart wiederum spirituelle Erkenntnisse, eine Wirklichkeit vom geistigen Leben hineinzubringen, die ebenso fest auf den menschlichen Wahrheitsprinzipien fundiert ist, wie das bei der seit Jahrhunderten ganz groß gewordenen Naturwissenschaft der Fall ist. Und so forderte Emil Molt mich als den Träger dieser anthroposophischen Bewegung auf, das Pädagogisch-Didaktische hineinzutragen in diese Waldorfschule.
Dadurch ist diese Schule nicht eine solche geworden, wie sie vielleicht gewünscht wird aus den mannigfaltigsten erzieherischen Reformbestrebungen der Gegenwart, sondern sie ist eine Schule geworden, die ganz allein begründet ist auf Pädagogik und Didaktik, auf jene Pädagogik und Didaktik, die hervorgehen kann aus wirklicher, tief eindringlicher Menschenerkenntnis.
Wir haben allmählich im Laufe unserer Zivilisation eine eigentliche Menschenerkenntnis verloren. Wir wenden den Blick mehr hin auf die äußere Natur, sehen auch im Menschen nur dasjenige, was die physisch-natürliche Grundlage ist. Nun darf selbstverständlich im Erziehungswesen die physisch-natürliche Grundlage nicht gering geachtet werden; allein der Mensch ist ein Wesen, das aus Körper, Seele und Geist besteht, und eine wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis kann nur zustande kommen, wenn Geist, Seele und Körper in gleichem Maße wirklich durchschaut werden.
Dadurch, daß eine solche, auf Menschenerkenntnis und damit auch auf Erkenntnis des werdenden Menschen, des Kindes, gebaute Pädagogik der Waldorfschule und ihren Prinzipien zugrunde liegt, dadurch sind diese Prinzipien solche, die nicht darauf angewiesen sind, in irgendeiner so oder so lokalisierten Schule realisiert zu werden. Nicht darauf kommt es an, Landschulen oder Stadtschulen zu berücksichtigen; nicht darauf kommt es an, In- oder Externate zu berücksichtigen, sondern die Waldorfschule ist eine Schule geworden, welche streng aufgebaut ist auf einem pädagogisch-didaktischen Prinzip, das sich allen möglichen äußeren, durch das soziale Leben gebotenen Verhältnissen anpassen kann.
Damit ist zugleich darauf hingewiesen, daß in dieser Waldorfschule, trotzdem sie zunächst mit den Kindern der Industrie-Unternehmung des Emil Molt verbunden war, heute sich Kinder aller Klassen, aller Stände finden, so daß diese Schule eine wirkliche menschliche Einheitsschule ist. Denn dasjenige, was aus wirklicher Menschenerkenntnis an pädagogisch-didaktischen Impulsen herausgeholt wird, ist ein AllgemeinMenschliches, ist ein Internationales und ein solches, das für alle Klassen, für alle Kasten der Menschheit gültig ist.
Ich möchte nun nicht im allgemeinen programmatisch die Prinzipien der Waldorfschule hier erörtern, dazu ist mir zuwenig Zeit geboten, und da die Waldorfschule im wesentlichen nicht auf einem Programm beruht, sondern auf der unmittelbaren, täglich zu übenden Praxis, auf dem unmittelbaren Umgange mit dem Kinde und seinem Wesen, so läßt sich eigentlich in wenigen Worten nur andeutungsweise sagen, worin die
Prinzipien der Waldorfschule bestehen. Und das bitte ich Sie zu berücksichtigen, daß ich also nur ganz spärliche Andeutungen geben kann über dasjenige, um was es sich dabei handelt.
Menschenkenntnis bedeutet vor allen Dingen die Einsicht, daß der werdende Mensch in einem viel stärkeren Maße, als man das gewöhnlich annimmt, Entwickelungsepochen unterworfen ist. Zwar sind diese Entwickelungsepochen von den Erziehungsprinzipien aller Zeiten mehr oder weniger berücksichtigt worden, aber in ganz eindringlicher, intensiver Weise sollen sie gerade durch die Waldorfschul-Pädagogik zur Geltung kommen.
Da soll scharf hingewiesen werden darauf, wie um das siebente Lebensjahr herum - approximativ natürlich - dann, wenn beim Kinde der Zahnwechsel eintritt, eine vollständige Umwandelung, eine vollständige Metamorphose im Leben des Kindes auftritt. Das Kind wird ein anderes Wesen in einer gewissen Beziehung dadurch, daß es die zweiten Zähne bekommt. Und worauf beruht diese Umwandelung im Wesen des Kindes? Sie beruht darauf, daß mit dem siebenten Jahre diejenigen Kräfte, die vorher organische Entwickelungskräfte waren, die impulsierend im Atem, im Blutkreislauf, im ganzen Aufbau des Organismus, in Wachstum und Ernährung gewirkt haben, daß diese nun nur einen Rest noch zurücklassen für die organische Tätigkeit und sich metamorphosieren, umwandeln zu einem, wenn ich so sagen darf, metamorphosierten Seelenleben des Kindes.
Man hat in der neueren Zeit vielfach bei psychologischen Studien darüber nachgedacht, wie die Seele in den Leib, in den Organismus des Kindes hineinwirkt. Eine wirkliche Geisteswissenschaft ist nicht etwas, was in mystischen Nebelregionen schwebt, sondern was wirklich in praktischer, in unmittelbar erfahrungsgemäßer Weise hinschaut zum Leben, zur Welt. Daher frägt diese Geisteswissenschaft nicht abstrakt nach der Beziehung von Seele und Leib, sondern sie frägt erfahrungsgemäß, man möchte sagen, lebensexperimentellgemäß nach der Beziehung zwischen Seele und Leib.
Da findet man, daß die seelischen Kräfte ihre eigene Wirksamkeit als organische Kräfte zeigen zwischen der Geburt des Kindes und dem Zahnwechsel. Was da im Leibe geschieht, ist dasselbe, was später beim
Kinde durch das Denken, durch das Gedächtnis, das dann in mehr emanzipierter, in rein seelischer Weise gehandhabt wird, was im späteren Lebensalter zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife vom Kinde in der Seele ausgeübt wird.
Zu schärfen den Blick für diese Metamorphose für das Menschenleben um das siebente Jahr herum, zu schärfen weiter den Blick für jene ungeheure Metamorphose, die sich dann im vierzehnten, fünfzehnten Jahre mit der Geschlechtsreife vollzieht, das ist das erste, was Gesinnung werden muß, Charakter werden muß vor allen Dingen bei dem Lehrer.
Und derjenige, der mit solcher Gesinnung an den werdenden Menschen, an das Kind herangeht, der weiß vor allen Dingen, daß das Kind bis zum siebenten Jahre eine Art universellen Sinnesorganes ist, daß es sich als ganzer Organismus - annähernd, approximativ - so verhält zu seiner Umgebung, wie sich sonst das Auge oder Ohr, eben ein Sinnesorgan zur Umgebung verhält. Das Sinnesorgan ist fähig, die entsprechenden Eindrücke der Umgebung aufzunehmen, zu imitieren im Bilde. Der Mensch bis zu seinem siebenten Lebensjahr ist innerlich ganz von intensiven Elementen durchpulst. Er nimmt dasjenige, was in seiner Umgebung ist, auf wie ein totales Sinnesorgan. Er ist ganz nachahmendes Wesen. Es ist merkwürdig, wenn man das Kind studiert, so ist es durch seine physische Organisation bis zum siebenten Jahre zu seiner Gesamtumgebung, zur Gesamtwelt, in diesem physisch sich auslebenden Verhältnisse, das sich später spiritualisiert und zum religiösen Verhältnis wird. Und wir verstehen das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel nur, wenn wir in ihm wahrnehmen diejenigen Kräfte, diejenigen Impulse, die aus seiner physisch-seelischen Organisation heraus das Kind zum Homo religiosus durch und durch machen. Demgemäß muß sich die ganze Umgebung benehmen. Wir müssen dem Kinde gegenüber dasjenige vollziehen, was das Kind durch unmittelbare Sinne nachahmen darf.
Wenn das Kind, sagen wir, stiehlt, ich möchte durch ein Beispiel mich ausdrücken, so kann der folgende Tatbestand vorliegen: Ein Elternpaar kam einmal sehr erregt zu mir und sagte: Unser Junge stiehlt! - Ich sagte sofort: Das muß man erst untersuchen, ob es ein wirkliches Stehlen ist. Was hatte der Junge getan? Der Junge gab Geldstücke, die er aus dem Schrank seiner Mutter genommen hatte, aus; er gab sie anderen Kindern hin. Er verrichtete sogar eine menschenfreundliche Tat dabei! Er hatte jeden Tag den Ort gesehen, woher die Mutter Geld nahm. Er sah die Tat der Mutter als das Rechtmäßige an. Er ahmte sie nach. Es war die Imitation der Tat der Mutter, nicht ein Diebstahl.
Es handelt sich immer darum, daß wir scharf darauf hinzusehen vermögen, daß das Kind alles dasjenige nachzuahmen vermag, alles das auch nachahmen darf, was in seiner Umgebung geschieht. Das aber geht - und das ist nun das Wichtige - bis hinein in die Empfindungen, bis hinein in die Gedanken. Derjenige ist der beste Erzieher für das Kind bis zum siebenten Lebensjahr, der nicht nur in den äußeren Handlungen dasjenige tut, was das Kind nachahmen darf, sondern der sich auch keine anderen Empfindungen gestattet, keine anderen Gedanken gestattet, als sie das Kind in sich ausüben darf.
Dann muß man in der richtigen Weise darauf hinschauen können, wie nun diese ganze Handhabung der Erziehung als ein geistiges Wirken auf das Kind übergeht. In den ersten sieben Lebensjahren ist für das Kind alles organisch. Die Art und Weise, wie jemand in der Umgebung des Kindes sich auslebt, wenn er, sagen wir, ein Jähzorniger Mensch zum Beispiel ist, wirkt auf das Kind. Das Kind ist fortwährend den Handlungen des Jähzorns ausgesetzt, es erlebt in sich das Schockierende von Handlungen, die aus dem Jähzorn hervorgehen. Das wirkt nicht bloß seelisch auf das Kind, das wirkt hinein in die Atmung, in die Blutzirkulation, das wirkt hinein in den Gefäßaufbau. Und derjenige, der nun wirklicher Menschenkenner ist, der das menschliche Leben nicht nur nach einem Lebensalter, sondern nach dem gesamten Erdenleben von der Geburt bis zum Tode beobachten kann, der weiß, daß dasjenige, was in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren durch psychische, durch spirituelle Wirkungen, durch die Eindrücke der Außenwelt in den Gefäßen, in der Blutzirkulation, in den intimen Atmungsprozessen bewirkt wird, daß sich das in den spätesten Lebensjahren, bis zum vierzigsten, fünfzigsten Jahre, in der Organisation zeigt. Ein Kind, das hin- und hergeworfen wird zwischen Eindrücken, die verwirrend sind, bekommt ein unsicheres Zusammenwirken von Atmung und Blutzirkulation.
Das sind nicht Dinge, die die grobe Medizin angehen, das sind feine Dinge im Zirkulationssystem des Menschen, die derjenige, der das Kind erziehen will, kennen muß.
Im siebenten Lebensjahre, mit dem Zahnwechsel - der Zahnwechsel ist gewissermaßen ein Schlußpunkt; wir wechseln nur einmal die Zähne - werden die Kräfte, die den Zahnwechsel bewirken, dann frei für das spätere Leben; sie gehen in das Psychische, Seelische über. Und dann haben wir im volksschulmäßigen Alter, in dem Alter, in dem wir das Kind volksschulmäßig zu erziehen haben, diejenigen Kräfte, die im Organismus bis zum siebenten Jahre plastisch gewirkt haben, so vor uns, daß sie bis zur Geschlechtsreife hin im Organismus, man kann sagen, musikalisch wirken. Bis zum siebenten Jahre wirkt die Kopforganisation auf den ganzen menschlichen Organismus. Der Kopf des Menschen ist der große Plastiker, der die Gefäße gestaltet, den Blutkreislauf und so weiter bewirkt. Vom siebenten bis zum fünfzehnten Jahre wird das rhythmische System im weitesten Sinne das Maßgebende im menschlichen Organismus. Und sind wir imstande, dem rhythmischen System in unserem Unterricht, in unserer Erziehung selber Rhythmus, Takt, ja ein allgemeines Musikalisches zu geben durch unsere ganze Schulführung, durch unsere ganze Erziehung, durch unseren ganzen Unterricht, dann kommen wir demjenigen entgegen, was die Menschennatur fordert.
Diesen Unterricht von dem Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife muß man nun so einrichten, daß er im wesentlichen appelliert an das künstlerische Element.
Und ein künstlerisches Element ist es, das den Waldorfschul-Unterricht vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Jahre durchaus durchzieht. Das Kind soll zu allem bildlich geführt werden. Wir lehren das Kind nicht von vornherein die abstrakten Buchstaben kennen. Das gibt kein menschliches Verhältnis zu den abstrakten Geheimzeichen, die in einer zivilisierten Kultur die Buchstaben sind. Die Schriftzeichen sind etwas Abstraktes. Wir arbeiten sie in der Waldorfschule aus dem Bilde heraus. Wir lassen das Kind zunächst malen, zeichnen, und nähern dann dasjenige, was aus der menschlichen Natur fließt im Malen, im Zeichnen, den Buchstabenformen an. Und dann erst, wenn der ganze Organismus nach Leib, Seele und Geist durch das Schreibenlernen, das aus der Kunst herausgeholt wird, ergriffen ist, dann gehen wir über zu demjenigen, was nur einen Teil des Menschen ergreift, zum Lesen. Denn das Lesen hat es nicht zu tun mit der ganzen menschlichen Totalität, sondern nur mit einem Teil; während das Schreiben herausgeholt wird aus der ganzen Totalität. Geht man so vor, dann hat man den Menschen richtig nach Leib, Seele und Geist betrachtet.
Wenn man den ganzen Unterricht so gestaltet, daß das Künstlerische an das Kind herangebracht wird, der Lehrer in seinem ganzen Gebaren ein Künstler ist im Erziehen, im Unterrichten, stellt sich etwas Merkwürdiges ein. Sehen Sie, heute wird viel darüber nachgedacht, wie man das Kind am wenigsten ermüdet. Man registriert in Ermüdungskurven, welche Lehrgegenstände, welche Verrichtungen leiblicher, physischer oder geistiger Art das Kind am meisten ermüden. In der Waldorfschule wird an dasjenige Menschensystem appelliert im Unterricht oder in der Erziehung, das überhaupt nicht ermüdet. Der Mensch ermüdet durch seinen Kopf, durch das Denken, der Mensch ermüdet in den Bewegungen, in den Verrichtungen seines Willens mit dem Bewegungsleben. Das rhythmische System, das Atmungs-Herzsystem, dasjenige, was dem eigentlich Künstlerischen zugrunde liegt, das funktioniert, Sie können wachen, Sie können schlafen, Sie können müde sein, Sie können nicht müde sein — das funktioniert in der gleichen Weise von der Geburt bis zum Tode fort. Das gesündeste Erziehungssystem besteht darinnen, daß man appelliert an das nie ermüdende rhythmische System des Menschen.
Darauf sehen wir, aus einer gründlichen Menschenerkenntnis heraus, daß aller Unterricht, alle Erziehung gegründet ist auf das rhythmische System, daß er appelliert an das rhythmische System des Menschen.
Wenn man so in alles Plastik und Musik hineinbringt, wenn man überall von dem Bildlichen, von dem Rhythmischen, Taktmäßigen, Melodiösen ausgeht, dann merkt man etwas sehr Eigentümliches. Dann merkt man, daß, indem das Kind vorrückt aus dem künstlerischen Betätigen, etwas als Forderung sich ergibt über dasjenige, was man in Bildern entwickelt hat, was man im musikalischen Ergreifen der Welt entwickelt hat; in dem zeigt sich, daß es zu reich ist, um immer von dem Menschen genossen zu werden. Das Kind zeigt sehr bald, im zehnten, elften Jahre, daß das Künstlerische zu reich ist, als daß sich der Mensch immer diesem Künstlerischen hingeben kann, und es entstehen in dem Menschen die Begierden nach Vereinfachung. Und dies ist dann eine naturgemäßße elementarische Begierde, die aus dem Kinde hervorgeht, die Begierde nach Vereinfachung.
Und indem aus dem Künstlerischen heraus die Begierde nach Vereinfachung entsteht, kann man das Künstlerische erst zum Intellektuellen hinübertragen. Denn hat man erst den Reichtum des Künstlerischen dem Kinde gegeben, dann darf man ihm, ohne seine physische und seelische Entwickelung zu stören, die Armut des Intellektuellen beibringen. Wir holen daher alles Intellektuelle aus dem Künstlerischen heraus.
Und auf der anderen Seite, wenn man das Kind mit seinem Körper sich bewegen läßt im Sinne des Künstlerischen, wenn man die Glieder des Körpers selber sich bewegen läßt im Sinne des Musikalischen, wie es in der Eurythmie geschieht - die ja jetzt auch drüben in Ilkley gezeigt wird -, wenn man das Kind in die plastische Betätigung, in die musikalische Betätigung, die aber den ganzen Körper ergreift, hineinbringt, dann entsteht ein merkwürdiger Hunger in dem Kinde, ein geistig-seelischer physischer Hunger. Die Organisation des Kindes verlangt dann ganz bestimmte Leibesübungen, eine ganz bestimmte Körperpflege; denn die Körperpflege ist nur gesund für die Entwickelung des menschlichen Organismus, wenn im menschlichen Organismus ein geheimnisvoller Hunger nach solchen Bewegungen, wie man sie in der gymnastischen Körperpflege hat, vorhanden ist, so daß das intellektuelle Bedürfnis und das Willensbedürfnis aus dem künstlerischen Bedürfnis heraus kommen.
Dadurch aber bekommen wir eine Erziehung, ein Unterrichtswesen, das nicht auf irgendeinen Teil der Menschennatur, sondern auf den ganzen Menschen hinzielt. Dadurch bekommen wir die Möglichkeit, zum Beispiel das Gedächtnis so auszubilden, daß dieses Gedächtnis auf die körperliche Organisation im günstigen Sinne wirkt. Ich möchte Ihnen nun auf diese Weise etwas sagen, was heute noch paradox klingt, was aber zukünftig ein Eigentum der Physiologie überhaupt sein wird: Beim Kinde wirkt alles, was geistig wirkt, zugleich körperlich, geht bis in die Organisation hinein. Dann aber bleibt es in der Organisation. Wir beobachten heute im Leben Menschen, die um das fünfzigste Lebensjahr herum allerlei Stoffwechselkrankheiten bekommen, Rheumatismus und dergleichen. Derjenige, der zur Pädagogik das Kind nicht bloß im kindlichen Alter beobachtet, sondern der da weiß, wie das kindliche Alter der Keim ist für das ganze Leben, wie der Pflanzenkeim für die ganze Pflanze, der weiß, daß wenn man dem Kinde zuviel zumutet an Gedächtnismaterial, dies in seinen Organismus so hineinschießt, daß im vierzigsten, fünfzigsten Jahre die Stoffwechselkrankheiten so auftreten, daß sie durch den Organismus nicht mehr beherrscht werden können.
Indem ich Ihnen dieses andeute, werden Sie mir glauben können, daß bei uns in der Waldorfschule alles darauf ausgeht, das Geistig-Seelische so zu treiben, daß es zugleich den entsprechenden körperlichen Effekt auf den Menschen hat. Jede Lehrstunde ist zugleich hygienisch eingerichtet, weil eben gesehen wird, wie der Geist im menschlichen Organismus in seinen Wirkungen sich fortsetzt.
Damit aber sind wir imstande, indem wir so Pädagogik und Didaktik auf Menschenkenntnis aufbauen, tatsächlich auch den Lehrplan und die Lehrziele für die einzelnen Schuljahre von dem Kinde selber abzulesen. Man folgt einzig und allein dem, was einem das Kind gibt. Unsere Pädagogik ist durch und durch Menschenkenntnis.
Dadurch glauben wir, nicht nur zu erziehen vom Gesichtspunkte des Kindes aus, sondern vom Gesichtspunkte des ganzen Erdenlebens aus. Denn die Sache ist so, daß derjenige zum Beispiel gar sehr irrt, der da glaubt - die ja von anderen Gesichtspunkten aus durchaus berechtigten . Anschauungen, Methoden, dürfen nicht übertrieben werden -, man dürfe dem Kinde nur dasjenige beibringen, was es schon selbst aus der Anschauung verstehe. Derjenige, der das sagt, der weiß nicht, was für einen Lebenswert zum Beispiel das folgende hat: Zwischen dem siebenten Jahre und der Geschlechtsreife ist es die größte Wohltat für das Kind, wenn es einem Erzieher und Lehrer gegenüberstehen kann, der für es selbstverständliche Autorität ist. Geradeso wie bis zum siebenten Jahre das Imitationsprinzip herrschen muß, muß zwischen dem siebenten und vierzehnten Jahre das Autoritätsprinzip herrschen. Und da wird manches, was noch nicht durchschaut werden kann vom Kinde, rein auf Autorität des geliebten Lehrers, des geliebten Erziehers, durch Liebe in die Seele aufgenommen, durch jene Liebe, welche das wichtigste Erziehungsprinzip ist. Und dann soll man nur wissen, wie mancher Mensch im dreißigsten, vierzigsten Lebensjahre an etwas zurücksinnen kann, was er auf die Autorität seines geliebten Erziehers im achten, neunten Lebensjahre aufgenommen hat. Jetzt geht es wiederum aus der Seele herauf, durchdringt das Bewußtsein, nachdem man reif geworden ist. Man fängt an, dasjenige durch seine eigenen Menschenkräfte zu verstehen, was man mit dem achten, neunten Lebensjahr auf die geliebte Autorität des Lehrers hin aufgenommen hat.
Und geschieht so etwas, so ist es ein Quell von menschlichen Erfrischungskräften, so bedeutet es tatsächlich eine Vitalisierung des ganzen Menschen im späteren Leben, nach Jahrzehnten erst zu verstehen, was man vorher durch die Liebe zur Autorität aufgenommen hat. So sieht man auf das ganze Menschenleben hin, nicht bloß auf dasjenige, was einem einseitig eine Seite dieses Menschenlebens auf natürlichem Gebiete zeigt.
Ich möchte das auch auf moralischem Gebiete zur Geltung bringen. Dasjenige, was religiöse Erziehung des Kindes ist, wird auf die Weise hervorgeholt, daß man dem ursprünglich religiösen Drang folgt, der wie impulsiv im Kinde lebt. Dann aber wird man folgendes beobachten können: Gibt es nicht Menschen, welche, wenn sie ein gewisses Alter erreicht haben, wie segnend unter ihre Mitmenschen treten, rein durch ihre Anwesenheit? Wir wissen es ja, es kann irgendeine Gruppe von Versammelten sein - ein solcher Mensch tritt herein, und nicht so sehr, was er spricht, sondern einzig und allein, daß er da ist, wie er spricht, wie der Tonfall seiner Stimme und seiner Gebärde ist, das wirkt wie Gnade ausgießend auf seine Umgebung. Solche Menschen können uns lehren, wenn wir zurückblicken in ihre frühere Kindheit, wodurch sie in dieser Weise wie Gnade gebend, wie Segen spendend geworden sind: sie sind es dadurch geworden, daß sie als Kind die Möglichkeit gehabt haben, durch das fast religiöse Verhältnis zu der geliebten Autorität, verehren zu können, in Ehrfurcht aufschauen zu können. Niemand kann in seinem Alter segnen, der nicht in seinem Kindesalter in Hochschätzung verehrend aufgeschaut hat zu einer geliebten Autorität. Ich möchte das symbolisch so ausdrücken: Derjenige, der da will im späteren Lebensalter die Hand zum Begnaden, zum Segnen ausbreiten, der muß sie im kindlichen Alter zum Gebete richtig innerlich gefaltet haben. So wirkt das Falten der Hände, symbolisch gesprochen, zu dem Segnen der Hände von dem Kindesalter hinüber in das späteste Lebensalter.
So haben wir überall hinzuschauen auf den ganzen Menschen und während des Kindesalters den Keim zu legen zu einem innerlich religiös erfaßten Sittlichen, und zu einem Menschen, der dem Leben voll gewachsen ist.
Das kann man dann, wenn man versucht, wirklich aus voller Menschenerkenntnis heraus, aus jener Menschenerkenntnis, die sich aus Menschenbeobachtung ergibt von der Geburt bis zum Grabe hin, die Pädagogik zu holen. Wenn in unserer Zeit die Erziehungsreformbestrebungen in so intensiver Weise auftreten, so ist es, weil die Erziehungsfrage für unsere Zeit auch die größte soziale Frage ist.
Das aber durchglüht die Waldorfschul-Pädagogik, von der ich hier nun in ganz kurzer Weise habe sprechen wollen, wie eine Gesinnung, wie eine allgemeine Menschenliebe. Und daher geben wir uns, so schwach auch, so unvollkommen noch dieser Versuch sein mag, wir geben uns doch der Hoffnung hin, daß gerade eine auf Menschenerkenntnis gebaute Pädagogik auch im besten Sinne eine menschenbildende Pädagogik sein kann, daß man, indem man aus der Beobachtung des Menschenlebens in der Schule wirkt, man am besten auch durch die Schule auf das Leben wirkt. Und das wird wohl die Grundfrage der meisten erzieherischen Reformbestrebungen der Gegenwart sein.
Waldorf School Education
Ladies and gentlemen, first of all, I apologize for not being able to address you in the language customary in this country. But since this is not possible, I must do so in my own language and it will have to be translated afterwards.
The Waldorf school method, about which I am asked to share some basic principles here, owes its origins to the convergence of two spiritual elements. The Waldorf school in Stuttgart was first established in the turbulent period after the war in Germany, when people were thinking about setting up various social institutions. The industrialist Emil Molt initially thought of founding a school for the children of his industrial enterprise; a school that would educate in such a way that the educated person could gradually enter social life in a reasonable, purely human way, and that social movement should not be purely dependent on political agitation. That was the first element. The other came later.
Emil Molt was a long-standing member of the anthroposophical movement, which attempts to bring spiritual insights and a reality of spiritual life back into contemporary social life, insights that are just as firmly grounded in human principles of truth as those of natural science, which has grown enormously over the centuries. And so Emil Molt asked me, as a proponent of this anthroposophical movement, to bring pedagogical and didactic principles into this Waldorf school.As a result, this school has not become what might be desired from the most diverse educational reform efforts of the present day, but has become a school based solely on pedagogy and didactics, on that pedagogy and didactics that can emerge from a real, deeply penetrating knowledge of human beings.
In the course of our civilization, we have gradually lost a true understanding of human nature. We tend to focus more on the external world and see only the physical and natural basis of human beings. Of course, the physical and natural basis must not be disregarded in education; but human beings are beings consisting of body, soul, and spirit, and a true understanding of human beings can only come about when spirit, soul, and body are truly understood in equal measure.
Because the Waldorf school and its principles are based on such an understanding of human beings and thus also on an understanding of the developing human being, the child, these principles are not dependent on being realized in any particular school. It is not a question of considering rural or urban schools; it is not a question of considering boarding or day schools. Rather, the Waldorf school has become a school that is strictly based on a pedagogical-didactic principle that can be adapted to all possible external circumstances dictated by social life.
This also points to the fact that, although this Waldorf school was initially associated with the children of Emil Molt's industrial enterprise, today it is attended by children of all classes and all social strata, making it a truly universal school. For what is drawn from a true understanding of human nature in terms of pedagogical and didactic impulses is something that is universally human, something that is international and valid for all classes and castes of humanity.
I do not wish to discuss the principles of the Waldorf school in general terms here, as I do not have enough time, and since the Waldorf school is not essentially based on a program, but on direct, daily practice, on direct interaction with the child and its nature, it is actually only possible to give a brief indication of what the principles of the Waldorf school are.
principles of Waldorf education. And I ask you to bear in mind that I can therefore only give very sparse hints about what this involves.
Knowledge of human nature means above all the insight that the developing human being is subject to periods of development to a much greater extent than is usually assumed. Although these periods of development have been taken into account to a greater or lesser extent by the educational principles of all ages, it is precisely through Waldorf school pedagogy that they are to be brought to bear in a very forceful and intensive way.
It should be pointed out that around the age of seven – approximately, of course – when children begin to lose their baby teeth, a complete transformation, a complete metamorphosis, takes place in their lives. In a certain sense, children become different beings when they get their second set of teeth. And what is the basis for this transformation in the child's nature? It is based on the fact that at the age of seven, the forces that were previously organic developmental forces, which had an impulsive effect on breathing, blood circulation, the entire structure of the organism, growth, and nutrition, now leave only a remnant for organic activity and metamorphose, transform into, if I may say so, a metamorphosed soul life of the child.
In recent times, psychological studies have often considered how the soul works within the body, within the organism of the child. A true spiritual science is not something that hovers in mystical foggy regions, but something that looks at life and the world in a practical, directly experiential way. Therefore, this spiritual science does not ask abstract questions about the relationship between soul and body, but rather asks questions based on experience, one might say, based on life experiments, about the relationship between soul and body.
Here we find that the soul forces show their own effectiveness as organic forces between the birth of the child and the change of teeth. What happens in the body is the same as what later happens in the child through thinking and memory, which are then handled in a more emancipated, purely soul-based way, and which are exercised by the child in the soul at a later age between the change of teeth and sexual maturity.
To sharpen the view of this metamorphosis in human life around the age of seven, to further sharpen the view of that tremendous metamorphosis that then takes place in the soul around the age of fourteen, between the change of teeth and sexual maturity.
To sharpen the eye for this metamorphosis in human life around the age of seven, to further sharpen the eye for that tremendous metamorphosis that then takes place at the age of fourteen or fifteen with sexual maturity, that is the first thing that must become a mindset, must become character, above all in the teacher.
And those who approach the developing human being, the child, with such an attitude, know above all that until the age of seven, the child is a kind of universal sensory organ, that as a whole organism – approximately – it relates to its environment in the same way that the eye or ear, a sensory organ, relates to the environment. The sensory organ is capable of absorbing the corresponding impressions of the environment and imitating them in images. Until the age of seven, the human being is internally pulsed through by intense elements. He absorbs what is in his environment like a total sensory organ. He is a completely imitative being. It is remarkable when one studies the child: through its physical organization up to the age of seven, it relates to its entire environment, to the entire world, in these physically lived-out circumstances, which later become spiritualized and turn into a religious relationship. And we can only understand the child until it changes its teeth if we perceive in it those forces, those impulses, which, arising from its physical and soul organization, make the child thoroughly homo religiosus. The whole environment must behave accordingly. We must do for the child what the child is allowed to imitate through its immediate senses.
If the child, let's say, steals, I would like to express myself with an example, the following facts may be present: A couple once came to me very agitated and said: Our boy is stealing! - I immediately said: First we must investigate whether it is really stealing. What had the boy done? The boy had given away coins he had taken from his mother's cupboard; he had given them to other children. He had even done a charitable deed in the process! Every day he had seen where his mother took the money from. He regarded his mother's action as legitimate. He imitated her. It was an imitation of his mother's action, not theft.
It is always a matter of being able to see clearly that the child is capable of imitating everything that happens in its environment and is allowed to imitate everything. But this extends—and this is the important point—to feelings and thoughts. The best educator for a child up to the age of seven is someone who not only does things in their external actions that the child is allowed to imitate, but who also does not allow themselves to have any feelings or thoughts other than those that the child is allowed to have.
Then one must be able to see in the right way how this whole approach to education is transferred to the child as a spiritual influence. In the first seven years of life, everything is organic for the child. The way in which someone in the child's environment behaves, if they are, say, a quick-tempered person, for example, has an effect on the child. The child is constantly exposed to the actions of the quick temper, experiencing within itself the shock of actions that arise from the quick temper. This does not only affect the child's soul, it also affects its breathing, its blood circulation, and the structure of its blood vessels. And anyone who is a true connoisseur of human nature, who can observe human life not only according to age, but according to the entire earthly life from birth to death, knows that what is caused in the first seven years of life by psychological and spiritual influences and impressions from the outside world in the first seven years of life affects the blood vessels, blood circulation, and intimate respiratory processes, will manifest itself in the organization of the body in later years, up to the age of forty or fifty. A child who is tossed back and forth between confusing impressions develops an unstable interaction between breathing and blood circulation.
These are not things that concern crude medicine; they are subtle things in the human circulatory system that anyone who wants to educate a child must know.At the age of seven, with the change of teeth – the change of teeth is, in a sense, a point of conclusion; we only change our teeth once – the forces that bring about the change of teeth are then freed for later life; they pass into the psychic, the soul. And then, at elementary school age, the age at which we have to educate the child in elementary school, we have before us those forces that have had a plastic effect on the organism up to the age of seven, so that they have a musical effect, so to speak, on the organism until sexual maturity. Up to the age of seven, the head organization acts on the entire human organism. The human head is the great sculptor that shapes the vessels, causes blood circulation, and so on. From the age of seven to fifteen, the rhythmic system in the broadest sense becomes the decisive factor in the human organism. And if we are able to give the rhythmic system in our teaching, in our education itself, rhythm, beat, indeed a general musicality through our entire school management, through our entire education, through our entire teaching, then we are meeting the demands of human nature.
This teaching, from the change of teeth to sexual maturity, must now be arranged in such a way that it essentially appeals to the artistic element.
And it is an artistic element that pervades Waldorf school teaching from the age of seven to fourteen. The child should be guided to everything in a pictorial way. We do not teach the child abstract letters from the outset. This does not create a human relationship to the abstract secret symbols that letters are in a civilized culture. Letters are something abstract. In Waldorf schools, we work them out from images. We first let the child paint and draw, and then we approach what flows from human nature in painting and drawing, the shapes of letters. And only then, when the whole organism—body, soul, and spirit—is engaged in learning to write, which is drawn out of art, do we move on to what engages only part of the human being, reading. For reading has nothing to do with the whole of human totality, but only with a part of it; whereas writing is drawn out of the whole totality. If one proceeds in this way, one has considered the human being correctly in body, soul, and spirit.
If you design the entire lesson in such a way that the artistic is brought to the child, and the teacher is an artist in all his behavior in educating and teaching, something remarkable happens. You see, today there is a lot of thought given to how to tire the child as little as possible. Fatigue curves are used to record which subjects and which physical or mental activities tire children the most. In Waldorf schools, teaching and education appeal to the human system that does not tire at all. Human beings tire through their heads, through thinking; they tire in their movements, in the activities of their will with their motor life. The rhythmic system, the respiratory-cardiac system, that which underlies the artistic, functions in such a way that you can be awake, you can sleep, you can be tired, you can not be tired — it functions in the same way from birth to death. The healthiest educational system consists in appealing to the never-tiring rhythmic system of the human being.
Based on a thorough understanding of human nature, we see that all teaching, all education, is based on the rhythmic system, that it appeals to the rhythmic system of the human being.
When you bring this into all art and music, when you start from the pictorial, the rhythmic, the metrical, the melodious, then you notice something very peculiar. We notice that as the child progresses in artistic activity, something emerges as a demand beyond what has been developed in images, beyond what has been developed in the musical grasp of the world; it becomes apparent that it is too rich to be enjoyed by human beings forever. The child shows very early on, at the age of ten or eleven, that the artistic is too rich for human beings to always be able to devote themselves to it, and a desire for simplification arises in them. And this is then a natural, elementary desire that emerges from the child, the desire for simplification.
And when the desire for simplification arises from the artistic, only then can the artistic be transferred to the intellectual. For once the richness of the artistic has been given to the child, then the poverty of the intellectual can be taught without disturbing its physical and soul development. We therefore draw everything intellectual from the artistic.
And on the other hand, if you let the child move its body in an artistic sense, if you let the limbs of the body move in a musical sense, as happens in eurythmy — which is now also being demonstrated over in Ilkley — if we introduce the child to plastic activity, to musical activity, which, however, engages the whole body, then a strange hunger arises in the child, a spiritual-soul-physical hunger. The child's constitution then requires very specific physical exercises, very specific physical care; for physical care is only healthy for the development of the human organism if there is a mysterious hunger in the human organism for such movements as those found in gymnastic physical care, so that the intellectual need and the volitional need arise from the artistic need.
This gives us an education, a teaching system that is aimed not at any one part of human nature, but at the whole human being. This gives us the opportunity, for example, to train the memory in such a way that it has a beneficial effect on the physical constitution. I would now like to tell you something that still sounds paradoxical today, but which in the future will be a property of physiology in general: in children, everything that has a spiritual effect also has a physical effect, penetrating into the organization. But then it remains in the organization. Today we observe people who, around the age of fifty, develop all kinds of metabolic diseases, rheumatism, and the like. Those who, in education, do not merely observe the child in childhood, but who know how childhood is the seed for the whole of life, like the seed of a plant for the whole plant, know that if one expects too much of the child in terms of memory material, this will penetrate their organism to such an extent that in their forties and fifties metabolic diseases will occur that can no longer be controlled by the organism.
By pointing this out to you, you will be able to believe me when I say that at our Waldorf school, everything is geared toward developing the spiritual and soul aspects in such a way that they have a corresponding physical effect on the human being. Every lesson is also designed to be hygienic, because we recognize how the spirit continues to have an effect on the human organism.
But by basing our pedagogy and didactics on knowledge of human nature, we are actually able to read the curriculum and teaching goals for each school year from the child itself. We follow solely what the child gives us. Our pedagogy is thoroughly based on knowledge of human nature.
As a result, we believe that we are educating not only from the child's point of view, but from the point of view of the whole of earthly life. For the fact is that those who believe, for example, that one should only teach the child what it already understands from its own perspective – which is certainly justified from other points of view, but views and methods must not be exaggerated – are very much mistaken. Those who say this do not know what value the following has for life: between the age of seven and puberty, it is the greatest benefit for the child if it can face an educator and teacher who is a natural authority figure. Just as the principle of imitation must prevail until the age of seven, the principle of authority must prevail between the ages of seven and fourteen. And then many things that cannot yet be understood by the child are absorbed into the soul purely through the authority of the beloved teacher, the beloved educator, through love, which is the most important principle of education. And then one should only know how many people in their thirties and forties can reflect on something they absorbed at the age of eight or nine through the authority of their beloved educator. Now it rises again from the soul, penetrates the consciousness, after one has matured. One begins to understand through one's own human powers what one absorbed at the age of eight or nine through the beloved authority of the teacher.
And when something like this happens, it is a source of human refreshment, it actually means a revitalization of the whole person in later life, to understand only after decades what one had previously absorbed through love for authority. In this way, one looks at the whole of human life, not just at what one side of this human life shows in the natural realm.
I would also like to apply this to the moral realm. What religious education of the child is, is brought out by following the original religious urge that lives impulsively in the child. But then one will be able to observe the following: Are there not people who, when they have reached a certain age, appear as a blessing among their fellow human beings, purely through their presence? We know that it can be any group of people gathered together—such a person enters, and not so much what he says, but solely the fact that he is there, the way he speaks, the tone of his voice and his gestures, has a graceful effect on his surroundings. Such people can teach us, when we look back on their early childhood, how they came to be so gracious, so blessed: they became so because as children they had the opportunity to revere, to look up to in awe, through their almost religious relationship with a beloved authority figure. No one can bless in their old age who did not look up in reverence to a beloved authority figure in their childhood. I would like to express this symbolically: those who want to extend their hand in blessing in later life must have folded it properly in prayer in their childhood. Symbolically speaking, the folding of the hands has the effect of blessing the hands from childhood into old age.
So we must look at the whole person and, during childhood, sow the seeds of an inner religiously grasped morality and of a person who is fully grown into life.
This can be achieved by attempting to derive pedagogy from a complete understanding of human nature, from the knowledge of human nature that results from observing people from birth to death. If educational reform efforts are so intense in our time, it is because the question of education is also the greatest social question of our time.
But this permeates Waldorf education, which I have tried to describe here in a very brief manner, as a mindset, as a general love of humanity. And so, however weak and imperfect this attempt may still be, we give ourselves over to the hope that a pedagogy based on knowledge of human nature can also be, in the best sense, a pedagogy that shapes human nature, that by working from the observation of human life in school, one can best influence life through school. And that is probably the fundamental question of most educational reform efforts today.
