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The Evolution of the Earth and Man
and the Influence of the Stars
GA 354

18 September 1924, Dornach

Lecture XII

Rudolf Steiner: Good morning, gentlemen! Perhaps someone has a question?

Question: Why does lightning not come in a straight line?—instead of zigzag. Should it not take a straight line?

Dr. Steiner: So—the questioner thinks that when lightning is released from the air, as I described last time, it ought to come in a straight line. But it takes a zigzag form and can that be explained? Yes, one can indeed explain it.

Let us consider again the explanation I gave of how lightning actually comes about. I told you that lightning comes out of the overheated air, the overheated universe, the overheated cosmic gas. I said that there is no question of lightning arising from some sort of friction of the clouds. Clouds, of course, are wet, and if you want to produce miniature lightning with laboratory apparatus, everything must first be wiped absolutely dry. It must not be supposed, therefore, that lightning is a true electrical phenomenon that comes about from the friction of dry elements. It is known that when one rubs glass or sealing wax one produces electricity and so people think that if clouds rub together—well, then there'll be electricity there too. But that is not so. What happens is this: As a consequence of the inner overheating of the cosmic gas, the warmth living in the cosmic gas comes out in the way I have described. Through the fact that the air exerts less pressure toward one side or another, the radiation of the overheated force goes toward that side and lightning flashes.

Now let us imagine that we have this happening somewhere. In consequence of the greatly overheated cosmic gas—not clouds—the lightning flashes out. And it is quite correct to think that it should stream out in a straight line.

But you see, it is like this. Picture to yourselves: If an accumulation of heat is present somewhere, it is generally not alone; there are similar accumulations in the neighborhood. In fact, if the earth is here, let us say, and one looks up there and lightning begins where a concentration of heat exists, then in the neighborhood there are other accumulations: they are not all at one single place. You can imagine, of course, that these accumulations of heat are connected with the sun's radiations to the various places. Now there are these heat accumulations along the entire path of the lightning and while it is streaming out it snatches up these other accumulations in its course. So it shines here, then over there, and so on. It takes all the other accumulations with it, and so it moves quite irregularly, and gets this seemingly zigzag formation. The lower it descends, the more it does move in a straight line. There are no longer these heat accumulations; they were higher up. The zigzag of the lightning comes about because it does not arise in one single spot, but from where the heat accumulations are strongest and then it carries the others along on its way. That's similar to when you're out walking and you meet an acquaintance and take him along with you, then the two of you pick up another one, and so on. So that's the story of the lightning.

Now perhaps someone has another question?

Question: Could we hear something about the origin of volcanoes?

Dr. Steiner: That's a question that can't be answered quite so quickly. I will lead you to the point where you can find an answer to it. For if you read present-day books you can certainly find all sorts of ideas on the origin of volcanoes, but if you read older books, lying farther back in time, you find other views, and in still earlier books again other views. People have never inquired into the real origin of the earth and so views on volcanic phenomena have changed in the course of time. As a matter of fact, no one has been able to form a true idea of how these fire-erupting mountains originated.

One must go very far back if one wants to understand this. Otherwise one cannot grasp how it happens that at certain spots on the earth fiery, molten masses come out. One will be able to form an idea of it only if one first of all rejects the dictum that the earth was once a balloon of gas, that it became more and more solid, and that there is fire in the interior which for some reason or other comes out here or there. That is a convenient explanation, but it brings us no nearer to an understanding.

I'll tell you a little story. It's a long time ago, more than forty years, that we made a certain experiment in the laboratory of the geologist Hochstetter26Ferdinand Hochstetter, 1829–1884. Geographer and geologist of Vienna. He is long since dead. We produced a substance that contained—among other things—a little sulphur. We didn't put it all together, but this is what we did: here someone had a bit of the stuff, there someone had a bit, over there a bit, and so on, and we hurled, we shot the substance, all of us, toward a certain point. In this way there arose a little globe with all sorts of hills which was curiously like the moon seen through a telescope. Thus at that time in Hochstetter's geological laboratory an experiment was actually made by which a small moon was created. The surface of the moon as it is seen through a telescope had come out quite wonderfully. The whole thing looked just like a little moon. Above all one could realize that a cosmic body need not originate as gas, but can actually be flung together from all corners of the universe. Nor can we explain our earth in any other way than by its being thrown together out of the universe.

Now in connection with this I want to explain something that is little spoken of today but which is nevertheless true. You hear it said everywhere, don't you, that the earth is a globe, has formed itself as a globe. Now actually it is not true that the earth is a globe! I will explain to you what the earth really Is. It is only fantasy that the earth is a globe. If we picture the earth's true form as a regular solid, we come to what in science is called a tetrahedron. I will draw it for you, naturally only in perspective. A tetrahedron looks like this. [see diagram]

tetrahedron
Diagram 10

You see there are one, two, three triangles and here in front the fourth triangle. Can you picture it? It stands on a triangle, a triangle is underneath; and on that triangle, the base, are three other triangles; that forms a little pyramid. That is how we picture a tetrahedron. We must be clear that four triangles are joined to one another. We must stand it up on one triangle and the other three range upward like a pyramid. That is a perfectly regular solid.

But now imagine that I round out the surfaces of these triangles a little, then it becomes a little different. Now it stands on what has become rounded but yet is still free. And the sides of the triangles which formerly were straight lines are now rounded too. Can you picture that? So now there arises a form which is actually a tetrahedron become round! And you see, our earth is actually such a rounded tetrahedron.

rounded tetrahedron
Diagram 11

This can even be established to the extent of finding the edges, the sides of this earth-tetrahedron. It is like this: suppose I draw the earth as it is often drawn, on a flat plane—then here would be North America, here South America, between them, Central America; over here we have Africa; here we have Europe. And there is Asia Minor, the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy, Spain, France, in fact Europe. Up here we have Scandinavia. There is England and over there is Asia. So we have Asia here, Africa here, Europe here and America here.

points of the Earth's tetrahedron shape
Diagram 12

Now the South Pole is here, and around the South Pole in particular there are many volcanic mountains. There is the North Pole. And now it is like this: we can trace a line that goes from Central America, from the Colima volcano27Active volcano in Mexico. down through the mountains that are called the Andes, down to the South Pole. It is rounded, but actually though rounded it is this edge of the earth. Then it goes on from the South Pole, goes over here past Africa to the volcanic mountains of the Caucasus. Then the same line comes over here, past Switzerland, over the Rhine and arrives here.

If you follow this line, which looks like a triangle, you can compare it with this triangle here. And so, if you take this portion of the earth, it is the base of a tetrahedron.

Just think, the base of a tetrahedron! Now: how do we come to that point there? Well, we have to go through to the other side of the earth. But I cannot draw that, I would have to make everything round. If I were to make it round, I would come to the point just over there in Japan. Thus if I mark the tetrahedron, here we have Central America, here the South Pole, here the Caucasus, and over there, which one cannot see, would be Japan.

Earth as a tetrahedron
Diagram 13

If we picture the earth in this way, we have it existing in the universe as a rounded-out pyramid that sends its apex over there to Japan and has its base here, containing Africa, South America and the whole Southern Ocean. So the earth stands in the universe, curiously, as such a rounded-out tetrahedron, as a kind of pyramid. That, gentlemen, is actually still the form of the earth!

And now if you take these lines that I've drawn forming the tetrahedron, you find that most of the volcanic mountains are located along the lines. You have these frightful fire-belching mountains of which you've often heard, over in South America, in Chile and other places, then around the South Pole; and then you have the mighty ones in the Caucasus. And when you come over here, we don't have so many in our part of the continent, and yet it can be shown that the fiery mountains were once here, but are now extinct. For instance, when you drive along the stretch of road from northern Silesia to Breslau, you see a mountain standing conspicuously alone which is still feared by the people of today. If you examine its rocks, you find this dreaded mountain standing there is simply an extinct volcano. Similarly we have extinct volcanoes in many parts of Germany.

And now let us go further. We have only marked out the base. Then we have lines everywhere that go over toward Japan. Yes, and you see, along all these lines one would always be able to find volcanoes on the earth's surface! You can see that if someone would sit down and draw the most important volcanoes, not on a flat surface, but so that they formed a solid, he would get this shape of the earth. Strangely, the volcanic mountains give us the lines that make the earth into a tetrahedron.

volcano as a tetrahedron
Diagram 14

So now, if you do not picture the earth as originally a ball of gas which then became condensed—that's the convenient opinion which people hold—if you explain it as having been formed by substance flung from all sides, then you must admit something else. If the earth is a tetrahedron, a regular solid, you'll have to explain it by imagining that a great master geometrician with plenty of knowledge had actually pushed the earth together from outside, along the lines which we still see today. Now imagine that I draw this tetrahedron, that I first fling this triangle in here from the periphery, then this triangle, then this, and then the one up above. I make it as small boys do: they cut out four triangles, tilt them together from outside and then glue them together to form a tetrahedron. And the earth too has originated like that, it has been flung together as triangles from outside.

Now watch the boys when they paste the triangles together: where they join the sides they must be careful to apply the paste or the glue evenly. As to the earth, at the places I've shown you—South America, then here toward the Caucasus and over here through the Alps, and so on—there the earth was originally “cemented” together! But one finds when one examines the mountains that there it has, so to say, been joined rather badly; the sides don't quite fit together. If in particular we trace the mountains that go over here from the Caucasus through our Carpathians and Alps, we can show from the form of the mountains that they have not yet quite grown together. The earth actually consists of four pieces flung out of cosmic space and joined together, four pieces which then form a tetrahedron, and along the edges there are still, as it were, places not tightly closed. At these leaky places it is possible for the cosmic heat from the sun to get into the earth more than at other places.

Now when the sun's power enters into these places beneath the surface of the earth, they become hotter and get soft—as is always the case when things, even metals, are consumed by fire—and they make an outlet for themselves in the direction of those places which are not properly fastened together. Then through the combined cosmic action of the sun and the “cemented” places of the earth there arise these regular volcanoes, the fire-belching mountains.

However, volcanoes are found at other places too. Etna, for instance, and Vesuvius do not, it is true, lie along these edges; where they are, no such line passes through. In fact, the very volcanoes that are not located along the principal lines are especially instructive, for one can learn from them what causes the eruptions to occur.

You see, it can always be shown that when things like fiery eruptions happen on the earth, they are connected with the constellations, the relation of the stars to the sun. An eruption can never occur unless at some particular place the sun is able to shine more strongly than usual because it is not covered by other stars. If it is covered by other stars as is generally the case, then the sunshine is normal. Starlight is everywhere; one must not think that the stars are not up there during the day, it is just that we don't see them. In the old city of Jena where people had time to do such things, where so many German philosophers taught, where Haeckel28Ernst Haeckel, 1834–1919. Biologist and philosopher. lived too, there is a deep cellar with a tower29The so-called “little Weigel house,” built in 1647, demolished in 1898 when Weigelstrasse was constructed. One of the “Seven Wonders of Jena”. It was 7 stories high and contained a circular staircase through which one could look up by day and see the stars shining in the heavens. above it, open at the top. If you go down into this cellar in the daytime and look up through the tower it is all dark inside, but you see up above the most beautiful starry sky. When it is daytime, and clear and bright outside, you can see the most beautiful star-lit heavens, with stars everywhere.

But when the stars are in such a position that the sun can develop its heat to full strength, when they do not obstruct the sun, then the sun's forces of warmth shine down upon some special places. These are the places where, after the earth had been fastened together, later volcanoes arose. They came about later. On the other hand, those that lie along the edges of the tetrahedron are the original volcanoes.

Now sometimes a man who has no place in the ordinary life of science discovers quite useful things in this direction. Perhaps you've heard, or at least the older ones among you, of a certain Falb?30Rudolf Falb, 1838–1903. See “Grundzüge der Theorie der Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche,” Graz 1870; “Gedanken und Studien über den Vulkanismus,” Graz 1875. He was neither an astronomer nor a geologist nor geographer nor natural scientist, but a former priest who had given up his calling—run away from it! He devoted himself especially to a study of star constellations and whether they really have an influence on the earth. He came to the opinion that constellations are connected with volcanoes, that when the influence of the sun is supported by the stars in a certain way, a volcano erupts. He maintained further that floods also come about for the same reason, because the situation attracts water: beneath, the heated mass; above, the water.

And he contended still more: that in the mines the miners suffer most of all from so-called firedamp, that is, when the air in the mines catches fire of itself. He asked himself how this could happen. He decided that for this to happen the stars must aid the sun activity by giving it full play. Then the sun shines too strongly into the mine and the air in the mine ignites. Therefore, said Falb, if one knows about mining conditions, one ought to be able to say when firedamp may be expected in the course of the year. So he made a calendar and indicated when according to the constellations firedamp must occur somewhere. Those were the so-called critical days which he marked in his calendar.

This calendar has been printed many times and Falb's critical days are still there. Now what was to be expected when these days were reached? Either the eruption of a volcano, or an earthquake (an earthquake is a subterranean wave, subterranean overheating), or a flood, or firedamp. Now, gentlemen, I was present once at an amusing little incident. You see, this Falb was very clever, he had been able to light upon these facts, but he was also very conceited, frightfully conceited. As you know, to be learned is no protection from vanity. And the following happened. About forty years ago I was at a lecture given by Falb. He went with great pompousness and a well-pleased expression up to the podium and began his address. He said: Yes, this very day the stars are in a position from which one can expect the occurrence of considerable firedamp. At that moment the door opened and a messenger from the “New Free Press” entered and handed him a telegram. Falb stood up there with his long patriarchal beard and said: “It must be something important if they send it to me straight to the lecture room!” He took out his knife and cut the telegram open and read: “A terrible firedamp has occurred!” Now you can imagine the publicity he got! Falb had just said, “Firedamp could happen today” and the messenger brings the telegram! “You see”, he said, “one gets proofs laid on the table!” Those were his words. But the whole thing smelled of show business. Falb knew quite well that firedamp was due: that was correct. But he went early in the day to the office of the “New Free Press” and left word that if such a telegram came, they should send it immediately to the lecture hall.

That is one of the tricks to which bad speakers gladly resort—though usually in a milder form! I am quite pleased to relate the story so that audiences may be warned to be a little cautious and not simply to accept everything. The clientele that Falb had at that time rustled with silk dresses and tuxedos: it was a very distinguished one. But you should have seen how impressed they were by his performance! However strongly he might have voiced his opinion in words, the audience would never have been so convinced as they were by the entry at exactly the right moment of the messenger with the telegram. People would much rather be convinced through external events than by what can be put into words.

So one can say that at certain places, namely, at the edges of this tetrahedron, the earth is actually not quite joined together. It is exposed therefore to the cosmic warmth of sun and stars, and the consequence is that those lines showing active volcanoes can be drawn. Outbursts of volcanic fire can, of course, occur at other spots too.

But now does this imply that the interior of the earth must necessarily be molten fire? That is what is constantly maintained. Actually there is no other proof of it than the fact that it becomes warmer and warmer the deeper one sinks a shaft into the earth. Still one cannot go very deep. Moreover, with this increase of warmth as one descends into the earth there is likewise an increase of pressure. Whatever might be dissolved by the heat and become fluid is pressed together again by the pressure in the interior. If the earth were really molten inside then something else would not be in accord. One can consider, for instance, the weight of the earth. It is naturally hypothetical, since the earth floats freely in the universe and cannot be weighed. In order to weigh it, one would have to have it on top of another, gigantic earth, for if there is to be weight there must be something that attracts, that develops gravity. One could calculate how much it would weigh from how it attracts other bodies; in fact, such a calculation has been made. But if it were possible to weigh the earth one would find that it is far, far heavier than it would be if it were fluid inside. Goethe31Goethe fought vehemently the ideas on volcanoes held by Leopold von Buch and others, which were at that time becoming well-known, and which in his opinion lacked a central idea that could have illumined the individual facts. See his letter to Nees von Esenbeck, June 13, 1823. for this reason vigorously attacked the idea that the earth was molten fire inside.

Now when one knows how the earth has been created, when one sees that it is really an incompletely fastened tetrahedron, there is then no need to picture it as molten inside and to suppose that at certain times, one wouldn't know why or wherefore, it must suddenly erupt fire—like a moody, hysterical person! If the earth were molten inside, one would have to fancy that it is actually a little crazy—like a man who is insane and at any sudden moment begins to rage; one doesn't know when the moments will occur. But this is not true of the earth. You can always show where the warmth comes from: that it comes from outside, that at this moment such powerful heating occurs, not at all very deep in the earth, that it forces an outlet for itself.

So the fire when Vesuvius or any other volcano erupts originates only when the cosmic temperature has become fiery. It always takes a little time before the effect is seen. The particular constellation of stars, for instance, must first work upon the earth for a time.

But that also follows from certain facts which I have already related here in quite a different connection. Suppose here is a part of the earth, the sun's rays strike upon it powerfully, and underneath, something develops that later seeks an outlet through an eruption or an earthquake.

You see, what I drew first, the powerful warmth going down into the earth: people don't feel that because they don't pay attention. At most, a few people go about the place where as yet there is no hint of volcanic activity though the effects of the sun's activity are already present in the air, and these few have violent stomach aches, others have headaches, migraine, others find that their heart is disturbed. But people put up with all that in a vague fashion and take no notice. But the animals, as I have said in another connection, which have more delicate noses, finer organs in this respect, perceive what is happening and break away. The people, in spite of their stomach aches and headaches, don't know why the animals have become so restless and are running away. But after a few days the earthquake comes, or the volcanic eruption. The animals have fled because they already scented what was coming; human beings are so coarsely organized in this respect that they are not aware of the event until the whole business is on top of them.

You can see from this that something is already happening a long time in advance before the final event takes place. What is happening is the streaming in of a bit of cosmic heat. But you can still put a question. You can say, this cosmic heat only heats the ground, and where the earth contains substances that are easily inflammable, there could of course be ignition ... but why should it all flare up instantly? Here I'll tell you something else. When one goes to Italy, to the places between Rome and Naples, particularly to the neighborhood of Naples, and to the islands and peninsulas on the coast, the guides always delight in showing one the following experiment. They take a piece of paper and light it and hold it so—in a moment smoke begins to come out of the earth! The earth smokes—why? Because the air becomes warm from the burning paper and so becomes lighter and expands. The warmth caused by the sun's heat streams out of the earth as smoke. This is very interesting to see. One lights a piece of paper and instantly the earth smokes at that spot.

Now think of that enlarged to giant proportions: the sun heating not only the ground below, but also the air above—and you have Vesuvius. And when the latter has once established itself—well, then the beginning has been made, and the process continues in places that are especially favorable to it. It is interesting to realize that those very things that take place on earth irregularly are caused by the whole of cosmic space.

Now I told you that when we flung out that sulphur substance during those days in the geological laboratory, we produced something that really looked like a little moon. And so when one observes the real moon, whom our little moon actually resembled, one gets the idea that it too has been flung together out of the universe. That is one idea one gets.

The other idea is established through spiritual scientific investigation, namely, that the moon has actually been thrown together in the cosmos, mainly from the earth. What does that imply? Well, we did that too in the laboratory. First we threw together such a cosmic body out of substances. Then we attacked it from all sides, flinging material against it from outside, and lo and behold—it became more and more like a moon. And what has one got then? Well, one has the whole process. The main mass of the moon was cast out from the earth, and once it was there, fine matter from every part of space was flung against it. Fine matter is always present in the universe—it falls down in the meteors—it is always being flung out. And so one has the origin of the moon. These things are all connected.

The development of science, you know, is sometimes remarkable. A monument stands today in Heilbronn—certainly it is rather dreadful as a work of art, but still it stands there and represents Julius Robert Mayer.32Julius Robert Mayer, 1814 – 1878. See “Beiträge zur Dynamik des Himmels,” Heilbronn, 1848. If you hear about him in science today, you learn that he was a pioneering genius through his researches in the 40's of the last century into the nature of the action of heat. Julius Robert Mayer was born in Heilbronn, practiced there as a doctor and went about without being particularly noticed. The scientists of the time paid no special attention to him. And although today he is described everywhere as a highly gifted pioneer in physics, at that time when he sat for his medical examination at Tubingen he failed it. If you made investigations, you would come on the remarkable fact that the majority of men who later became geniuses failed earlier in their examinations. And this was also the fate of Julius Robert Mayer. By the skin of his teeth, he managed to get through and become a doctor. But no one considered him remarkable during his lifetime—in fact, quite the contrary. He became so enthusiastic about his discovery that he talked of it everywhere. Then people said that his mind was wandering and put him in an asylum. His own generation put him in a madhouse while posterity looks upon him as a great genius and puts up a monument to him in his native town.

It was Julius Robert Mayer who as a result of thought and investigation asked how it was that the sun which gives us so much heat does not become cold. He said to himself that it does not become as cold as it ought to become after always giving out warmth. He thought therefore that comets, an immense number of comets, must continually rush into the sun, hurled toward it from the universe. They are very fine, tenuous bodies, but they rush into it. It is true that they rush into the sun. The sun is very different from what the physicists of today imagine. They would be very astonished if they were to approach it: they would not find fiery gas but they would find something that causes any earthly substance to be sucked in and disappear. The sun is an empty space that exerts suction. It is not a globe of gas. It resembles a pearl in the universe, a suction globe with nothing in it that one looks for, but which continuously absorbs this mass of comets. The fine etheric structures of the universe, which are almost spiritual, are continuously being sucked in by the sun as nourishment. We still see today, therefore, this dashing against the sun. This should draw our attention, gentlemen, to something important.

You see, when one arrives at the fact that the earth is really a tetrahedron,—well, if one has been obliged to study such forms and to note the number of sides and corners, one realizes that a certain knowledge of geometry is necessary to understand how to construct them. They don't come about so simply. Boys enjoy doing it, making these tetrahedrons, cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons, dodecahedrons, the five regular solids. The boys like to put them together from sheets of cardboard, gluing the pieces together, but one needs geometry for it. Now the earth is formed in this very way out of the universe—formed from knowledge of geometry, in this sense, not formed through calculation, but with knowledge—for it is regular! You can infer from this that there is really geometry in the world, that everything is in accord with geometry. That is true. Real science shows us something that I have always stated, namely, that thoughts are spread out in the world, thoughts are everywhere and only those people don't find them who have none themselves!

It is very praiseworthy, is it not, to be a free and independently thinking person? And yet it is slightly ridiculous to find the expression “freethinker” which has appeared in modern times, in the 19th century. Thinking independently: that is very good, but many in their freedom have misused this expression “freethinker.” And the men who have felt themselves to be the freest thinkers were just those who had the fewest thoughts, who simply repeated what other people had said. An Englishman made a delightful remark: he said, “Free thought does not mean that people have thoughts, but that they are free from thought”—a remark that has been much quoted. What is a freethinker? A freethinker is one who is free from thinking! Well, in science one must endeavor not to develop such freedom from thought or else nothing will be achieved. The actual form of the earth could long ago have been discovered—the fact that it is not a completely spherical cabbage-head, but that it has something of the shape of a tetrahedron!

Knowledge of the earth is related to knowledge of man. Man imitates the universe in his own form. He copies the universe in his head, and so the head is round up above like the round universe. Below, where the jaws begin there are quite remarkable structures: they come from the triangular earth. In the jaw formation you find triangles everywhere, they come from below, from the triangular earth. With both, men copy the universe: they have more or less rounded heads above, and the earth-forces reach up from below.

Look for it sometime. You will find in most varied ways man's tendency (and animals) to triangular formation in the jaws; this comes from the earth. Forces work upward from the earth and imprint the triangle into him. And the universe works downward from above and molds the rounded form. It is very interesting!

That is knowledge that may be gained if one penetrates genuine science correctly. If one is free from thought, then one talks all sorts of nonsense. And in our time all sorts of nonsense is talked; that cannot lead to an understanding of what things are in their reality.

So, gentlemen, let us speak further about this next Saturday.

Blackboard Drawing Blackboard Drawing

Zwölfter Vortrag

Nun, meine Herren, vielleicht hat heute einer von Ihnen eine Frage?

Frage: Warum kommt der Blitz nicht gerade, sondern im Zickzack? Müßte er nicht in einer geraden Linie kommen?

Dr. Steiner: Also der Herr redet folgendes: er findet, daß der Blitz, wenn er sich aus der Luft herauslöst — wie ich es das letzte Mal beschrieben habe -, dann in Form einer geraden Linie kommen müßte. Aber nun kommt der Blitz zickzackförmig. Und das muß man auch erklären, das kann man auch erklären.

Fassen wir noch einmal auf, wie ich neulich erklärt habe, daß der Blitz eigentlich entsteht. Ich sagte Ihnen: Der Blitz ist eigentlich dasjenige, was herauskommt aus der übererwärmten Luft, aus dem übererwärmten Weltenall, also aus dem übererwärmten Weltengas. Es kann, sagte ich, keine Rede davon sein, daß der Blitz etwa durch Reibung der Wolken entsteht, weil die Wolken selbstverständlich naß sind, und wenn man die kleinen Blitze mit den Apparaten in der Stube erzeugen will, muß man alles erst trocken abwischen. Also man muß gerade vermeiden alles Wäßrige. Es darf also nicht angenommen werden, daß der Blitz eine wirkliche elektrische Erscheinung ist, die aus dem Reiben eines Trockenen kommen würde. Man weiß, wenn man Glas oder Siegellack reibt, so entsteht Elektrizität, und so denkt man, wenn sich die Wolken reiben, nun ja, da entsteht halt auch Elektrizität. So ist es nicht, sondern infolge des inneren Überhitztseins des Weltengases kommt diese Wärme, die in dem Weltengase lebt, so heraus, wie ich es Ihnen gesagt habe. Dadurch, daß nach irgendeiner Seite hin die Luft weniger drückt, geht nach dieser Seite hin die Strahlung der überhitzten Kraft, und es kommt der Blitz zustande. Nun stellen wir uns also vor, wir haben das irgendwo, und infolge der viel überhitzten, also nicht Wolken, sondern Weltengase (es wird gezeichnet), strahlt der Blitz heraus. Und es ist ganz richtig: er müßte jetzt geradlinig strahlen.

Aber sehen Sie, die Sache ist diese. Sie müssen sich vorstellen: Wenn irgendwo eine solche Ansammlung von Hitze ist, so ist sie gewöhnlich nicht allein, sondern es sind in der Nähe ebensolche Hitzeansammlungen. Und zwar stellt sich heraus, daß gerade, wenn, sagen wir, hier die Erde ist und man guckt da hinauf, und da ist ein Anfang eines Blitzes, wo solch eine Wärmeansammlung ist, so sind in der Nähe auch solche Wärmeansammlungen; und wir haben es damit zu tun, daß wir nicht an einer einzelnen Stelle diese Wärmeansammlungen haben. Sie können sich ja denken, daß diese Wärmeansammlungen mit der Sonne, die da einstrahlt, zusammenhängen. Nun sind auf dem ganzen Wege solche Wärmeansammlungen, und während der Blitz da herausstrahlt, fängt er in seinem Lauf diese anderen Wärmeausstrahlungen ab. Dadurch strahlt das so herüber und so weiter (es wird gezeichnet). Er nimmt alle anderen Ausstrahlungen mit, und dadurch bekommt der Blitz scheinbar diese Zickzackform; in Wirklichkeit geht er ganz unregelmäßig. Und je weiter er herunterkommt, desto gradliniger geht er ja. Da sind dann nicht mehr diese Wärmeansammlungen; die sind mehr oben. So daß also der Zickzackblitz dadurch entsteht, daß er nicht nur von einem Orte ausgeht, sondern von da, wo stärkste Wärmeanhäufungen sind, ausgeht zwar und die anderen dann mitschleppt auf seinem Wege. Das ist geradeso, wie wenn Sie jetzt da einen Bekannten treffen und nehmen ihn mit; die zwei nehmen wieder einen mit und so weiter. Das ist die Geschichte.

Nun, meine Herren, vielleicht hat jemand noch eine andere Frage?

Frage: Kann man etwas darüber hören, wie die Vulkane, die feuerspeienden Berge entstehen?

Dr. Steiner: Das ist eine Frage, die nicht in so ganz kurzer Zeit zu beantworten ist. Ich will Sie dazu führen, daß Sie eine Antwort auf die Frage kriegen. Denn, sehen Sie, Sie können zwar heute, wenn Sie in den Büchern lesen, überall allerlei Ansichten finden, wie feuerspeiende Berge entstehen; aber wenn Sie wieder in Büchern lesen, die etwas weiter in der Zeit zurückliegen, älter sind, finden Sie andere Ansichten darüber, in älterer Zeit wieder andere. Und so haben sich die Ansichten, weil man niemals eingegangen ist auf die wirkliche Erdenentstehung, im Laufe der Zeit geändert. Und im Grunde genommen kann sich kein Mensch eine rechte Vorstellung davon machen, wie diese feuerspeienden Berge entstehen.

Sehen Sie, meine Herren, da muß man sehr weit zurückgehen, wenn man das verstehen will, denn man kann nicht so ohne weiteres begreifen, wie es denn eigentlich kommt, daß an gewissen Stellen der Erde feuerflüssige Massen herauskommen. Und man wird sich nur eine Vorstellung davon machen können, wenn man wirklich nicht glaubt, daß ursprünglich die Erde ein Gasball war, der immer fester und fester geworden ist. Daß im Inneren Feuer sei und daß dieses Feuer durch irgendwelche Ursachen da oder dort einmal herauskomme, das ist eine bequeme Vorstellung. Auf die Weise bekommt man über die Sache eigentlich nichts heraus.

Aber ich will Ihnen eine kleine Geschichte erzählen. Das ist jetzt lange her, mehr als vierzig Jahre; da machten wir im geologischen Kabinett des längst verstorbenen Geologen Hochstetter einen bestimmten Versuch. Man erzeugte eine Substanz, die etwas Schwefel enthielt, noch einige andere Substanzen, und die behandelte man nicht so, daß man sie zusammenkittete, sondern man behandelte sie so, sehen Sie: Man hatte hier ein Stückchen von dieser Substanz, hier ein Stückchen von dieser, hier von dieser und so weiter, und man spritzte diese Substanz immer nach einem bestimmten Punkte hin. Auf diese Weise entstand hier eine kleine Kugel mit allerlei Bergen, die kurioserweise sehr ähnlich war demjenigen, was man durchs Fernrohr als Mond sieht. Also es ist tatsächlich dazumal dieses Experiment gemacht worden im geologischen Kabinett von Hochstetter in Wien, daß man einen kleinen Mond erzeugen konnte. Dasjenige, was man gewöhnlich mit dem Fernrohr als Mondoberfläche sieht, das war ganz wunderschön herausgekommen, und die Geschichte schaute aus wie ein kleiner Mond. Man konnte sich also zuerst die Vorstellung bilden, daß solch ein Weltenkörper gar nicht so entsteht, daß er anfangs als Gas da ist, sondern daß er eigentlich aus dem Weltenraum zusammengespritzt wird. Und anders können wir auch unsere Erde nicht erklären als dadurch, daß sie aus dem Weltenraum zusammengespritzt ist.

Nun will ich Ihnen im Zusammenhang damit etwas erklären, was heute wenig besprochen wird, was aber doch richtig ist. Nicht wahr, Sie hören überall beschreiben, daß die Erde eine Kugel sei und sie sich als Kugel gebildet hätte. Ja, aber eigentlich ist es nicht wahr, daß die Erde eine Kugel ist. Ich will Ihnen jetzt einmal erklären, wie die Erde eigentlich in Wirklichkeit ist. Das ist nur eine Phantasie, daß die Erde eine Kugel ist. Stellen wir uns einmal die Gestalt, die eigentlich die Erde hat, ganz regelmäßig vor, da kommen wir auf einen Körper, den man in der Wissenschaft Tetraeder nennt. Ich will ihn aufzeichnen, kann es natürlich nur aus der Perspektive machen. Ein Tetraeder schaut so aus:

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Sehen Sie, da sind ein, zwei, drei Dreiecke, und das, was vorne ist, ist das vierte Dreieck. Das steht auf einem Dreieck. Können Sie sich das vorstellen? Ein Dreieck ist unten, und da dran sind drei andere Dreiecke, und das bildet solch eine kleine Pyramide. Also wir stellen uns solch ein Tetraeder vor, und wir müssen uns klar darüber sein, daß vier Dreiecke zusammengestoßen sind. Auf einem Dreieck müssen wir das Tetraeder aufstellen, und die drei anderen Dreiecke ragen pyramidenförmig in die Höhe. Das ist ein ganz regelmäßiger Körper.

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Nun denken Sie sich aber: ich buchte die Flächen dieser Dreiecke etwas aus, so wird die Geschichte ein bißchen anders. Da wird die Geschichte so; Da steht sie jetzt darauf, und das ist rund, aber doch noch frei. Aber die Seiten vom Dreieck, die früher gerade Linien waren, sind rund. Können Sie sich das vorstellen? Da entsteht ein solcher Körper, der eigentlich ein rund gewordenes Tetraeder ist! Und sehen Sie, ein solches rund gewordenes Tetraeder ist unsere Erde. Das ist etwas, was man bis zu dem Grad feststellen kann, daß man sogar die Kanten dieses Erdentetraeders finden kann. Sehen Sie, das ist so: Nehmen Sie einmal die Erde so gezeichnet, wie man sie oftmals zeichnet, wie wenn sie auf einer Fläche wäre; dann haben wir hier Nordamerika, hier Südamerika, dazwischen Mittelamerika; hier herüben haben wir Afrika, hier haben wir Europa. Und da ist zuerst Kleinasien, Meer, Griechenland, Italien, Spanien, Frankreich, also Europa. Dahier hinauf, so herüber ist dann Skandinavien, da ist England, und dahier, da drüben, ist dann Asien. Also wir haben hier Asien, hier Afrika, hier Europa, und wir haben hier Amerika.

Nun, hier ist der Südpol. Namentlich um den Südpol herum sind viele Vulkane, vulkanische Gebirge. Da ist der Nordpol. Und die Sache ist jetzt so: Wir können richtig eine Linie verfolgen, die geht von der Mitte Amerikas, von hier, wo der Vulkan Colima ist, herunter durch die Berge, die die Anden heißen, bis zum Südpol hin. Sie ist abgerundet, diese Kante der Erde. Dann geht es weiter: Vom Südpol geht es hier herüber, hier an Afrika vorbei, und geht bis zu den vulkanischen Bergen vom Kaukasus. Dann geht dieselbe Linie hier herüber, geht just an der Schweiz vorbei, geht an den Rhein hier hinüber, und geht bis hierher.

Sehen Sie, wenn Sie diese Linie verfolgen, die wie ein Dreieck aussieht — die schaut ähnlich aus wie ein Dreieck —, das können Sie vergleichen mit diesem Dreieck hier. Also, was ich dort jetzt gezeichnet habe, das können Sie vergleichen mit diesem Dreieck hier. So daß, wenn Sie dieses Stück Erde nehmen, das die Grundfläche von einem Tetraeder ist.

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Denken Sie sich einmal die Grundfläche von einem Tetraeder! Jetzt: Wie kommen wir zu dieser Spitze da? Nun ja, da muß man da durchgehen nach der anderen Seite der Erde. Das kann ich aber da nicht aufzeichnen, ich müßte alles rund machen. Würde ich das rund machen, so käme ich eben auf der Spitze gerade da hinaus auf Japan.

Also wenn ich das Tetraeder einzeichne, so haben wir hier Mittelamerika, hier haben wir den Südpol, hier haben wir den Kaukasus, und da drüben, was man nicht sieht, da wäre Japan.

Und wenn wir so die Erde vorstellen, so haben wir sie so als eine ausgebuchtete Pyramide im Weltenall dastehen, die ihre Spitze nach Japan hinüberschickt und die hier ihre Grundfläche hat; dadrinnen liegt Afrika, Südamerika, der ganze südliche Ozean, das ganze südliche Meer in der Grundfläche. So steht die Erde kurioserweise darinnen im Weltenraum als ein solches ausgebuchtetes Tetraeder, als eine Art Pyramide. Das ist immerhin eigentlich die Formanlage der Erde, meine Herren!

Und nun zeigt sich, daß, wenn man diese Linien nimmt, die ich Ihnen da aufgezeichnet habe, diese Linien, die das Tetraeder bilden, und wenn man sie verfolgt, so sind die meisten feuerspeienden Berge längs dieser Linien liegend. Von denen haben Sie ja immer gehört, von diesen furchtbaren feuerspeienden Bergen drüben in Südamerika, die da in Chile und so weiter liegen, diese furchtbaren speienden Berge um den Südpol herum. Sie haben die mächtigen feuerspeienden Berge im Kaukasus. Wenn Sie da herübergehen, können Sie sagen: Bei uns sind ja nicht so viele, aber wir können überall nachweisen, daß diese feuerspeienden Berge einmal da waren, aber erloschen sind. Zum Beispiel, sehen Sie, wenn man auf der Strecke fährt, die vom Norden von Schlesien nach Breslau geht, da sieht man einen merkwürdig alleinstehenden Berg; vor dem fürchten sich die Leute heute. Wenn man ihn aber untersucht nach seinem Gestein, so ist dieser merkwürdige Berg, der da steht, eben ein erloschener feuerspeiender Berg. Ebenso haben wir in vielen Gegenden Deutschlands erloschene feuerspeiende Berge.

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Und gehen wir jetzt weiter. Wir haben uns ja nur die Grundfläche aufgezeichnet. Wir haben ja da überall Linien, die nach Japan hinübergehen. Ja, sehen Sie, längs aller dieser Linien könnten wir immer auf-der Erdoberfläche feuerspeiende Berge finden! So daß man sagen kann, wenn einer herginge und die allerwichtigsten feuerspeienden Berge aufzeichnete, aber aufzeichnete nicht auf einer Fläche, sondern aufzeichnete so, daß sie einen Körper bilden, der kriegte diese Gestalt der Erde heraus. Die feuerspeienden Berge sind kurioserweise dasjenige, was uns die Linien angibt, welche die Erde erscheinen lassen als ein Tetraeder.

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Wenn Sie nun daran denken, daß die Erde nicht so entstanden ist, als ob da ein Gasball gewesen wäre, der sich verdichtet hat, wie man sagt - das ist eine bequeme Vorstellung -—, sondern wenn Sie sie durch Anschmeißen von allen Seiten erklären, dann müßten Sie sie aber, wenn die Erde ein Tetraeder ist, ein so regelmäßiger Körper ist, so erklären, als ob eigentlich ein großer Meistergeometer, der die Sache kennt, die Erde zusammengeschoben hätte von außen nach den Linien, die wir heute noch bemerken. Denken Sie sich, meine Herren, ich mache dieses 'Tetraeder; ich mache es so, daß ich zunächst dieses Dreieck hier hereinschmeiße aus der Weltenperipherie, dann dieses Dreieck hier, dann dieses, dann dasjenige, was da obenauf liegt. Ich mache also das Tetraeder, wie es die kleinen Buben machen: sie schneiden sich vier Dreiecke aus und kitten sie von außen zusammen, und das pappen sie zusammen zu dem Tetraeder. So ist aber auch die Erde entstanden; sie ist von außen nach Dreiecken zusammengeschmissen worden. Nun, schauen Sie sich die kleinen Buben an, wenn sie diese Dreiecke zusammenpappen. Da müssen sie ja ganz besonders überall, wo sie sie zusammenkitten, eben Kittvanbringen, Kleister. Die Erde ist an den Stellen, die ich Ihnen da gezeigt habe: Südamerika, dann hinüber nach dem Kaukasus, da hier herüber durch die Alpen und so weiter — da ist die Erde ursprünglich zusammengekittet worden! Aber wenn man die Gebirge untersucht, so findet man, daß sie überall dort schlecht zusammengekittet worden ist, möchte man sagen; es paßt nicht ganz gut aneinander. Wir können, namentlich wenn wir die Gebirge verfolgen, die da herübergehen vom Kaukasus durch unsere Karpathen und Alpen, wir können überall verfolgen, wie die Gebirge in ihrer Form, in ihrer Gestalt zeigen: das ist noch nicht ganz zusammengewachsen. So daß die Erde eigentlich aus vier zusammengefügten Stücken besteht, die aus dem Weltenraum zusammengsschmissen worden sind — vier Stücke, die dann ein Tetraeder bilden. Und da, wo die Kanten sind, da sind gewissermaßen noch undichte Stellen. An diesen undichten Stellen kann das eintreten, daß die Weltenhitze, die von der Sonne ausgeht, mehr hinein kann in die Erde als an den anderen Stellen.

Wenn nun das Unterirdische der Erde dadurch, daß da die Sonne mehr hinein kann mit ihrer Kraft, mehr erhitzt wird, so werden sie wie es immer ist, wenn man die Dinge verbrennt; Sie können ja sogar Metalle verbrennen -, so werden sie weich. Sie schaffen sich dann wiederum nach den Stellen hin, die da nicht ordentlich zusammengekittet sind, einen Ausgang. Und da entstehen durch Sonnenwirkung mit der im Weltenraum zusammengekitteten Erde diese regelmäßigen Vulkane, die regelmäßigen feuerspeienden Berge.

Aber, meine Herren, es gibt ja auch an anderen Stellen Vulkane. Gewiß, zum Beispiel der Ätna, der Vesuv, die liegen nicht an diesen Kanten; die liegen zum Beispiel da, wo nicht eine solche Kante durchgeht. Ja, gerade diese Vulkane, die nicht an diesen Hauptlinien liegen, diese feuerspeienden Berge, die sind besonders lehrreich, denn aus denen kann man entnehmen, wodurch die Ausbrüche entstehen.

Sehen Sie, man kann immer nachweisen, daß, wenn so etwas wie Feuerspeien auf der Erde entsteht, das zusammenhängt mit Sternkonstellationen zur Sonne, Sternenverhältnissen zur Sonne. Niemals entsteht ein feuerspeiender Ausbruch anders, als daß die Sonne in irgendeiner Weise stark scheinen kann auf die betreffende Stelle, weil sie nicht zugedeckt ist durch andere Sterne. Ist sie nicht durch andere Sterne zugedeckt, wie es meistens der Fall ist, dann kommt regelmäßig der Sonnenschein. Es ist überall Sternenlicht; man sieht die Sterne nur bei Tag nicht. Sie dürfen nicht glauben, daß jetzt da oben, auch bei Tag, die Sterne nicht stünden. In Jena, wo man Zeit hatte, solche Sachen zu machen, in dieser alten Stadt Jena, wo so viele deutsche Philosophen Lehrer waren, wo auch der Haeckel gelebt hat, da gibt es einen tiefen Keller, und über diesem Keller ist ein Turm, der oben offen ist. Wenn Sie hinuntergehen in diesen Keller und gucken durch diesen Turm heraus bei Tag, so ist da alles darinnen finster, aber Sie sehen oben den schönsten Sternenhimmel, bei Tag, wenn es draußen hell, klar ist, den schönsten Sternenhimmel.

Also überall da sind Sterne. Wenn aber die Sterne gerade so stehen, daß die Sonne mit aller Kraft ihre Wärme entwickeln kann, wenn sie sich nicht vor die Sonne stellen, dann leuchten eben auf einen besonderen Punkt ganz die Sonnen-, die Wärmekräfte. Das sind eben solche Stellen, wo später, nachdem die Erde dann schon zusammengekittet war, nun die Vulkane entstehen, die feuerspeienden Berge. Die sind später entstanden. Dagegen sind diejenigen, die an den Kanten des Tetraeders liegen, die ursprünglich feuerspeienden Berge.

Nun, sehen Sie, in dieser Beziehung, da kann man sagen, findet manchmal auch einer, der nicht gerade im gewöhnlichen Wissenschaftsleben drinnensteht, ganz gute Wege. Sie haben ja vielleicht einmal gehört, wenigstens die älteren Herren von Ihnen haben ja vielleicht einmal davon gehört, daß es einen Falb gegeben hat, der weder Astronom war noch Geologe noch Geograph, auch nicht Naturforscher, aber ein davongelaufener Geistlicher; er hat sich davongemacht, ist davongelaufen! Er war ein davongelaufener Geistlicher, dieser Falb, und hat sich besonders darauf verlegt, solche Dinge zu untersuchen, wie es da steht mit den Sternenverhältnissen, ob die wirklich auf die Erde wirken. Und da ist er zu der Ansicht gekommen, daß erstens solche Sternkonstellationen mit den feuerspeienden Bergen zusammenhängen, daß immer dann, wenn in einer gewissen Weise die Sache so steht, daß Sterne die Sonnenwirkungen unterstützen, ein feuerspeiender Berg zustande kommt. Aber er behauptete noch mehr: Er behauptete, daß da auch Überschwemmungen zustande kommen, weil das das Wasser anzieht: unten die erhitzte Masse, oben das Wasser.

Aber er behauptete noch mehr: Er sagte, in Bergwerken leiden die Bergleute am allermeisten unter den sogenannten schlagenden Wettern. Da entzündet sich die Luft in den Bergwerken von selber. Woher kann das kommen? — sagte er sich. Das kann nur davon herkommen, sagte er, daß wiederum solche selben Wirkungen da sind, wo die Sternwirkung zu Hilfe kommt der Sonnenwirkung, und dadurch, daß die Sternwirkung die Sonnenwirkung nicht auslöscht, die Sonnenwirkung sehr stark wird, ins Bergwerk scheint, dadurch die Luft im Bergwerk entzündet. Deshalb sagte Falb: Wenn man die Bergwerksverhältnisse kennt, muß man angeben können, wann schlagende Wetter im Jahr zu erwarten sind. Und dann machte er einen Kalender und gab an nach den Sternenverhältnissen, wann irgendwo schlagende Wetter entstehen müssen. Das waren seine sogenannten kritischen Tage, und er verzeichnete in seinem Kalender diese kritischen Tage.

Dieser Kalender ist ja immer wieder gedruckt worden; da stehen die Falbschen kritischen Tage drinnen. Nun, was hatte man zu erwarten, wenn das im Kalender stand? Entweder einen Ausbruch eines feuerspeienden Berges oder irgendwo ein Erdbeben — Erdbeben ist eine unterirdische Welle, unterirdische Überhitzung — oder eine Überschwemmung oder aber schlagende Wetter. Nun, meine Herren, da erlebte ich sogar einmal eine nette Geschichte. Sehen Sie, der Falb war ja ganz gescheit, solche Dinge hat er durchschaut; aber er war sehr eitel, furchtbar eitel. Gelehrsamkeit schützt ja nicht vor Eitelkeit, wie Sie wissen.Und da ist das Folgende geschehen. Ich war bei einem Vortrag, den der Falb gehalten hat - es ist jetzt auch schon vierzig Jahre oder so etwas her -, Falb geht mit großer Grandezza, mit großem Wohlbehagen auf das Rednerpult und fängt seinen Vortrag an und sagt: Ja, gerade heute, da stehen die Sterne so, daß man erwarten könnte, daß mächtige schlagende Wetter eintreten können. — Also das sagte er im Vortrag. In dem Momente öffnet sich die Tür, und ein Zeitungsbote von der «Neuen Freien Presse» kommt herein und bringt ein Telegramm. Der Falb stand oben mit seinem ganzen langen Patriarchenbart; der Diener kam herein von der «Neuen Freien Presse», brachte das Telegramm. Der Falb sagt: Es scheint etwas Wichtiges zu sein, weil man es mir grade zum Vortrag herschickt —, nimmt sein Messer heraus und schneidet das Telegramm auf. «Es haben sich heute furchtbare schlagende Wetter ereignet», wurde darin gemeldet! Nun können Sie sich das Publikum denken: Falb hatte eben gesagt: Schlagende Wetter könnten heute kommen — und der Zeitungsbote bringt das Telegramm! Na, sehen Sie - sagte er -, so werden einem die Beweise auf den Tisch gelegt! - Das waren seine Worte.

Die ganze Geschichte ist ja doch ein bißchen stark schauspielerisch gewesen; denn der Falb wußte ganz gut: schlagende Wetter werden schon kommen. Das war richtig. Aber er ist vorher zu der Redaktion der «Neuen Freien Presse» gegangen und hat dort hinterlassen: Wenn ein solches "Telegramm eintrifft, so schickt es mir bitte gleich in den Vortragssaal!

Aber das ist auch ein Stückchen von denen, die in gelinderem Maße von schlechten Rednern und so weiter sehr gern benützt werden, und ich erzähle dieses Stückchen auch deshalb ganz gern, damit daraus hervorgeht, wie das Publikum doch ein bißchen vorsichtig sein soll und nicht alles einfach hinnehmen soll. Das Publikum, das der Falb dazumal hatte, rauschte von seidenen Kleidern und Smokings, denn es war das ein sehr vornehmes Publikum. Aber Sie hätten nur sehen sollen, wie das Publikum durch diese Außerung Falbs überzeugt war! Niemals, und wenn der Falb noch so viel geredet hätte von seiner Ansicht, wäre das Publikum so überzeugt worden, als dadurch, daß der Pressebote gekommen ist mit dem Telegramm. Die Leute lassen sich immer viel lieber durch Äußerlichkeiten überzeugen als durch dasjenige, was man innerlich zum Beweis eben sagen kann.

Denn man kann sagen: Die Erde ist an gewissen Stellen, nämlich an der Stelle der Kanten dieses Tetraeders, eigentlich noch nicht ganz zusammengekittet, ist der Weltenwärme ausgesetzt, der Sonnenwärme, der Sternenwärme; und die Folge davon ist, daß auch Linien mit Vulkanen auftreten, mit feuerspeienden Bergen, daß aber auch an anderen Stellen feuerspeiende Ausbrüche stattfinden können.

Ja, nun aber, weist das denn darauf hin, daß die Erde unbedingt in ihrem Inneren feuerflüssig sein muß? Das ist etwas, was immer behauptet wird. Aber es gibt eigentlich keinen anderen Beweis dafür, als daß, wenn man Schächte hineingräbt in die Erde und immer tiefer und tiefer geht, es dann immer wärmer und wärmer wird. Aber man kann ja nicht sehr tief hineinkommen. Mit diesem Wärmerwerden ist es ja auch so, daß, je weiter man hinuntergeht im Erdinnern, auch der Druck immer mehr und mehr wächst. Und dasjenige, was durch die Wärme auseinandergezogen wird, so daß es flüssig werden könnte, wird durch den Druck im Inneren wieder zusammengedrückt. Wenn die Erde wirklich innen feuerflüssig wäre, dann könnte etwas anderes nicht stimmen. Man kann nämlich ausrechnen, wie schwer die Erde wäre. Es ist natürlich eine Hypothese, denn man kann die Erde nicht wiegen, sie schwebt ja frei im Weltenraum. Aber wenn man sie wiegen könnte - man müßte sie auf einer anderen, riesigen Erde wieder wiegen; es muß ja etwas da sein, was anzieht, Schwere entwickelt, wenn Gewicht sein soll -, aber wenn das wäre, daß man die Erde wiegen könnte — man kann das nämlich ausrechnen, wieviel sie wiegen würde, nach der Art und Weise, wie sie andere Körper anzieht; es gibt eine solche Rechnung -, da findet man, daß die Erde viel, viel schwerer ist, als sie sein würde, wenn sie innerlich flüssig wäre, feuerflüssig wäre. Deshalb hat sich Goethe schon mit aller Energie dagegen gewendet, daß das richtig sein soll, daß die Erde innerlich feuerflüssig ist.

Wenn man nun wirklich kennt, wie die Erde beschaffen ist, daß sie eigentlich ein nicht ganz zusammengekittetes Tetraeder ist, dann braucht man gar nicht die Erde im Inneren immerfort feuerflüssig sein zu lassen und es ihr zu gewissen Zeiten, ich weiß nicht woher, aus welcher Laune, wie ein hysterischer Mensch, der Launen hat, einfallen zu lassen, sie will Feuer speien! Wenn die Erde im Inneren flüssig wäre, so müßte man sich ja vorstellen, die Erde wäre eigentlich ein bißchen wahnsinnig — so wie ein Mensch, der wahnsinnig ist, und ab und zu zu toben anfängt; man weiß nicht, wann die Augenblicke kommen. Aber das ist ja bei der Erde nicht der Fall! Sie können ja immer nachweisen, woher die Wärme kommt: daß sie von außen hereinkommt, und daß erst in diesem Momente, gar nicht so tief in der Erde, so starke Erwärmung eintritt, daß sich die einen Ausgang schafft.

Also dasjenige, was da feurig wird, wenn der Vesuv ausbricht, oder irgendein anderer Vulkan ausbricht, entsteht erst in dem Moment in der Weltenwitterung, wo es feurig wird. Sehen Sie, es braucht immer einige Zeit, bis diese Wirkung entsteht. Da muß schon dieses Sternenverhältnis einige Zeit auf die Erde wirken. Aber auch das folgt ja aus gewissen Tatsachen, die ich hier schon in einem ganz anderen Zusammenhange vor Ihnen erzählt habe. Nehmen Sie an: Hier ist ein Stück Erde: da kommen die Sonnenstrahlen mächtig. Da drunter entsteht dasjenige, was sich später durch Feuerspeien oder irgendein Erdbeben einen Ausweg sucht (es wird gezeichnet).

Ja, dasjenige, was ich zuerst gezeichnet habe, was da heruntergeht als mächtige Wärme, das spüren die Menschen nicht, weil sie nicht achtgeben. Höchstens gehen einige herum an dem Ort, wo noch gar nichts zu spüren ist von Vulkanausbrüchen, wo aber schon in der Luft diese Sonnenwirkungen sind, und haben stark Bauchweh gekriegt; andere haben Kopfschmerzen, Migräne, andere wiederum finden, daß ihr Herz unruhig wird. Aber das alles nehmen die Menschen hin, dämmerig, geben nicht acht darauf. Und die Tiere — wie ich Ihnen schon in anderem Zusammenhange sagte -, die Tiere, die feinere Nasen haben, feinere Organe haben in dieser Beziehung, die nehmen das wahr und reißen aus. Die Menschen wissen nicht, trotzdem sie Bauchweh haben und Kopfschmerzen, warum die Tiere denn so unruhig werden und ausreißen. Aber nach einigen Tagen kommt das Erdbeben oder der Vulkanausbruch. Die Tiere sind davongelaufen, weil sie schon die Vorbereitungen dazu gespürt haben; die Menschen sind so grob organisiert in dieser Beziehung, daß sie die Geschichte erst sehen, wenn die Bescherung da ist. Schon daraus können Sie sehen, daß lange Zeit vorher etwas vorgeht, bevor die Geschichte eintritt. Und das, was vorgeht, ist eben das Hereinstrahlen eines Stückes Weltenwärme.

Sie können jetzt aber immer noch fragen: Ja, aber diese Weltenwärme, die erhitzt ja nur den Erdboden. Und der kann dann an einer solchen Stelle, wo er gerade Substanzen enthält, die leichter entzündlich sind, in eine Entzündung kommen. Wie kommt es dann, daß das alles gleich herausspritzt? — Da will ich Ihnen auch etwas sagen: Wenn man nach Italien, namentlich zwischen Rom und Neapel geht, in die Nähe von Neapel geht, namentlich auf die Inseln, die Halbinseln, die sich da und dort ansetzen an Italien, dann zeigen die Führer immer ganz gerne das Folgende den Besuchern: Sie nehmen ein Stück Papier, zünden es an, halten es so — in dem Augenblick beginnt es von der Erde heraus zu rauchen! Es raucht. Warum? Weil die Luft warm wird durch das Anzünden, und dadurch wird das leichter, dehnt sich aus. Was unten angesammelt ist an durch die Sonnenhitze bewirkter Erwärmung aus der Erde, strömt schon als Rauch heraus. Man kann dieses sehr Interessante sehen: Man zündet ein Stück Papier an — flugs raucht die Erde an der Stelle. Nun denken Sie sich das ins Riesenhafte vergrößert — die Sonne erwärmt ja nicht bloß unten den Erdboden, sondern auch oben die Luft - und Sie haben den Vesuv. Und wenn er sich einmal gebildet hat, nun, dann ist das halt der Anfang dazu, dann geht es immer weiter an Stellen, die dazu besonders günstig sind.

Sehen Sie, es ist schon interessant, auch das einmal zu wissen, daß gerade diese Dinge, die eigentlich unregelmäßig geschehen auf der Erde, herrühren vom ganzen Weltenraum.

Nun sagte ich Ihnen, dazumal, als wir im geologischen Kabinett diese Substanzen anschmissen, schweflige Substanzen, da kriegte man etwas, was richtig aussieht wie ein kleiner Mond. Und wenn man also den heutigen Mond, dem ja das ganz ähnlich sieht, anschaut, so kriegt man beim Mond auch die Ansicht, daß er aus dem Weltenraum zusammengeschmissen ist! Das ist das eine, was man kriegt. Das andere aber stellt sich heraus gerade durch geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung, daß der Mond eigentlich in der Hauptsache von der Erde in den Weltenraum hinausgeschmissen worden ist. Was kriegt man denn da heraus? — Sehen Sie, das ist dazumal auch gemacht worden. Zunächst hat man einmal aus Substanzen solch einen Weltenkörper zusammengeschmissen. Dann hat man auch in die Mitte herein eine Substanz genommen und angeschmissen von außen, und siehe da, da wurde es erst recht mondähnlich. Und was hat man da? Nun, man hat den ganzen Vorgang. Die Hauptmasse des Mondes ist von der Erde ausgeschmissen worden; weil die da war, ist von allen Seiten aus der Welt leichter Stoff angeschmissen worden, der ja immer im Weltenall enthalten ist - in den Meteorsteinen fällt er ja herunter, wird aber immer angeschmissen. Und so hat man die Entstehung des Mondes. Diese Dinge gehören alle zusammen.

Sehen Sie, die Entwickelung der Wissenschaft ist ja manchmal merkwürdig. In Heilbronn steht heute ein Denkmal, das allerdings ziemlich scheußlich ist als Kunstwerk, aber es steht halt eben da; das stellt dar Jslius Robert Mayer. Wenn Sie heute irgendwo in der Wissenschaft den Namen Julius Robert Mayer hören, dann erfahren Sie, wie er dadurch, daß er die Natur der Wärmewirkungen aufgesucht hat in den vierziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts, ein bahnbrechendes Genie war. Julius Robert Mayer ist in Heilbronn geboren, war in Heilbronn Arzt, ging da herum in Heilbronn und wurde dazumal nicht besonders beachtet. Die Wissenschafter der damaligen Zeit nahmen keine Notiz von ihm. Und es ist ihm ja so gegangen, daß er, trotzdem er heute als genialer Bahnbrecher der Wissenschaft, als genialer Bahnbrecher der Physik überall geschildert wird, dazumal, als er sein Arztexamen machte in Tübingen, durchgefallen ist — wie Sie überhaupt auf die merkwürdige Tatsache kommen würden, daß die meisten, die nachher Genies geworden sind, bei ihren Examina durchgefallen sind. So ist es auch mit Julius Robert Mayer gewesen. Mit Ach und Krach konnte er die Geschichte noch machen und wurde Arzt. Aber beachtet hat ihn niemand während seines Lebens. Im Gegenteil: er ist so begeistert geworden von seiner Entdeckung, daß er überall davon geredet hat. Da hat man von ihm gesagt: er hat Ideenflucht — und hat ihn ins Irrenhaus gesetzt. Also die Gegenwart hat ihn damals ins Irrenhaus gesperrt, die Nachwelt hält ihn für ein großes Genie und hat ihm ein Denkmal gesetzt in seiner Vaterstadt.

Nun aber, dieser Julius Robert Mayer war es auch, der aus seinem Denken und Forschen heraus die Idee aufgestellt hat: Wodurch kommt es, daß die Sonne, die uns ja so viel Wärme gibt, nicht kalt wird? Sie wird nicht so kalt, wie sie werden müßte, nachdem sie immer Wärme abgibt - so sagte sich Julius Robert Mayer. Und deshalb, meinte er, müßten fortwährend Kometen, riesig viele Kometen fortwährend in die Sonne hereinfliegen, vom Weltenraum angeschmissen werden. Es sind sehr dünne Körper, aber sie fliegen da herein. — Es ist wahr, daß sie hereinfliegen! Die Sonne sieht ja ganz anders aus, als sich die Physiker heute vorstellen. Wenn sie hinaufkommen würden, würden sie sehr erstaunt sein: sie würden nicht ein feuriges Gas da finden, sondern etwas finden, was jede Erdenmaterie gleich verschwinden läßt, weil es sie aufsaugt. Die Sonne ist ein Raum, der aufsaugt. Aber das, was da wie eine Saugkugel ist, ist nicht eine volle Gaskugel, sondern wie eine Perle im Weltenall, wo alles nicht drinnen ist, was man drinnen sucht. Das saugt auch diese Kometenmasse fortwährend heran. Die feinen ätherischen Bildungen des Weltenalls, die fast geistig sind, die saugt sie heran und nährt sich mit diesen Äthermassen, mit diesen Kometenmassen. Und wir sehen an der Sonne daher heute noch dieses Anschmeißen. Wir müßten doch dadurch auf etwas aufmerksam werden, was wichtig ist, meine Herren.

Sehen Sie, wenn man so darauf kommt, daß die Erde solch ein Tetraeder eigentlich ist — und derjenige, der einmal diese Körper hat studieren müssen, wieviel Kanten und Winkel und Ecken sie haben, der weiß, daß man da etwas Geometrie studieren muß, um solche Körper zu verstehen, um solche Körper vorzustellen -, dann sieht man: Solche Körper kommen ja nicht so einfach zustande. Die Buben machen es sehr gern, Tetraeder, Oktaeder, Ikosaeder, Hexaeder, Dodekaeder, diese fünf regelmäßigen Körper: sie setzen sie aus Flächen zusammen und kitten die Flächen dann - aber man braucht dazu Geometrie. Nun wird geradeso aus dem Weltenall heraus die Erde gebildet mit Kenntnissen der Geometrie, wenn man sie so anschaut, nicht durch Zahlen gebildet, sondern mit Kenntnissen, denn es ist regelmäßig! Sie können also daraus entnehmen, daß eigentlich in der Welt Geometrie drinnen ist, daß alles aus der Geometrie wirkt. Und das ist richtig. Man kommt schon immer durch wirkliche Wissenschaft, wie ich immer sage, darauf, daß Gedanken ausgebreitet sind in der Welt, Gedanken überall wirken, und daß eigentlich die Menschen diese Gedanken nur dann nicht finden, wenn sie, ja, selber keine Gedanken haben!

Nicht wahr, es ist schon ganz lobenswert, wenn man ein freidenkender Mensch ist; aber es ist doch etwas Verräterisches, daß in der neueren Zeit, im 19. Jahrhundert, der Ausdruck «Freigeist» aufgekommen ist. Freies Denken, das ist sehr gut; aber dieser Ausdruck «Freigeist», den haben viele doch in ihrer Eitelkeit sehr mißbraucht. Und am freigeistigsten haben sich dann diejenigen gefühlt, die die wenigsten Gedanken hatten, die nur das nachgesagt haben, was die anderen sagten. Da gab es einen Engländer, der einen netten Ausspruch getan hat; der sagte: Die. Freigeisterei besteht ja nicht darinnen, daß die Leute Geist haben, sondern daß sie frei sind vom Geist. — Ein englischer Ausspruch, den die anderen viel nachzitiert haben: Was ist ein Freigeist? Ein Freigeist ist derjenige, der frei ist vom Geist! — Ja, man muß schon in der Wissenschaft danach streben, nicht solche Freigeistigkeit zu entwickeln, denn dann wird nichts entstehen. Längst hätte man die Sache durchschauen können, was die Erde eigentlich für eine Form hat, daß sie nicht ein runder, ein ganz runder Kohlkopf ist, sondern daß sie eigentlich etwas hat von einem Tetraeder!

Die Erdenerkenntnis hängt wiederum zusammen mit Menschenerkenntnis. Der Mensch bildet das Weltenall in seiner eigenen Form nach. In seinem Kopfe bildet der Mensch das Weltenall ab. Daher ist der Kopf nach oben rund nach dem runden Weltenall. Da unten aber, wo die Kiefer ansetzen, da sind ganz merkwürdige Bildungen: die kommen von der dreieckigen Erde. Da finden Sie überall Dreiecke; die kommen von unten herauf, von der dreieckigen Erde. Und die Menschen bilden zusammen das runde Weltenall ab. Darum haben sie einen mehr oder weniger runden Kopf nach oben, und da unten erstrecken sich die Kräfte der Erde. Und suchen Sie nur einmal: Sie werden bei Menschen und Tieren da überall das Dreieck nachgebildet finden irgendwie in der Kieferbildung, denn die kommt von der Erde, die wirkt von der Erde aufwärts und prägt ihm die Dreiecke ein, und die Welt wirkt von oben herunter und bildet die runde Form. Das ist sehr interessant.

Das ist dasjenige, was man wissen kann, wenn man die wirkliche Wissenschaft durchschaut. Wenn man frei ist von Geist, da redet man allerlei Zeug. Und in unserer Zeit wird ja allerlei Zeug geredet; das kann nicht kommen zu einer Ansicht, wie die Dinge eigentlich in Wirklichkeit sind.

Nun, meine Herren, wollen wir am nächsten Samstag davon weiter reden.

Blackboard Drawing Blackboard Drawing

Twelfth Lecture

Well, gentlemen, perhaps one of you has a question today?

Question: Why does lightning not come in a straight line, but in a zigzag pattern? Shouldn't it come in a straight line?

Dr. Steiner: So, this gentleman is saying that he thinks that when lightning breaks away from the air—as I described last time—it should come in a straight line. But now lightning comes in a zigzag pattern. And that has to be explained, it can be explained.

Let's recap how I explained the other day that lightning actually arises. I told you: Lightning is actually what comes out of the superheated air, out of the superheated universe, that is, out of the superheated world gas. It can, I said, there can be no question of lightning being caused by friction in the clouds, because the clouds are of course wet, and if you want to produce small flashes of lightning with the apparatus in the room, you must first wipe everything dry. So you must avoid anything watery. It cannot therefore be assumed that lightning is a real electrical phenomenon caused by the friction of dry matter. We know that when glass or sealing wax is rubbed, electricity is generated, and so we think that when clouds rub together, well, electricity is also generated. This is not the case, however. Due to the internal overheating of the world gas, the heat that lives in the world gas comes out, as I have told you. Because the air exerts less pressure on one side, the radiation of the overheated force goes to that side, and lightning occurs. Now let's imagine we have this somewhere, and as a result of the greatly overheated, not clouds, but world gases (it is drawn), the lightning flashes out. And it is quite correct: it should now flash out in a straight line.

But you see, the thing is this. You have to imagine: if there is such an accumulation of heat somewhere, it is usually not alone, but there are similar accumulations of heat nearby. And it turns out that when, say, the earth is here and you look up, and there is the beginning of a flash of lightning where there is such an accumulation of heat, there are also such accumulations of heat nearby; and we are dealing with the fact that we do not have these accumulations of heat in a single place. You can imagine that these accumulations of heat are related to the sun shining down. Now there are such accumulations of heat all along the way, and as the lightning flashes out, it intercepts these other heat emissions in its path. As a result, it flashes over and so on (it is drawn). It takes all the other emissions with it, and this gives the lightning its apparent zigzag shape; in reality, it travels quite irregularly. And the further down it comes, the more straight it travels. There are no longer any heat accumulations there; they are higher up. So the zigzag lightning is created by the fact that it does not originate from just one place, but from where the strongest heat accumulations are, and then carries the others along with it on its way. It's just like when you meet an acquaintance there and take him with you; the two of them take another one with them, and so on. That's the story.

Well, gentlemen, perhaps someone else has another question?

Question: Can we hear something about how volcanoes, fire-breathing mountains, are formed?

Dr. Steiner: That is a question that cannot be answered in a very short time. I will guide you to an answer to the question. You see, today, when you read books, you can find all kinds of views on how fire-breathing mountains are formed; but when you read books that are a little older, you will find other views on the subject, and in older times still others. And so, because no one has ever gone into the real origin of the earth, opinions have changed over time. And basically, no one can really imagine how these fire-breathing mountains are formed.

You see, gentlemen, one has to go back a very long way to understand this, because it is not easy to comprehend how it actually happens that molten masses emerge at certain places on Earth. And one can only imagine it if one does not really believe that the Earth was originally a ball of gas that became denser and denser. It is a convenient idea to think that there is fire inside and that this fire emerges here and there for some reason. That way, one does not really learn anything about the matter.

But I want to tell you a little story. It was a long time ago, more than forty years; we were doing a certain experiment in the geological cabinet of the long-deceased geologist Hochstetter. We produced a substance that contained some sulfur and a few other substances, and we didn't treat it by mixing it together, but rather, you see: We had a small piece of this substance here, a small piece of that substance here, a small piece of this substance here, and so on, and we sprayed these substances onto a specific point. In this way, a small sphere with all kinds of mountains was created, which, curiously, was very similar to what you see through a telescope when you look at the moon. So this experiment was actually carried out in Hochstetter's geological cabinet in Vienna, where they were able to create a small moon. What you usually see through a telescope as the surface of the moon turned out beautifully, and it looked like a small moon. So, at first, one could imagine that such a celestial body does not originate in this way, that it does not begin as gas, but that it is actually sprayed out of outer space. And we cannot explain our Earth in any other way than that it was sprayed out of outer space.

Now I want to explain something to you in connection with this that is little discussed today, but which is nevertheless true. Isn't it true that you hear everywhere that the Earth is a sphere and that it formed as a sphere? Yes, but it is not actually true that the Earth is a sphere. I will now explain to you what the Earth is really like. It is only a fantasy that the Earth is a sphere. If we imagine the actual shape of the Earth, we arrive at a body that is called a tetrahedron in science. I will draw it, but of course I can only do so from a perspective. A tetrahedron looks like this:

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You see, there are one, two, three triangles, and what is in front is the fourth triangle. It stands on a triangle. Can you imagine that? One triangle is at the bottom, and there are three other triangles attached to it, forming a small pyramid. So we imagine such a tetrahedron, and we must be clear that four triangles have collided. We have to place the tetrahedron on one triangle, and the other three triangles rise up in a pyramid shape. This is a very regular shape.

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But now think about this: if I slightly round off the surfaces of these triangles, the story changes a little. The story then becomes this: it now stands on top, and it is round, but still free. But the sides of the triangle, which used to be straight lines, are now round. Can you imagine that? This creates a shape that is actually a tetrahedron that has become round! And you see, such a rounded tetrahedron is our Earth. This is something that can be determined to such an extent that you can even find the edges of this Earth tetrahedron. You see, it's like this: take the Earth as it is often drawn, as if it were on a flat surface; then we have North America here, South America here, and Central America in between; over here we have Africa, here we have Europe. And there is first Asia Minor, the sea, Greece, Italy, Spain, France, that is, Europe. Up here, over here, is Scandinavia, there is England, and over here, over there, is Asia. So we have Asia here, Africa here, Europe here, and we have America here.

Now, here is the South Pole. There are many volcanoes and volcanic mountains around the South Pole. There is the North Pole. And the thing is now: we can actually trace a line that goes from the middle of America, from here, where the Colima volcano is, down through the mountains called the Andes, to the South Pole. It is rounded, this edge of the earth. Then it continues: from the South Pole it goes over here, past Africa, and goes to the volcanic mountains of the Caucasus. Then the same line goes over here, just past Switzerland, crosses the Rhine here, and goes all the way here.

You see, if you follow this line, which looks like a triangle—it looks similar to a triangle—you can compare it to this triangle here. So, what I have drawn there, you can compare to this triangle here. So that if you take this piece of earth, which is the base of a tetrahedron.

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Imagine the base of a tetrahedron! Now: How do we get to that point there? Well, you have to go through to the other side of the earth. But I can't draw that here, I would have to make everything round. If I made it round, I would end up at the tip right there in Japan.

So when I draw the tetrahedron, we have Central America here, the South Pole here, the Caucasus here, and over there, which you can't see, would be Japan.

And if we imagine the Earth like this, we have it standing in space like a hollow pyramid, with its tip pointing towards Japan and its base here; inside it lies Africa, South America, the entire southern ocean, the entire southern sea in the base. So, curiously, the Earth stands there in space as a kind of hollow tetrahedron, a kind of pyramid. That is, after all, the actual shape of the Earth, gentlemen!

And now it turns out that if you take these lines that I have drawn for you, these lines that form the tetrahedron, and if you follow them, most of the fire-breathing mountains lie along these lines. You have always heard about them, these terrible fire-breathing mountains over in South America, which are located in Chile and so on, these terrible spewing mountains around the South Pole. You have the mighty fire-breathing mountains in the Caucasus. If you go over there, you can say: We don't have so many here, but we can prove everywhere that these fire-breathing mountains were once there, but have now died out. For example, if you drive along the road from northern Silesia to Breslau, you will see a strange, solitary mountain; people today are afraid of it. But if you examine its rock, you will see that this strange mountain is an extinct fire-breathing mountain. Similarly, we have extinct fire-breathing mountains in many areas of Germany.

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And now let's move on. We have only recorded the base area. We have lines everywhere that go over to Japan. Yes, you see, along all these lines we could always find fire-breathing mountains on the earth's surface! So you could say that if someone went and drew the most important fire-breathing mountains, but didn't draw them on a flat surface, but drew them in such a way that they formed a body, they would get this shape of the earth. Curiously, the fire-breathing mountains are what the lines indicate, which make the Earth appear as a tetrahedron.

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Now, if you think about the fact that the Earth did not come into being as if there had been a ball of gas that condensed, as they say—which is a convenient idea— —but if you explain it by throwing it together from all sides, then you would have to explain it, if the Earth is a tetrahedron, such a regular body, as if a great master geometer, who knows the matter, had pushed the Earth together from the outside according to the lines that we still notice today. Imagine, gentlemen, I make this tetrahedron; I make it in such a way that I first throw in this triangle here from the periphery of the world, then this triangle here, then this one, then the one that lies on top. So I make the tetrahedron the way little boys do: they cut out four triangles and glue them together from the outside, and they stick them together to form the tetrahedron. But that is also how the Earth was created; it was pushed together from the outside into triangles. Now, look at the little boys when they stick these triangles together. They have to apply putty, paste, everywhere they stick them together. The earth was originally stuck together in the places I showed you: South America, then over to the Caucasus, here across the Alps and so on — that's where the earth was originally stuck together! But if you examine the mountains, you will find that they have been poorly put together everywhere, one might say; they do not fit together very well. We can see, especially when we follow the mountains that run from the Caucasus through our Carpathians and Alps, we can see everywhere how the mountains show in their form, in their shape: they have not yet grown together completely. So that the Earth actually consists of four pieces that have been thrown together from outer space — four pieces that then form a tetrahedron. And where the edges are, there are still leaks, so to speak. At these leaks, the heat of the world that emanates from the Sun can enter the Earth more than at other places.

When the underground of the Earth is heated more because the sun can penetrate it more with its power, it becomes, as is always the case when things are burned — you can even burn metals — it becomes soft. It then creates an outlet for itself at the places that are not properly cemented together. And there, through the effect of the sun on the earth cemented together in space, these regular volcanoes, these regular fire-breathing mountains, are created.

But, gentlemen, there are also volcanoes in other places. Certainly, for example, Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius are not located on these edges; they are located, for example, where there is no such edge. Yes, it is precisely these volcanoes that are not located on these main lines, these fire-breathing mountains, that are particularly instructive, because from them one can deduce what causes the eruptions.

You see, it can always be proven that when something like fire-breathing occurs on Earth, it is related to the constellations of stars in relation to the sun, the positions of stars in relation to the sun. A fire-spewing eruption never occurs unless the sun can shine strongly on the area in question in some way because it is not covered by other stars. If it is not covered by other stars, as is usually the case, then the sunshine comes regularly. There is starlight everywhere; you just can't see the stars during the day. You mustn't think that the stars are not there, even during the day. In Jena, where people had time to do such things, in this old city of Jena, where so many German philosophers were teachers, where Haeckel also lived, there is a deep cellar, and above this cellar is a tower that is open at the top. If you go down into this cellar and look out through this tower during the day, everything inside is dark, but you see the most beautiful starry sky above, during the day, when it is bright and clear outside, the most beautiful starry sky.

So there are stars everywhere. But when the stars are positioned in such a way that the sun can develop its heat with all its power, when they do not stand in front of the sun, then the sun's heat energy shines on a particular point. These are the places where, later, after the earth had already been cemented together, volcanoes arose, the fire-breathing mountains. They arose later. In contrast, those located at the edges of the tetrahedron are the original fire-breathing mountains.

Well, you see, in this regard, one can say that sometimes even someone who is not directly involved in the usual scientific life can find quite good ways. You may have heard, at least the older gentlemen among you may have heard, that there was a man named Falb who was neither an astronomer nor a geologist nor a geographer, nor even a natural scientist, but a runaway clergyman; he ran away, he fled! He was a runaway clergyman, this Falb, and he devoted himself particularly to investigating things such as the position of the stars and whether they really have an effect on the earth. And he came to the conclusion that, first of all, such constellations are connected with fire-breathing mountains, that whenever the stars support the effects of the sun in a certain way, a fire-breathing mountain comes into being. But he claimed even more: he claimed that floods also occur because this attracts water: the heated mass below and the water above.

But he claimed even more: he said that in mines, miners suffer most from so-called striking weather. This is when the air in the mines ignites by itself. Where could this come from? — he asked himself. It can only come from the fact, he said, that the same effects occur where the influence of the stars assists the influence of the sun, and because the influence of the stars does not extinguish the influence of the sun, the influence of the sun becomes very strong, shines into the mine, and thereby ignites the air in the mine. That is why Falb said: If one knows the conditions in the mines, one must be able to indicate when striking weather can be expected during the year. And then he made a calendar and indicated, according to the conditions of the stars, when striking weather must occur somewhere. These were his so-called critical days, and he recorded these critical days in his calendar.

This calendar has been printed again and again; it contains Falb's critical days. Well, what could one expect when that was in the calendar? Either an eruption of a fire-breathing mountain or an earthquake somewhere — an earthquake is an underground wave, underground overheating — or a flood or violent weather. Well, gentlemen, I even experienced a nice story once. You see, Falb was quite clever, he saw through such things; but he was very vain, terribly vain. Scholarship does not protect against vanity, as you know. And then the following happened. I was at a lecture given by Falb — it was about forty years ago now — Falb walks up to the lectern with great grandeur, with great self-assurance, and begins his lecture, saying: Yes, today, the stars are aligned in such a way that we can expect powerful storms to occur. — That's what he said in his lecture. At that moment, the door opens and a newspaper delivery boy from the “Neue Freie Presse” comes in and brings a telegram. Falb stood up there with his long patriarchal beard; the servant came in from the “Neue Freie Presse” and brought the telegram. Falb says: It seems to be something important, because it was sent to me during the lecture — takes out his knife and cuts open the telegram. “Terrible thunderstorms have occurred today,” it reported! Now you can imagine the audience: Falb had just said that thunderstorms might come today — and the newspaper delivery boy brings the telegram! Well, you see, he said, that's how the evidence is laid out on the table! Those were his words.

The whole story was a bit theatrical, because Falb knew very well that stormy weather was coming. That was true. But he had gone to the editorial office of the “Neue Freie Presse” beforehand and left a message there: “If such a telegram arrives, please send it to me immediately in the lecture hall!”

But this is also a little bit of what bad speakers and so on like to use to a lesser extent, and I like to tell this little story to show how the audience should be a little cautious and not just accept everything. The audience that Falb had at the time was dressed in silk dresses and tuxedos, for it was a very distinguished audience. But you should have seen how convinced the audience was by Falb's statement! No matter how much Falb had talked about his opinion, the audience would never have been as convinced as they were when the press messenger arrived with the telegram. People always prefer to be convinced by outward appearances rather than by what one can say internally as proof.

For one can say: in certain places, namely at the edges of this tetrahedron, the earth is not yet completely cemented together, but is exposed to the heat of the world, the heat of the sun, the heat of the stars; and the result of this is that lines with volcanoes appear, with fire-breathing mountains, but that fire-breathing eruptions can also occur in other places.

Yes, but does that indicate that the earth must necessarily be liquid fire in its interior? That is something that is always claimed. But there is actually no other proof for this than that when one digs shafts into the earth and goes deeper and deeper, it gets warmer and warmer. But one cannot get very deep. With this increase in temperature, the further down you go into the earth's interior, the more the pressure increases. And what is pulled apart by the heat, so that it could become liquid, is compressed again by the pressure inside. If the earth were really liquid fire inside, then something else could not be true. It is possible to calculate how heavy the earth would be. This is, of course, a hypothesis, because the earth cannot be weighed; it floats freely in space. But if one could weigh it—one would have to weigh it on another, giant Earth; there must be something there that attracts, develops gravity, if there is to be weight—but if that were the case, if one could weigh the Earth—one can calculate how much it would weigh, based on the way it attracts other bodies; there is such a calculation – one would find that the Earth is much, much heavier than it would be if it were liquid inside, if it were molten. That is why Goethe vehemently opposed the idea that the Earth is molten inside.

If we really know what the Earth is like, that it is actually a tetrahedron that is not completely cemented together, then there is no need to keep the Earth's interior constantly molten and, at certain times, I don't know where from, on a whim, like a hysterical person who has mood swings, to let it occur to her that she wants to spew fire! If the earth were liquid inside, one would have to imagine that the earth was actually a little crazy—like a person who is crazy and starts to rage from time to time; you don't know when those moments will come. But that is not the case with the earth! You can always prove where the heat comes from: that it comes in from outside, and that only at that moment, not so deep in the earth, does such intense heating occur that it creates an outlet.

So what becomes fiery when Vesuvius erupts, or any other volcano erupts, only arises in the world's weather at the moment when it becomes fiery. You see, it always takes some time for this effect to arise. This stellar relationship must already have been acting on the earth for some time. But this also follows from certain facts that I have already told you about here in a completely different context. Suppose there is a piece of earth here: the sun's rays are powerful there. Beneath it, something arises that later seeks a way out through fire-breathing or some kind of earthquake (it is drawn).

Yes, what I drew first, what comes down as powerful heat, people do not feel because they do not pay attention. At most, some people walk around in places where there is no sign of volcanic eruptions yet, but where the effects of the sun are already in the air, and they get severe stomach aches; others have headaches, migraines, and still others find that their hearts become restless. But people accept all this, dimly, without paying attention to it. And the animals—as I have already told you in another context—the animals, which have finer noses, finer organs in this respect, perceive this and flee. Although they have stomach aches and headaches, people do not know why the animals become so restless and flee. But after a few days, the earthquake or volcanic eruption comes. The animals ran away because they already sensed the preparations for it; humans are so crudely organized in this respect that they only see what is happening when the disaster is already upon them. From this alone you can see that something happens long before the event occurs. And what happens is precisely the radiating in of a piece of world warmth.

But you may still ask: Yes, but this world warmth only heats the ground. And then, in a place where it contains substances that are more easily inflammable, it can ignite. How is it then that it all bursts out at once? — I will tell you something about that: If you go to Italy, specifically between Rome and Naples, near Naples, specifically to the islands, the peninsulas that are attached here and there to Italy, then the guides always like to show visitors the following: They take a piece of paper, light it, hold it like this — and at that moment it begins to smoke from the ground! It smokes. Why? Because the air is heated by the ignition, and this makes it lighter and causes it to expand. What has accumulated below, heated by the sun's heat from the earth, already flows out as smoke. You can see this very interesting phenomenon: you light a piece of paper — and immediately the earth smokes at that spot. Now imagine this magnified to enormous proportions — the sun not only warms the ground below, but also the air above — and you have Vesuvius. And once it has formed, well, that's just the beginning, then it continues in places that are particularly favorable for it.

You see, it's interesting to know that these things, which actually happen irregularly on Earth, originate from the entire universe.

Now, I told you that back then, when we threw these substances, sulfurous substances, into the geological cabinet, we got something that really looks like a small moon. And when you look at today's moon, which looks very similar, you also get the impression that it was thrown together from outer space! That is one thing you get. But the other thing that emerges from spiritual scientific research is that the moon was actually thrown out into outer space mainly by the earth. What do we get out of that? — You see, that was also done back then. First, such a celestial body was thrown together from substances. Then a substance was also taken into the center and thrown in from the outside, and lo and behold, it became even more moon-like. And what do we have there? Well, we have the whole process. The main mass of the moon was thrown out from the earth; because it was there, light material from all sides of the world was thrown onto it, which is always contained in the universe – it falls down in meteorites, but is always thrown onto it. And that is how the moon was formed. These things all belong together.

You see, the development of science is sometimes strange. In Heilbronn there is a monument today, which is admittedly rather hideous as a work of art, but it is there; it depicts Julius Robert Mayer. If you hear the name Julius Robert Mayer mentioned anywhere in scientific circles today, you will learn how he was a groundbreaking genius who investigated the nature of heat effects in the 1840s. Julius Robert Mayer was born in Heilbronn, was a doctor in Heilbronn, walked around Heilbronn, and was not particularly noticed at the time. The scientists of the time took no notice of him. And it happened to him that, even though he is now described everywhere as a brilliant pioneer of science, a brilliant pioneer of physics, he failed his medical exams in Tübingen at the time — as you would come across the strange fact that most of those who later became geniuses failed their exams. This was also the case with Julius Robert Mayer. He barely managed to make history and became a doctor. But no one paid any attention to him during his lifetime. On the contrary, he became so enthusiastic about his discovery that he talked about it everywhere. People said he was delusional and put him in an insane asylum. So his contemporaries locked him up in an insane asylum, but posterity considers him a great genius and has erected a monument to him in his hometown.

But it was this Julius Robert Mayer who, based on his thinking and research, came up with the idea: Why is it that the sun, which gives us so much heat, does not become cold? It does not become as cold as it should be after constantly giving off heat, Julius Robert Mayer said to himself. And that is why, he believed, comets, huge numbers of comets, must constantly fly into the sun, thrown in from outer space. They are very thin bodies, but they fly in there. — It is true that they fly in! The sun looks very different from what physicists imagine today. If they were to go up there, they would be very surprised: they would not find a fiery gas, but something that makes all earthly matter disappear immediately because it sucks it up. The sun is a space that absorbs. But what is there like a suction ball is not a full gas ball, but like a pearl in the universe, where everything one seeks inside is not inside. This also continuously sucks in this comet mass. It sucks in the fine ethereal formations of the universe, which are almost spiritual, and feeds on these ether masses, these comet masses. And so we still see this suction on the sun today. This should make us aware of something that is important, gentlemen.

You see, when you come to realize that the Earth is actually such a tetrahedron — and anyone who has ever had to study these bodies, how many edges and angles and corners they have, knows that you have to study some geometry to understand such bodies, to imagine such bodies — then you see: such bodies do not come into being so easily. Boys love to make tetrahedrons, octahedrons, icosahedrons, hexahedrons, dodecahedrons, these five regular shapes: they assemble them from flat surfaces and then glue the surfaces together — but you need geometry to do that. Now, the Earth is formed out of the universe in exactly the same way, with knowledge of geometry, if you look at it that way, not formed by numbers, but with knowledge, because it is regular! So you can conclude from this that geometry is actually present in the world, that everything works according to geometry. And that is correct. As I always say, true science always leads us to the conclusion that thoughts are spread throughout the world, that thoughts are at work everywhere, and that people only fail to find these thoughts when they themselves have no thoughts!

It is certainly commendable to be a free-thinking person, but it is somewhat revealing that the term “free spirit” emerged in more recent times, in the 19th century. Free thinking is very good, but many people have abused the term “free spirit” in their vanity. And those who felt most free-spirited were those who had the fewest thoughts, who only repeated what others said. There was an Englishman who made a nice saying; he said: Free-spiritedness does not consist in people having spirit, but in their being free from spirit. — An English saying that others have often quoted: What is a free spirit? A free spirit is someone who is free from spirit! — Yes, in science, one must strive not to develop such free-spiritedness, because then nothing will come of it. We could have figured out long ago what shape the Earth actually has, that it is not a round, completely round cabbage head, but that it actually has something of a tetrahedron about it!

Knowledge of the Earth is in turn connected with knowledge of human beings. Human beings reproduce the universe in their own form. Human beings reproduce the universe in their heads. That is why the head is round at the top, like the round universe. But down below, where the jaws begin, there are very strange formations: they come from the triangular Earth. You will find triangles everywhere; they come up from below, from the triangular Earth. And together, human beings reproduce the round universe. That is why they have a more or less round head at the top, and at the bottom the forces of the earth extend. And just look: you will find the triangle reproduced everywhere in humans and animals, somehow in the formation of the jaw, because it comes from the earth, which works upwards from the earth and imprints the triangles on it, and the world works downwards from above and forms the round shape. That is very interesting.

This is what one can know when one understands real science. When one is free of spirit, one talks all kinds of nonsense. And in our time, all kinds of nonsense is talked; that cannot lead to a view of how things actually are in reality.

Well, gentlemen, let's continue talking about this next Saturday.

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