Mystery Knowledge & Mystery Centers
GA 232
23 December 1923, Dornach
14. Strivings for Spiritual Knowledge During the Middle Ages and the Rosicrucian Mysteries
[Before the lecture Rudolf Steiner gives Instructions for the Christmas Conference and Reiterates his Proposal Regarding the Future Leadership of the Society. See GA 259]
We will utilise the last lecture before the Course which is to be given here, by bringing together what has been said about the various Mysteries belonging to this or that region of the Earth, and attempting to describe to you, at any rate from one point of view, the very nature and being of the Mysteries, in the form they took in the Middle Ages, approximately from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries.
I do not speak of this epoch because it is particularly complete in itself but because it can be used to show the form human striving was taking during that period in the most civilised parts of the Earth. The spiritual striving of that period is often described under the name of the Mysteries of the Rosicrucians. This designation is in a certain sense quite justifiable, but it must not be confused with the charlatan element we often meet in literature without realising how much charlatanry there is in the things of which we read. The name ‘Rosicrucian’ must direct our attention to that deeply earnest striving for knowledge which existed during these centuries in almost every region of Europe, Central, Western and Southern. We must realise that the figure of Faust as described by Goethe, with all his deep striving of soul, with all his earnest effort, is a later figure, no longer anything like as profound in soul as many a researcher to be found in the mediaeval laboratories. These are individuals of whom nothing reaches us by way of history but who nevertheless laboured earnestly during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. I spoke in the last lecture of the tragic note that predominates in the investigators of this epoch. The outstanding trait in them is the feeling that they must needs strive after the highest knowledge that can be creatively active in man; and yet they felt, not only that they could never reach this highest goal but that from a certain point of view the very striving after it gives ground for serious doubt.
I have said that we do not find among these scientists in their alchemical laboratories a knowledge that is ready-made and theoretical but a knowledge that is intimately connected with the whole human being, with the innermost feelings and deepest longings of the heart; it was indeed a knowledge of the heart.
What was its origin? You will most readily understand it if I try now to give you a picture of this tragic scepticism of the mediaeval investigators. Let me first direct your attention once again to the form taken by human cognition on the Earth in very ancient times.
The most ancient form of human knowledge, intimately bound up as it was with the life of the individual human being, was not of such a nature as to lead man to look up to the planets and perceive the grandeur and sublimity of their mathematical movements, such as men reckon out and devise today. At that time, each planet, as all else spread out in the Heavens, was a living being, and not only a living, but an ensouled being, nay even a being of spirit. Men spoke constantly of the families of the planets, of the families of the heavenly bodies, for they knew that just as there exists a blood-relationship between the members of a human family, similarly there exists an inner relationship between the members of a planetary system. There was an absolute parallel between what is to be found in man and what reveals itself outside in the Cosmos.
Let us take on region of the Earth as an example, and show from that the kind of knowledge man learned to acquire in the most ancient of the Mysteries when he looked up to the Sun. At that time there still existed Mystery-sanctuaries arranged with a specially prepared skylight, so that at certain definite times of day the Sun could be seen in a diminished light. Thus you must imagine the most important chamber in many an ancient Sun Temple with a skylight in the roof and the window filled with some kind of material—not glass in our modern sense but a material through which the orb of the Sun was seen in a dim light as of twilight at a certain time of day. The pupil was prepared in his soul to observe the solar orb with the right mood and feeling. He had to make his feeling receptive and sensitive, he had to quicken the inner perception of his soul, so that when he exposed it, through his eye, to the orb of the Sun, the latter made an impression on him of which he could form a clear idea in consciousness.
Now, of course, many people today look at the Sun through smoked glass, but they are not prepared in their power of feeling to receive the impression in such a way that it remains in their soul as a very special impression. The pupil in those ancient Mysteries, however, received a very definite impression of the dimmed solar orb after he had undergone long exercises beforehand. A man who was able once to have such an impression could truly never forget it.
With this impression the pupil also gained more understanding for certain things around him than he formerly had. Thus after he had been prepared by the majestic impression made upon him by the Sun, the special quality of the substance gold was allowed to work upon him; and through this Sun-preparation, the pupil actually came to a deep understanding of the quality of gold.
When one looks into these things, it is painful to realise the triviality of our modern consciousness, when we find in so many historical works the reason why this or the other ancient philosopher allocated gold to the Sun or gave the same symbol to gold and to the Sun. Man has no longer any idea that what was thus known in those olden times, proceeded from long exercises and preparations. A pupil who looked with his whole soul, who as it were steeped his sight in this dimmed light of the Sun, was thereby prepared to understand the gold of the Earth.
How then did he understand it? His attention awoke to the fact that gold is not receptive for that which constitutes for living organisms the breath of life, namely oxygen. Many, indeed most of the other metals are thoroughly receptive to oxygen, but oxygen does not affect or alter gold. This non-receptivity, this obstinacy of gold in the face of that in which man, as you know, has his very life, made a deep impression on the pupil of the ancient Mysteries. He received the impression that gold cannot directly approach life. Now neither can the Sun approach life directly; and the pupil learned that it is well that neither gold nor the Sun can directly approach life. For then he was gradually led to realise the fact that because gold has no relationship with oxygen, the breath of life, when it is introduced in a certain dose into the human organism, it has a quite special effect. It has no relation to the etheric body, no direct relation to the astral body; but it has a direct relation to what lies in human thinking.
My dear friends, just consider how far thinking is removed from life—especially in our modern age! A man can sit like a block of wood and think quite abstractly. He can even think quite livingly in an abstract way. But on the other hand, he cannot by thinking bring about any change in his organism. Man’s thought has become more and more powerless. But this thinking is set in motion by the Ego-organisation, and gold inserted in the right dose into the human organism, can bring back power to thought. It restores to the life of thought the power to work down into the astral body and even into the etheric body; thus through the working of gold man is quickened in his thinking.
One of the secrets of these ancient Mysteries was the secret of gold in connection with the Sun. This relationship between the substance gold and the cosmic working of the Sun was perceived by the pupil of these ancient Mysteries. In a similar way the pupil was led to experience the working of the opposite pole of gold. Gold is an impulse for the quickening of human thinking, so that human thought can work down as far as into the etheric body. But what would be the opposite pole of that?

Ego-organisation, astral body, etheric body and physical body are the members of the human organism, and we may say that through gold the Ego-organisation becomes capable of working down into the etheric body. The etheric body can then go further and work upon the physical body, but gold brings it about that one can actually hold the thoughts in all their power as far as the etheric body.
Now what is the opposite pole of this? It is an activity that manifests itself when the breath of life—oxygen—is attracted by something in man or in nature. For as gold is obstinate in the face of oxygen, repels it, will have nothing to do with it, and has therefore no direct influence on the etheric body or on the astral body but only on the thought-world of the Ego-organisation—as gold repels oxygen, so carbon on the other hand has in man a direct affinity with oxygen.
We breathe out carbonic acid gas. We make it by uniting carbon with oxygen. And the plants require carbonic acid for their life. Carbon possesses the exactly opposite property of gold.
Now carbon played a great part in the very ancient Mysteries. They spoke on the one hand of gold as a very specially important substance in the study of man, and on the other hand of carbon. Carbon was called the Philosopher’s Stone. Gold and the Philosopher’s Stone were very important things in olden times.
Carbon appears on Earth in a variety of forms. Diamond is carbon—a hard carbon; graphite is carbon; coal is carbon; anthracite is carbon. Carbon appears to us in most diverse forms. Through the methods which were practised in the ancient Mysteries, men learned however to understand that there exist still other forms of carbon, besides those we find here on Earth. And in this connection the pupil in the Mysteries had to undergo another preparation. For besides the Sun-preparation of which I have spoken, there was also in addition the Moon-preparation.
Along with the ancient sanctuaries of the Sun Mysteries we find too a kind of observatory, wherein a man could open his soul and his physical vision to the forms of the Moon. Whereas in the Sun-training the pupil had to behold the Sun at certain times of day in a diminished light, now for weeks at a time he had to expose his eyes to the different forms which the orb of the Moon assumes by night. Gazing thus with his whole soul, the pupil received a definite inner impression, which gave him a new knowledge. Just as the soul by exposing itself to the Sun became endowed with the power of the Sun, similarly, by exposing itself to the phases of the Moon, the soul became endowed with the power of the Moon. Man now learned what metamorphoses the substance of carbon can undergo. On the Earth, carbon is coal or graphite or diamond or anthracite; but on the Moon that which we find here on the Earth as diamond or anthracite or coal—is silver; and that was the secret possessed in these ancient Mysteries. Carbon is silver on the Moon. Carbon is the Philosopher’s Stone, and on the Moon it is silver.
The knowledge that was impressed so profoundly on the pupil in the ancient Mysteries was this: any substance whatsoever is only what it seems in this one place, at this one time. It was sheer ignorance not to know that carbon is diamond, coal or anthracite only on the Earth. What exists on the Earth as diamond or graphite, on the Moon is silver. If we could at this moment dispatch a piece of ordinary black coal to the Moon, it would there be silver.
A vision of this radical metamorphosis was what the pupil attained in those ancient times. It is the foundation, not of that fraudulent Alchemy of which one hears today, but of the true Alchemy. This ancient Alchemy cannot be acquired by any such abstract means of acquiring knowledge as we have today. We observe things and we think about them. Alchemy could not be attained in that way at all. Today man directs his telescope to a certain star, he determines parallel axes and the like, and reckons and reckons; or if he wants to study a certain substance, he applies the spectroscope and so on. But everything that can be learned in this way is infinitely abstract compared with what could once be learned of the stars; and this ancient wisdom, this true astrology, could only be learned, as I explained in the last lecture, by establishing a real and living intercourse with the Intelligences of the Cosmos. That itself was attainment of knowledge, when man was able to hold converse, in his soul and spirit, with the Intelligences of the Cosmos.
What gold signifies for the human organism is connected with the secret of the Sun; and through exposing his soul to the Sun-existence, man thereby entered into relation with the Intelligences of the Sun. They it was who could tell him of the properties of gold. In like manner he entered into relation with the Intelligences of the Moon.
And man learned to know how the Intelligences of the Moon were themselves once in olden times the great Teachers of Earth-humanity, who taught on Earth the primeval wisdom. They were the same who today let their forces and impulses work from the Moon. They withdrew from the Earth at a certain time in evolution, and there on the Moon they founded, as it were, a colony after the Moon had separated from the Earth.
Thus those Intelligences who once lived on the Earth and are today the Moon-Intelligences have to do with this second secret, the carbon-silver secret. Such was the character of knowledge in ancient times.
Let me quote another example. As the pupil could receive impressions from the Sun or from the Moon, so by means of a still further preparation of soul he could also receive impressions from the other planets; and one of the secrets thus obtained was that relating to Venus. Venus is studied today through the telescope, and is regarded as being like any other star or planet. The human body, on the other hand, is studied by investigating, say, a section of the liver and then a section of the brain, and analysing them according to their cellular structure, just as though brain substance and liver substance were not radically different. And in the very same way a student will direct his telescope to Mercury, Venus, Mars, and so on, believing all of them to be composed of substances of a like nature. But in ancient times it was known that if a man were considering the Moon or the Sun, he was able to come to an idea of them by means of that which has direct relation to the physical Earth: the earthy, the watery, the airy, the fiery. And if he extended his observation in a spiritual way to the Moon, he came to the ether. If, however, he extended his observation to Venus, then he knew that he came into a spiritual world, a purely astral world. What we see as physical Venus is but the external sign for something which lives and has its being in the astral, in the astral light. Physical light is in the case of Venus something quite different from physical Sunlight, for instance. For physical Sunlight still has a relationship with what can live on the Earth as Earth-produced fight; whereas Venus-light—it is childish to think it is simply reflected Sunlight—Venus-light shines forth from the spiritual world. If the pupil exposed his soul to this light, he learned to know the Intelligences connected with Venus.
These were Intelligences who lived in continual opposition to the Intelligences of the Sun; and a great role was played in the ancient Mysteries by this opposition between the Intelligences of Venus and the Intelligences of the Sun. Men spoke, with a certain justification, of a continual conflict between them. There were starting-points of such conflicts, when the Venus Intelligences began to combat the Intelligences of the Sun. There were times of intensified conflicts, there were culminations, catastrophes and crises. And in that which lay between an attack and a catastrophe or crisis, you had, as it were, a section of that great battle of opposition which takes place in the spiritual world, and appears in its external symbol only in the astrological and astronomical relationships between Venus and the Sun. It worked itself out in successive phases. And no one can understand the inner impulses of history on Earth if he does not know of this conflict between Venus and the Sun. For all that takes place here on Earth in the way of conflict, all that happens in the evolution of civilisations, is an earthly picture, an earthly copy, of this conflict of Venus versus Sun.
Such knowledge existed in the ancient Mysteries because there was a relation between the human beings on the Earth and the Intelligences of the Cosmos.
Then came the epoch of which I have spoken, the epoch from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries a.d. The mediaeval investigators in their alchemical laboratories were no longer able to reach up to the Cosmic Intelligences. They could get only as far as the Nature Spirits. They made countless experiments—of which I gave you an instance in the last lecture, when I spoke of the transformation of oxalic acid into formic acid—countless experiments of such a kind as would reveal to them the divine working and weaving in the processes and things of Nature; but they could only do so inasmuch as they had prepared themselves in the right way through that spirit of piety of which I told you; then, through their experiments, the Nature Spirits spoke to them. Now let us realise quite clearly the position of such an investigator at that time.
He stood in his laboratory, and he could say: ‘I bring to my laboratory the substances, the retorts, the heating ovens, and I make various experiments. I put certain questions to Nature. And when I do this the Nature spirits enter my laboratory with their revelations. I can perceive them.’ This went on even as late as the fifteenth century. The Nature Spirits could still approach the Rosicrucian investigators who were prepared in the right way. But the Rosicrucian investigators knew that in ancient times investigators had not merely been able to reach the Nature Spirits, but could come in touch with the higher Cosmic Intelligences who spoke to them of the gold-secret connected with the Sun, of the silver-secret and the carbon-secret connected with the Moon, and of the important secrets of history connected with Venus, and so on. It is true they had records preserved from still older traditions, records that told them how there had once been this knowledge, but the records were not specially important for them; if one has once been touched by the spiritual, then historical documents are not so terribly important as they are for our modern materialistic age. It is really astounding to see how infinitely important it is to many people when some discovery is made such as the recent case when the skeleton of a dinosaurus was found in the Gobi desert. Of course it is an important find, but such discoveries are never anything but isolated, broken fragments; whereas in a spiritual way we can really enter into the secrets of the Cosmos. Historical documents were certainly not likely to impress those mediaeval investigators. It was in another way that the mediaeval alchemist acquired a knowledge of how man had once been able to attain this cosmic knowledge but that he could now reach only the Nature Spirits, the Spirits behind the Elements. It happened in this way. In moments when certain observations of Nature were made, or certain experiments performed, when these investigators were thus approaching the sphere of the Nature Spirits, then certain Nature Spirits were there present and told how there had once been human beings who stood in connection with the Cosmic Intelligences. That was the pain that gnawed at the heart of these mediaeval investigators! The Nature Spirits spoke to them of a former age when man had been able to come into connection with the Intelligences of the Cosmos. And the investigators had to say: ‘These Nature Spirits tell us of a past age now vanished into the abyss of human knowledge and human existence.’ Thus this gift of the mediaeval alchemist, his gift of access to the Nature Spirits, was really a doubtful one. On the one hand he approached the spiritual of Nature, the spiritual of air, and of water—he approached Gnomes, Sylphs and Undines in all their living reality. On the other hand, there were some amongst these beings who told him of things that overwhelmed him with despair, telling him how humanity had once been in connection not only with the Nature Spirits but with the Intelligences of the Cosmos, with whom the Nature Spirits themselves were still connected but whom man could no longer reach. That was the feeling of these mediaeval alchemists and it often came to expression in a far more sublime, a far more grandly tragic manner than we find in Goethe’s Faust, beautiful and powerful though it is!
The utterance which Faust addresses to the Moon, to the silver shining light of the Moon in which he would fain bathe, would have been made with much greater depth by the investigators of the Middle Ages when the Nature Spirits told them about the secret of carbon and silver, a secret which again is closely and intimately bound up with man. For what was it that man experienced in ancient times in this connection? He experienced not merely how gold is connected with the Sun, but how gold works in man, how silver and carbon work in man, and similarly how other metals related to the other planets work in man. In olden times man experienced these things in the circulation of the blood in his body. He experienced them in a conscious way. He felt the blood streaming and pulsing through his head, and at the same time he felt it as a picture of the whole Earth, this streaming of the blood through the head. And in that sphere where the head is not enclosed by bone, where it opens downwards towards the heart and the breast, he felt a copy in miniature of the rising up of the atmosphere from the Earth. Thus in what man learned from the Cosmos he recognised the metamorphoses that went on in his own organism; he could follow the planets as he passed through the various organs of the body. We find here a confirmation of the penetrating words of Mephistopheles, where he says, ‘Blood is a very special fluid’. For in its metamorphosis our blood reflects the magnificent metamorphosis from carbon to silver. It all lives in man’s blood.
Thus did the mediaeval investigator regard man’s loss of the knowledge of the Cosmic Intelligences as a loss of his own humanity. And it is in reality but a faint reflection of this experience that we find in Faust when he opens the Book of the Macrocosm and wants to rise to the Cosmic Intelligences, then shuts the Book again because he cannot do it, and contents himself with the Spirit of the Earth. We have here only a faint echo of the tragic mood we find in these mediaeval investigators, whose names even have not come down to us. They had to hear from the Nature Spirits, whose sphere they entered through their alchemical investigations, how there had once been a connection between man and the Cosmic Intelligences.
Now all this is very deeply linked with what had to develop in ancient Greece when it became necessary for the Mysteries of Samothrace, the Mysteries of the Kabiri, to be diluted and weakened down into the philosophy of Aristotle, which then played such an important role in the Middle Ages. All the time, below the surface of what we know as Aristotelianism, there continued to work powerfully, although tragically, right on into the fifteenth century what I have been able to sketch for you in this fragment out of those times.
Behind the Macedonian epoch lie two kinds of Mysteries. There lie the Mysteries that saw deeply into the secrets of the cosmic substances and their connections with the Cosmic Intelligences; and there lie, too, the Mysteries with which man began to descend from the Cosmic Intelligences to the Nature Spirits. Man’s vision was closed to those Cosmic Intelligences, but it was turned for that very reason to the Nature Spirits. That was the crisis which came to fulfilment at the time of Alexander and Aristotle. In all that happened at that time we can still see how the abstractions of Aristotle are rooted in the ancient Mysteries. Anyone who knows about the carbon-silver secret, and then reads the observations of Aristotle that have come down to posterity—his most important writings have not come down to us—but anyone who reads what is written there relating to the secret of the Moon, will at once understand the connection with those olden times.
These are things which will be illuminated in the lectures 2Eight lectures given in Dornach, 24th to 31st December, 1923. English translation published with the title: World History in the light of Anthroposophy. (Rudolf Steiner Press.) I now intend to give on the historical development of humanity from the standpoint of Anthroposophy.
Vierzehnter Vortrag
Wir wollen noch den letzten dieser Vorträge heute damit ausfüllen, daß ich, gewissermaßen zusammenfassend das Mysterienwesen, das ich für diese oder jene Gegend der Erde vor Ihnen entwickelt habe, dieses Mysterienwesen wenigstens von einem Gesichtspunkte aus in der Gestalt zeige, die es angenommen hat während des Mittelalters, etwa vom zehnten bis fünfzehnten Jahrhundert.
Ich spreche von diesem Zeitraum, nicht weil er ein besonders in sich abgeschlossener ist, sondern weil er gewissermaßen benutzt werden kann, um zu zeigen, welchen Stand das menschliche Seelenstreben in den zivilisiertesten Gegenden damals angenommen hat. Oftmals bezeichnet man ja eben dasjenige, was damals Geistesstreben war, als rosenkreuzerisches Mysterienwesen. Die Bezeichnung ist auch durchaus in einem gewissen Sinne berechtigt, aber man muß dann hinter dieser Bezeichnung nicht das vielfach Scharlatanhafte suchen, von dem in der Literatur die Rede ist, auch oftmals, ohne daß man aufmerksam darauf macht, wie scharlatanhaft die Dinge sind, von denen da berichtet wird, sondern man muß seine Blicke richten auf das tief ernste Erkenntnisstreben, das gerade in diesen Jahrhunderten in fast allen Gegenden Europas, Mittel-, West- und Südeuropas vorhanden war. Man muß sich klar darüber sein, daß der Faust, den Goethe geschildert hat, mit all dem tiefen Seelenstreben, mit all dem ernsten Streben im Grunde genommen eine Spätgestalt ist, die nicht mehr so tief in der Seele war wie mancher Forscher, der in den mittelalterlichen Laboratorien, von denen geschichtlich wenig gemeldet wird, zwischen dem zehnten und fünfzehnten Jahrhunderte arbeitete. Und ich erwähnte schon gestern, daß gerade bei den tieferen Forschern dieser Zeit ein tragischer Zug vorherrschend war. Denn das Eigentümliche war das Gefühl, daß man eigentlich nach dem Höchsten, was im Menschen schöpferisch tätig ist, streben müsse, daß man aber in einem gewissen Sinne nicht nur nicht nach diesem Höchsten streben kann, sondern daß es auch bedenklich ist von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus, nach diesem Höchsten zu streben.
Ich sagte schon gestern, nicht eine theoretische, leichtgeschürzte Erkenntnis fand sich bei diesen Forschern in den alchemistischen Laboratorien zwischen dem zehnten und fünfzehnten Jahrhunderte, sondern etwas, was tief zusammenhing mit dem ganzen Menschen, mit dem innersten gefühlsmäßigen und von Erkenntnissehnsucht getragenen gefühlsmäßigen Erleben des Menschen - eine Herzens- und Gemütserkenntnis.
Und woher rührte diese? Nun, am besten wird es Ihnen erklärlich sein, wenn ich Ihnen diese tragische Skepsis der mittelalterlichen Forschung dadurch anschaulich mache, daß ich heute wiederum einmal hinweise auf die Gestaltung, welche menschliches Wissen einmal auf der Erde gehabt hat, auf die älteste Gestaltung.
Diese älteste Gestaltung des menschlichen Wissens, die ja eng mit dem Leben des einzelnen Menschen zusammenhing, war aber nicht so, daß die Menschen hinaufgeschaut hätten zu den Planeten und jene mathematische Größe, jene mathematischen Bewegungen gesehen hätten, die man heute da errechnet und erdenkt. Sondern jeder Planet, wie überhaupt alles, was im Felde des Himmels ausgebreitet ist, war ein lebendiges Wesen, nicht nur ein lebendiges, war ein beseeltes Wesen, nicht nur ein beseeltes, war ein durchgeistigtes Wesen. Und immer wiederum hat man gesprochen von den Familien der Planeten, von den Familien der Himmelskörper. Man hat schon gewußt: wie es eine Blutsverwandtschaft gibt zwischen den Mitgliedern einer Familie, so gibt es eine innere Verwandtschaft zwischen den Mitgliedern eines Planetensystems. Zwischen dem Menschlichen und demjenigen, was im Kosmos draußen sich offenbarte, war durchaus in der Erkenntnis ein Parallelismus vorhanden.
Nun möchte ich Ihnen auf einem Gebiete darstellen, wie man in urältesten Mysterien erkannte, wenn man hinaufsah zur Sonne. Es gab ja solche Mysterienstätten, die so eingerichtet waren, daß eine Art besonders zubereiteten Oberlichtes vorhanden war, so daß man zu bestimmten Tageszeiten im abgedämpften Lichte zur Sonne aufsah. Also Sie müssen sich vorstellen, daß die wichtigste Kammer in manchen urältesten Sonnenmysterien diejenige war, wo im Dache ein Oberlicht eingesetzt war. Das Fenster war abgeschlossen mit einem solchen Matezial - nicht im heutigen Sinne Glas -, daß im sehr dämmerig abgedämpften Lichte man die Sonnenscheibe zu einer bestimmten Zeit des Tages vor sich hatte. Der Schüler wurde nun vorbereitet, diesen Blick auf die Sonnenscheibe in der richtigen inneren Seelenverfassung in sich aufzunehmen. Er mußte sein Gemüt so empfänglich, so innerlich wahrnehmungsfähig machen, daß, wenn er sozusagen seine Seele durch sein ‚Auge der Sonnenscheibe im abgedämpften Lichte exponierte, das auf ihn einen Eindruck machte, den er wirklich dann sich vorstellen konnte.
Gewiß, es schauen ja auch heute manche Leute durch gedämpftes Glas in die Sonne, aber sie sind nicht vorbereitet in ihrem Empfindungsvermögen, um den Eindruck, den die Sonne macht, wirklich so vorzustellen, daß die Seele ihn als besonderen Eindruck hat. Für die Schüler dieser Mysterien war dieser Eindruck der abgedämpften Sonnenscheibe, dieser Eindruck, der geholt wurde, nachdem lange Exerzitien vorangegangen waren, ein ganz bestimmter. Und der Mensch, der diesen Eindruck als Schüler der Mysterien-Initiatoren haben konnte, der konnte wahrhaftig diesen Eindruck nicht wieder vergessen. Mit diesem Eindruck hatte aber der Schüler auch etwas gewonnen, was ihm mehr Verständnis für gewisse Dinge geben konnte, als er sonst hatte. Und so wurde denn der Schüler, nachdem er vorbereitet war durch den majestätischen, großartigen Eindruck der Sonne, nun dazu geführt, die besondere Qualität der Substanz Gold auf sich wirken zu lassen. Und durch diese Vorbereitung, durch diese Sonnenvorbereitung war es wirklich so, daß der Schüler zu einem tiefen Verständnis der Qualität Gold kam.
Wenn man in diese Dinge hineinschaut, kommt einem wirklich schmerzlich die Trivialität zum Bewußtsein, mit der heute in historischen Werken oftmals dargestellt wird, warum diese oder jene älteren Denker das Gold der Sonne zugeteilt haben, der Sonne und dem Golde dasselbe Zeichen gegeben haben. Man weiß eben heute nicht mehr, daß dasjenige, was in dieser Weise einmal gewußt worden ist, wirklich hervorgegangen ist aus langen Übungen und Vorbereitungen. Ich möchte sagen: das Hineinsenken des durchseelten Blickes in das abgedämpfte direkte Sonnenlicht bereitete den Schüler vor, das Gold der Erde zu verstehen. Und wie verstand er es? Nachdem er diese Vorbereitung hatte, fiel zunächst seine Aufmerksamkeit darauf, daß das Gold unempfänglich ist für dasjenige, was sonst für die Organismen Lebensluft ist, und wofür viele Metalle, die meisten anderen Metalle, durchaus empfänglich sind: Sauerstoff. Sauerstoff, Oxygen, verändert das Gold nicht. Diese Unempfänglichkeit, diese Hartnäckigkeit des Goldes gegenüber dem, wovon ja der Mensch sein Leben hat, das übte einen tiefen Eindruck aus auf den alten Mysterienschüler. Und so bekam er vom Golde den Eindruck: An das Leben kann zunächst das Gold nicht heran. An das Leben unmittelbar kann aber auch die Sonne nicht heran. Und es ist gut, daß weder Gold noch Sonne an das Leben unmittelbar heran können. Denn nun wurde der Schüler weitergeführt, und er kam nach und nach darauf, daß das Gold gerade dadurch, daß es gar keine Verwandtschaft zu der Lebensluft, zu dem Sauerstoff hat, wenn es in einer gewissen Dosierung in den menschlichen Organismus eingeführt wird, eine ganz besondere Wirkung auf den menschlichen Organismus hat. Eine ganz besondere Relation hat dieses Gold zum menschlichen Organismus, wenn es nur eben, wie gesagt, in der entsprechenden Dosierung eingeführt wird. Es hat keine Relation zum ätherischen Leib, keine Relation zum astralischen Leib unmittelbar, sondern eine unmittelbare Relation zu dem, was im menschlichen Denken liegt.
Fassen Sie nur einmal ins Auge, wie weit das Denken vom menschlichen Leben abliegt, gerade in unserer heutigen Zeit! Man kann wie ein Klotz sitzen, wie ein Holzklotz, und man kann abstrakt denken, ganz lebendig abstrakt denken. Aber man kann auf der anderen Seite durch das bloße Denken eben nichts im Organismus bewirken; das Denken ist immer mehr und mehr für die Menschen ohnmächtig geworden. Aber das Denken wird von der Ich-organisation in Bewegung gesetzt. Und das Gold, in der richtigen Dosierung in den menschlichen Organismus eingefügt, dieses Gold, das bringt wiederum dem Denken Macht zurück. Das bringt dem Denken jene Macht zurück, daß das Denken in den astralischen Leib, ja in den Ätherleib hinunterwirken kann. Vom Denken aus wird der Mensch durch das Gold belebt.
Das war eines der Geheimnisse urältester Mysterien, das GoldGeheimnis in Verbindung mit der Sonne. Die Verwandtschaft der Substanz Gold mit der kosmischen Wirkung der Sonne fiel dem Schüler auf eben in jenen älteren Zeiten, von denen ich Ihnen gesprochen habe.
Und ebenso, in einer ähnlichen Weise, kam der Schüler älterer Mysterien darauf, wie, ich möchte sagen, der entgegengesetzte Pol des Goldes wirkt. Das Gold ist ein Impuls für die Belebung des menschlichen Denkens, so daß das menschliche Denken bis in den ätherischen Leib hinunter wirken kann. Und der entgegengesetzte Pol, welcher wäre es denn?

Sehen Sie, wenn man den menschlichen Organismus hat in seinen Gliedern, Ichorganisation, Astralleib, Ätherleib, physischer Leib, kann man sagen: Durch das Gold wird die Ich-organisation fähig, bis hinunter in den Ätherleib zu wirken. Der Ätherleib kann dann auf den physischen Leib weiter wirken. Aber das Gold bewirkt, daß man tatsächlich die Gedanken bis in den Ätherleib hinein mächtig erhalten kann.
Was ist der entgegengesetzte Pol? Nun, wenn wir eben eine diesem Pfeil hier entgegengesetzte Wirkung hervorrufen! Diese Wirkung aber, das ist eben diejenige, die sich uns darstellt, wenn gerade die Lebensluft, der Sauerstoff, das Oxygen, angezogen wird von etwas im Menschen oder von etwas in der Natur. Und so wie das Gold hartnäkkig gegen den Sauerstoff ist, ihn abstößt, ihn nicht will und dadurch zunächst keinen Einfluß auf den Ätherleib, auf den Astralleib hat, sondern nur auf die Gedankenwelt der Ich-organisation, so hat im Menschen dasjenige, was Kohlenstoff ist, eine unmittelbare Verwandtschaft zu der Lebensluft. Wir atmen ja Kohlensäure aus, wir machen Kohlensäure, verbinden Kohlenstoff mit Sauerstoff. Die Pflanze braucht Kohlensäure zu ihrem Leben. Der Kohlenstoff, er hat gerade die entgegengesetzte Eigenschaft vom Golde.
Nun, dieser Kohlenstoff spielte eine große Rolle in urältesten Mysterien. Denn man sprach auf der einen Seite vom Golde als ganz besonders wichtiger Substanz, wenn man den Menschen betrachten will, man sprach auf der anderen Seite vom Kohlenstoff. Und vom Kohlenstoff sprach man in den ältesten Mysterien so, daß man ihn nannte den Stein der Weisen. Und Gold und der Stein der Weisen waren sehr wichtige Dinge in diesen älteren Zeiten - Gold und der Stein der Weisen. Kohlenstoff war der Stein der Weisen.
Auf der Erde kommt der Kohlenstoff in einer Anzahl von Gestaltungen vor. Demant ist Kohlenstoff, harter Kohlenstoff. Graphit ist Kohlenstoff. Steinkohle ist Kohlenstoff. Anthrazit ist Kohlenstoff. Auf Erden kommt also der Kohlenstoff in der mannigfaltigsten Weise vor. Aber jetzt, durch die Methoden, die in den alten Mysterien üblich waren, lernte man erkennen, daß es noch andere Gestaltungen des Kohlenstofles gibt als diejenigen, die auf der Erde sind. Und sehen Sie, da gab es eben eine andere Vorbereitung für die Mysterienschüler als diejenige, von der ich schon gesprochen habe, die Sonnenvorbereitung: es gab die Mondenvorbereitung.
Beigegeben war gerade den Sonnenmysterien, ich möchte sagen eine Art Observatorium, wo nun der Mensch exponiert werden konnte seiner Seele und seinem physischen Auge nach den Gestaltungen des Mondes. Da mußte man nicht bloß im abgedämpften Lichte die Sonne zu einer bestimmten Zeit schauen, da mußte man tatsächlich durch Wochen den verschiedenen Gestaltungen, die die Mondenscheibe zur Nacht annimmt, das durchseelte Auge exponieren. Da bekam man wiederum einen bestimmten Eindruck in seiner Seele, durch den man jetzt erst Erkenntnisse bekam. So wie man die sonnenfähige Seele bekam durch das Exponieren gegenüber der Sonne, so bekam man die mondenfähige Seele durch das Exponieren gegenüber den Mondenphasen.
Jetzt lernte man erkennen, welche Metamorphose der Kohlenstoff durchmachen kann. Auf der Erde ist der Kohlenstoff entweder Kohle oder Graphit oder Demant oder Anthrazit. Auf dem Monde ist dasjenige, was auf der Erde entweder Demant oder Anthrazit oder Kohle ist, Silber. Das war das Geheimnis der alten Mysterien: Kohlenstoff ist auf dem Monde Silber. Kohlenstoff ist der Stein der Weisen, und er ist auf dem Monde Silber. Was in den alten Mysterien so tief an den Menschen herangebracht wurde als Erkenntnis, das war, daß irgendeine Substanz das, als was sie sich äußerlich darstellt, nur an diesem Orte, um diese Zeit so ist: Man war einfach Ignorant, wenn man nicht wußte, Kohlenstoff ist Kohle, Demant, Graphit nur auf der Erde; dasselbe, was auf der Erde Demant und Graphit ist, ist auf dem Monde Silber; und würde man ein Stück unserer gewöhnlichen schwarzen Kohle in diesem Momente hinaufbefördern können nach dem Monde, sie würde dort Silber. Diese, ich möchte sagen, radikale Metamorphosenanschauung bekam der Schüler in jenen älteren Zeiten. Und das liegt eigentlich jener scharlatanhaften Alchemie, von der heute vielfach gesprochen wird, nicht zugrunde, sondern das liegt der wirklichen älteren Alchemie zugrunde. Aber so etwas, wie diese ältere Alchemie es ist, kann eben nicht auf eine so abstrakte Wissensart errungen werden, wie man heute irgend etwas weiß.
Heute beobachtet man, oder man denkt über die Dinge. So konnte Alchemie nicht errungen werden. Heute richtet man das Fernrohr nach einem Stern, bestimmt Parallaxen und dergleichen und rechnet und rechnet, oder etwa um seine Substanz kennenzulernen, wendet man das Spektroskop an und so weiter. Aber alles das, was man da kennenlernt, ist ja so unendlich abstrakt gegenüber dem, was man einmal kennenlernen konnte von den Sternen! Aber man konnte die alte Weisheit, die wirkliche Astrologie, nur kennenlernen, wenn man, wie ich schon gestern sagte, den lebendigen Verkehr hatte mit den Intelligenzen des Kosmos. Das war eben Erlangung eines Wissens, daß man sprechen konnte in seiner Seele, in seinem Geiste mit den Intelligenzen des Kosmos. Was das Aurum für den menschlichen Organismus bedeutet, das hängt mit dem Sonnengeheimnis zusammen. Dadurch, daß man in dieser Weise, wie ich es geschildert habe, die eigene Seele exponierte dem Sonnensein, dadurch kam man in Relation mit den Intelligenzen der Sonne selber. Die konnten einem sagen, wie es sich mit dem Aurum verhält. Und ebenso kam man in Zusammenhang mit den Intelligenzen des Mondes auf die Art, wie ich sie Ihnen geschildert habe.
Diese Intelligenzen des Mondes lernte man allerdings als diejenigen kennen, die einmal in alten Zeiten selber die großen Lehrer der Erdenmenschheit waren, als die Urweisheit auf Erden gelehrt worden ist. Da waren es dieselben Lehrer, die heute, ich möchte sagen, vom Monde herab ihre Kräfte, ihre Impulse wirken lassen. Sie haben sich zurückgezogen in einer bestimmten Zeit von der Erde nach dem Mondendasein, gewissermaßen von der Erde aus eine Kolonie im Monde gegründet mit der Abtrennung des Mondes von der Erde.
Also mit dem, was hier (siehe Schema) das zweite war, das Kohlenstoff-Silber-Geheimnis, haben diejenigen Intelligenzen zu tun, die sogar einmal auf der Erde waren, und die heute Mondintelligenzen sind. Sehen Sie, in dieser Weise wußte man in älteren Zeiten.
Ich will ein anderes Beispiel noch sagen. So wie von Sonne und Mond bekam man auch Eindrücke bei einer Seelenvorbereitung von den anderen Planeten. Und so ist es eines der Geheimnisse in den älteren Zeiten, das sich auf die Venus bezieht. Die Venus, man schaut sie heute an durch das Teleskop, und man rechnet sie anderen Sternen, anderen Planeten gleich. Geradeso, wie man mit dem menschlichen Organismus so vorgeht, daß man ein Stück Leber untersucht und dann wiederum ein Stück Gehirn, und da eigentlich nur den Zellenbau untersucht, als wenn es nicht zwei ganz radikal verschiedene Substanzen wären, Gehirnsubstanz und Lebersubstanz, so richtet man auch das Fernrohr hinaus und meint, Merkur, Venus und Mars und so weiter, das seien alles gleichartige Substanzen. In jener alten Zeit wußte man, indem man den Mond und die Sonne ins Auge faßte, kommt man noch aus mit dem, was unmittelbar zur physischen Erde, zum Irdischen, zum Wäßrigen, zum Luftförmigen, zum Feurigen Beziehung hat. Indem man bis zum Monde seine Beobachtungen in geistiger Art ausdehnt, kommt man bis zum Äther. Aber indem man seine Beobachtungen bis zur Venus ausdehnt, kommt man in eine geistige Welt, in eine rein astralische Welt hinein. Das, was als physische Venus erscheint, ist gewissermaßen nur das äußere Merkzeichen für etwas, was lebt und west im Astralischen, respektive im astralischen Lichte. Das physischeLicht ist bei der Venus etwas ganz anderes als zum Beispiel das physische Sonnenlicht. Das physische Sonnenlicht hat noch etwas Verwandtschaft mit dem, was auf der Erde als ein auf Erden entstehendes Licht leben kann. Das, was Venuslicht ist -es ist kindisch, es nur für ein reflektiertes Sonnenlicht zu halten -, leuchtet heraus schon aus der geistigen Welt. Und exponiert man diesem Lichte das eigene Seelenwesen, so lernt man erkennen, welche Intelligenzen mit der Venus verknüpft sind.
Das sind Intelligenzen, welche in einem fortwährenden Gegensatz, ich möchte sagen, in einer fortwährenden Opposition leben zu den Intelligenzen der Sonne. Und eine große Rolle spielte in den alten Mysterien dieser Gegensatz zwischen den Venusintelligenzen und den Sonnenintelligenzen. Man sprach mit einem gewissen Rechte von einem fortdauernden Kampf der Venusintelligenz gegen die Sonnenintelligenz. Da gab es Ausgangspunkte solcher Kämpfe, in denen die Venusintelligenzen gegen die Sonnenintelligenzen zu kämpfen begannen. Da gab es Steigerungen, Kulminationen, da gab es Katastrophen, Krisen, und man hatte sozusagen in dem, was da zwischen einer Exposition und einer Katastrophe oder Krise lag, einen Abschnitt in dem großen Oppositionskampfe, der sich in der geistigen Welt abspielt, und der im äußeren Zeichen nur erscheint in der astrologischen, astronomischen Beziehung zwischen Venus und Sonne. In dem, was sich da abspielt, hatte man aufeinanderfolgende Phasen. Und kein Mensch kann verstehen, was auf Erden als die inneren Impulse der Geschichte lebt, wenn man nicht weiß, wie der Kampf zwischen der Venus und der Sonne ist. Denn dasjenige, was sich hier auf Erden als Kämpfe, was sich sonst abspielt in der Entwickelung der Zivilisation, das ist ein irdisches Abbild dieses Venus-Sonnen-Kampfes.
Das hat man in alten Mysterien gewußt. Solches Wissen war da, weil es eine Beziehung gab zwischen den Menschen und den Intelligenzen des Kosmos.
Nun kam die Zeit, von der ich Ihnen gesprochen habe, vom zehnten bis zum fünfzehnten Jahrhundert. Diese Forscher in den mittelalterlichen alchemistischen Laboratorien, sie konnten nach der Entwickelung der Menschheit nicht mehr hinaufgelangen zu den kosmischen Intelligenzen; aber sie konnten zu den Naturgeistern noch kommen. Indem diese alchemistischen Forscher zahlreiche solcher chemischen Versuche, wie ich Ihnen gestern im Beispiel einen gezeigt habe mit der Verwandlung der Oxalsäure in die Ameisensäure, anstellten, die ihnen enthüllen sollten das göttliche Walten und Wirken in den Naturprozessen und Naturdingen, konnten sie dies nur, indem zu ihnen im rechten Momente - ich habe gestern gesagt, wenn sie in der richtigen Weise durch Frommheit sich vorbereitet hatten — die Naturgeister sprachen. Sehen wir uns das jetzt ganz genau an, in welcher Lage solch ein Forscher war.
Solch ein Forscher stand in seinem Laboratorium. Er konnte sich sagen: Da trage ich herein in dieses mein Laboratorium die Substanzen, die Retorten, die Brennöfen. Ich mache die verschiedenen Experimente. Indem ich an die Natur durch meine Experimente die Fragen stelle, treten in mein Laboratorium für mein Anschauen die Naturgeister mit ihren Offenbarungen herein. — Denn das gab es noch bis zum fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, daß die Naturgeister herankamen an den richtig vorbereiteten rosenkreuzerischen Forscher; das gab es! Aber davon wußte er noch äußerlich, daß man in alten Zeiten nicht bloß zu den Naturgeistern, sondern zu den höheren kosmischen Intelligenzen gelangt war, zu jenen Intelligenzen, die einem sprachen von dem AurumGeheimnis im Zusammenhang mit der Sonne, von dem Silber-Geheimnis und dem Kohlenstoff-Geheimnis im Zusammenhang mit dem Monde, von dem historisch wichtigen Venus-Geheimnis und so weiter. Gewiß, aus Nachrichten, die da geblieben waren aus der Tradition, wußte das auch dieser mittelalterliche alchemistische Forscher. Aber das war nicht das besonders Wichtige. Derjenige, der überhaupt einmal berührt wird vom Spirituellen, dem sind historische Dokumente nicht so furchtbar wichtig, wie sie der heutigen materialistischen Zeit sind. Man ist ja immer wiederum erstaunt, wie unendlich wichtig es für manche Menschen ist, wenn so etwas wie neulich der Dinosaurus
in der Wüste Gobi gefunden worden ist. Das war ja ein wichtiges Stück, aber es sind das doch immer nur einzelne Brocken; während auf spirituelle Art wirklich in die Geheimnisse der Welt hineinzukommen ist. ‚Also die historischen Dokumente würden diesen mittelalterlichen Forscher ganz gewiß nicht besonders berührt haben. Aber auf eine andere Weise kam er hin zu einem Wissen, daß man früher einmal zu einer kosmischen Erkenntnis herangelangt ist, daß man jetzt nur herangelangen kann an die Naturgeister, die hinter den Elementen, dem Luftförmigen, dem Feurigen, dem Wasserförmigen stehen. Es war nämlich die Sache so: In gewissen Momenten, wenn gewisse Beobachtungen an der Natur gemacht oder Experimente über die Natur ausgeführt wurden, wenn man also an die Sphäre der Naturgeister herankam, dann waren gewisse Naturgeister da, die einem sagten: Es gab einmal Menschen, die mit den kosmischen Intelligenzen in Zusammenhang standen. - Das war das Quälende, das war das Bohrende, das war das Schmerzhafte für diese mittelalterlichen Forscher, daß ihnen die Naturgeister von einer Vorzeit sprachen, in der die Menschen mit den Intelligenzen des Kosmos in Zusammenhang standen. Und die Menschen mußten sich sagen: Von einer alten Zeit erzählen noch die Naturgeister, die hinunterverschwunden ist in den Abgrund des menschlichen Wissens und menschlichen Seins. - Und so war die Gabe der mittelalterlichen Alchemisten, an die Naturgeister heranzukommen, wirklich eine zweifelhafte. Auf der einen Seite kam man an das Geistige der Natur, an das Geistige der Luft, an das Geistige des Wassers, an Gnomen, Sylphen und Undinen heran in ihrer lebendigen Wirklichkeit. Auf der anderen Seite aber wiederum waren unter diesen solche Geister, die ihnen von Dingen erzählten, die sie niederschmetterten, weil sie ihnen zeigten, wie die Menschheit einmal nicht nur mit diesen Naturgeistern in Zusammenhang stand, sondern mit denjenigen Intelligenzen, mit denen diese Naturgeister heute noch in einem lebendigen Zusammenhang stehen, nicht mehr die Menschen. Das war das Gefühl dieser mittelalterlichen Alchemisten, das oftmals in einer viel grandioseren, tragisch grandioseren Weise zum Ausdruck gekommen ist als bei dem Goetheschen Faust, wo es schon so schön und grandios ist.
Aber der Ausspruch: nach dem Monde hin, nach dem silberglänzenden Mondenlichte, in dem sich der Faust baden will, dieser Ausspruch, der wurde mit noch größerer Tiefe von manchem Forscher zwischen dem zehnten und fünfzehnten Jahrhundert getan, wenn von Naturgeistern erzählt worden ist etwas von dem Kohlenstoff-SilberGeheimnis, das aber innig wieder zusammenhängt mit dem Menschen. Denn was war es, was man zu gleicher Zeit erfuhr in jenen älteren Zeiten? Man erfuhr ja nicht bloß, wie das Aurum mit der Sonne zusammenhängt, sondern wie das Aurum im Menschen wirkt, wie Argentum, Silber, und Kohlenstoff im Menschen wirken, und wie die anderen, mit den Planeten verwandten Metalle im Menschen wirken. Das aber empfand man in jenen älteren Zeiten in dem Kreisen des Blutes; in bewußter Weise empfand man das Durchwallen, Durchströmen des Blutes durch das Haupt, indem man die ganze Erde im Bilde empfand, wenn man wirklich empfand das Durchströmen des Blutes durch das Haupt. Und in der Sphäre, wo dasmenschliche Haupt.nichtabgeschlossen ist durch Knochen, sondern nach unten geöffnet ist, in diesemnach unten Geöffnetsein gegen das Herz zu, gegen die Brust zu, empfand man ein Abbild dessen, was von der Erde in der Atmosphäre gerade hinaufgeht. Und so empfand man in dem, was man aus dem Kosmos kennenlernte, gerade dasjenige, was sich innerlich im Menschen verwandelte. Und man folgte dem Planeten bei seinem Durchgang durch alle Organe. Da setzte sich dasjenige fest, was dann in der Mephistopheles-Zeile bei Goethe in so eindringlicher Weise dasteht: Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft. Denn dieses Blut in seiner Metamorphose spiegelt ab diese Metamorphosen, so großartig sie sind, vom Kohlenstoff nach dem Silber hin. Das alles lebt auch im menschlichen Blut. Und so betrachtete dieser mittelalterliche Forscher den Verlust der Erkenntnis der kosmischen Intelligenzen wie einen Verlust der eigenen Menschheit. Und es ist im Grunde genommen nur ein schwacher Abglanz, wenn der Faust erst das Buch des Makrokosmos aufschlägt und hinauf will nach den kosmischen Intelligenzen, und es wiederum zuschlägt, weil er das nicht kann, und sich nur an den Erdgeist hält; es ist im Grunde genommen ein schwacher Nachklang dessen, was in furchtbar tragischer Weise gerade die besten mittelalterlichen Forscher, deren Namen eben nicht auf die Nachwelt gekommen sind, in sich durchgemacht haben, indem sie hören mußten von den Naturgeistern, in deren Sphäre sie eindrangen durch ihr alchemistisches Forschen, daß es einstmals einen Zusammenhang des Menschen mit den kosmischen Intelligenzen gegeben hat.
Und wiederum, alles das hängt in einer tiefen Weise zusammen mit dem, was sich ausbilden mußte noch im alten Griechenland, als die Notwendigkeit vorlag, daß so etwas wie die gestern oder vorgestern erwähnten samothrakischen Mysterien, die Kabiren-Mysterien, abgeschwächt werden mußten bis zu der Philosophie des Aristoteles, die dann weiter gerade im Mittelalter eine so große Rolle gespielt hat, während unter der Oberfläche dessen, was Aristotelismus war, gerade bis hinein ins fünfzehnte Jahrhundert, aber auf tragische Art, dasjenige fortgewirkt hat, was ich Ihnen hier in einem kleinen Fragment skizzieren konnte. Es war schon so, daß hinter der mazedonischen Zeit ein Mysterienwesen auch noch bis nach Griechenland herein liegt — das Genauere wird dann in den nächsten historischen Vorträgen eben darzustellen sein -, ein Mysterienwesen, das tief hineinsah in die Geheimnisse der Weltsubstanzen, wie sie zusammenhängen mit den kosmischen Intelligenzen, ein Mysterienwesen, bei dem man erst herunterging von den kosmischen Intelligenzen zu den Naturgeistern. Es war der Blick wie gebannt, hinweggebannt von diesen kosmischen Intelligenzen, dafür aber hingerichtet nach den Naturgeistern. Das war die Krise, die in der Aristoteles-Alexanderzeit sich vollzogen hat. Überall kann man in dem, was sich da vollzogen hat, noch sehen, durchsehen im Aristotelismus, daß die Abstraktionen des Aristoteles fußen auf dem alten Mysterienwesen. Ich möchte sagen: Derjenige, der da weiß, wie es mit diesem Kohlenstoff-Silber-Geheimnis ist, und dann die Bemerkungen bei Aristoteles liest, die auf die Nachwelt gekommen sind - denn die wichtigsten sind ja nicht auf die Nachwelt gekommen -, dort liest, was über das Mondengeheimnis steht, der weiß sogleich Bescheid, wie der Zusammenhang ist mit diesen älteren Zeiten.
Doch das sind ja nun Dinge, die dann eine genauere Beleuchtung finden werden in den nächsten Vorträgen, die ich über die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Menschheit vom Gesichtspunkte der Anthroposophie aus halten möchte.
Fourteenth Lecture
[Before the lecture Rudolf Steiner gives Instructions for the Christmas Conference and Reiterates his Proposal Regarding the Future Leadership of the Society. See GA 259]
We will fill the last of these lectures today by me, so to speak, summarizing the mystery being that I have developed for you in this or that area of the world, showing this mystery being from at least one point of view in the form that it took on during the Middle Ages, roughly from the tenth to the fifteenth century.
I speak of this period, not because it is a particularly self-contained one, but because it can be used to show the state of human spiritual striving in the most civilized areas at that time. Often, precisely that which was then a spiritual striving is referred to as Rosicrucian mystery. The designation is also justified in a certain sense, but then one must not look for the many instances of charlatanism that are mentioned in the literature, often without drawing attention to how charlatan-like the things reported are. Rather, one must turn one's gaze to the deeply serious striving for knowledge that was present in almost all regions of Europe, in Central, Western and Southern Europe, during these centuries. We must realize that Faust, as portrayed by Goethe, with all his deep soul-searching and earnest striving, is fundamentally a late figure who no longer delved as deeply into the soul as many a researcher who worked in the medieval laboratories, of which little is reported historically, between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. And I already mentioned yesterday that a tragic trait was particularly prevalent among the deeper researchers of that time. For the peculiar thing was the feeling that one should actually strive for the highest that is creatively active in man, but that in a certain sense one not only cannot strive for this highest, but that it is also questionable from a certain point of view to strive for this highest.
I said yesterday that these researchers in the alchemical laboratories between the tenth and fifteenth centuries did not arrive at a theoretical, lightly veiled realization, but rather at something that was deeply connected with the whole person, with the innermost emotional experience of the human being, carried by the desire for knowledge and the yearning for insight.
And what was the source of this? It will be best explained to you if I make this tragic skepticism of medieval research clear by once again pointing out the formation that human knowledge once had on earth, the oldest formation.
This oldest form of human knowledge, which was closely related to the life of the individual, was not, however, such that people looked up at the planets and saw the mathematical magnitude and movements that are calculated and imagined today. Rather, each planet, like everything in the heavens, was a living being, not only a living being, was an ensouled being, not only an ensouled being, was a spiritualized being. And again and again people spoke of the families of the planets, of the families of the heavenly bodies. They already knew: just as there is a blood relationship between the members of a family, there is an inner relationship between the members of a planetary system. Between the human and that which manifested itself outside in the cosmos, there was certainly a parallel in knowledge.
Now I would like to show you how people in the most ancient mysteries recognized when they looked up at the sun. There were such mystery sites that were designed so that there was a kind of specially prepared skylight so that at certain times of the day one could look up at the sun in the subdued light. So you have to imagine that the most important chamber in some of the most ancient solar mysteries was the one where a skylight was installed in the roof. The window was closed with a material – not glass in the modern sense – such that at a certain time of the day, in the very dim, subdued light, one had the solar disc in front of one. The student was now prepared to take in this view of the solar disk in the right inner state of mind. He had to make his mind so receptive, so inwardly perceptive, that when he, so to speak, exposed his soul through his 'eye of the solar disk in the subdued light', it made an impression on him that he could truly then visualize.
Of course, there are people today who look at the sun through dimmed glass, but they are not prepared in their capacity for feeling to really imagine the impression made by the sun in such a way that the soul has it as a special impression. For the pupils of these mysteries, this impression of the dimmed solar disk, this impression, which was gained after long retreats, was a very definite one. And the person who was able to have this impression as a pupil of the mystery initiators truly could not forget this impression. But with this impression the pupil had also gained something that could give him more understanding of certain things than he would otherwise have had. And so, after being prepared by the majestic, magnificent impression of the sun, the pupil was then led to let the special quality of the substance gold take effect on him. And through this preparation, through this solar preparation, it was really the case that the pupil came to a deep understanding of the quality of gold.
When one looks into these things, one is painfully aware of the triviality with which it is often presented in historical works today, why these or those older thinkers have assigned gold to the sun, and given the same sign to the sun and gold. Today, however, we no longer know that what was once known in this way really did arise out of long exercises and preparations. I would like to say: the act of immersing the inspired gaze into the subdued direct sunlight prepared the student to understand the gold of the earth. And how did he understand it? After this preparation, his attention was first drawn to the fact that gold is insensitive to that which is otherwise the air of life for organisms, and to which many metals, most other metals, are quite sensitive: oxygen. Oxygen does not change gold. This insensitivity, this stubbornness of gold in the face of that from which man draws his life, made a deep impression on the old mystery school student. And so he got the impression from gold: Gold cannot approach life at first. But the sun cannot approach life directly either. And it is good that neither gold nor the sun can approach life directly. For now the disciple was led further, and he gradually came to realize that it is precisely because gold has no affinity at all to the air of life, to oxygen, that when it is introduced into the human organism in a certain dosage, it has a very special effect on the human organism. This gold has a very special relationship to the human organism if it is only, as I said, introduced in the appropriate dosage. It has no relation to the etheric body, no direct relation to the astral body, but an immediate relation to what lies in human thinking.
Just imagine how far removed thinking is from human life, especially in this day and age! You can sit like a block, like a block of wood, and you can think abstractly, think abstractly in a very lively way. But on the other hand, you cannot achieve anything in the organism through mere thinking; thinking has become more and more powerless for people. But thinking is set in motion by the I-organization. And gold, introduced in the right dosage into the human organism, this gold, that brings back power to thinking. It brings back that power to thinking that thinking can work down into the astral body, yes, into the etheric body. From thinking, the human being is enlivened by gold.
This was one of the secrets of the most ancient mysteries, the secret of gold in connection with the sun. The disciple noticed the affinity of the substance gold with the cosmic effect of the sun in those older times of which I have spoken to you.
And in a similar way, the disciple of older mysteries came to understand how, I might say, the opposite pole of gold works. Gold is an impulse for the invigoration of human thinking, so that human thinking can work down into the etheric body. And the opposite pole, what would it be?

You see, if you have the human organism in its limbs, I-organization, astral body, ether body, physical body, you can say: Through gold, the I-organization is able to work down into the ether body. The etheric body can then act further on the physical body. But gold has the effect that one can actually maintain thoughts powerfully down into the etheric body.
What is the opposite pole? Well, if we just produce an effect opposite to this arrow here! But this effect is precisely the one that presents itself to us when the very air of life, the oxygen, is attracted by something in man or in nature. And just as gold is stubbornly opposed to oxygen, repels it, does not want it, and thus initially has no influence on the etheric body, on the astral body, but only on the world of thoughts of the ego organization, so in man that which is carbon has a direct affinity to the air of life. We breathe out carbonic acid, we produce carbonic acid, we combine carbon with oxygen. Plants need carbonic acid to live. Carbon has exactly the opposite property to gold.
Now, this carbon played a major role in the most ancient mysteries. On the one hand, gold was spoken of as a particularly important substance when one wants to look at man; on the other hand, carbon was spoken of. And in the oldest mysteries, carbon was spoken of in such a way that it was called the philosophers' stone. And gold and the philosophers' stone were very important things in those older times - gold and the philosophers' stone. Carbon was the philosophers' stone.
On Earth, carbon occurs in a number of forms. Diamond is carbon, hard carbon. Graphite is carbon. Coal is carbon. Anthracite is carbon. So on Earth, carbon occurs in the most diverse ways. But now, through the methods that were common in the ancient mysteries, people learned to recognize that there are other forms of carbon than those on earth. And you see, there was another preparation for the mystery school students than the one I have already spoken of, the preparation for the sun: there was the preparation for the moon.
The solar mysteries were accompanied, I would say, by a kind of observatory where the human being could be exposed to his soul and his physical eye according to the formations of the moon. There one did not just have to look at the sun at a certain time in subdued light; one had to expose the soul-filled eye to the various formations that the disc of the moon takes on at night for weeks. In turn, a certain impression was created in one's soul, through which one only now gained insights. Just as one's soul became capable of perceiving the sun through exposure to the sun, one's soul became capable of perceiving the moon through exposure to the phases of the moon.
Now people learned to recognize the metamorphosis that carbon can undergo. On Earth, carbon is either coal or graphite or diamond or anthracite. On the Moon, what on Earth is either diamond or anthracite or coal is silver. That was the secret of the ancient mysteries: carbon is silver on the moon. Carbon is the philosopher's stone, and on the moon it is silver. What was brought to people in the ancient mysteries as knowledge was that any substance is only what it appears to be in this place and at this time. One was simply ignorant if one did not know that carbon is coal, diamond, graphite only on earth; the same thing that is diamond and graphite on earth is silver on the moon; and if a piece of our ordinary black coal could be transported to the moon at this moment, it would become silver there. This, I might say, radical view of metamorphosis was held by the disciples in those ancient times. And it is not the basis of the charlatanry of alchemy, which is much talked about today, but it is the basis of the real, ancient alchemy. But something like this ancient alchemy cannot be attained by such an abstract way of knowing as is used today to know something.
Today, we observe or reflect on things. Alchemy could not be achieved in this way. Today, you point the telescope at a star, determine parallaxes and the like, and calculate and calculate, or, to get to know its substance, you use a spectroscope and so on. But all that we get to know is so infinitely abstract compared to what we could once get to know about the stars! But you could only get to know the old wisdom, the real astrology, if, as I said yesterday, you had lively contact with the intelligences of the cosmos. That was the attainment of knowledge, so that one could speak in one's soul, in one's spirit with the intelligences of the cosmos. What the Aurum means for the human organism is connected with the mystery of the sun. By exposing one's own soul to the sun's being, as I have described it, one came into relation with the intelligences of the sun itself. They could tell you about the aurum. And in the same way, you came into contact with the intelligences of the moon in the way I have described to you.
These intelligences of the moon were, however, recognized as those who, in ancient times, were themselves the great teachers of humanity on earth, when primeval wisdom was taught on earth. Today, I would say, these same teachers are working from the moon, exerting their influence through their forces. After their existence on the moon, they withdrew from the earth at a certain point in time, so to speak, founding a colony on the moon from the earth when the moon was separated from the earth.
So with what was here (see diagram) the second, the carbon-silver secret, those intelligences that were even once on Earth and are now lunar intelligences have to do. You see, in this way one knew in older times.
I will give another example. Just as with the sun and moon, impressions were also received from the other planets during a soul's preparation. And so one of the secrets in older times relates to Venus. Venus can be seen through the telescope today, and is considered to be the same as other stars, other planets. Just as one proceeds with the human organism in such a way that one examines a piece of liver and then again a piece of brain, and there actually only examines the cell structure, as if they were not two radically different substances, brain substance and liver substance, so one also points the telescope out and thinks that Mercury, Venus and Mars and so on are all the same kind of substance. In those ancient times, it was known that by observing the moon and the sun, one could still make do with what directly related to the physical earth, to the earthly, to the watery, to the aerial, to the fiery. By extending one's observations in a spiritual way to the moon, one comes to the ether. But by extending one's observations to Venus, one enters into a spiritual world, into a purely astral world. That which appears as physical Venus is, so to speak, only the outer sign for something that lives and exists in the astral, or in the astral light. The physical light of Venus is something quite different from, for example, the physical sunlight. Physical sunlight still has some affinity with what can live on earth as a light that arises on earth. What Venus light is - it is childish to think of it only as reflected sunlight - shines out from the spiritual world. And if you expose your own soul to this light, you learn to recognize which intelligences are linked to Venus.
These are intelligences that live in a perpetual opposition, I would say, to the intelligences of the sun. And a great role was played in the ancient mysteries by this opposition between the Venusian intelligences and the solar intelligences. It was said with some justification that there was a continuous struggle between the Venusian intelligences and the solar intelligences. There were starting points for such struggles, in which the Venusian intelligences began to fight against the solar intelligences. There were intensifications, culminations, there were catastrophes, crises, and one had, so to speak, in what lay between an exposition and a catastrophe or crisis, a section in the great struggle of the opposition, which takes place in the spiritual world and which appears in the outer sign only in the astrological, astronomical relationship between Venus and the Sun. In what is taking place here, there have been successive phases. And no one can understand what lives on earth as the inner impulses of history if they do not know what the struggle between Venus and the Sun is like. For that which here on earth takes place as struggles, which otherwise takes place in the development of civilization, is an earthly image of this struggle between Venus and the Sun.
This was known in the ancient mysteries. Such knowledge existed because there was a relationship between human beings and the intelligences of the cosmos.
Now the time I spoke to you about came, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. These researchers in the medieval alchemical laboratories could no longer reach the cosmic intelligences after the development of humanity; but they could still come to the nature spirits. When these alchemical researchers carried out numerous chemical experiments, such as the transformation of oxalic acid into formic acid, which I showed you yesterday as an example, they could only do so by speaking to the natural spirits at the right moment - I said yesterday if they had prepared themselves in the right way through piety, the spirits of nature spoke to them. Let us now take a very close look at the situation of such a researcher.
Such a researcher stood in his laboratory. He could say to himself: “I bring into this my laboratory the substances, the retorts, the furnaces. I do the various experiments. By asking nature questions through my experiments, the spirits of nature enter my laboratory with their revelations for me to behold. — For that still existed until the fifteenth century, that the spirits of nature approached the properly prepared Rosicrucian researcher; that existed! But outwardly he knew that in ancient times one had not only reached the nature spirits, but also the higher cosmic intelligences, those intelligences that spoke of the Aurum secret in connection with the sun, of the silver secret and the carbon secret in connection with the moon, of the historically important Venus secret, and so on. Of course, this medieval alchemical researcher also knew from messages that had remained from tradition. But that was not the most important thing. For someone who is touched by the spiritual at all, historical documents are not as terribly important as they are in today's materialistic times. One is always amazed at how endlessly important it is for some people when something like the dinosaur
was recently found in the Gobi Desert. That was an important find, but they are always only individual chunks; while in a spiritual way, one can really get into the secrets of the world. 'Well, the historical documents would certainly not have particularly impressed this medieval researcher. But in another way he came to a knowledge that people once used to reach a cosmic realization, that now one can only reach the nature spirits that stand behind the elements, the air-shaped, the fiery, the water-shaped. The matter was in fact as follows: in certain moments, when certain observations were made in nature or experiments were carried out on nature, when one thus approached the sphere of the spirits of nature, then there were certain spirits of nature who told one: there were once men who were in contact with the cosmic intelligences. That was the tormenting, the drilling, the painful thing for these medieval researchers, that the nature spirits spoke to them of a prehistoric time in which people were connected to the intelligences of the cosmos. And people had to say to themselves: The nature spirits are still telling of an ancient time that has disappeared into the abyss of human knowledge and human existence. And so the gift of the medieval alchemists to approach the nature spirits was indeed a dubious one. On the one hand, they were able to access the spiritual essence of nature, the spiritual essence of air, the spiritual essence of water, gnomes, sylphs and undines in their living reality. On the other hand, however, there were also spirits among them who told them things that crushed them, because they showed them how humanity was once connected not only with these nature spirits, but with those intelligences with which these nature spirits are still connected today in a living way, no longer with human beings. That was the feeling of the medieval alchemists, which often found expression in a much more magnificent, tragically more magnificent way than in Goethe's Faust, where it is already so beautiful and magnificent.
But the saying: according to the moon, according to the silver-glowing moonlight in which Faust wants to bathe, this saying was made with even greater depth by many a researcher between the tenth and fifteenth centuries, when nature spirits were told something of the carbon-silver secret, but it is intimately connected with the human being. For what was it that was learned at the same time in those older times? Not only was it learned how aurum is related to the sun, but also how aurum works in man, how argentum, silver, and carbon work in man, and how the other metals related to the planets work in man. But in those older times, this was felt in the circulation of the blood; in a conscious way, the surging and flowing of blood through the head was felt, in that the whole earth was felt in the image when the flowing of blood through the head was really felt. And in the sphere where the human head is not closed by bones but is open at the bottom, one sensed an image of what goes straight up from the earth into the atmosphere. And so, in what one learned from the cosmos, one sensed precisely that which was transformed inwardly in man. And they followed the planet as it passed through all the organs. This is where the line from Goethe's Mephistopheles comes from: 'Blood is a very special fluid'. For this blood in its metamorphosis reflects these metamorphoses, however magnificent they are, from carbon to silver. All this also lives in human blood. And so this medieval researcher regarded the loss of knowledge of cosmic intelligences as a loss of his own humanity. And it is basically only a weak echo when Faust first opens the book of the macrocosm and wants to ascend to the cosmic intelligences, and then closes it because he cannot do so and only turns to the earth spirit; it is basically a faint echo of what the best medieval researchers, whose names have not been passed down to posterity, went through in themselves in a terribly tragic way, in that they had to hear about the nature spirits in whose sphere they penetrated through their alchemical research, that there was once a connection between humans and cosmic intelligences.
And again, all this is deeply connected with what had to develop in ancient Greece when there was the necessity for the Samothrace mysteries, the Kabir mysteries, mentioned yesterday or the day before, to be toned down to the philosophy of Aristotle, which then played such an important role in the Middle Ages, while just beneath the surface of what Aristotelianism was, right into the fifteenth century, but in a tragic way, that which I was able to sketch for you here in a small fragment continued to work. It was indeed the case that behind the Macedonian period, a mystery tradition still extended as far as Greece – the details of which will be presented in the next historical lectures – a mystery tradition that looked deeply into the secrets of the world substances, how they are connected with cosmic intelligences, a mystery tradition in which one first descended from the cosmic intelligences to the nature spirits. The gaze was transfixed, captivated by these cosmic intelligences, but absorbed by the nature spirits. This was the crisis that took place in the time of Aristotle and Alexander. In what took place then, we can still see everywhere, in Aristotle's work, that his abstractions are based on the ancient mystery tradition. I would like to say: the person who knows what the carbon-silver secret is and then reads the comments in Aristotle that have come down to posterity – because the most important ones have not come down to posterity – and reads what is there about the secret of the moon, that person immediately knows what the connection is with these older times.
But these are matters that will be examined in more detail in the next lectures, which I would like to hold on the historical development of humanity from the point of view of anthroposophy.