The Universal Human
GA 117
7 December 1909, Munich
2. The God Within and the God of Outer Revelation
As you know from the spirit of our anthroposophical work over the years, our work is not based on a striving for sensations. Instead, we want to calmly examine the facts of spiritual life that are important in our lives. It is not by speaking of what lies on the surface of daily life that we serve our age spiritually, but by gaining knowledge of life's larger connections. Our individual lives are closely connected with the great events of existence, and only when we judge our own life on the basis of the greatest phenomena of life can we assess it rightly. That is why we have tried in the last three years to deepen our fundamental views in relation to universal questions. We spent the first four years in this first seven-year cycle in the existence of the German Section of the Theosophical Society establishing our views and insights. From what you heard in the various lecture cycles, you will have realized that the lectures on the Gospels are part of the work of these last three years. Those lectures not only helped us understand the contents of the Gospels, but also showed what we can learn from them about human nature. Today, we will talk more about how the Gospels can be applied to our personal lives.
Conventional science is less and less willing to consider the Gospels historical documents about the greatest individuality ever to intervene in human evolution, Christ Jesus. The attitude toward the Gospels in the first Christian centuries and even in the Middle Ages was quite different from what it has become in modern times. These days, the Gospels are indeed seen as four mutually contradictory documents, and nothing seems more natural than to ask how they can be considered historical records when they contradict each other as much as they do in giving an account of what happened in Palestine at the beginning of our era.
Now, if people did not love to overlook the most important things, their thinking would inevitably have to lead them to the following realization. They would have to admit that it does not really take much to see that the Gospels contradict each other in our modern sense of the word. One could say that even a child can see the contradictions. But we could also add that nowadays the Gospels are available to everybody, and everybody can read them. However, before the invention of printing, they were not available to all people but were read only by a few people. These few were spiritual leaders. The content of the gospels was then taught to other people in a way they could understand. Now we have to ask if those few people who read the gospels, the spiritual leaders, were really such tremendous fools that they did not realize what every child can see these days, namely, that the gospels contradict each other.
When we investigate this matter, we soon notice that people's whole world of feeling toward the Gospels was different in the past. Today it is the critical intellect, trained in outer sensory reality, that has a field day with the Gospels. It has no problem at all finding the intellectual contradictions there; this is, after all, child's play.
How, then, did those leaders of spiritual life, who were reading the Gospels, come to terms with these contradictions? On account of the Gospels, people in ancient times had a tremendous reverence we can't even imagine today for the great Christ event. Indeed they felt that precisely because they had four Gospels they should revere and appreciate the Christ event all the more. This is because these early readers of the Gospels thought quite differently than we do today. Modern readers are no cleverer than somebody who photographs a bouquet of flowers from one angle. Then he has a picture of the bouquet and shows it around. People look at it and remember the picture, thinking they now have a clear idea of what the bouquet looked like. But then someone takes a picture of the same bouquet from another angle and gets quite a different picture. He also shows it to everyone but now people say it cannot possibly be the same bouquet because the two photographs contradict each other. And if the bouquet is photographed from all four sides, the four pictures will not be at all similar; yet they will be four pictures of the same thing.
This was how the early readers of the four Gospels felt. They believed the four Gospels are four different representations of one event, each taken from another point of view. They provide a complete picture of the event precisely because they are not alike. It is only when all four sides are combined that a complete idea of the event in Palestine emerges. People back then felt they had to look up to the Christ event with even more humility precisely because it was presented from four perspectives, for clearly this event is so great that it cannot be understood if it is presented from only one point of view. They felt they had to be grateful to have four Gospels describing this event from four points of view. However, they saw they had to understand how these four different points of view originated. Then they could develop an idea of what the individual can derive from the four Gospels.
What we call the Christ event is a tremendous, mighty event in the spiritual evolution of humanity. What place does that event in Palestine have in this evolution? We can say that everything humanity had previously experienced spiritually merged in this event in Palestine and from then on continued in one common stream. For example, the ancient Hebrew teaching, as it is recorded in the Old Testament, is one part of this common stream. It flowed in as the event in Palestine took place. Another stream proceeded from Zarathustra. This, too, entered into Christianity, which then flowed through the world as a kind of mainstream. Likewise, what we might call the oriental spiritual stream, which found its most significant expression in Gautama Buddha, also joined the one great mainstream. All these various streams are now contained in Christianity. You do not learn what Buddhism is nowadays from people who warm over the teachings of Buddha from 600 B.C. Those teachings have flowed into Christianity. Likewise, you do not learn what Zarathustrianism really is from people who want to explain its nature on the basis of ancient Persian documents. For the one who taught in ancient Persia what was recorded in these ancient documents has evolved further. He has let his contribution to the spiritual life of humanity flow into Christianity, and we will have to look for it there.
To get a clear picture of the facts, let us consider how these three streams, Buddhism, Zarathustrianism, and the ancient Judaic stream, flowed into Christianity. To understand how Zarathustrianism flowed in, we should remember that the individuality we call Zarathustra was the great teacher of the second post-Atlantean epoch who first taught among the ancient Persians and was then incarnated again and again. Through each incarnation he ascended higher and higher, and finally he appeared around 600 B.C. as a contemporary of Buddha. He appeared in the secret schools of the ancient Chaldean-Babylonian culture and was the teacher of Pythagoras, who had gone to Chaldea to perfect himself. Then this Zarathustra, who in 600 B.C. was known as Zarathas or Nazarathos, was reborn at the beginning of our era to parents called Joseph and Mary, as described in Saint Matthew's Gospel. This child of Joseph and Mary, the so-called Bethlehem parents, was one of the two Jesus children born at the beginning of our era. Thus, we see the individuality who was the bearer of Zarathustrianism—one of the significant streams mentioned above—transplanted to ancient Palestine.
This was not the only spiritual stream that was to revive and in a new form flow on in Christianity. Many different things had to come together to bring this about. For instance, Zarathustra had to be born in a body so organized that it was possible for him to develop further the faculties he had acquired through ascending from incarnation to incarnation. We must keep in mind that no matter how highly developed an individuality is, if it descends into an unsuitable body because it cannot find a suitable one, this individuality cannot express his or her soul-spiritual faculties because it lacks the necessary physical instruments. It takes a certain kind of brain to express such faculties as Zarathustra possessed. That is, he had to be born into a body that had inherited the qualities making it an appropriate instrument for such faculties. Thus, the Jesus child described in Saint Matthew's Gospel had to have a high soul-spiritual organization in his reincarnating I, which would allow him to have the powerful effect that was necessary, and he also had to have a perfect physical organization, which was inherited, for his soul to be born into. Zarathustra had to find a suitable physical brain.
This perfectly adapted physical organization was the contribution of the ancient Hebrews to Christianity. A suitable physical body for Zarathustra, a body with the most perfect imaginable physical instruments, had to be created in the Hebrew people through purely physical heredity. This had to be prepared far back in the past through many generations so that the right qualities were passed on and then inherited by the body that was born at the beginning of our era.
Let us look at how this life flowed into the mainstream of our present spiritual life. Just as we have seen the mission of Zarathustra in relation to Christianity, so we will now find out about the mission of the ancient Hebrews. Here I must tell you that the more spiritual-scientific research progresses, the more it has to admit that the Bible, not outer cultural history, is right. What cultural history digs up appears childish in comparison with what is written in the Bible and what only needs to be read properly to be understood. For spiritual science the Bible is more correct than historical research. For example, it is true that Judaism descended, in a sense, from a common forefather called Abraham or Abram. It is indeed absolutely correct that as we trace the generations back into the past, we come to a forefather who was endowed with very special powers by the spiritual world. What were these powers? To understand what special capabilities were given to Abraham, we must recall various things we have already spoken about here.
As we have said, when we look at ancient times, we find that people had other faculties of soul than we have today; these can be called a kind of dim clairvoyance. Back then, people could not look at the world in the self-confident, intellectual way we do, but they were able to perceive the spiritual around them, spiritual phenomena, facts, and beings. Since this seeing took place in a state of dimmed consciousness, it was like a living dream, but a dream that had a vital connection to reality. This ancient clairvoyance had to become weaker so people could develop our modern way of thinking and our intellectual culture.
Human evolution is a kind of education through which the various faculties are gradually developed. For example, in our present way of seeing, we perceive, let's say, a flower without seeing its astral body winding all around it. The ancients, however, still saw the flower and its astral body. We had to be trained in our modern perception that sees objects with the sharp contours of the intellect; this training required that the ancient clairvoyance vanish. Now, there is a certain law that prevails in spiritual evolution. According to this law, every capacity humanity acquires must have its beginning in one individuality. Faculties that are to become common to a large number of people must first appear in one person. Thus, the faculties having to do with reasoning not related to clairvoyance, with evaluating the world by measure, number, and weight—faculties that aim not at seeing into the spiritual world but at understanding sensory phenomena—were first implanted by the spiritual world in the individuality known as Abraham or Abram. He was chosen to be the first to develop the powers that are especially bound to the physical brain. It is not for nothing that Abraham is called the discoverer of arithmetic, that is, of the capability to quantify the world and calculate it according to measure and number. In a sense, he was the first of those in whose soul the ancient dreamy clairvoyance was extinguished and whose brain was prepared so that the faculty using the brain as instrument could become effective. Thus, the mission given to Abraham was a significant and profound one.
Now this faculty that had been given to Abraham in rudimentary form was to become more and more perfect. As you can imagine, everything in the world must develop, and the ability to perceive the world through the physical brain was no exception. This faculty was developed through being transmitted from Abraham to the succeeding generations. However, something different had to happen in this case than is usual when a mission is passed on from the older generation to the younger. After all, other missions, especially the greatest ones, were not connected to a physical instrument, the physical brain.
For example, let us look at Zarathustra. He gave his disciples a higher, more advanced clairvoyant vision than other people had. It was not bound to a physical instrument but was transmitted from teacher to pupil. The pupil then in turn became a teacher and gave this higher clairvoyant vision to his pupils, and so on. Abraham's mission, however, was not a teaching or method of clairvoyant perception but something bound to the brain. Thus, it could be transmitted to later generations only through physical inheritance. The mission given to Abraham depended on being transmitted physically from one generation to the next, that is, the perfected organization of Abraham's brain had to be inherited by his descendants generation after generation. Because Abraham's mission consisted in perfecting the physical brain, the latter became more and more perfect from generation to generation. In other words, the mission of Abraham depended on procreation for its gradual perfection in the course of physical evolution.
There was yet something else connected with this contribution of the ancient Hebrew people, and we will understand what it was when we consider people in other civilizations who had dim clairvoyance. We can ask how they received what was most important to them, what they revered most in all the world. They received it as inspirations that lit up within them. They did not have to do research as we do. Nowadays, we establish sciences by investigating the world outside us, by experimenting and deducing laws from the external facts. The ancients did not gain their knowledge in this way; rather, it lit up within them as an inspiration like a flash of lightning. They received their knowledge in their inner being; their souls had to give birth to it within them. They had to turn their gaze away from the outer world in order to allow the highest truths to blossom forth within them as inspirations.
This was to become different for those who derived their mission from Abraham. Abraham had to bring to humanity precisely the results of observation and reasoning. When people in those civilizations that were built on ancient clairvoyance looked up to the highest, they felt, “I am grateful to the God who reveals himself to me within me. I turn my gaze away from the outer world, and the Godhead is most present to me when, without looking at the outside world, I let his inspirations light up within me.”
However, the descendants of Abraham were to renounce inspirations coming from within themselves and prepare themselves to turn their gaze to the world around them. They were to observe what is revealed in air and water, in mountain and plain, and in the starry world, and to ponder how all things exist side by side. They were to connect external things with one another and to gain an all-embracing thought from this. When they condensed what they saw in the outer world into one single thought, they called what the outer world told them Yahweh or Jehovah. They were to receive the highest through a revelation that speaks through the outer world.
In contrast to what other peoples were to contribute, the mission of the Abrahamic people was to give humanity what came as revelation from outside. Therefore, the instrument of spiritual life had to be inherited so that its organization was appropriate for the revelations from outside, just as earlier the inner powers of soul had to be adapted to the revelations from within.
Let us look at what happened when the clairvoyants of ancient times yielded to revelations from within themselves. They turned their gaze away from the outer world because what was revealed there could tell them nothing about the spiritual world. They even turned their gaze away from the sun and stars and listened only to what was within. There, a great inspiration about the secrets of the world was revealed, and they had a picture of the structure of the cosmos. What these ancient clairvoyants knew about the stars and their movements, about the laws of the starry world, and about the spiritual worlds was not acquired through external observation. Rather, the ancients knew something about Mars, Saturn, and so on because they had revealed themselves within these people. The laws of the universe, which are inscribed in the stars, were also inscribed within the human soul and revealed themselves there in inspirations. Just as the laws of the universe, which rule the stars, were revealed in the soul, so the laws that rule the world were now to be revealed to the Abrahamic people through outer reasoning and deduction—that is, those laws had to be grasped through outer revelation.
For this purpose, heredity had to be guided in such a way that the brain could acquire the qualities enabling it to perceive the right relationships between things. This wonderful lawfulness was implanted into the predispositions transmitted to Abraham, predispositions that developed through the generations in such a way that their organization corresponds to the great cosmic laws. The brain had to be transmitted so that its inner capabilities and its structure developed like the laws of numbers in the stars in the universe. This is why Jehovah said to Abraham, “You will see generations descend from you that will be ordered and arranged in accordance with the numbers of the stars in the heavens.” The generations following Abraham were to be arranged in harmonious numerical relationships just as the stars in the sky are ordered in harmonious relations. In other words, these generations were to bear within them laws that are like the laws of the stars in the heavens.
In the heavens, there are twelve constellations. An image of this was to appear in the twelve tribes of descendants of Abraham so that the faculties that were implanted in rudimentary form in Abraham could be carried down through the generations. In the organic structure of this people, developing further from age to age, an image was to be created of number and measure in the heavens. In one Bible translation this is rendered as, “I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven and as the sand which is on the seashore.” In truth, however, the passage should read, “Your descendants shall be grouped regularly in their blood relationships so that their arrangement is an image of the laws of the stars in the heavens.” The Bible is profound, but the way it is presented these days is colored by the modern view of the world. Thus, we read, “I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven and as the sand which is on the seashore,” while a true translation would be, “Your descendants shall be so regularly grouped that, for example, twelve tribes will arise that correspond to the twelve constellations.”
Thus, the individual characteristics had to express that the Abrahamic people was to realize that their mission was a gift from outside, not something that came to life within them. They had to know that what they have to bring to the world is given to them from the outside. The Bible wonderfully expresses that Abraham's mission comes to him from outside in contrast to the old revelations that were given from within. What was this mission? Abraham's mission was to provide what flows through the blood up to the time of Christ Jesus. The entire spirituality of a certain stream had to be placed into this. It was to work as if it came as a gift from outside. Abraham had to give to the world the ancient Hebrew people. That was his mission.
If this people was to be in keeping with this mission, it had to be given to Abraham as a gift from outside. Abraham had a son, Isaac, and he was asked to sacrifice this son, as the Bible tells us. As Abraham was about to carry out the sacrifice, his son was given back to him by Jehovah. What was Abraham given there? The entire Hebrew people descended from Isaac. If Isaac had been sacrificed, it would not have come into being. Thus, the whole Hebrew people was given to Abraham as a gift. The sparing of Isaac wonderfully expresses the nature of this gift. It was Abraham's mission to father the Hebrew people, and with Isaac he received it as a gift from Jehovah.
This is how profound the stories in the Bible are; all of them correspond in their impressive details to the inner character of the progressive development of humanity. The Old Testament Hebrews gradually had to relinquish the ancient clairvoyance that continued within the other civilizations. This clairvoyance was connected to faculties coming from the spiritual world, which were designated according to their nature by expressions taken from the names for the constellations. The last faculty to be given up in exchange for the gift of the Hebrew people was connected with the sign of the Ram. Therefore, a ram was sacrificed in place of Isaac. This is the external expression of the sacrifice of the last clairvoyant power, making it possible for Abraham to receive the Hebrew people as a gift. The Hebrews were chosen to develop the faculties for observation of the outer world. Nevertheless, every new development contains also atavistic remnants of earlier things. That is why everything that was not purely in the blood and still recalled ancient clairvoyance had to be excluded for the sake of the transmission of the new outer-directed faculties. Thus, the Hebrews always had to exclude what came as an inheritance from other peoples.
We come now to a subject that is difficult to discuss because it contains a truth far removed from modern thinking. Nevertheless, it is a truth, and those who have worked for a while in anthroposophical groups may be able to accept a truth that is foreign to the conventional modern thinking. We must be aware that certain classes of people in ancient times retained their earlier faculties into later ages, especially faculties related to knowing. Clairvoyant powers lived in human souls, and people were closely connected with spiritual beings who revealed themselves in their souls. In certain people, who were the products of the decline of these ancient times, there developed ultimately a lower form of this connection to the spiritual world around them. While the actual clairvoyants were connected with the whole universe through spiritual intuition and inspiration, those who were part of the process of decline and who developed this connection to the spiritual in a phase of decadence were actually lower types of people. They were not independent because their I was undeveloped, and at the same time their clairvoyant faculties were already declining. Such individuals appeared throughout history, and in them we can see the relationship between certain physical organs and the clairvoyant organs.
Now we arrive at the truth that will sound strange to you. What we call ancient clairvoyance, this lighting up of the cosmic secrets within human souls, had to enter the soul somehow. We have to picture this as streams flowing into human beings. The ancients did not perceive them, but when these streams had occurred and lit up within them, people perceived them as their inspirations. In other words, certain streams flowed into people from their environment; in later periods these streams were transformed. In the distant past, these streams were purely spiritual, and clairvoyants could perceive them as purely astral-etheric streams. But later these purely spiritual streams dried up, as it were, and condensed to etheric-physical streams. What became of them? They developed into hair. Our hair is the result of these ancient streams. The hair on our body was formerly spiritual streams that flowed from outside into human beings. Our hair is nothing else but dried up astral-etheric streams.
Such facts are preserved only where the old truths have been retained externally in writing or through tradition. In Hebrew the characters for the words “hair” and “light” are approximately the same because people were conscious of the kinship between the light streaming in astrally and hair. In general, the greatest truths are contained in ancient Hebrew literature in the words themselves.
So, we can say human evolution is progressive. However, in those people whose ancient faculties were declining the incoming streams changed and dried up, but no new faculties appeared to take their place. Those people were connected with the new in an old way, yet unconnected because the streams were dried up. Such people were very hairy, while those who developed further were less hairy because new powers replaced those that later condensed into hair.
It will take a long time for science to arrive at these significant truths. Nevertheless, they can be found in the Bible. The Bible is far wiser than our science, which is still at the stage of a child beginning to learn his ABC's. Read the story of Jacob and Esau. Jacob was the one who progressed a step further and developed the new faculty; Esau, on the other hand, remained at an earlier stage, and compared to Jacob he was a simpleton. When they were presented to their father Isaac, their mother had covered Jacob with false hair to make Isaac confuse his younger son with Esau. This shows us that the Old Testament Hebrews still had retained something that was inherited from other cultures and that had to be discarded. Esau is cast out, and what was to live on as sense-based reasoning is transmitted through Jacob. Here, what had remained in a retarded form was expelled in Esau. Similarly, the ancient clairvoyant faculties, an atavistic inheritance, appeared in Joseph, who was consequently expelled by his brothers to Egypt. Joseph had dreams through which he could interpret the world—this faculty was not to be developed in the mission of the Abrahamic people. Therefore, Joseph was cast out and had to go to Egypt.
There we see how a stream evolved in the Hebrew people that is built on the blood relationships of generations and from which the remnants of the old inheritance are gradually expelled. It was the special faculty of the ancient Hebrews to turn what is inherited down through the generations into a more and more perfect instrument so that finally a body could be produced that could be the instrument for Christ who would incarnate in it. If the Hebrews could no longer receive revelations from within, they had to receive them from without. They had to receive through external revelation even those things other peoples received through direct inspiration. That is, the Jews, led by Joseph, had to go to a people that still possessed the old inspiration. There, Joseph was initiated into the Egyptian mysteries, and the Jews attained through external means the knowledge they needed about the spiritual worlds. They even received their moral laws from the outside rather than as something lighting up within them. After they had assimilated what they had to take in from outside, they returned to Palestine.
We must now show how the Hebrews gradually developed from generation to generation so that finally the body of Jesus could be produced, and the ancient Hebrew stream flow into Christianity. Remember our discussion of the development of rudimentary characteristics in individuals. The life of an individual can be divided into periods of seven years. The first period, in which the physical body simply builds its forms, extends from birth to the change of teeth at the age of seven. The second period, in which the etheric body is active in growth and forming, continues until puberty. The forms are defined until the age of seven and the already-defined forms are then enlarged. From fourteen to twenty-one the astral body is especially predominant, and at twenty-one the true I is born and becomes independent. The life of the individual runs its course in certain periods until the birth of the human I.
In the same way the gifts of the people that was to provide a body for the most perfect I had to develop gradually. What takes place over years in an individual, however, develops in a people over generations. Each successive generation must further develop the characteristics of the preceding one. To explain the occult reasons for this would lead us too far afield, but you might recall a quite ordinary phenomenon. Just remember that certain qualities are inherited not directly, but skip a generation. For example, it is the grandson who resembles the grandfather in those characteristics. It was the same in the inheritance of qualities in successive generations of the Hebrews; every other generation was skipped.
What is one period of seven years in an individual's life corresponds in the successive generations of a people to two periods or fourteen generations. We can therefore say the Hebrews developed in twice seven or fourteen generations, which corresponds to the period from birth to the change of teeth in the individual. The following period corresponds to that between the change of teeth and puberty and again comprises twice seven generations. A third period of twice seven generations corresponds to the years between fourteen and twenty-one, when the astral body is especially prominent. It was then possible for the I to be born in the Hebrew people after three times twice seven or three times fourteen, that is, forty-two generations.
To describe the body that became Zarathustra's instrument, I had to show how the seed given to Abraham developed through thrice fourteen generations so that the I could be born, just as in the individual the I is born into the threefold corporeality after thrice seven years. The writer of Saint Matthew's Gospel shows this. He describes thrice fourteen generations—the generations from Abraham to David, from David to the Babylonian Captivity, and from the Babylonian Captivity to the birth of Jesus. Here, from the profundity of knowledge Saint Matthew's Gospel points to the mission of the Hebrews, showing how the forces were gradually developed that made it possible for the perfect I attained by Zarathustra to be born in a body produced by this people.
Looking at the destiny of the Hebrews, we find that the Babylonian Captivity occurred at the period when the individual, after the age of fourteen, prepares for life, when the hopes of youth to be realized later take root. The Babylonian Captivity was the time when the astral body of the Hebrews developed, and what gives this astral body its impulse in the final fourteen generations of the forty-two was implanted into it then. That is why the Hebrews were led into the Babylonian Captivity where, six hundred years before our era, Zarathas or Nazarathos was incarnated as the teacher in the Mystery schools of the Babylonians. There, the most prominent Hebrew leaders came in contact with Zarathas, the great teacher of that era. Zarathas joined them and became their teacher. From him the Hebrew leaders received the impulse that, in their last fourteen generations, prepared them for the birth of Jesus.
History as we know it then unfolded, and we see the writer of Saint Matthew's Gospel take into account a law in the spiritual sphere that will be recognized more and more as significant for all life. This is the law that whatever has happened earlier is repeated at a higher stage. This is expressed in science in a somewhat distorted form in the axiom that what occurs at a lower stage of the species throughout long epochs is repeated in brief in each individual. The writer of Saint Matthew's Gospel shows this in a magnificent way by saying that the I of Zarathustra was to incarnate in a body that was gradually developed within the Abrahamic people.
Abraham proceeded from Ur in Chaldea, the place where Babylonian civilization originated, through Asia Minor to Palestine. Through the dreams of Joseph, his descendants were led farther south to Egypt, and after they had received the Egyptian impulse, they returned to Canaan. This was the fate of the whole people. First, they were led through Canaan to Egypt, and then back again to Canaan. This fate of the whole people was to be repeated in brief. After all that had originated in Abraham had been developed, after the sheaths had been prepared, Zarathustra's I again took Chaldea as its point of departure. His spirit was connected with Chaldea, and in his last incarnation he was the Mystery teacher there.
What path does Zarathustra's soul take when it incarnates in Bethlehem? He had remained connected with the Magi, who had been initiated in the Chaldean Mystery schools. They remembered that they had heard him say he would reappear and that his soul, which had always been called “the golden star,” would proceed at a particular time to Bethlehem. When the time came, they followed the path his soul took, thus repeating the path of the Old Testament Hebrews. As Abraham traveled the road to Canaan, so this star, the soul of Zarathustra, also followed it. The three Magi followed the star of Zarathustra, and he led them to the place where he was born into the body from the Abrahamic people that was destined for him. Thus, the I of Zarathustra repeated in spirit the path Abraham had taken to Palestine.
The Old Testament Hebrews then had to seek the way to Egypt. They were led there by Joseph's dreams. Now the I that was born in the Jesus-child of Bethlehem was led through the dreams of another Joseph to Egypt along the same path the Abrahamic people had followed earlier. Zarathustra's I repeated in Jesus' body the ancient Hebrews' destiny, going first to Egypt and then returning to Palestine. Here, we have a recapitulation in spirit through the I of Zarathustra, reflecting the earlier fate of the Hebrews.
Based on his knowledge of the spiritual law that what appears at a higher stage is a brief repetition of what has occurred earlier, the writer of Saint Matthew's Gospel faithfully describes all this. How profoundly these Gospels record the event that inaugurated our era! That event is so great that the four evangelists found that each of them could only describe it from his own standpoint. Each of them has described this event according to his own limited powers. When we see someone from one of four sides, we get only one picture, and only by combining mutually contradictory pictures do we get an overall idea of the person. Similarly, the writer of Saint Matthew's Gospel described what he knew through initiation about the law of thrice twice seven, the law of forty-two, and about the preparation of the body for the great I of Jesus of Nazareth. Through his initiation, the writer of this gospel knew the Mysteries according to which Jesus’ body was prepared as the mission of the Hebrews. The writer of Saint Luke's Gospel described, on the basis of his initiation, how the stream of the Buddha flowed into Christianity. The other evangelists have described the event on the basis of their initiations. The event they recorded is so profound that we must be grateful to find it described from the point of view of four initiates.
Today I just wanted to mention a few details of the spiritual origin of Christianity to show how our knowledge of the world and of humanity grows when we study this greatest of human events. I wanted to give you an idea of how deeply this event should be taken and how the Gospels really are when we know how to read them.
Das Ich, Der Gott Im Innern Und Der Gott Der Äusseren Offenbarung
Aus dem ganzen Geiste unserer anthroposophischen Arbeit werden Sie im Laufe der Jahre entnommen haben, daß dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegt, nicht hinzuwirken auf unmittelbar Sensationelles, sondern in ruhiger Weise zu verfolgen gerade diejenigen Tatsachen des geistigen Geschehens, deren Erkenntnis uns auch wichtig sein kann für unser Leben. Gerade nicht dadurch, daß man immer über das spricht, was sozusagen am Tag liegt, dient man geistig dem Tage, sondern dadurch, daß man sich aneignet ein Wissen über die großen Zusammenhänge des Lebens. Im Grunde genommen hängt unser eigenes individuelles Leben an den großen Ereignissen des Daseins, und wir können auch unser eigenes Leben nur richtig beurteilen, wenn wir es an den größten Erscheinungen des Lebens abmessen können. Daher kommt es, nachdem wir uns innerhalb unseres siebenjährigen Zyklus im Bestehen der Deutschen Sektion durch vier Jahre beschäftigt haben mit der Grundlegung unserer Anschauungen, unserer Erkenntnisse, daß wir uns in den letzten drei Jahren bemühten, diese grundlegenden Anschauungen zu vertiefen in bezug auf weltumfassende Fragen. Und aus dem, was ja auch zu Ihnen gekommen ist von den Darlegungen, die in verschiedenen Zyklen gegeben worden sind, werden Sie ersehen haben, daß zu diesen letzten Betrachtungen diejenigen über die Evangelien gehörten. Nicht allein deshalb, weil gerade der Inhalt der Evangelien uns nahegebracht werden soll, sondern auch darum, weil wir durch ihre Betrachtung über die Menschennatur das Zutreffende lernen können. Daher möge auch heute mit allerlei Anwendungen auf das persönliche Menschenleben einiges gesprochen werden über die Evangelien.
Die Evangelien werden von der äußeren Wissenschaft immer weniger als ein historisches Dokument bezeichnet für die Erkenntnis der größten Individualität, die in die Menschheitsentwickelung eingegriffen hat, des Christus Jesus. Die Stellung zu den Evangelien war in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten und noch lange auch durch das Mittelalter hindurch eine ganz andere, als sie in der neueren Zeit geworden ist. Die Evangelien werden ja heute empfunden als vier einander widersprechende Dokumente, und es scheint heute nichts selbstverständlicher als dies, daß man sagt: Wie können vier Dokumente historische Urkunden sein, wenn sie einander so widersprechen, wie es die vier Evangelien tun, die uns Nachricht geben wollen von dem, was im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung in Palästina geschehen ist.
Nun könnte dem menschlichen Denken, wenn es heute nicht gar zu sehr über die wichtigsten Sachen hinwegsehen wollte, dabei doch eines aufstoßen. Man könnte sich zum Beispiel sagen: Eigentlich gehört nicht viel dazu, um zu erkennen, daß die vier Evangelien sich in dem Sinne widersprechen, wie man das heute auffaßt. Das sieht jedes Kind, möchte man meinen. Aber man könnte dazu sagen: Jetzt sind die Evangelien gewissermaßen in aller Hände, jetzt beschäftigen sich alle Menschen damit. Es gab eine Zeit vor der Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst, wo diese Evangelien keineswegs in aller Hände waren, wo sie nur von wenigen gelesen wurden, und diese wenigen waren gerade diejenigen, die an der Spitze des geistigen Lebens standen. Den andern wurde der Inhalt nahegebracht so, wie sie es fassen konnten. Man könnte fragen: Ja, waren denn diese wenigen, die an der Spitze des geistigen Lebens standen, so ungeheure Toren, daß sie nicht eingesehen haben, was jedes Kind heute einsehen kann: daß die Evangelien sich im heutigen Sinne widersprechen?
Wollte man dieser Frage nachgehen, so würde man bald etwas anderes bemerken, nämlich, daß die ganze Gefühlswelt des Menschen zu den Evangelien anders stand als heute. Heute ist es der kritische Verstand, der seine ganze Art, zu denken, an der äußeren sinnlichen Wirklichkeit gelernt hat. Der ist es, der sich auch über die Evangelien hermacht, und dem wird es wahrlich nicht schwer, die Verstandeswidersprüche zu finden, denn sie sind ja kinderleicht zu finden.
Wie haben denn diejenigen, die an der Spitze des geistigen Lebens standen und in alten Jahrhunderten die Evangelien in die Hand genommen haben, sich abgefunden mit dem, was man heute Widersprüche nennt? Diese Menschen der alten Zeiten haben eine ungeheure, heute gar nicht auszudenkende Ehrfurcht bekommen vor dem großen Christus-Ereignis durch die vier Evangelien, und sie haben merkwürdigerweise so empfunden, daß sie, gerade weil sie vier Evangelien hatten, um so mehr dieses Ereignis ehren und schätzen müßten. Wie ist das möglich? Das kommt davon her, daß diese alten Beurteiler der Evangelien etwas ganz anderes ins Auge gefaßt haben als die heutigen. Die heutigen Beurteiler machen es nicht gescheiter als jemand, der meinetwillen einen Blumenstrauß von einer Seite photographiert — da bekommt er eine gewisse Photographie des Blumenstraußes. Jetzt geht er mit der Photographie durch die Welt. Die Leute merken sich, wie die Photographie ausschaut und sagen sich: Jetzt habe ich eine genaue Vorstellung von dem Blumenstrauß. Dann kommt einer, der photographiert den Blumenstrauß von der andern Seite. Das Bild wird ganz anders. Er zeigt wiederum das Bild des selben Blumenstraußes den Leuten. Diese sagen: Das kann nicht das Bild des StrauBes sein; die Bilder widersprechen sich ja. - Und wenn der Strauß von vier Seiten photographiert wird, so sehen sich die vier Bilder gar nicht ähnlich; dennoch sind sie vier Aufnahmen derselben Sache. So haben die alten Beurteiler der vier Evangelien empfunden. Sie haben sich gesagt: Die vier Evangelien sind von vier verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus aufgenommene Darstellungen des einen Ereignisses, und weil dies der Fall ist, so geben sie uns gerade dadurch ein vollkommenes Bild, daß sie sich nicht gleichen, und erst dann, wenn wir imstande sind, uns eine Gesamtvorstellung von den vier Seiten aus zu machen, bekommen wir eine Gesamtidee des Ereignisses von Palästina. - Und so haben sich diese Leute gesagt: Wir müssen um so mehr mit Demut hinaufblicken, wenn wir das Ereignis von Palästina von vier Seiten aus dargestellt sehen, denn dieses Ereignis ist so groß, daß man es nicht verstehen kann, wenn es nur von einer Seite geschildert wird. Wir müssen dankbar sein, daß wir vier Evangelien haben, die das große Ereignis von vier Seiten aus schildern. Wir müssen nur verstehen, wie diese vier verschiedenen Standpunkte zustandegekommen sind, und dann, wenn wir uns davon überzeugt haben, dann können wir uns auch eine Anschauung darüber bilden, was der einzelne Mensch wiederum haben kann von den vier Evangelien.
Was wir das Christus-Ereignis nennen, das ist ja ein gewaltiges Geschehnis in der geistigen Entwickelung der Menschheit. Wie können wir denn das, was damals in Palästina sich zugetragen hat, hineinstellen in die ganze Menschheitsentwickelung? So können wir es hineinstellen, daß wir sagen: Alles dasjenige, was vorher die Menschheit geistig durchgemacht, geistig erlebt hat, alles das ist eingeflossen, zusammengeströmt in dem Ereignis von Palästina, um dann in einem gemeinsamen Strom weiterzufließen.
Da haben wir, um nur einiges zu nennen: Die althebräische Lehre, wie sie uns im Alten Testament niedergelegt ist. Dies ist ein Beitrag. Er floß ein, als das Ereignis von Palästina geschah. Da war dann ein anderer Strom, der von Zarathustra ausgegangen ist. Er floß ein in das, was dann als Christentum wie ein Hauptstrom durch die Welt weiterfloß.
Und da ist dasjenige, was wir nennen können die orientalische Geistesströmung, die im Gautama Buddha ihren bedeutendsten Ausdruck gefunden hat. Auch das floß ein in den einen großen Hauptstrom, um dann zusammen weiterzufließen. Alle diese einzelnen Strömungen sind heute im Christentum drinnen.
Der zeigt Ihnen nicht, was der Buddhismus heute ist, der Ihnen wieder aufwärmt die Lehren, die Buddha sechshundert Jahre vor unserer Zeitrechnung gegeben hat. Diese Lehren sind eingeflossen ins Christentum. Der zeigt Ihnen nicht, was der Zarathustrismus wirklich ist, der die altpersischen Urkunden nimmt und von da aus heute zeigen will das Wesen des Zarathustrismus; denn derjenige, der gelehrt hat im alten Persien, was in den altpersischen Urkunden ist, der hat sich weiterentwickelt und hat einfließen lassen seinen Beitrag zum geistigen Leben der Menschheit, und wir müssen innerhalb des christlichen Stromes auch den Zarathustrismus suchen.
Nun fragen wir uns, damit wir ein Bild bekommen von dem wirklichen Sachverhalt: Wie sind gerade diese drei Strömungen, der Buddhismus, der Zarathustrismus und die althebräische Strömung in das Christentum eingeflossen?
Wenn wir verstehen wollen, wie der Zarathustrismus eingeflossen ist, dann dürfen wir uns daran erinnern, daß diejenige Individualität, die wir als Zarathustra ansprechen, der große Lehrer war der zweiten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, der zuerst gelehrt hat im sogenannten urpersischen Volk, der dann immer wieder und wieder verkörpert worden ist. Nachdem er durch jede Verkörperung hindurch immer höher und höher gestiegen war, erschien er ungefähr sechshundert Jahre vor unserer Zeitrechnung als ein Zeitgenosse des großen Buddha. Er erschien in den Geheimschulen des alten chaldäischbabylonischen Kulturkreises. Da war er wiederverkörpert, war da der Lehrer des Pythagoras, der nach Chaldäa ging, um in der entsprechenden Weise sich zu vervollkommnen. Dann wurde dieser Zarathustra, der damals sechshundert Jahre vor unserer Zeitrechnung unter dem Namen Zarathos oder Nazarathos erschienen war, wiedergeboren im Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung, wiedergeboren so, daß er in einem Körper auftrat, der entsproß dem Elternpaar, das Joseph und Maria hieß und das uns geschildert wird in dem Matthäus-Evangelium. Wir bezeichnen dieses Kind von Joseph und Maria, des sogenannten bethlehemitischen Elternpaares, als das eine der beiden Jesuskinder, die damals im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung geboren worden sind. Damit haben wir hereinverpflanzt in das alte Palästina gerade jene Individualität, welche der Träger war des Zarathustrismus, der einen bedeutsamen Geistesströmung.
Aber nicht nur diese Geistesströmung sollte wiederaufleben, um in einer neuen Form fortströmen zu können im Christentum, sondern auch andere Geistesströmungen. Dadurch mußten verschiedene Dinge damals zusammentreffen. Es mußte zum Beispiel auch das geschehen, daß der Zarathustra hineingeboren wurde in einen Leib, der durch seine physische Organisation Aussicht bot, daß der Zarathustra gerade in jener Inkarnation diejenigen Fähigkeiten entwickeln konnte, die er hatte deshalb, weil er von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation so hoch heraufgestiegen war. Denn wir müssen uns durchaus gesagt sein lassen: Wenn eine noch so hohe Individualität heruntersteigen und einen ungeeigneten Körper finden würde — was ja dadurch geschehen könnte, daß diese Individualität einen geeigneten Körper gar nicht finden kann -, so würde sie die Fähigkeiten, die sie geistig-seelisch hat, eben nicht ausleben können, weil die Werkzeuge dafür nicht da wären. Man muß ein bestimmt geartetes Gehirn haben, wenn man solche Fähigkeiten ausleben will, wie sie der Zarathustra gehabt hat; das heißt, man muß in einen Körper hineingeboren werden, der, ererbt von den Vorfahren, jene Eigenschaften hat, die ihn zum geeigneten Instrument machen für diese Fähigkeiten. Es mußte also nicht nur gesorgt werden bei jenem Jesusknaben, der im Matthäus-Evangelium geschildert wird, daß er in dem, was sich wiederverkörperte, eine so hohe geistig-seelische Organisation hatte, daß er jene mächtige Wirkung ausüben konnte, die ausgeübt werden mußte, sondern auch dafür, daß diese Seele hineingeboren werden konnte in eine vollkommene physische Organisation, die vererbt wurde. Das geeignete physische Gehirn mußte dieser Zarathustra vorfinden.
Was da ausgearbeitet wurde als eine vollkommen geeignete physische Organisation, das ist der Beitrag, den das althebräische Volk zum Christentum zu leisten hatte. Aus ihm heraus sollte durch rein physische Vererbung ein geeigneter Körper geschaffen werden mit den denkbar vollkommensten äußeren physischen Werkzeugen. Dazu mußte in den Generationen weit hinauf Vorbereitung getroffen werden, damit die richtigen Eigenschaften sich vererben konnten demjenigen Körper, der da geboren wurde im Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung.
Nun wollen wir uns eine Vorstellung bilden, wie dieses Leben eingeflossen ist in den großen Hauptstrom unseres gegenwärtigen Geisteslebens. Das heißt, ebenso wie wir gesehen haben die Mission des Zarathustra innerhalb des Christentums, so wollen wir jetzt fragen nach der Mission des althebräischen Volkes für die Gesamtkultur unserer Erde. Da muß gesagt werden, daß die geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung immer mehr und mehr, je weiter sie vorwärtsschreitet, dazu kommt, der Bibel mehr recht zu geben als dem, was wir heute an äußerer Kulturgeschichte haben. Was da ausgegraben wird, das nimmt sich eigentlich recht kindlich aus gegenüber dem, was da in der Bibel steht und was man nur richtig lesen muß, um es zu verstehen. Vor den Augen der wirklichen Geistesforschung ist das das Richtigere. So ist unter anderm auch richtig, daß in einer gewissen Beziehung das spätere Judentum abstammt von einem Stammvater Abraham oder Abram. Dahinter steckt etwas durchaus Richtiges, daß, wenn wir die Generationen hinaufgehen, wir an einen Stammvater kommen, dem ganz besondere Fähigkeiten erteilt wurden aus der geistigen Welt heraus. Welches waren diese? Wenn wir verstehen wollen, welche ganz besonderen Fähigkeiten ihm erteilt wurden, dann müssen wir uns ein wenig erinnern an verschiedenes, was wir hier schon gesagt haben.
Wenn wir zurückgehen in frühere Zeiten, so finden wir, daß die Menschen andere Seelenfähigkeiten gehabt haben, Seelenfähigkeiten, die wir gegenüber den heutigen als eine Art dumpfes Hellsehen bezeichnen können. Die Menschen haben zwar nicht in so selbstbewußter, verstandesgemäßer Weise in die Welt hinaussehen können wie die heutigen Menschen, aber sie haben die Fähigkeit gehabt, das Geistige, das in der Umwelt ist, die geistigen Erscheinungen, Tatsachen, Wesenheiten, noch zu sehen. Nur war dieses Sehen, weil es in herabgedämpftem Bewußtsein geschah, mehr wie ein lebendiger Traum, der aber lebendige Beziehung zur Wirklichkeit hatte. Dieses alte Hellsehen sollte immer schwächer und schwächer werden, damit die Menschen sich anerziehen konnten unser heutiges äußeres Anschauen und unsere heutige Verstandeskultur.
Die ganze Entwickelung der Menschheit ist eine Art Erziehung. Die einzelnen Fähigkeiten werden nach und nach errungen. Die heutige Art zu sehen, ohne daß wir, wenn wir zum Beispiel im normalen Bewußtsein eine Blume ansehen, ringsherum sehen den astralischen Leib, der sich herumwindet um die Blume - während der alte Beobachter gesehen hat die Blume und den astralischen Leib herum -, diese heutige Anschauung, die die Gegenstände mit scharfen Verstandeskonturen schaut, mußte der Menschheit anerzogen werden dadurch, daß die Hellsichtigkeit verschwand. Da herrscht nun ein ganz bestimmtes Gesetz in der Geistesentwickelung. Alles das, was der Menschheit anerzogen wird, muß immer seinen Ausgangspunkt nehmen von einer Individualität. Fähigkeiten, die dann Fähigkeiten einer großen Anzahl von Menschen werden sollen, müssen sozusagen zuerst bei einem Menschen anfangen. Die Fähigkeiten, die sich namentlich beziehen auf das von einem Hellsehen abgewandte Kombinieren, auf das Beurteilen der Welt nach Maß, Zahl und Gewicht, diese Fähigkeiten, die gerade ganz darauf ausgehen, nicht in die geistige Welt hineinzuschauen, sondern die sinnlichen Erscheinungen zu kombinieren, sie wurden aus der geistigen Welt zuerst eingepflanzt jener Individualität, die als Abraham oder Abram bezeichnet wird. Er war dazu ausersehen, diejenigen Fähigkeiten zuerst auszubilden, welche im eminentesten Sinn geknüpft sind an das Instrument des physischen Gehirns. Abraham wird nicht umsonst genannt der Erfinder der Arithmetik, das heißt derjenigen Fähigkeit, welche die Welt nach Maß und Zahl beurteilt und kombiniert. Er war sozusagen der erste unter denen, aus deren Seelenfähigkeiten ausgelöscht wurde das alte dämmerhafte Hellsehen und deren Gehirn so zubereitet wurde, daß gerade die Fähigkeit, die sich des Gehirns bedient, am meisten zur Geltung kommt. Das war eine bedeutsame, mächtige Mission, die gerade dem Abraham übertragen worden ist.
Nun sollte diese Fähigkeit, die als eine Anlage in Abraham hineingelegt wurde aus der geistigen Welt heraus, wie es bei jeder Anlage sein muß, immer vollkommener und vollkommener werden. Sie können sich leicht denken, daß alles das, was in der Welt auftritt, sich entwickeln muß. So mußte sich auch diese Fähigkeit, durch das physische Gehirn die Welt zu betrachten, aus einer Anlage allmählich entwickeln. Die Entwickelung dieser Fähigkeit geschah nun durch die folgenden Generationen, indem das, was Abraham gegeben wurde, übertragen wurde auf die folgenden Generationen durch die folgenden Zeitalter. Aber es mußte etwas anderes geschehen, als früher beim Übertragen einer Mission von den alten Leuten auf die jüngeren geschehen war. Denn die andern Missionen waren noch nicht gebunden an ein physisches Werkzeug. Gerade die größten Missionen waren nicht gebunden an ein physisches Gehirn. Nehmen wir den Zarathustra. Was er seinen Schülern gegeben hatte, war ein höheres hellseherisches Anschauen, als es die andern Menschen hatten. Das war nicht gebunden an ein physisches Werkzeug; das wurde übertragen vom Lehrer zum Schüler. Der Schüler wurde wieder Lehrer, übertrug es wieder auf den Schüler und so weiter. Jetzt handelt es sich aber nicht um eine Lehre, um eine Art und Weise des hellseherischen Anschauens, sondern um etwas, was an das Instrument des physischen Gehirns gebunden war. So etwas kann sich nur verpflanzen in die späteren Zeiten, wenn es sich physisch vererbt. Daher war das, was dem Abraham als Mission gegeben war, daran gebunden, daß es sich physisch vererbte von einer Generation zur andern, das heißt, es mußte diese vollkommene Organisation des physischen Gehirns von Abraham hinunter sich vererben auf seine Nachkommen von Generation zu Generation. Weil seine Mission gerade darin bestand, daß das physische Gehirn vollkommener und vollkommener wurde, so mußte es auch von Generation zu Generation immer vollkommener werden.
So war die Mission des Abraham etwas, was gebunden war an die Fortpflanzung, um immer vollkommener zu werden im Laufe der physischen Entwickelung. Nun war noch etwas anderes verbunden mit diesem Beitrag, den das althebräische Kulturvolk zu leisten hatte. Und dieses andere werden wir verstehen, wenn wir uns folgendes vorlegen.
Nehmen wir die Menschen in den andern Kulturen mit ihrem alten dämmerhaften Hellsehen, dann werden wir sagen: Wie erhielten sie, was für sie das Wichtigste war, was sie am höchsten verehrten in der Welt? Sie erhielten es so, daß es als Inspiration ganz in ihrem Inneren aufleuchtete. Man brauchte nicht so, wie heute, zu forschen. Heute erlangt der Mensch die Wissenschaft dadurch, daß er außen forscht, daß er experimentiert und aus den kombinierten äußeren Tatsachen seine Gesetze nimmt. So erfuhr der Alte nicht dasjenige, was er wissen sollte, sondern das blitzte in ihm auf als eine Eingebung. Er empfing es in seinem Innern; seine Seele mußte es gebären in seinem Innern. Er mußte den Blick abwenden von der äußeren Welt, wenn er die höchsten Wahrheiten als Inspirationen aufgehen lassen sollte.
Das sollte nun anders werden in demjenigen Volk, das seine Mission von Abraham ableitete. Abraham sollte den Menschen gerade dasjenige bringen, was durch die Beobachtungen von außen und durch die Kombinationen gewonnen wird. Wenn also der Angehörige der andern Kulturen, die auf altes Hellsehen gebaut waren, zum Höchsten hinaufsah, so sagte er sich: Ich bin dankbar dem Gotte, der sich mir im Inneren offenbart. Ich wende den Blick von außen ab, und am meisten wird mir die Gottheit gegenwärtig, wenn ich, ohne den Blick nach außen zu richten, im Inneren die Inspirationen dieser Gottheit aufleuchten lasse. - Das Volk aber, das von Abraham abstammt, sollte sagen: Ich will verzichten auf die Inspirationen, die bloß von innen kommen; ich will mich dazu präparieren, den Blick in die Umwelt zu richten. Ich will das beobachten, was sich da offenbart in Luft und Wasser, in Berg und Flur, in den Sternenwelten, da will ich den Blick hinaufsenden, und dann will ich nachdenken können, wie eins neben dem andern steht. Ich will die Dinge draußen miteinander kombinieren und will sehen, daß ich einen Gesamtgedanken gewinne. Und wenn ich das, was ich in der Außenwelt beobachte, in einen einzelnen Gedanken zusammenptresse, dann will ich dasjenige, was mir die äußere Welt sagt, Jahve oder Jehova nennen. Ich will empfangen das Höchste durch eine Offenbarung, die durch die Außenwelt hindurchspricht.
Das war die Mission des abrahamitischen Volkes: der Menschheit das zu geben, was als Offenbarung von außen kam, im Gegensatz zu dem, was die andern Völker zu liefern hatten. Daher mußte sich dieses Instrument des Geisteslebens so vererben, daß es in seiner Einrichtung entsprach den Offenbarungen von außen, wie früher die inneren Seelentähigkeiten den Offenbarungen von innen entsprochen hatten.
Nun fragen wir uns: Was war da gekommen, wenn sich die alten Hellscher hingegeben haben den Offenbarungen von innen? Da haben sie abgewendet den Blick von außen, denn das, was sich in der Außenwelt offenbarte, konnte ihnen nichts sagen über die geistige Welt. Sie hatten selbst von Sonne und Sternen den Blick abgewendet, da sie bloß auf ihr Inneres gelauscht haben, und da hat sich offenbart die große Inspiration über die Geheimnisse der Welt; da traten auf die Anschauungen, wie das Weltengebäude gebaut ist. Und das, was sie gewußt haben über die Sterne und ihre Bewegungen, über die Gesetze der Sternenwelt, über die geistigen Welten, das haben diese Angehörigen der alten Kulturen nicht durch äußere Beobachtung erlangt. Dadurch wußten sie etwas über Mars, Saturn und so weiter, daß sich die Naturen dieser Sterne im Inneren kundgaben. Es waren also die Gesetze des Weltalls, die sozusagen in den Sternen geschrieben sind, zu gleicher Zeit eingeschrieben in das Innere der Seele des Menschen. Dadrinnen offenbarten sie sich durch Inspiration. Wie sich die Gesetze der Welt, die das Sternenheer beherrschen, in der Seele geoffenbart hatten, so sollten sich jetzt durch äußere Kombination offenbaren beim abrahamitischen Volke die Gesetze, die die Welt beherrschen, die aber durch äußere Offenbarung gewonnen werden sollten. Dazu mußte die Vererbung so geleitet werden, daß durch sie das Gehirn jene Eigenschaften bekam, durch die es sehen konnte die richtige Kombination da draußen. Die wunderbare Gesetzmäßigkeit wurde eingepflanzt den Anlagen, die überliefert wurden dem Abraham, solchen Anlagen, die da durch die Generationen sich so ausbildeten, daß die Ausbildung entsprach den großen Weltgesetzen. Das Gehirn mußte vererbt werden so, daß die inneren Fähigkeiten des Gehirns, die Konfiguration des Gehirns sich so ausbildete, wie da droben im Weltall die Zahlengesetze der Sterne. Daher wird dem Abraham gesagt von Jahve: Du wirst Generationen von dir abstammen sehen, die in ihrer Ordnung eingerichtet sind nach der Zahl der Sterne am Himmel. Wie die Sterne am Himmel in harmonischen Zahlenverhältnissen geordnet sind, so sollen die Generationen in harmonischen Zahlengesetzen geordnet sein. Das heißt, diese Generationen sollten solche Gesetze in sich tragen, wie die Gesetze der Sterne am Himmel sind.
Da haben wir zwölf Sternbilder. Ein Abbild davon sollte auftreten in den zwölf Stämmen, wie sie abstammten von Abraham, damit die entsprechenden Fähigkeiten, die als Anlage in Abraham hineinversetzt worden waren, hinuntergeleitet wurden durch die Generationen. Also es sollte im ganzen organischen Aufbau des sich von Zeitalter zu Zeitalter fortentwickelnden Volkes ein Abbild geschaffen werden von Zahl und Maß am Himmel. Das hat allerdings eine Bibelübersetzung so übersetzt, daß sie sagt: «Deine Nachkommen sollen sein zahlreich wie die Sterne am Himmel», während in der Wahrheit die Stelle heißen muß: Deine Nachkommen sollen regelmäßig in der Blutsverwandtschaft so angeordnet sein, daß ihre Anordnung ein Abbild der Gesetze der Sterne am Himmel ist. Oh, die Bibel ist tief! Aber was heute dargeboten wird als Bibel, das ist gefärbt von der neueren Weltanschauung. Da heißt es: «Deine Nachkommen sollen sein zahlreich wie die Sterne am Himmel», während in Wahrheit gesagt wird: Das soll alles so regelmäßig sein in deiner Nachkommenschaft, daß zum Beispiel zwölf Stämme sich folgen, die entsprechen der Zwölfzahl der Sternbilder am Himmel.
Und so sollten auch die einzelnen Eigenschaften so auftreten, daß immerdar das zum Ausdruck kam, daß die Mission des abrahamitischen Volkes darinnen bestand: Ich bekomme wie ein Geschenk von außen - nicht wie etwas, was im Inneren auflebt -, was meine Mission ist. Mir wird von außen gegeben das, was ich eigentlich für die Welt zu bringen habe. - Das wird wunderbar dargestellt in der Bibel, daß die Mission Abrahams gerade etwas sein soll, was von außen ihm gegeben wird, im Gegensatz zu alten Offenbarungen, die von innen gegeben worden sind. Was soll die Mission des Abraham sein? Die Mission des Abraham soll sein das, was durch das Blut fließt bis zu Christus Jesus, zu liefern. Dahinein soll die ganze Geistigkeit einer gewissen Strömung versetzt werden. Das soll so wirken, als ob es von außen käme, ein Geschenk von außen sei. Abraham soll der Welt das althebräische Volk geben. Das ist seine Mission.
Soll das aber der ganzen Natur seiner Mission entsprechen, dann muß dieses Volk selber, das ja seine Mission ist, ein Geschenk von außen sein, muß ihm als Geschenk von außen gegeben werden. Abraham bekam einen Sohn, Isaak. Den sollte er opfern, so wird in der Bibel erzählt. Und als er hinkam, ihn zu opfern, da wurde ihm dieser Sohn neuerdings geschenkt von Jahve. Was wird ihm da geschenkt? Von Isaak stammt das ganze Volk ab. Wäre Isaak geopfert worden, dann hätte es kein hebräisches Volk gegeben. Das ganze Volk wurde ihm also zum Geschenk gegeben. In dieser Opferung des Isaak ist in wunderbarer Weise ausgedrückt dieser Charakter des Geschenkes. Das Volk selber ist die Mission des Abraham, und mit dem Isaak empfängt er dieses gesamte hebräische Volk von Jahve geschenkt.
So tief sind die Darstellungen der Bibel, und alle entsprechen im einzelnen groß und gewaltig dem inneren Charakter in der Fortentwickelung der Menschheit. Aufgeben mußte dieses althebräische Volk stückweise dasjenige, was die andern Kulturen in sich faßten, aufgeben mußte es das alte Hellsehen. Dieses alte Hellsehen war an Fähigkeiten gebunden, die aus der geistigen Welt kamen. Man bezeichnete diese hellseherischen Fähigkeiten, je nachdem sie waren, indem man Ausdrücke von Sternbildern gebrauchte. Die letzte Fähigkeit, die hingegeben wurde dafür, daß das althebräische Volk geschenkt wurde dem Abraham, das ist diejenige, die gebunden ist an das Sternbild des Widders. Daher wird ein Widder geopfert statt des Isaak. Das ist der äußere Ausdruck dafür, daß die letzte hellseherische Fähigkeit hingeopfert wurde dafür, daß das althebräische Volk geschenkt wurde dem Abraham. So war dieses Volk ausersehen, gerade jene Eigenschaften zu entwickeln, die auf die Beobachtung der Außenwelt gingen. Aber in allem treten atavistische Reste an Früheres auf. Daher kam es, daß immer wiederum das althebräische Volk genötigt war, dasjenige auszuscheiden, was nicht rein im Blute bloß lag zur Übertragung dieser nach außen gerichteten Fähigkeiten, was noch erinnerte an altes Hellsehen. Immer mußte ausgeschieden werden, was wie eine Erbschaft von den andern Völkern herkam.
Da berühren wir nun ein Kapitel, welches sich heute recht schwer beschreiben läßt, weil es eine Wahrheit enthält, die dem heutigen Denken so fern wie möglich liegt; aber es ist eben doch eine Wahrheit, und man darf den Anspruch machen, daß diejenigen, die längere Zeit mitgearbeitet haben in unseren Zweigen, auch solche Wahrheiten vertragen können, die dem heutigen Gewohnheitsdenken sich etwas entziehen.
Wir müssen uns klar sein darüber, daß für gewisse Menschenklassen der alten Zeit durchaus bis in spätere Zeiten hinein alte Fähigkeiten sich erhielten, namentlich in bezug auf die Erkenntnis. Die hellseherischen Fähigkeiten waren da in der Seele. Der Mensch war mit den geistigen Wesenheiten nahe verbunden. Sie offenbarten sich in ihm. Das aber drückte sich bei gewissen Menschen, die sozusagen Niedergangsprodukte darstellten dieser alten Zeiten, so aus, daß sie in einer niedrigeren Form diesen Zusammenhang mit der geistigen Außenwelt darstellten. Während die eigentlich hellseherischen Menschen mehr mit dem Gesamtuniversum verbunden waren durch die geistige Intuition und Inspiration, waren diejenigen Menschen, die im Niedergang begriffen waren, die in der Dekadenz diesen alten Zusammenhang mit der Umwelt entwickelten, niedrigere Menschentypen. Sie waren unselbständig, die Ichheit wollte nicht heraus bei ihnen, aber es waren auch nicht mehr die alten hellscherischen Fähigkeiten auf der entsprechenden Höhe. Solche Menschen traten immer auf, und in solchen Menschen zeigte sich die Verwandtschaft gewisser physischer Organe mit den alten hellseherischen Organen. Und jetzt kommt die Wahrheit, die so sonderbar klingen wird. Was man nennen könnte altes Hellsehen, dieses Aufleuchten der Weltgeheimnisse im Inneren, das mußte auf irgendeinem Wege in die Seele hineinkommen. Wir haben uns vorzustellen, daß Einströmungen geschahen in den Menschen. Diese Einströmungen nahm der alte Mensch nicht wahr, aber dann, wenn die Einströmungen geschehen waren und in ihm aufleuchteten, dann nahm er es als seine alten Inspirationen wahr. Es flossen also in den Menschen gewisse Strömungen ein aus der Umgebung; die haben sich später umgewandelt beim Menschen.
Diese Strömungen waren in alten Zeiten rein geistige Strömungen, waren zum Beispiel für einen Hellscher als rein astralisch-ätherische Strömungen wahrnehmbar. Aber später vertrockneten sozusagen diese rein geistigen Strömungen, verdichteten sich zu ätherisch-physischen Strömungen. Und was entstand daraus? Die Haare entstanden daraus. Die Haare sind das Ergebnis der alten Einströmungen. Was heute Haare am menschlichen Körper sind, waren früher geistige Einströmungen beim Menschen von außen ins Innere. Vertrocknete astralisch-ätherische Strömungen sind unsere heutigen Haare. Und solche Dinge sind ja eigentlich nur noch da erhalten, wo rein äußerlich, schriftgemäß, durch Überlieferung die alten Wahrheiten geblieben sind. Im Hebräischen wird daher das Wort «Haar» und das Wort «Licht» ungefähr durch dieselben Schriftzeichen bezeichnet, weil man ein Bewußtsein hatte von der Verwandtschaft des astralisch einströmenden Lichtes und des Haares; wie überhaupt im althebräischen Schrifttum urkundlich, rein in den Worten selbst, die größten Wahrheiten enthalten sind.
So könnte man also sagen, es gibt eine Fortentwickelung der Menschheit. Bei denjenigen Menschen nun, welche die alten Fähigkeiten im Niedergang hatten, da entwickelte sich das so, daß die Einströmungen sich zwar umbildeten, sozusagen vertrockneten, daß sich aber keine neuen Fähigkeiten dafür entwickelten. Sie waren auf alte Art mit der neuen verbunden und doch wiederum nicht verbunden, weil die Einströmungen vertrocknet waren. Solche Menschen waren stark behaart, während diejenigen, die sich weiterentwickelten, weniger behaart waren, weil neue Fähigkeiten auftraten für diejenigen Fähigkeiten, die sich später zu Haaren verdichteten.
Die Wissenschaft wird erst wiederum nach langer Zeit zu diesen bedeutungsvollen Wahrheiten kommen. In der Bibel stehen sie. Die Bibel ist viel gelehrter als unsere heutige, noch auf kindlicher AbcSchützenstufe stehende Wissenschaft. Lesen Sie nach die Geschichte von Jakob und Esau! Jakob ist derjenige, der ein Stück vorgeschritten ist, der die Fähigkeit der letzten Zeit entwickelt hatte. Esau ist auf früherer Stufe stehengeblieben, ist derjenige, der sozusagen gegen Jakob der Tropf ist. Als die Söhne dem Vater Isaak vorgestellt werden, da hat die Mutter bei Jakob vorgetäuscht ein falsches Haar, damit Isaak den jüngeren der Söhne mit Esau verwechsle. Damit soll uns gezeigt werden, daß das althebräische Volk immer noch als Erbstück der andern Kulturen etwas in sich hatte, und das mußte abgestreift werden. Esau wird ausgestoßen. Durch Jakob pflanzt sich fort dasjenige, was als die äußere Kombination fortleben sollte.
Und so wie das, was sozusagen in einer etwas zurückgebliebenen Gestalt erhalten war, in Esau ausgestoßen war, so waren auch die alten hellseherischen Fähigkeiten wie eine atavistische Erbschaft zum Ausdruck gekommen in Joseph, der von den Brüdern dann nach Ägypten verstoßen wird. Er hat Träume; er kann aus ihnen die Welt deuten. Das ist die Fähigkeit, die sich nicht entwickeln sollte in der Mission des abrahamitischen Volkes. Daher wird er ausgestoßen, muß er nach Ägyptenland hinübergehen.
So sehen wir also, wie sich herausarbeitete im althebräischen Volke eine Strömung, die auf Blutsverwandtschaft in den Generationen gebaut ist, und aus der stufenweise herausgestoßen wird das, was als altes Erbstück verbleibt. Das ist die Fähigkeit, die das althebräische Volk als seine eigene Anlage hat: daß, was da hinunter sich vererbt durch die Generationen, zu einem immer vollkommeneren Werkzeuge werden soll, damit aus diesem heraus der Leib sich entwickeln konnte, der das Instrument abgeben kann für denjenigen, der da wieder verkörpert worden ist. Wenn das althebräische Volk nicht von innen die Offenbarungen erhalten konnte, so mußte es sie von außen erhalten. Selbst das, was die andern Völker durch die unmittelbare Inspiration erlangt hatten, mußte das althebräische Volk durch eine Offenbarung von außen erhalten. Das heißt, die Juden mußten hinübergehen zu einem Volk - geleitet durch Joseph -, das die alte Inspiration hatte. Und da erlangten sie, indem Joseph eingeweiht wurde in die ägyptischen Mysterien, durch äußere Vermittlung dasjenige, was sie zu wissen brauchten über die Eigenheiten der geistigen Welten. Sogar das moralische Gesetz bekamen sie von außen, nicht als etwas, was von innen aufleuchtete. Das war die Mission des althebräischen Volkes. Dann zogen sie - nachdem sie sich angeeignet hatten das, was sie von außen sich aneignen mußten - damit als mit einer von außen errungenen Offenbarung wiederum zurück in ihr Palästina.
Und nun — nachdem dieses althebräische Volk das alles durchgemacht hatte - sollte gezeigt werden, wie es sich von Generation zu Generation so entwickelte, daß zuletzt dieser Leib, welcher der Leib des Jesus wurde, aus diesem Volk herausgeboren werden konnte, damit diese althebräische Strömung einfloß in das Christentum.
Erinnern Sie sich, wie wir die Entwickelung der Anlagen beim einzelnen Menschen besprochen haben. Es zerfällt das Leben des einzelnen Menschen in Perioden von sieben zu sieben Jahren. Von der Geburt bis zum Zahnwechsel, bis in das siebente Jahr hinein reicht die erste Periode, wo der physische Körper einfach seine Formen baut. Dann haben wir die zweite siebenjährige Periode bis zur Geschlechtsreife, in welcher der Ätherleib tätig ist dafür, daß die Formen wachsen, größer werden. Bestimmt werden die Formen bis zum siebenten Jahre, dann vergrößern sich nur die schon bestimmten Formen. Wiederum vom vierzehnten bis zum einundzwanzigsten Lebensjahre ist es der astralische Leib vorzugsweise, der der hervorragende ist. Und so sehen wir, wie erst im einundzwanzigsten Jahre das eigentliche Ich des Menschen geboren und selbständig wird. So sehen wir, wie in gewissen Perioden das Leben des einzelnen Menschen verläuft bis zur Geburt des menschlichen Ich.
So mußten sich auch die Anlagen nach und nach in dem Volk entwickeln, das ja gerade als Volk einen Leib liefern sollte für ein vollkommenstes Ich. Daher mußte es sich so entwickeln, daß das, was durch Jahre beim Menschen auftritt, hier von Generation zu Generation auftritt. Da muß immer eine folgende Generation eine Anlage entwickelter haben als die frühere. Es kann nicht auf einmal alles in bloß einer Generation sich entfalten. Aus okkulten Gründen auseinanderzusetzen, warum dies so ist, würde zu weit führen. Es kann aber erinnert werden an eine ganz gewöhnliche Erscheinung. Erinnern Sie sich doch, daß die Vererbung so liegt, daß gewisse Eigenschaften sich nicht unmittelbar vererben, sondern eine Generation überspringen und erst der Enkel dem Großvater in den vererbten Eigenschaften ähnlich sieht. So ist es auch bei der Vererbung der Eigenschaften in den fortlaufenden Generationen des hebräischen Volkes gewesen. Da mußte immer eine übersprungen werden. Was beim einzelnen Menschen einer Altersperiode entspricht, entspricht in den fortlaufenden Generationen zweien. So daß wir sagen können: Es mußte dieses Volk wie ein großes Individuum von Generation zu Generation sich so entwickeln, daß zuerst entspricht, was beim einzelnen Menschen ist von der Geburt bis zum Zahnwechsel, zweimal sieben Generationen, vierzehn Generationen. Dann mußte ein zweiter Zeitraum folgen, wo wiederum zweimal sieben Generationen kommen; der entspricht der Periode zwischen Zahnwechsel und Geschlechtsreife. Dann ein dritter Zeitraum, wo wiederum zweimal sieben Generationen kommen, die der Periode entsprechen zwischen dem vierzehnten und einundzwanzigsten Lebensjahre, wo der astralische Leib besonders hervortritt. Dann kann das Ich geboren werden. Das Ich konnte geboren werden in das althebräische Volk, als drei gleich zwei mal sieben, das ist drei mal vierzehn Generationen verflossen waren.
Derjenige, der uns den Körper schildern wollte, der als Instrument gegeben wurde dem Zarathustra, der mußte zeigen, wie durch drei gleich zwei mal sieben Generationen hindurch die Anlage, die dem Abraham gegeben war, sich entwickelte, damit, nachdem drei mal vierzehn Generationen abgelaufen waren, hineingeboren werden konnte das Ich; wie beim einzelnen Menschen nach drei mal sieben Jahren das Ich hineingeboren wird in seine dreifache Leiblichkeit. Das tut der Schreiber des Matthäus-Evangeliums. Er schildert drei mal vierzehn Generationen, die Generationen von Abraham bis zu David, die Generationen von David bis zur babylonischen Gefangenschaft und diejenigen von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft bis zur Geburt Jesu. Da haben wir aus der Tiefe der Erkenntnis heraus im Matthäus-Evangelium hingewiesen auf die Mission des althebräischen Volkes, wie nach und nach die Kräfte herausgebildet werden, die es möglich machten, daß in einen Körper dieses Volkes das vollkommene Ich, das der Zarathustra erlangt hatte, hineingeboren werden konnte.
Und wenn wir nun sehen, welches die Schicksale waren dieses althebräischen Volkes, so finden wir, daß die Gefangenschaft da auftrat für das ganze Volk, wo beim einzelnen Menschen auftritt nach dem vierzehnten Jahr die Vorbereitung für das eigentliche Leben, wo dasjenige aufsprießt, was dann im Leben ausgeführt werden kann und was man zwischen dem vierzehnten und einundzwanzigsten Lebensjahre aufnimmt: die Jugendhoffnungen; daß diese Gefangenschaft die Zeit war, wo sozusagen der astralische Leib des althebräischen Volkes in Betracht kam, wo das durch die letzten vierzehn Generationen eingepflanzt wird, was ihm seinen Impuls gibt. Daher wird das althebräische Volk hinübergeführt in die babylonische Gefangenschaft da, wo gerade damals, sechshundert Jahre vor unserer Zeitrechnung, in den Geheimschulen der Babylonier der Zarathos oder Nazarathos in seiner damaligen Inkarnation der Lehrer war. Und da kamen in diesen Geheimschulen in Berührung diejenigen, die die hervorragendsten Führer des althebräischen Volkes waren, mit dem großen Lehrer der alten Zeiten, mit Zarathos. Da wurde er ihr Lehrer, da verband er sich mit ihnen, da nahmen sie auf den großen Impuls, der so wirkte, daß in den letzten vierzehn Generationen dieses Volk vorbereitet wurde für die Geburt des Jesus.
Dann gingen die Ereignisse so weiter, wie Sie sie kennen. Und dann sehen wir etwas Merkwürdiges: wir sehen von dem Schreiber des Matthäus-Evangeliums auf dem geistigen Gebiet ein Gesetz beachtet, das immer mehr und mehr als ein bedeutsames Gesetz erkannt werden wird für alles Leben. Das ist das Gesetz, daß auf höherer Stufe wiederholt wird dasjenige, was früher geschehen ist. In einer etwas verzerrten Gestalt hat es die heutige Naturwissenschaft schon, die da sagt, daß wiederholt wird kurz das beim Einzelwesen, was durch längere Zeiträume auf unteren Stufen der Gattung sich zugetragen hat. In großartiger Weise zeigt uns das der Schreiber des Matthäus-Evangeliums. Er zeigt es uns so, daß er uns sagt: Es sollte sich das Ich des Zarathustra verkörpern in einem Leibe, der herangebildet war nach und nach innerhalb des abrahamitischen Volkes. Abraham ging aus von Ur in Chaldäa, von der Stätte, von wo die babylonische Kultur ausgegangen ist, nahm seinen Weg durch Vorderasien nach Palästina. Seine Nachkommen wurden weitergeführt nach Süden durch die Träume des Joseph, nach Ägypten und, nachdem sie hier empfangen haben den ägyptischen Impuls, nach Kanaan zurück.
Das ist das Schicksal des ganzen Volkes. Erst wird das ganze Volk herübergeführt durch Kanaan, hinüber nach Ägypten und dann wieder zurück nach Kanaan. Jetzt soll dasjenige, was sich da als Schicksal des Volkes abgespielt hat, kurz wiederholt werden. Da, wo das Ich geboren wird, dem die Hülle so vorbereitet wird, nachdem das alles sich ausgebildet hatte, was bei Abraham angelegt war, da nimmt dieses Ich wieder seinen Ausgangspunkt von Chaldäa. In Chaldäa war Zarathustra in seiner letzten Inkarnation der Geheimlehrer gewesen, mit Chaldäa war sein Geist verbunden.
Welchen Weg nimmt die Seele des Zarathustra, als sie sich inkarnieren will in Bethlehem? Zarathustra war verbunden geblieben mit denen, die eingeweiht waren in die chaldäischen Geheimschulen, mit den Magiern. Die erinnerten sich gar wohl, wie sie gehört hatten von ihrem Lehrer, daß er wiedererscheinen werde, daß diese Seele, die da von jeher als Zarathustra, der goldene Stern, bezeichnet wurde, in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte den Weg nehmen sollte hin nach Bethlehem. Und als der Zeitpunkt gekommen war, da verfolgten sie den Weg, den diese Seele ging, wiederholend den Weg des althebräischen Volkes. Wie Abraham gezogen war die Straße nach Kanaan, so ging auch der Stern, das heißt, die Seele des Zarathustra, diese Straße nach Kanaan. Und die drei Magier gingen nach dem Stern Zarathustra, und er führte sie an diejenige Stätte, wo er hineingeboren wurde in den Leib, der aus dem abrahamitischen Volke heraus ihm zubestimmt war. Da war zunächst der Zarathustra, das Ich des Zarathustra, den Weg geführt worden, wiederholend im Geist, den Abraham gegangen war bis nach Palästina herein. Dann hatte das althebräische Volk den Weg suchen müssen nach Ägypten hinüber. Hinübergeleitet war es durch die Träume des alten Joseph. Jetzt wurde das Ich, das in den bethlehemitischen Jesusknaben hineingeboren war, durch die Träume wieder eines Joseph - hinübergeleitet nach Ägypten, denselben Weg, den das abrahamitische Volk weitergetrieben worden war durch die Träume des alten Joseph. Wiederholend im Geiste macht dieses Ich des Zarathustra das ganze Schicksal des althebräischen Volkes durch im Leibe des Jesus. Da geht es hinüber nach Ägypten und wiederum zurück nach Palästina. Hier haben wir die Wiederholung im Geiste, die durchgemacht wird von der Seele des Zarathustra, und das ist ein Abbild des Schicksals des althebräischen Volkes.
Das haben wir getreulich geschildert im Matthäus-Evangelium aus der Erkenntnis des Gesetzes heraus, daß dasjenige, was auf höherer Stufe erscheint, in Kürze eine Wiederholung ist dessen, was früher da war. Oh, diese Evangelien schildern tief das Ereignis, das da steht am Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung. Das da ist so groß, daß vier Schreiber sich gesagt haben: Wir können ein jeder nur von seinem Standpunkt aus schildern dieses große Ereignis. Jeder von diesen vieren hat nach seinen eingeschränkten Fähigkeiten geschildert das eine Ereignis. Wie wenn wir von vier Seiten ein Wesen abbilden, wir immer nur eine Abbildung erhalten und durch das Zusammenhalten der einander widersprechenden Bilder die Gesamtwesenheit erkennen, so hat der Schreiber des Matthäus-Evangeliums das, was er wußte über das Gesetz der drei gleich zwei mal sieben, über die Zubereitung des Leibes für das große Ich des Jesus von Nazareth durch die Mission des althebräischen Volkes geschildert, nach diesen Geheimnissen, die gerade ihm durch seine Einweihung bewußt waren.
Der Schreiber des Lukas-Evangeliums hat geschrieben nach derjenigen Einweihung, die ihm gerade bewußt war und nach der er dargestellt hat, wie in anderer Weise die Buddhaströmung eingeflossen ist in das Christentum, um in demselben weiterzufließen. Und die andern Evangelisten haben aus andern Einweihungsvoraussetzungen heraus geschrieben. Das Ereignis, das sie geschildert haben, ist so groß, daß wir dankbar sein müssen, wenn wir es von vier Seiten her, von vier Eingeweihtenseiten her beschrieben finden.
Nur einiges aus dem Geiste der Entstehung des Christentums sollte heute erwähnt werden, um zu zeigen, wie unsere Welterkenntnis wächst, unsere Menschenerkenntnis wächst, wenn wir das größte Menschheitsereignis verfolgen lernen. Nur eine Ahnung davon sollte erweckt werden, wie tief dieses Ereignis zu nehmen ist, und wie tief die Evangelien sind, wenn wir sie wirklich zu lesen verstehen.
The I, the God Within, and the God of Outer Revelation
Over the years, you will have gathered from the whole spirit of our anthroposophical work that it is based not on striving for immediate sensation, but on calmly pursuing precisely those facts of spiritual life whose knowledge can also be important for our lives. It is not by always talking about what is, so to speak, the order of the day that one serves the spirit of the day, but by acquiring knowledge about the great connections in life. Fundamentally, our own individual lives are connected to the great events of existence, and we can only judge our own lives correctly if we can measure them against the greatest phenomena of life. That is why, after spending four years of our seven-year cycle in the German Section laying the foundations for our views and insights, we have endeavored in the last three years to deepen these fundamental views in relation to global issues. And from what has also come to you from the explanations given in various cycles, you will have seen that these last considerations included those on the Gospels. Not only because the content of the Gospels should be brought closer to us, but also because through their consideration we can learn what is true about human nature. Therefore, even today, with all kinds of applications to personal human life, a few words should be said about the Gospels.
The Gospels are less and less regarded by external science as a historical document for the recognition of the greatest individuality that has intervened in human evolution, that of Christ Jesus. The attitude toward the Gospels in the first Christian centuries and for a long time throughout the Middle Ages was quite different from what it has become in modern times. Today, the Gospels are perceived as four contradictory documents, and it seems self-evident to say: How can four documents be historical records when they contradict each other as much as the four Gospels do, which seek to inform us about what happened in Palestine at the beginning of our calendar?
Now, if human thinking today did not want to overlook the most important things, one thing might strike it as odd. One might say, for example: It does not take much to recognize that the four Gospels contradict each other in the sense in which this is understood today. Any child can see that, one might think. But one could also say: Now the Gospels are, so to speak, in everyone's hands; now all people are concerned with them. There was a time before the invention of printing when these Gospels were by no means in everyone's hands, when they were read only by a few, and those few were precisely those who stood at the forefront of spiritual life. The content was conveyed to the others in a way they could understand. One might ask: Were these few at the forefront of intellectual life so incredibly foolish that they did not realize what every child can see today, namely that the Gospels contradict each other in the modern sense?If one were to pursue this question, one would soon notice something else, namely that the whole emotional world of human beings stood differently to the Gospels than it does today. Today it is the critical intellect that has learned its whole way of thinking from external sensory reality. It is this mind that also attacks the Gospels, and it is truly not difficult for it to find contradictions in reason, for they are child's play to find.
How did those who stood at the forefront of spiritual life and took up the Gospels in centuries past come to terms with what we today call contradictions? These people of old times developed an immense reverence for the great Christ event through the four Gospels, which is unimaginable today, and strangely enough, they felt that precisely because they had four Gospels, they had to honor and appreciate this event all the more. How is that possible? It comes from the fact that these ancient judges of the Gospels saw something completely different than we do today. Today's judges are no more intelligent than someone who, for my sake, photographs a bouquet of flowers from one side — he gets a certain photograph of the bouquet. Now he goes through the world with the photograph. People remember what the photograph looks like and say to themselves: Now I have an accurate idea of the bouquet. Then someone else comes along and photographs the bouquet from the other side. The picture is completely different. He shows the picture of the same bouquet to the people. They say: That can't be a picture of the bouquet; the pictures contradict each other. And if the bouquet is photographed from four sides, the four pictures do not look alike at all; yet they are four photographs of the same thing. This is how the old judges of the four Gospels felt. They said to themselves: The four Gospels are representations of the same event taken from four different points of view, and because this is the case, they give us a complete picture precisely because they are not alike, and only when we are able to form a complete picture from the four sides do we get a complete idea of the event in Palestine. And so these people said to themselves: We must look up with all the more humility when we see the event in Palestine presented from four sides, for this event is so great that it cannot be understood if it is described from only one side. We must be grateful that we have four Gospels that describe the great event from four sides. We only need to understand how these four different points of view came about, and then, once we are convinced of this, we can also form a view of what the individual human being can gain from the four Gospels.
What we call the Christ event is indeed a tremendous event in the spiritual development of humanity. How can we place what happened in Palestine at that time within the context of the entire development of humanity? We can place it there by saying that everything that humanity had previously gone through spiritually, everything it had experienced spiritually, flowed into and converged in the event in Palestine, in order to then flow on in a common stream.
To name just a few examples: the ancient Hebrew teachings as recorded in the Old Testament. This is one contribution. It flowed in when the events in Palestine took place. Then there was another stream that originated with Zarathustra. It flowed into what then continued to flow through the world as Christianity, like a main stream.
And then there is what we can call the Eastern spiritual current, which found its most significant expression in Gautama Buddha. This also flowed into the one great main stream, in order to then flow on together. All these individual currents are present in Christianity today.
It does not show you what Buddhism is today, it does not rehash the teachings that Buddha gave six hundred years before our era. These teachings have flowed into Christianity. It does not show you what Zarathustrianism really is, which takes the ancient Persian documents and from there wants to show the essence of Zarathustrianism today; for the one who taught in ancient Persia what is in the ancient Persian documents has developed further and has allowed his contribution to flow into the spiritual life of humanity, and we must also seek Zarathustrianism within the Christian stream.
Now let us ask ourselves, in order to get a picture of the real situation: How did these three currents, Buddhism, Zarathustrianism, and the ancient Hebrew current, flow into Christianity?
If we want to understand how Zarathustrianism came to be incorporated, we must remember that the individuality we refer to as Zarathustra was the great teacher of the second post-Atlantean cultural period, who first taught the so-called ancient Persian people and was then incarnated again and again. After rising higher and higher through each incarnation, he appeared about six hundred years before our era as a contemporary of the great Buddha. He appeared in the secret schools of the ancient Chaldean-Babylonian culture. There he was reincarnated and was the teacher of Pythagoras, who went to Chaldea to perfect himself in the appropriate manner. Then this Zarathustra, who had appeared six hundred years before our era under the name Zarathos or Nazarathos, was reborn at the beginning of our era, reborn in such a way that he appeared in a body that sprang from the parents named Joseph and Mary, who are described to us in the Gospel of Matthew. We refer to this child of Joseph and Mary, the so-called Bethlehem parents, as one of the two Jesus children who were born at the beginning of our era. In doing so, we have implanted in ancient Palestine precisely the individuality that was the bearer of Zarathustrianism, a significant spiritual current.
But it was not only this spiritual current that was to be revived in order to flow on in a new form in Christianity, but also other spiritual currents. This meant that various things had to come together at that time. For example, it was also necessary for Zarathustra to be born into a body whose physical organization offered the prospect that Zarathustra would be able to develop precisely those abilities in that incarnation which he possessed because he had risen so high from incarnation to incarnation. For we must be quite clear that if an individuality, however high, were to descend and find an unsuitable body — which could happen if this individuality were unable to find a suitable body — it would not be able to live out the abilities it has in its spirit and soul, because the tools for doing so would not be there. One must have a brain of a certain type if one wants to live out such abilities as Zarathustra had; that is, one must be born into a body that has inherited from one's ancestors those qualities that make it a suitable instrument for these abilities. It was therefore not only necessary to ensure that the boy Jesus described in the Gospel of Matthew that he had such a high spiritual and soul organization in what was reincarnated that he could exert the powerful influence that had to be exerted, but also that this soul could be born into a perfect physical organization that was inherited. Zarathustra had to find the suitable physical brain.
What was developed as a perfectly suitable physical organization is the contribution that the ancient Hebrew people had to make to Christianity. From this, through purely physical inheritance, a suitable body was to be created with the most perfect external physical tools imaginable. To this end, preparations had to be made far back in the generations so that the right characteristics could be inherited by the body that was born at the beginning of our era.
Now let us form an idea of how this life has flowed into the great main stream of our present spiritual life. That is to say, just as we have seen the mission of Zarathustra within Christianity, we now want to ask about the mission of the ancient Hebrew people for the overall culture of our earth. It must be said that the more spiritual scientific research progresses, the more it comes to agree with the Bible rather than with what we have today in terms of external cultural history. What is being unearthed actually seems quite childish compared to what is written in the Bible, which one only has to read correctly in order to understand. In the eyes of true spiritual research, this is the more correct view. Among other things, it is also correct that, in a certain sense, later Judaism descends from a progenitor named Abraham or Abram. There is something quite true behind this, namely that if we go back through the generations, we come to a progenitor who was given very special abilities from the spiritual world. What were these? If we want to understand what very special abilities he was given, we must remember a little of what we have already said here.
If we go back to earlier times, we find that people had different soul abilities, soul abilities that we can describe as a kind of dull clairvoyance compared to today. People were not able to see out into the world in such a self-conscious, rational way as people do today, but they had the ability to still see the spiritual world around them, spiritual phenomena, facts, and beings. However, because this seeing took place in a subdued state of consciousness, it was more like a living dream, albeit one that had a living connection to reality. This ancient clairvoyance was to become weaker and weaker so that human beings could educate themselves to acquire our present-day external perception and our present-day intellectual culture.
The entire development of humanity is a kind of education. Individual abilities are acquired gradually. The present way of seeing, without seeing, for example, when we look at a flower in normal consciousness, the astral body that winds around the flower—whereas the ancient observer saw the flower and the astral body around it—this present way of seeing, which sees objects with sharp intellectual contours, had to be taught to humanity through the disappearance of clairvoyance. There is a very definite law governing spiritual development. Everything that is taught to humanity must always have its starting point in an individual. Abilities that are to become the abilities of a large number of people must first begin, so to speak, in one person. The abilities that relate specifically to combining things in a way that is turned away from clairvoyance, to judging the world according to measure, number, and weight—these abilities, which are aimed precisely at not looking into the spiritual world but at combining sensory phenomena, were first implanted from the spiritual world into that individuality which is called Abraham or Abram. He was chosen to develop first those abilities that are most closely connected with the instrument of the physical brain. It is not for nothing that Abraham is called the inventor of arithmetic, that is, the ability to judge and combine the world according to measure and number. He was, so to speak, the first among those whose soul abilities had been cleansed of the old, dim clairvoyance and whose brains had been prepared in such a way that the ability that makes use of the brain came to the fore. This was a significant and powerful mission that had been entrusted to Abraham.
Now this ability, which was placed in Abraham from the spiritual world, as must be the case with every predisposition, had to become more and more perfect. You can easily imagine that everything that occurs in the world must develop. So this ability to view the world through the physical brain also had to develop gradually from a predisposition. The development of this ability took place through the following generations, in that what was given to Abraham was passed on to the following generations through the following ages. But something else had to happen than had happened earlier when a mission was passed on from the older to the younger generations. For the other missions were not yet bound to a physical instrument. The greatest missions were not bound to a physical brain. Take Zarathustra, for example. What he gave his disciples was a higher clairvoyant vision than other people had. This was not bound to a physical instrument; it was transmitted from teacher to disciple. The disciple became the teacher, passed it on to his disciple, and so on. But now we are not dealing with a teaching, a way of clairvoyant perception, but with something that was bound to the instrument of the physical brain. Something like this can only be transplanted into later times if it is physically inherited. Therefore, what was given to Abraham as his mission was bound up with the fact that it was physically inherited from one generation to another, that is, this perfect organization of Abraham's physical brain had to be inherited by his descendants from generation to generation. Because his mission consisted precisely in making the physical brain more and more perfect, it also had to become more and more perfect from generation to generation.
Thus, Abraham's mission was something that was bound up with procreation in order to become more and more perfect in the course of physical development. Now there was something else connected with this contribution that the ancient Hebrew culture had to make. We will understand this other thing when we consider the following.
Let us take the people of other cultures with their ancient, dim clairvoyance, and we will say: How did they obtain what was most important to them, what they revered most highly in the world? They obtained it in such a way that it shone forth as inspiration within them. There was no need to research as we do today. Today, people acquire knowledge by researching the external world, by experimenting and deriving laws from the combined external facts. The ancients did not learn what they needed to know in this way; rather, it flashed into them as inspiration. They received it within themselves; their souls had to give birth to it within themselves. They had to turn their gaze away from the external world if they were to allow the highest truths to emerge as inspirations.
This was now to change in the people who derived their mission from Abraham. Abraham was to bring to mankind precisely that which is gained through observation of the external world and through combinations. Thus, when members of other cultures, which were based on ancient clairvoyance, looked up to the highest, they said to themselves: I am grateful to the God who reveals himself to me within. I turn my gaze away from the outside, and the deity becomes most present to me when, without looking outward, I allow the inspirations of this deity to shine within me. But the people descended from Abraham were to say: I will renounce the inspirations that come only from within; I will prepare myself to turn my gaze to the environment. I want to observe what reveals itself in the air and water, in the mountains and fields, in the worlds of the stars; I want to send my gaze upward, and then I want to be able to think about how one thing stands beside another. I want to combine the things outside and see if I can arrive at an overall idea. And when I compress what I observe in the outer world into a single thought, then I will call what the outer world tells me Yahweh or Jehovah. I want to receive the highest through a revelation that speaks through the outer world.
That was the mission of the Abrahamic people: to give humanity what came as revelation from outside, in contrast to what other peoples had to offer. Therefore, this instrument of spiritual life had to be inherited in such a way that its structure corresponded to the revelations from outside, just as the inner soul faculties had previously corresponded to the revelations from within.
Now we ask ourselves: What had come when the ancient Hellschers surrendered themselves to the revelations from within? They turned their gaze away from the outside world, because what was revealed in the outer world could tell them nothing about the spiritual world. They had turned their gaze away from the sun and the stars, because they listened only to their inner selves, and there the great inspiration about the secrets of the world was revealed; there arose the ideas about how the world is constructed. And what they knew about the stars and their movements, about the laws of the starry world, about the spiritual worlds, these members of the ancient cultures did not obtain through external observation. They knew something about Mars, Saturn, and so on, because the natures of these stars revealed themselves inwardly. It was therefore the laws of the universe, which are, so to speak, written in the stars, that were at the same time inscribed in the inner soul of man. There they revealed themselves through inspiration. Just as the laws of the world that govern the host of stars had revealed themselves in the soul, so now, through external combination, the laws that govern the world, but which were to be gained through external revelation, were to reveal themselves to the Abrahamic people. To this end, heredity had to be guided in such a way that through it the brain acquired those qualities that enabled it to see the right combination out there. The wonderful lawfulness was implanted in the predispositions that were handed down to Abraham, predispositions that developed through the generations in such a way that the development corresponded to the great laws of the world. The brain had to be inherited in such a way that the inner abilities of the brain, the configuration of the brain, developed in the same way as the numerical laws of the stars up there in the universe. Therefore, Yahweh said to Abraham: You will see generations of your descendants, established in their order according to the number of stars in the sky. Just as the stars in the sky are arranged in harmonious numerical ratios, so shall the generations be arranged in harmonious numerical laws. This means that these generations should carry within themselves laws such as the laws of the stars in the sky.
We have twelve constellations. An image of these should appear in the twelve tribes descended from Abraham, so that the corresponding abilities, which had been placed in Abraham as predispositions, would be passed down through the generations. Thus, an image of the numbers and measurements in the heavens should be created in the entire organic structure of the people developing from age to age. However, a Bible translation has rendered this as: “Your descendants shall be as numerous as the stars in the sky,” whereas in truth the passage must read: Your descendants shall be regularly arranged in blood relationship so that their arrangement is a reflection of the laws of the stars in the sky. Oh, the Bible is profound! But what is presented today as the Bible is colored by the newer worldview. It says, “Your descendants shall be as numerous as the stars in the sky,” whereas in truth it is said, “Everything shall be so regular in your descendants that, for example, twelve tribes shall follow one another, corresponding to the twelve constellations in the sky.”
And so the individual characteristics should also appear in such a way that it was always expressed that the mission of the Abrahamic people consisted in this: I receive as a gift from outside—not as something that comes to life within—what my mission is. What I actually have to bring to the world is given to me from outside. This is wonderfully portrayed in the Bible, that Abraham's mission is to be something given to him from outside, in contrast to ancient revelations, which were given from within. What is Abraham's mission? Abraham's mission is to deliver what flows through the blood to Christ Jesus. The entire spirituality of a certain current is to be transferred into this. This is to have the effect of coming from outside, of being a gift from outside. Abraham is to give the ancient Hebrew people to the world. That is his mission.
But if this is to correspond to the whole nature of his mission, then this people itself, which is his mission, must be a gift from outside, must be given to him as a gift from outside. Abraham received a son, Isaac. He was to sacrifice him, as the Bible tells us. And when he came to sacrifice him, this son was given to him again by Yahweh. What is given to him here? The entire people descends from Isaac. If Isaac had been sacrificed, there would have been no Hebrew people. The entire people was thus given to him as a gift. This character of the gift is wonderfully expressed in the sacrifice of Isaac. The people themselves are Abraham's mission, and with Isaac he receives this entire Hebrew people as a gift from Yahweh.
The descriptions in the Bible are so profound, and all of them correspond in detail to the inner character of the development of humanity. The ancient Hebrew people had to give up bit by bit what other cultures had absorbed; they had to give up their ancient clairvoyance. This ancient clairvoyance was linked to abilities that came from the spiritual world. These clairvoyant abilities were described using expressions from the constellations, depending on what they were. The last ability that was given up so that the ancient Hebrew people could be given to Abraham is the one linked to the constellation of Aries. That is why a ram is sacrificed instead of Isaac. This is the outward expression of the fact that the last clairvoyant ability was sacrificed so that the ancient Hebrew people could be given to Abraham. This people was thus chosen to develop precisely those qualities that were based on observation of the outer world. But in everything, atavistic remnants of the past appear. That is why the ancient Hebrew people were always forced to eliminate that which was not purely in their blood for the transmission of these outward-directed abilities, that which still reminded them of ancient clairvoyance. That which came as a legacy from other peoples always had to be eliminated.
We are now touching on a subject that is quite difficult to describe today because it contains a truth that is as far removed as possible from present-day thinking; but it is nevertheless a truth, and we may claim that those who have worked for a long time in our branches are able to accept such truths, even if they are somewhat beyond the grasp of present-day habitual thinking.
We must be clear that for certain classes of people in ancient times, old abilities were preserved well into later times, especially in relation to knowledge. The clairvoyant abilities were present in the soul. Man was closely connected with spiritual beings. They revealed themselves in him. But in certain people who were, so to speak, products of the decline of these ancient times, this was expressed in such a way that they represented this connection with the spiritual world in a lower form. While the truly clairvoyant people were more connected to the entire universe through spiritual intuition and inspiration, those people who were in decline, who developed this old connection with their environment in decadence, were lower types of human beings. They were dependent, their ego did not want to emerge, but the old clairvoyant abilities were no longer at the appropriate level either. Such people always appeared, and in such people the relationship between certain physical organs and the old clairvoyant organs became apparent. And now comes the truth, which will sound so strange. What one might call old clairvoyance, this illumination of the world's secrets within, had to enter the soul in some way. We must imagine that influxes occurred in human beings. The ancient human being did not perceive these influxes, but then, when the influxes had occurred and shone within him, he perceived them as his old inspirations. Certain currents flowed into human beings from their surroundings; these were later transformed within the human being.
In ancient times, these currents were purely spiritual currents, perceptible, for example, to a clairvoyant as purely astral-etheric currents. But later, these purely spiritual currents dried up, so to speak, and condensed into etheric-physical currents. And what arose from this? Hair arose from this. Hair is the result of the ancient inflow. What is hair on the human body today was once spiritual inflow from outside into the human being. Dried-up astral-etheric currents are our hair today. And such things are actually only preserved where the old truths have remained purely externally, according to scripture and tradition. In Hebrew, therefore, the word “hair” and the word “light” are denoted by approximately the same characters, because there was an awareness of the relationship between the astral light flowing in and hair; as in ancient Hebrew writings in general, the greatest truths are contained in the words themselves.
So one could say that there is a further development of humanity. In those people whose ancient abilities were in decline, the inflowing forces were transformed, dried up, so to speak, but no new abilities developed to replace them. They were connected to the old in the old way, and yet they were not connected because the inflow had dried up. Such people were very hairy, while those who developed further were less hairy because new abilities emerged to replace those abilities that later condensed into hair.
Science will only come to these meaningful truths again after a long time. They are written in the Bible. The Bible is much more learned than our present-day science, which is still at the level of a child learning the ABCs. Read the story of Jacob and Esau! Jacob is the one who has advanced a step further, who has developed the ability of the last days. Esau has remained at an earlier stage; he is, so to speak, the drip against Jacob. When the sons are presented to their father Isaac, the mother pretends that Jacob has a false hair so that Isaac confuses the younger son with Esau. This is to show us that the ancient Hebrew people still had something in them as a legacy from other cultures, and that had to be stripped away. Esau is cast out. Through Jacob, that which was to live on as the outer combination is perpetuated.And just as that which had been preserved in a somewhat backward form, so to speak, was cast out in Esau, so too were the ancient clairvoyant abilities expressed as an atavistic inheritance in Joseph, who was then cast out by his brothers to Egypt. He has dreams; he can interpret the world from them. This is the ability that was not supposed to develop in the mission of the Abrahamic people. Therefore, he is cast out and must go to Egypt.
So we see how a current developed among the ancient Hebrew people, based on blood ties between generations, from which what remained as an old inheritance was gradually rejected. This is the ability that the ancient Hebrew people had as their own predisposition: that what was passed down through the generations should become an ever more perfect tool, so that from this the body could develop, which could then serve as an instrument for those who were reincarnated. If the ancient Hebrew people could not receive the revelations from within, they had to receive them from without. Even what other peoples had attained through direct inspiration, the ancient Hebrew people had to receive through a revelation from without. This means that the Jews had to go over to a people—guided by Joseph—who had the old inspiration. And there, through Joseph's initiation into the Egyptian mysteries, they obtained through external mediation what they needed to know about the peculiarities of the spiritual worlds. They even received the moral law from outside, not as something that shone forth from within. That was the mission of the ancient Hebrew people. Then, after they had acquired what they needed to acquire from outside, they returned to Palestine with this revelation they had gained from outside.
And now — after this ancient Hebrew people had gone through all this — it was to be shown how they developed from generation to generation so that finally this body, which became the body of Jesus, could be born out of this people, so that this ancient Hebrew current could flow into Christianity.
Remember how we discussed the development of the faculties in the individual human being. The life of the individual human being is divided into periods of seven years. From birth to the change of teeth, up to the seventh year, there is the first period, in which the physical body simply builds its forms. Then we have the second seven-year period until puberty, in which the etheric body is active in causing the forms to grow and become larger. The forms are determined up to the seventh year, then only the forms that have already been determined grow larger. Again, from the fourteenth to the twenty-first year of life, it is primarily the astral body that is prominent. And so we see how only in the twenty-first year does the actual I of the human being come into being and become independent. Thus we see how, in certain periods, the life of the individual human being proceeds until the birth of the human I.
Thus, the predispositions also had to develop gradually in the people, who, as a people, were to provide a body for a most perfect ego. Therefore, it had to develop in such a way that what occurs in humans over the course of years occurs here from generation to generation. Each subsequent generation must always have a more developed predisposition than the previous one. Everything cannot unfold at once in a single generation. To explain why this is so from an occult point of view would go too far. But we can recall a very ordinary phenomenon. Remember that heredity works in such a way that certain characteristics are not passed on directly, but skip a generation, so that it is only the grandson who resembles his grandfather in the characteristics he has inherited. This has also been the case with the inheritance of characteristics in the successive generations of the Hebrew people. One generation always had to be skipped. What corresponds to one age period in an individual human being corresponds to two in successive generations. So we can say that this people had to develop from generation to generation like a large individual, so that first there was what corresponds to the individual human being from birth to the change of teeth, twice seven generations, fourteen generations. Then a second period had to follow, in which again twice seven generations came; this corresponds to the period between the change of teeth and sexual maturity. Then a third period, in which there are again twice seven generations, corresponding to the period between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one, when the astral body is particularly prominent. Then the I can be born. The I could be born into the ancient Hebrew people when three times two times seven, that is, three times fourteen generations had passed.
The one who wanted to describe the body that was given to Zarathustra as an instrument had to show how, through three times two times seven generations, the predisposition given to Abraham developed so that, after three times fourteen generations had passed, the ego could be born into it; just as in the individual human being, after three times seven years, the ego is born into its threefold body. This is what the writer of the Gospel of Matthew does. He describes three times fourteen generations, the generations from Abraham to David, the generations from David to the Babylonian captivity, and those from the Babylonian captivity to the birth of Jesus. From the depths of our knowledge, we have pointed out in the Gospel of Matthew the mission of the ancient Hebrew people, how the forces were gradually developed that made it possible for the perfect self, which Zarathustra had attained, to be born into a body of this people.
And when we now see what the destinies of this ancient Hebrew people were, we find that captivity occurred for the whole people at the point where, in the individual human being, the preparation for actual life occurs after the age of fourteen, where that which can then be carried out in life sprouts forth and which is absorbed between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one: the hopes of youth; that this captivity was the time when, so to speak, the astral body of the ancient Hebrew people came into consideration, when what had been implanted through the last fourteen generations, which gave it its impulse, came to the fore. That is why the ancient Hebrew people were led into Babylonian captivity, where at that very time, six hundred years before our era, Zarathos or Nazarathos, in his incarnation at that time, was the teacher in the secret schools of the Babylonians. And there, in these secret schools, those who were the most outstanding leaders of the ancient Hebrew people came into contact with the great teacher of ancient times, with Zarathos. There he became their teacher, there he connected with them, there they took up the great impulse that had such an effect that in the last fourteen generations this people was prepared for the birth of Jesus.
Then events continued as you know them. And then we see something remarkable: we see that the writer of the Gospel of Matthew observed a law in the spiritual realm that will increasingly be recognized as a significant law for all life. This is the law that what has happened in the past is repeated at a higher level. In a somewhat distorted form, modern science already recognizes this when it says that what has happened over long periods of time at lower levels of the species is repeated in the individual. The writer of the Gospel of Matthew shows us this in a magnificent way. He shows it to us by telling us that the ego of Zarathustra was to incarnate in a body that had been gradually formed within the Abrahamic people. Abraham left Ur in Chaldea, the place where Babylonian culture originated, and made his way through the Near East to Palestine. His descendants were led further south through the dreams of Joseph, to Egypt, and after receiving the Egyptian impulse there, back to Canaan.
This is the destiny of the entire people. First, the entire people is led through Canaan, over to Egypt, and then back again to Canaan. Now let us briefly repeat what has happened as the destiny of the people. Where the ego is born, where the shell is prepared after everything that was laid down in Abraham has been formed, there this ego takes its starting point again from Chaldea. In Chaldea, Zarathustra had been the secret teacher in his last incarnation; his spirit was connected with Chaldea.
What path does the soul of Zarathustra take when it wants to incarnate in Bethlehem? Zarathustra had remained connected with those who were initiated into the Chaldean secret schools, with the magi. They remembered well how they had heard from their teacher that he would reappear, that this soul, which had always been called Zarathustra, the golden star, would at a certain time take the path to Bethlehem. And when the time came, they followed the path that this soul took, repeating the path of the ancient Hebrew people. Just as Abraham had traveled the road to Canaan, so too did the star, that is, the soul of Zarathustra, travel this road to Canaan. And the three magi followed the star of Zarathustra, and it led them to the place where he was born into the body that had been destined for him from among the Abrahamic people. There, Zarathustra, the I of Zarathustra, was led first, repeating in spirit the path that Abraham had taken to Palestine. Then the ancient Hebrew people had to seek the way to Egypt. They were led there through the dreams of old Joseph. Now the I that was born into the Bethlehem boy Jesus was led through the dreams of another Joseph to Egypt, the same way that the Abrahamic people had been driven by the dreams of old Joseph. Repeating this in spirit, the I of Zarathustra goes through the entire destiny of the ancient Hebrew people in the body of Jesus. There it goes over to Egypt and back again to Palestine. Here we have the repetition in spirit that is undergone by the soul of Zarathustra, and this is a reflection of the destiny of the ancient Hebrew people.
We have faithfully described this in the Gospel of Matthew, based on the knowledge of the law that what appears on a higher level is, in short, a repetition of what was there before. Oh, these Gospels deeply describe the event that stands at the beginning of our calendar. It is so great that four writers said to themselves: Each of us can only describe this great event from his own point of view. Each of these four described the one event according to his limited abilities. Just as when we depict a being from four sides, we always obtain only one image, and by holding together the contradictory images we recognize the total being, so the writer of the Gospel of Matthew described what he knew about the law of three times two, about the preparation of the body for the great I of Jesus of Nazareth through the mission of the ancient Hebrew people, according to these mysteries that were known to him through his initiation.
The writer of the Gospel of Luke wrote according to the initiation that was conscious to him, and he described how the Buddhist current flowed into Christianity in a different way in order to continue flowing within it. And the other evangelists wrote from other initiatory prerequisites. The event they described is so great that we must be grateful to find it described from four sides, from four sides of initiation.
Only a few things from the spirit of the origin of Christianity should be mentioned today to show how our knowledge of the world grows, how our knowledge of human beings grows, when we learn to follow the greatest event in human history. Only a hint should be given of how deeply this event is to be taken and how profound the Gospels are when we really understand how to read them.