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The Study of Man
GA 293

2 September 1919, Stuttgart

Lecture XI

In yesterday's lecture I treated of the bodily nature of man from the standpoint of spirit and of soul, and if you understand this survey you will readily be able to fit into it all that you need to know of the body's structure and growth. Thus, before we pass on in the remaining lectures to a description of the human body, we will throw further light on the subject from the side of soul and spirit.

You have realised that man is a threefold being, head-man, trunk man and limb man; and you saw how each of the three parts has a different relationship to the world of soul and spirit.

First let us consider the head formation of man. Yesterday we said that the head is mainly body; the chest is body and soul; and the limb man body, soul and spirit. But of course it is not an exhaustive description of the head to say that it is principally body. In actual truth things are not sharply divided from one another. Therefore we may equally well say that the head is also soul and spirit, but in a different manner from that of chest and limbs. Even at birth the head is principally body. That is to say the soul and spirit of the head have set their seal on the bodily form. The head (the first thing to evolve in the embryo) is a manifestation of what is essentially human, of the human soul and spirit. What relation has the bodily head to the soul and spirit? Because the head has reached something like completion in its bodily aspect, having evolved in former epochs through the necessary stages from animal to man, it is therefore capable of fullest physical development. The manner of the soul's relation to the head is this: at birth and throughout its earliest years the child's soul is dreaming in the head; while his spirit in the head is asleep.

Thus we find body, soul and spirit related to each other in the human head in a remarkable way. In our head nature we have a very highly developed body, a dreaming soul—truly a dreaming soul—and a spirit that is still asleep. Now we must see how we can bring this into harmony with the whole development of man. The characteristic feature of this development up to the change of teeth is that man is an imitative being. He imitates everything that he sees going on around him. He is able to do this owing to the fact that his head spirit is asleep. Hence in his head spirit he can dwell outside the head body. He can remain in the environment. For man's spirit and soul are outside his body in sleep. The child in spirit and soul, in his sleeping spirit and dreaming soul, is outside his head; he is with those who are around him. Because of this the child is an imitative being. Because of this, love goes forth from the dreaming soul towards his environment, particularly love towards his parents. Now when the child changes his teeth, and the second ones appear, this is an actual indication that the head development has reached its final stage. Even though the head as body is born complete yet it goes through a final stage of its development during the first seven years of life. The last stage culminates in the change of teeth.

What is it that is thus brought to an end? It is the moulding of the form. Man has now poured into his body all the hardening elements, all that gives him form. When we see the second teeth appear we can say that the first stage in man's intercourse with the world has come to an end. He has accomplished the formation of his body, its moulding and configuration. But whilst the head is occupied during this time in giving man his form and figure, something different is happening in the chest system.

For things are essentially different in the chest. From the very beginning, from birth, the chest is an organism both of body and soul. It is not solely body, as is the head, it is body and soul; but its spirit is still dreaming and outside of itself. When we observe a child in his early years, we see clearly that the chest organs, as contrasted with the head organs, are much more awake and more living. It would be quite wrong to look upon the human being as a chaotic conglomeration of parts.

With the limbs it is different again. Here from the first moment of life spirit, soul and body are intimately connected; they all flow into one another. Moreover it is here that the child is first fully awake, as those who have to bring up these lively, kicking little creatures in their babyhood very well know. Everything is awake, but absolutely unformed. This is the great secret of man: when he is born his head spirit is already very highly developed, but asleep. His head soul, when he is born, is very highly developed, but it only dreams. The spirit and soul have yet gradually to awaken. The limb man is indeed fully awake at birth, but unformed, undeveloped.

All we have really to do is to develop the limb man and part of the chest man. For after that it is the task of the limb man and chest man to awaken the head-man. Here we come to the true function of teaching and education. You have to develop the limb man and part of the chest man, and then let this limb man and part of the chest man awaken the other part of the chest man and the head-man. From this you will see that the child brings something of great consequence to meet you. He meets you with a perfected spirit and relatively perfected soul, which he has brought through birth. All you have to do is to develop that part of his spirit which is not yet perfect, and that part of his soul which is as yet still less perfect.

If this were not so, real education and teaching would be utterly impossible. For suppose we had to teach and educate the whole of the spirit which man brings into the world only in germ, then our stature as teachers would require to be equal to whatever the human beings in our care might become. If this were so you might as well give up teaching at once, for you could only educate people equal in brilliance and ability to yourselves. But you must of course be ready to educate people who, in some ways, are much more clever and brilliant than you are. This is only possible if in education we have to touch only one part of man, for we can educate this one part even if we are not as clever, as brilliant, perhaps not even as good, as the child potentially is. The thing we can accomplish best in our teaching is the education of the will, and part of the education of the feeling life. For we can bring what we educate through the will—that is through the limbs—and through the heart, that is through part of the chest man—to the stage of perfection we have reached ourselves. And just as a man servant (or even an alarm clock) can be trained to awaken a much cleverer man than himself, so a person much inferior in cleverness, or even in goodness, can educate someone who has greater possibilities than he. We must of course realise that we do not need to be equal to the developing human being in intellectual capacity; but as, once again, it is a question of the development of the will it is for the attainment of goodness that we must strive to the uttermost. Our pupil may become better than we are, but he will very probably not do so unless in addition to the education we give him he gets another education from the world or from other people.

I have shown you in these lectures that there lives a certain genius in language. The genius of language is truly gifted; it is cleverer than we are. We can learn a great deal from the articulation of language and the way its spirit dwells within it.

But genius is to be found in other parts of our environment as well as in language. Let us consider what we have now discovered: that the human being enters the world with a sleeping spirit and a dreaming soul, as far as his head is concerned; that hence it is necessary right from the beginning, from birth onwards, to educate him through his will, for we can only approach his sleeping head spirit by working upon his will. But if we could not approach his head spirit in some way we should inevitably have a great gap in human development. Man would be born—his head spirit would be asleep. We could not make the little child who lies kicking his legs do gymnastics, for instance, or Eurythmy. It wouldn't do. Nor can we give him a musical training as long as he can only kick his legs or yell. Neither can we bring art to him as yet. We find, as yet, no distinct bridge from the will to the sleeping spirit of the child. Later on, when we have managed to approach the child's will, we can work upon his sleeping spirit simply through the very first words we say for him to repeat.

Here we have a direct access to the will. For now what we release in the vocal organs through these first words will penetrate the sleeping head spirit as an activity of will, and will arouse it. But in the earlier years we have no direct bridge. No stream passes over from the limbs—where the will, the spirit, is awake—to the sleeping spirit of the head. Another mediator is needed here. We human educators have nothing at our disposal.

But now comes something, apart from us, which is both genius and spirit. Language indeed has its genius, but in the very earliest babyhood we cannot appeal to the spirit of language at all. But Nature has her own genius, her own spirit. If it were not so we human beings would perish, because a discontinuous education in babyhood would create a breach in our development. Here the genius of Nature intervenes and creates something which can build this bridge. Out of the limb system it produces a substance which partakes of the limb nature, as it is bound up with its development, and has something of that nature in it. This substance is milk. In woman the production of milk is connected with the upper limbs, with the arms. The milk producing organs can be said to be a continuation of the limbs, inwards. Both in the animal and human kingdoms milk is the only substance which has an inner connection with the limbs, which is, as it were, born of the limbs, and hence retains the power of the limbs within it. And as we give the child milk it works upon the sleeping spirit and awakens it—the only substance, essentially, which can do this. Here the spirit that dwells in all matter asserts itself in its rightful place. Milk bears its own spirit within it, and this spirit has the task of awakening the sleeping spirit of the child. This is no mere picture, it is a profound scientific truth that the genius in Nature, which creates the substance milk from out of secret depths, is the awakener of the human spirit in the child. We must learn to penetrate into these deep and secret relationships in the world, for only then shall we understand the wonderful laws that hold sway in the universe. Only then do we come to see what horrible ignoramuses we are when we theorise about matter as though it were some uniform mass that could be divided into atoms and molecules. Indeed it is no such thing. Matter is of such a nature, rather, that when milk, which is an integral part of it, is produced it has the inner need to awaken the sleeping human spirit. As in human beings and in animals we can speak of an inner need, namely of the force that lies at the basis of will, so can we speak of a “need” in matter generally. And if we want fully to comprehend the nature of milk we must say: when milk is produced it seeks to be the awakener of the child's human spirit. Thus everything we see around us springs to life if we regard it aright. Nor do we ever lose the relationship between man and what is in the world outside.

Thus, it is the genius of Nature herself which cares for the early years of human development. And when we educate and develop the child we are, in a certain sense, taking over the work of this genius. Through our words and actions, which the child copies, we begin to work upon the child through his will, and in so doing we continue the activity which we have left to the genius of Nature to carry out; for Nature has made use of the adult merely as a means to the process of nourishing the child with milk. From this you will perceive that Nature educates naturally; for her nourishment by milk is the first medium of education. Nature educates in a natural way. But we, as human beings, working to educate the child through language and through our actions, begin to educate in the realm of soul. For this reason it is so important to be conscious in our teaching and education that we cannot really undertake much with the head. At birth the head brings with it what it is destined to become in the world. We can awaken what is in the child, but we cannot implant a content into him.

Here we must indeed be clear that it is only certain definite things that can be brought into the physical earth existence through birth. The spiritual world has no concern with things which have come into civilisation only through external convention. For instance, the child naturally does not bring with him our conventional methods of reading and writing—I have shown this before in other connections. The spirits do not write, neither do they read. They do not read out of books, nor do they write with pens. It is only an invention of spiritualists that spirits use human language and can write. Language and writing as we know them are conventions of our civilisation. They belong to life on earth. And only when we bring this conventional reading and writing to the child, not by way of his head alone, but by way of his chest and limb systems too, can we really do him any good.

Now, of course, when the child is seven years old, he has not merely been lying in his cradle all the time, he has achieved something, he has been helping himself forward by imitating grown-up people, and he has seen to it that his head spirit is in some respects awake; then we can, of course, take advantage of this awakening to introduce reading and writing to him in a conventional way. But as soon as we do this we have a damaging effect upon the head spirit. This is why I told you that in good teaching reading and writing must only be given by way of art. The first elements of drawing, painting and music must precede it. For these work upon the limbs and chest man, and only indirectly on the head. But in time they awaken what is within the head-man. They do not misuse the head nature as we misuse it when we teach children the conventional reading and writing of to-day in a merely intellectual manner. If we first let the child draw, and then develop the written forms from its drawings, we shall be educating through the limb man up to the head-man. When, for instance, we make an “F” on the board for the children, and let them look at it and follow its form with their hands, we are then working through perception directly upon the intellect. That is the wrong way round. The right way is, as far as possible, to awaken the intellect through the will. We can only do this by passing over to intellectual education by way of artistic education. Thus, even in these early years when the child is first given into our charge, we must teach him reading and writing in an artistic way.

You must bear in mind that the child you are teaching and educating has something else to do besides what you do with him. He has all manner of things to do which only indirectly belong to your sphere of work. The child has to grow. Yes, he must grow, and while educating him you should realise that he must grow rightly. What does this mean? It means that you must not by your teaching, by your education, disturb the child's growth. You must not effect a disturbance of his growth; rather your teaching and education should only be such as is compatible with the child's growth. What I am now saying is of special significance for the primary school period. For just as up to the change of teeth there takes place the building up of forms from the head, so during the primary school period—from the change of teeth to adolescence—there takes place life-development, growth and all that goes with it. This belongs to the primary school period. This life-development which proceeds from the chest, only reaches completion with the onset of adolescence, Thus during the primary school period you have chiefly to do with the chest man. You cannot teach rightly unless you know that, while you are teaching and educating the child, he is growing and evolving through his chest organisation. Thus you are called upon to be the comrade of Nature, for Nature is developing the child through his chest organisation, through breathing, nourishment, movement, and the like. And you must become a good comrade to Nature's development. But how can you be this if you are ignorant of natural development? How can you teach if you do not know by what means you can work through the soul to retard or accelerate growth? It is within your power, to a certain extent, so to affect the healthy growth of the child, by way of the soul, that he shoots up, lanky and lean—a thing which could have bad results. Similarly it is within your power, to a certain extent, to check the child's growth in an unhealthy way, so that he will remain short and stumpy. You have this power, of course, only to a certain extent—but you have it. Thus you must have insight into the conditions of human growth. You must have this insight from the point of view of the soul and also of the body.

Now how can we gain an understanding of the growth forces from the point of view of the soul? For this we must turn to a better kind of psychology than that current to-day. This better psychology tells us that all that accelerates the growing forces of the human being, or makes him shoot up too rapidly, is related to a certain aspect of memory formation. Now, if we over-stimulate the memory, we cause the human being, within certain limits, to grow tall and thin. And if we over-stimulate his imagination and fantasy we retard his growth. Memory and imaginative fantasy have a certain secret relation to the forces of life development in man. And we must acquire the power of perceiving such a relation. For example the teacher should be able to do as follows: At the beginning of the school year he must pass his pupils through his mind in a comprehensive review; this is particularly important for those turning points of the ninth and twelfth year which I have described to you. (see Practical Course for Teachers) He must, then, hold a review, so to speak, of the bodily development of his children, and he must notice what they look like. And then at the end of the school year, or of some definite period, he must pass them once more in review and see what changes have taken place. And the result of these two reviews must be that he knows if some child or other has not grown as much as he should during that time; or perhaps another has shot up too much. Then the teacher must ask himself: How can I get the right balance between imagination and memory in the next school year, or period, so that I can counteract this irregularity?

This is why it is so important to keep the children right through their school life; why it is such a mad arrangement to pass the children on to another teacher every year. And, to look at the matter the other way round, at the beginning of the school year, or of the periods of development (seventh, ninth, twelfth year) the teacher gets to know his pupils. He gets to know those who are typically children of imagination, who transform everything in their minds, and those on the other hand who are typically children of memory, who easily notice and remember things. The teacher must get to know all this. And he does so by twice passing the children in review, as I have explained. But he must come to know whether a child threatens to grow too quickly or too slowly, not only by watching the outward physical growth, but also by means of the powers of imagination and memory themselves; for the child would be in danger of growing too fast if he had too good a memory, and too slowly if he had too much imagination. It is not enough to acknowledge the connection between body and soul in catchwords and phrases, we must be able to observe in the growing human being the working together of body, soul and spirit. Imaginative children grow differently from children endowed with a good memory.

The psychologists of to-day look upon everything as a finished product. Memory exists, and a description of it is given in the psychological book. Imagination exists; it, too, is described. But in the world of reality all things are in mutual relation to one another. And we can only come to know these mutual relations if we adjust ourselves and adapt our understanding to them. That is, we must use our power of understanding not in strict definition of everything, but in exercising mobility, so that the child can himself transform what he has acquired—transform it inwardly, in thought.

You see how the spiritual-soul element leads over of itself into the bodily element. So much so that we can say: through bodily influences, through milk, the genius of nature educates the child in his earliest years. From the change of teeth onwards it is we who educate the child by nurturing him in art in the way that is proper to him at this period. And as the end of the primary school age approaches there is another change. More and more there appear flashes of what is to come in later years, namely, the power of independent judgment, a feeling of personality, the independent impulse of will. We must meet all this by so arranging our curriculum as to make a right use of all that has to be contained in it.

Elfter Vortrag

Können Sie von dem im vorigen Vortrag geltend gemachten Gesichtspunkte aus überschauen zunächst wie vom Geiste und von der Seele aus die menschliche Leibeswesenheit, dann werden Sie rasch eingliedern können all dasjenige in den Aufbau und die Entwickelung dieser menschlichen Leibeswesenheit, was Sie brauchen. Wir werden daher, bevor wir dann in den restlichen Vorträgen übergehen zu der körperlichen Beschreibung des Menschen, diese Beleuchtung von der geistigseelischen Seite her fortsetzen.

Sie haben ja gestern erkennen können, wie der Mensch dreigegliedert ist: als Kopfmensch, als Rumpfmensch, als Gliedmaßenmensch. Und Sie haben gesehen, daß die Beziehungen jedes dieser drei Glieder zu der Welt des Seelischen und des Geistigen verschieden sind.

Betrachten wir einmal zunächst die Kopfbildung des Menschen. Da haben wir ja gestern gesagt: der Kopf ist vorzugsweise Leib. Den Brustmenschen haben wir als «leibig» und seelisch anzusehen gehabt. Und den Gliedmaßenmenschen als «leibig», seelisch und geistig. Aber damit ist natürlich die Kopfwesenheit nicht erschöpft, wenn wir sagen: der Kopf ist vorzugsweise Leib. Es ist ja schon einmal in der Wirklichkeit so, daß die Dinge nicht scharf voneinander getrennt sind, und wir dürfen daher ebensogut sagen: der Kopf ist nur in anderer Weise seelisch und geistig als die Brust und die Gliedmaßen. Der Kopf ist schon, wenn der Mensch geboren wird, vorzugsweise Leib, das heißt, es hat sich gewissermaßen dasjenige, was ihn als Kopf zunächst zusammensetzt, in der Form des leiblichen Kopfes ausgeprägt. Daher sieht der Kopf so aus - er ist ja auch das erste, was sich in der menschlichen Embryonalentwickelung ausbildet -, daß das allgemein Menschliche geistig-seelisch zunächst im Kopfe zum Vorschein kommt. Welche Beziehung hat der Leib Kopf zu dem Seelischen und zu dem Geistigen? Weil der Kopf ein möglichst schon vollkommen ausgebildeter Leib ist, weil er alles, was zur Ausbildung notwendig ist, durch das Tierische zum Menschen hindurch schon durchgemacht hat in früheren Entwickelungsstadien, deshalb kann er in leiblicher Beziehung am vollkommensten ausgebildet sein. Das Seelische ist so verbunden mit diesem Kopfe, daß das Kind, indem es geboren wird und auch noch während es sich entwickelt in den ersten Lebensjahren, im Kopfe alles Seelische träumt. Und der Geist schläft im Kopfe.

Jetzt haben wir eine merkwürdige Zusammengliederung von Leib, Seele und Geist im menschlichen Haupte. Wir haben einen sehr, sehr ausgebildeten Leib als Kopf. Wir haben darin eine träumende Seele, eine deutlich träumende Seele und einen noch schlafenden Geist. Nun handelt es sich darum, mit der ganzen Entwickelung des Menschen diese eben charakterisierte Tatsache in Einklang zu sehen. Diese Entwickelung ist ja bis zum Zahnwechsel hin so, daß der Mensch vorzugsweise ein nachahmendes Wesen ist. Es tut der Mensch alles dasjenige, was er seiner Umgebung absieht. Daß er das tun kann, verdankt er eben gerade dem Umstande, daß sein Kopfgeist schläft. Dadurch kann er mit diesem Kopfgeiste außerhalb des Kopfleibes weilen. Er kann sich in der Umgebung aufhalten. Denn wenn man schläft, so ist man mit seinem Geistig-Seelischen außerhalb des Leibes. Das Kind ist mit seinem Geistig-Seelischen, mit seinem schlafenden Geiste und mit seiner träumenden Seele außerhalb des Kopfes. Es ist bei denen, die in seiner Umgebung sind, es lebt mit denen, die in seiner Umgebung sind. Daher ist das Kind ein nachahmendes Wesen. Daher entwickelt sich auch aus der träumenden Seele heraus die Liebe zur Umgebung, vorzugsweise die Liebe zu den Eltern. Wenn nun der Mensch die zweiten Zähne bekommt, wenn er den Zahnwechsel durchmacht, so bedeutet das in seiner Entwickelung eigentlich den letzten Abschluß der Kopfentwickelung. Wenn der Kopf auch vollständig schon als Leib geboren wird, so macht er doch eine letzte Entwickelung erst durch in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren des Menschen. Was er da durchmacht, das findet seinen Abschluß, setzt sich gewissermaßen seinen Schlußpunkt mit dem Zahnwechsel.

Was ist denn da eigentlich abgeschlossen? Sehen Sie, da ist abgeschlossen die Formbildung. Da hat der Mensch dasjenige, was ihn erhärtet, was ihn vorzugsweise zur Form macht, in seinen Leib hineingegossen. Sehen wir die zweiten Zähne aus dem Menschen herauskommen, so können wir sagen: Es ist die erste Auseinandersetzung mit der Welt vollendet. - Der Mensch hat dasjenige getan, was zu seiner Formgebung, zu seiner Gestaltung gehört. Indem der Mensch vom Kopf aus sich in dieser Zeit seine Form, seine Gestalt eingliedert, geschieht mit ihm als Brustmensch etwas anderes.

In der Brust, da liegen die Dinge wesentlich anders als für den Kopf. Die Brust ist ein Organismus, der von vorneherein, wenn der Mensch geboren wird, leiblich-seelisch ist. Die Brust ist nicht bloß leiblich wie der Kopf; die Brust ist leiblich-seelisch, nur den Geist hat sie noch als einen träumenden außer sich. Wenn wir das Kind also in seinen ersten Jahren beobachten, so müssen wir die größere Wachheit, die größere Lebendigkeit der Brustglieder gegenüber den Kopfgliedern scharf ins Auge fassen. Es wäre durchaus nicht richtig, wenn wir den Menschen zusammengeworfen als einziges chaotisches Wesen ansehen würden.

Bei den Gliedmaßen liegt die Sache wieder anders. Da ist von dem ersten Augenblick des Lebens an Geist, Seele und Leib miteinander innig verbunden; sie durchdringen sich gegenseitig. Da ist auch das Kind am allerfrühesten ganz wach. Das merken diejenigen, die das zappelnde, das strampelnde Wesen zu erziehen haben in den ersten Jahren. Da ist alles wach, nur daß alles unausgebildet ist. Das ist überhaupt das Geheimnis des Menschen: sein Kopfgeist ist, wenn er geboren wird, sehr, sehr ausgebildet schon, aber er schläft. Seine Kopfseele ist, wenn er geboren wird, sehr ausgebildet, aber sie träumt nur. Sie müssen erst nach und nach erwachen. Als Gliedmaßenmensch ist der Mensch, indem er geboren wird, zwar ganz wach, aber noch unausgebildet, unentwickelt.

Eigentlich brauchen wir nur den Gliedmaßenmenschen auszubilden und einen Teil des Brustmenschen. Denn der Gliedmaßenmensch und der Brustmensch, die haben dann die Aufgabe, den Kopfmenschen aufzuwecken, so daß Sie also hier eigentlich erst die wirkliche Charakteristik des Erziehens und Unterrichtens bekommen. Sie entwickeln den Gliedmaßenmenschen und einen Teil des Brustmenschen, und Sie lassen von dem Gliedmaßenmenschen und einem Teil des Brustmenschen den anderen Teil des Brustmenschen und den Kopfmenschen aufwecken. Daraus sehen Sie, daß Ihnen das Kind schon etwas Beträchtliches entgegenbringt. Es bringt Ihnen das entgegen, was es in seinem vollkommenen Geiste und in seiner relativ vollkommenen Seele durch die Geburt trägt. Und Sie haben nur auszubilden dasjenige, was es ihnen entgegenbringt an unvollkommenem Geist und noch unvollkommenerer Seele.

Wenn das anders wäre, dann wäre das Erziehen, das wirkliche Erziehen und Unterrichten überhaupt unmöglich. Denn denken Sie, wenn wir den ganzen Geist, den ein Mensch mit auf die Welt bringt in der Anlage, heranerziehen und heranunterrichten wollten, dann müßten wir ja immer als Erzieher vollkommen gewachsen sein dem, was aus einem Menschen werden kann. Nun, da könnten Sie bald das Erziehen aufgeben, denn Sie könnten ja nur so gescheite und so geniale Menschen heranerziehen, als Sie selber sind. Sie kommen selbstverständlich in die Lage, viel gescheitere und viel genialere Menschen heranerziehen zu müssen auf irgendeinem Gebiete, als Sie selber sind. Das ist nur möglich, weil wir es in der Erziehung eben nur mit einem Teil des Menschen zu tun haben; mit jenem Teil des Menschen, den wir auch dann heranerziehen können, wenn wir nicht so gescheit und nicht so genial sind und vielleicht nicht einmal so gut sind, als er selbst zur Genialität, zur Gescheitheit, zur Güte veranlagt ist. Dasjenige, was wir als das Beste der Erziehung bewirken können, das ist eben die Willenserziehung und ein Teil der Gemütserziehung. Denn das, was wir durch den Willen erziehen, das heißt durch die Gliedmaßen, was wir durch das Gemüt erziehen, das heißt durch einen Teil des Brustmenschen, das können wir bis zu dem Grade von Vollkommenheit bringen, den wir selbst haben. Und wie sich schließlich nicht nur der Diener, sondern auch die Weckeruhr abrichten läßt, einen viel gescheiteren Menschen als er selbst ist, aufzuwecken, so kann auch ein viel weniger genialer und sogar viel weniger guter Mensch einen Menschen erziehen, der zu Besserem als er selbst veranlagt ist. Allerdings, darüber werden wir uns klar sein müssen, daß mit Bezug auf alles Intellektuelle wir dem sich entwickelnden Menschen durchaus nicht gewachsen zu sein brauchen; daß wir aber, weil es auf die Willensentwickelung ankommt - wie wir jetzt auch aus diesem Gesichtspunkte sehen -, in dem Gutsein alles mögliche anstreben müssen, was wir nur anstreben können. Der Zögling kann besser werden als wir selber, wird es aber höchstwahrscheinlich nicht, wenn nicht zu unserer Erziehung eine andere durch die Welt oder durch andere Menschen dazukommt.

Ich habe Ihnen in diesen Vorträgen angedeutet, daß in der Sprache ein gewisser Genius lebt. Der Genius der Sprache ist, sagte ich, genial; er ist gescheiter als wir selbst. Wir können viel lernen von der Art, wie die Sprache gefügt ist, wie die Sprache ihren Geist enthält.

Aber Genius ist auch noch in anderem in unserer Umgebung, als in der Sprache. Bedenken wir das, was wir uns eben angeeignet haben: daß der Mensch eintritt in die Welt mit schlafendem Geiste, mit träumender Seele in bezug auf den Kopf; daß wir also eigentlich nötig haben, schon von ganz früh ab, von der Geburt ab, den Menschen durch den Willen zu erziehen, weil wir, wenn wir nicht durch den Willen auf ihn wirken könnten, wir an seinen schlafenden Kopfgeist gar nicht herankommen könnten. Wir würden aber eine große Lücke in der menschlichen Entwickelung schaffen, wenn wir nicht an seinen Kopfgeist irgendwie herankommen könnten. Der Mensch würde geboren werden, sein Kopfgeist wäre schlafend. Wir können noch nicht das Kind mit den zappelnden Beinen veranlassen, etwa zu turnen oder Eurythmie zu treiben. Das geht nicht. Wir können ihm auch noch nicht gut, wenn es erst mit den Beinen zappelt und höchstens mit dem Munde etwas brüllt, eine musikalische Erziehung angedeihen lassen. Mit der Kunst können wir auch noch nicht heran. Wir finden noch nicht eine deutlich ausgesprochene Brücke von dem Willen zu dem schlafenden Geiste des Kindes hin. Später, wenn wir irgendwie herankommen an den Willen des Kindes, dann können wir auf den schlafenden Geist wirken, wenn wir nur ihm die ersten Worte vorsprechen können, denn da ist schon ein Angriff auf den Willen da. Dann setzt sich dasjenige, was wir durch die ersten Worte in den Stimmorganen loslösen, schon als Willensbetätigung in den schlafenden Kopfgeist hinein fort und beginnt ihn aufzuwecken. Aber in der allerersten Zeit haben wir gar keine rechte Brücke zunächst. Es geht nicht ein Strom hinüber von den Gliedmaßen, in denen der Wille wach ist, der Geist wach ist, zum schlafenden Geist des Kopfes. Da braucht es einen anderen Vermittler noch. Da können wir als menschliche Erzieher in der ersten Zeit des Menschen nicht viele Mittel schaffen.

Da tritt etwas auf, was auch Genius ist, was auch Geist ist außerhalb unser. Die Sprache enthält ihren Genius, aber wir können in den allerersten Zeiten der kindlichen Entwickelung noch gar nicht an den Sprachgeist appellieren. Aber es enthält die Natur selber ihren Genius, ihren Geist. Hätte sie ihn nicht, müßten wir Menschen durch die Lücke, die in unserer Entwickelung geschaffen wird erzieherisch in den allerersten Kinderzeiten, wir müßten verkümmern. Da schafft der Genius der Natur etwas, was diese Brücke bilden kann. Er läßt aus der Gliedmaßenentwickelung heraus, aus dem Gliedmaßenmenschen heraus eine Substanz entstehen, welche, weil sie auch mit dem Gliedmaßenmenschen in ihrer Entwickelung verbunden ist, etwas von diesem Gliedmaßenmenschen in sich hat — das ist die Milch. Die Milch entsteht ja im weiblichen Menschen zusammenhängend mit den oberen Gliedmaßen, mit den Armen. Die milcherzeugenden Organe sind gleichsam dasjenige, was sich nach innen von den Gliedmaßen aus fortsetzt. Die Milch ist im Tier- und Menschenreich die einzige Substanz, welche innere Verwandtschaft hat mit der Gliedmaßenwesenheit, welche gewissermaßen aus der Gliedmaßenwesenheit heraus geboren ist, welche daher auch die Kraft der Gliedmaßenwesenheit in sich noch enthält. Und indem wir dem Kinde die Milch geben, wirkt die Milch als die einzige Substanz, wenigstens im wesentlichen, weckend auf den schlafenden Geist. Das ist, meine lieben Freunde, der Geist, der in aller Materie ist, der sich äußert da, wo er sich äußern soll. Die Milch trägt ihren Geist in sich, und dieser Geist hat die Aufgabe, den schlafenden Kindesgeist zu wecken. Es ist kein bloßes Bild, sondern es ist eine tiefbegründete naturwissenschaftliche Tatsache, daß der in der Natur sitzende Genius, der aus dem geheimnisvollen Untergrund der Natur heraus die Substanz Milch entstehen läßt, der Wecker des schlafenden Menschengeistes im Kinde ist. Solche tief geheimnisvollen Zusammenhänge im Weltendasein müssen durchschaut werden. Dann begreift man erst, was für wunderbare Gesetzmäßigkeiten in diesem Weltenall eigentlich enthalten sind. Dann begreift man nach und nach, daß wir eigentlich entsetzlich unwissend werden, wenn wir uns Theorien ausbilden von der materiellen Substanz so, als ob diese materielle Substanz nur ein gleichgültig Ausgedehntes wäre, das in Atome und Moleküle zerfällt. Nein, das ist diese Materie nicht. Diese Materie ist so etwas, daß ein solches Glied dieser Materie wie die Milch, indem sie erzeugt wird, das innigste Bedürfnis hat, den schlafenden Menschengeist zu wecken. Wie wir im Menschen und im Tiere von Bedürfnis reden können, das heißt von der Kraft, die dem Willen zugrunde liegt, so können wir auch bei der Materie im allgemeinen von «Bedürfnis» reden. Und wir schauen die Milch umfassend nur dann an, wenn wir sagen: Die Milch, indem sie erzeugt wird, begehrt der Auferwecker des kindlichen Menschengeistes zu sein. So belebt sich alles dasjenige, was in unserer Umgebung ist, wenn wir es recht anschauen. So kommen wir eigentlich niemals frei von der Beziehung von allem, was da ist in der Welt draußen, zum Menschen.

Sie sehen daraus, daß für die erste Zeit der menschlichen Entwickelung gesorgt ist durch den Genius der Natur selbst. Und wir nehmen, indem wir das Kind weiterentwickeln und erziehen, dem Genius der Natur in einer gewissen Weise seine Arbeit ab. Indem wir beginnen, durch die Sprache und durch unser Tun, welche das Kind nachmacht, auf das Kind durch den Willen zu wirken, setzen wir jene Tätigkeit fort, welche wir den Genius der Natur haben ausführen sehen, indem er das Kind mit der Milch nährt und den Menschen nur Mittel sein läßt, diese Ernährung auszuführen. Damit sehen Sie aber auch, daß die Natur natürlich erzieht. Denn ihre Ernährung durch die Milch ist das erste Erziehungsmittel. Die Natur erzieht natürlich. Wir Menschen beginnen, indem wir durch die Sprache und durch unser Tun auf das Kind erzieherisch wirken, wir Menschen beginnen seelisch zu erziehen. Daher ist es so wichtig, daß wir im Unterricht und in der Erziehung uns bewußt werden: wir können eigentlich als Erzieher und Unterrichter mit dem Kopf selbst nicht allzuviel anfangen. Der bringt uns das, was er werden soll in der Welt, schon durch die Geburt in diese Welt herein. Wir können wecken dasjenige, was in ihm ist, aber wir können es nicht durchaus in ihn hineinversetzen.

Da beginnt aber natürlich die Notwendigkeit, sich klarzuwerden darüber, daß nur ganz Bestimmtes durch die Geburt in das physische Erdendasein hereingebracht werden kann. Was nur im Laufe der Kulturentwickelung durch äußere Konvention entstanden ist, damit gibt sich die geistige Welt nicht ab. Das heißt, unsere konventionellen Mittel zum Lesen, unsere konventionellen Mittel zum Schreiben - ich habe das von anderen Gesichtspunkten aus schon ausgeführt -, die bringt natürlich das Kind nicht mit. Die Geister schreiben nicht. Die Geister lesen auch nicht. In Büchern lesen sie nicht, und mit der Feder schreiben sie nicht. Das ist nur eine Erfindung der Spiritisten, daß die Geister eine menschliche Sprache führen und sogar schreiben. Dasjenige, was in der Sprache und im Schreiben enthalten ist, ist Kulturkonvention. Das lebt hier auf der Erde. Und nur dann, wenn wir nicht bloß diese Kulturkonvention, dieses Lesen und Schreiben, dem Kinde beibringen durch den Kopf, sondern wenn wir dem Kinde dieses Lesen und Schreiben beibringen auch durch Brust und Gliedmaßen, dann tun wir ihm Gutes.

Natürlich, wenn das Kind sieben Jahre alt geworden ist und zur Volksschule kommt — wir haben es ja nicht immer in die Wiege gelegt, sondern es hat etwas getan, es hat sich selbst durch Nachahmung der Alten fortgeholfen, es hat dafür gesorgt, daß sein Kopfgeist aufgewacht ist in einer gewissen Beziehung -, dann können wir das, was es sich selbst im Kopfgeist aufgeweckt hat, dazu benützen, um ihm Lesen und Schreiben in konventioneller Weise beizubringen; aber dann beginnen wir, diesen Kopfgeist durch unseren Einfluß zu schädigen. Deshalb habe ich Ihnen gesagt: Es darf der Lese- und Schreibunterricht nicht anders erteilt werden, im guten Unterrichten, als von der Kunst her. Die ersten Elemente des Zeichnens und Malens, die ersten Elemente des Musikalischen, die müssen vorangehen. Denn die wirken auf den Gliedmaßen- und auf den Brustmenschen und nur mittelbar auf den Kopfmenschen. Dann aber wecken sie dasjenige auf, was im Kopfmenschen drinnen ist. Sie malträtieren nicht den Kopfmenschen, wie wir ihn malträtieren, wenn wir bloß das Lesen und Schreiben so, wie sie konventionell geworden sind, auf intellektuelle Weise dem Kinde beibringen. Lassen wir das Kind erst zeichnen und dann aus dem, was es gezeichnet hat, die Schriftformen entwickeln, so erziehen wir es durch den Gliedmafßsenmenschen zum Kopfmenschen hin. Wir machen dem Kinde vor, sagen wir ein F. Muß es dann das F anschauen und nachfahren, dann wirken wir im Anschauen zunächst auf den Intellekt, und dann dressiert sich der Intellekt den Willen. Das ist der verkehrte Weg. Der richtige Weg ist, soviel als möglich durch den Willen den Intellekt zu wecken. Das können wir nur, wenn wir vom Künstlerischen übergehen in die intellektuelle Bildung. So müssen wir schon in diesen ersten Jahren des Unterrichts, wo uns das Kind übergeben wird, so verfahren, daß wir Schreiben und Lesen in künstlerischer Art dem Kinde beibringen.

Sie müssen bedenken, daß ja das Kind, während Sie es unterrichten und erziehen, auch noch etwas anderes zu tun hat als dasjenige, was Ste mit ihm machen. Das Kind hat allerlei zu tun, was gewissermaßen nur indirekt in Ihr Ressort gehört. Das Kind muß wachsen. Wachsen muß es, und Sie müssen sich klar darüber sein, daß, während Sie erziehen und unterrichten, das Kind richtig wachsen muß. Was heißt das aber? Das heißt: Sie dürfen durch Ihren Unterricht und durch Ihr Erziehen das Wachstum nicht stören. Sie dürfen nicht störend in das Wachstum eingreifen. Sie dürfen nur so erziehen und unterrichten, daß Sie mit diesem Erziehen und Unterrichten neben dem Bedürfnis des Wachstums einhergehen. Das, was ich jetzt sage, ist von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit für die Volksschuljahre. Denn, ist zunächst die Formbildung da bis zum Zahnwechsel vom Kopfe ausgehend, so ist während der Volksschulzeit da die Lebensentwickelung, das heißt, das Wachstum und alles, was damit zusammenhängt bis zur Geschlechtsreife, also gerade während der Volksschulzeit. Die Geschlechtsreife bildet erst den Abschluß der Lebensentwickelung, die von dem Brustmenschen ausgeht. Sie haben es daher sogar während der Volksschulentwickelung vorzugsweise mit dem Brustmenschen zu tun. Sie kommen nicht anders zurecht, als wenn Sie wissen: während Sie das Kind unterrichten und erziehen, wächst es und entwickelt sich durch seinen Brustorganismus. Sie müssen gewissermaßen der Kamerad der Natur werden, denn die Natur entwickelt das Kind durch die Brustorganisation, durch Atmung, Ernährung, Bewegung und so weiter. Und Sie müssen ein guter Kamerad der Naturentwickelung werden. Aber wenn Sie diese Naturentwickelung gar nicht kennen, wie sollen Sie ein guter Kamerad der Naturentwickelung werden? Wenn Sie zum Beispiel gar nicht wissen, wodurch Sie seelisch im Unterricht oder in der Erziehung das Wachstum verlangsamen oder beschleunigen, wie können Sie gut erziehen und unterrichten? Bis zu einem gewissen Grade haben Sie es sogar seelisch in der Hand, diejenigen Kräfte des Wachstums im heranwachsenden Kinde zu stören, so daß sie es aufschießen lassen zum Rixen, was unter Umständen schädlich sein könnte. Bis zu einem gewissen Grade haben Sie es in der Hand, das Wachstum des Kindes ungesund zu hemmen, so daß es klein und stupsig bleibt, allerdings nur bis zu einem gewissen Grade, aber Sie haben es in der Hand. Sie müssen also Einsicht haben gerade in die Wachstumsverhältnisse des Menschen. Sie müssen diese Einsicht haben vom Seelischen und auch vom Leiblichen aus.

Wie können wir nun vom Seelischen aus Einblick haben in die Wachstumsverhältnisse? Da müssen wir uns eben an eine bessere Psychologie wenden, als die gewöhnliche Psychologie ist. Die bessere Psychologie sagt uns, daß mit alledem, was die Wachstumskräfte des Menschen beschleunigt, was die Wachstumskräfte des Menschen so gestaltet, daß der Mensch rixig aufschießt, mit alledem zusammenhängt dasjenige, was in gewisser Beziehung Gedächtnisbildung ist. Muten wir nämlich dem Gedächtnis zuviel zu, dann machen wir den Menschen innerhalb gewisser Grenzen zum schmalaufschießenden Wesen. Und muten wir der Phantasie zuviel zu, dann halten wir den Menschen in seinem Wachstum zurück. Gedächtnis und Phantasie stehen mit den Lebensentfaltungskräften des Menschen in einem geheimnisvollen Zusammenhang. Und wir müssen uns die Augen dafür aneignen, diesen Zusammenhängen etwas Aufmerksamkeit zuzuwenden.

Der Lehrer muß zum Beispiel in der Lage sein, folgendes zu tun: er muß eine Art zusammenfassenden Blick über seine Schülerzahl am Beginn des Schuljahres werfen, insbesondere im Beginn der Lebensepochen, die ich Ihnen angegeben habe, die mit dem neunten und zwölften Jahr zusammenhängen. Da muß er gewissermaßen Revue halten über die leibliche Entwickelung, und er muß sich merken, wie seine Kinder ausschauen. Und dann am Ende des Schuljahres oder einer anderen Periode muß er wiederum Revue halten und die Veränderung sich anschauen, die sich da vollzogen hat. Und das Ergebnis dieser zwei Revuen muß das sein, daß er weiß: das eine Kind ist nicht so gut gewachsen während der Zeit, wie es hätte wachsen sollen; das andere ist ein Stück aufgeschossen. Dann muß er sich fragen: Wie richte ich im nächsten Schuljahr oder in der nächsten Schulperiode das Gleichgewicht zwischen Phantasie und Gedächtnis ein, damit ich der Anomalie entgegenarbeite?

Sehen Sie, deshalb ist es auch so wichtig, daß man die Schüler behält durch alle Schuljahre hindurch, und deshalb ist es eine so wahnsinnige Einrichtung, jedes Jahr die Schüler einem anderen Lehrer in die Hand zu geben. Aber die Sache ist auch umgekehrt. Der Lehrer lernt nach und nach im Beginn des Schuljahres und am Anfang der Entwickelungsepochen (siebenten, neunten, zwölften Jahr) seine Schüler kennen. Er lernt solche Schüler kennen, die ausgesprochen den Typus von Phantasiekindern haben, die alles umgestalten. Und er lernt solche Schüler kennen, die ausgesprochen den Typus von Gedächtniskindern haben, die sich gut alles merken können. Auch damit muß sich der Lehrer bekanntmachen. Er macht sich ja bekannt durch die beiden Revuen, die ich angeführt habe. Aber er muß diese Bekanntschaft noch in der Weise ausbauen, daß er nicht nur durch das Wachstum äußerlichleiblich, sondern wiederum durch Phantasie und Gedächtnis selbst kennenlernt, ob das Kind droht, zu schnell aufzuschießen — das würde es tun, wenn es ein zu gutes Gedächtnis hat -, oder ob es droht, zu untersetzt zu werden, wenn es zuviel Phantasie hat. Man muß nicht nur durch allerlei Redensarten und Phrasen den Zusammenhang von Leib und Seele anerkennen, sondern man muß auch im werdenden Menschen das Zusammenwirken von Leib und Seele und Geist beobachten können. Phantasievolle Kinder wachsen anders, als gedächtnisbegabte Kinder wachsen.

Heute ist für die Psychologen alles fertig; das Gedächtnis ist da, das wird dann in den Psychologien beschrieben; die Phantasie ist da, die wird dann beschrieben; während in der wirklichen Welt alles in gegenseitiger Beziehung ist. Und wir lernen diese gegenseitigen Beziehungen nur kennen, wenn wir uns auch ein bißchen anbequemen mit unserer Auffassungsgabe diesen gegenseitigen Beziehungen. Das heißt, wenn wir diese Auffassungsgahe nicht so gebrauchen, daß wir alles richtig definieren wollen, sondern daß wir diese Auffassung selbst beweglich machen, so daß sie das, was sie erkannt hat, auch wiederum ändern kann, innerlich, begrifflich ändern kann.

Sie sehen, das Geistig-Seelische führt von selbst hinüber ins Körperlich-Leibliche. Es führt sogar in dem Grade hinüber, daß wir sagen können: Durch Leibeseinwirkung, durch die Milch, erzieht der Genius der Natur in der allerersten Zeit das Kind. So erziehen wir dann, indem wir Kunst volksschulmäßig dem Kinde einträufeln, von dem Zahnwechsel ab das Kind. Und indem das Ende der Volksschulzeit herannaht, ändert sich das wieder in einer gewissen Weise. Da schillert schon immer mehr und mehr hinein aus der späteren Zeit die selbständige Urteilskraft, das Persönlichkeitsgefühl, der selbständige Willensdrang. Dem tragen wir Rechnung, indem wir den Lehrplan so ausgestalten, daß wir das, was da hereinkommen soll, auch wirklich benützen.

Eleventh Lecture

If you can first understand the points made in the previous lecture from the perspective of the spirit and the soul, then you will quickly be able to integrate everything you need into the structure and development of this human physical being. Therefore, before we move on to the physical description of the human being in the remaining lectures, we will continue this examination from the spiritual-soul perspective.

Yesterday you were able to recognize how the human being is divided into three parts: as a head person, as a torso person, and as a limb person. And you saw that the relationships of each of these three parts to the world of the soul and the spirit are different.

Let us first consider the formation of the human head. Yesterday we said that the head is primarily physical. We have to regard the chest person as “physical” and soul-like. And the limb person as “physical,” soul-like, and spiritual. But of course, the nature of the head is not exhausted when we say that the head is primarily physical. In reality, things are not sharply separated from one another, and we can therefore just as well say that the head is spiritual and mental in a different way than the chest and the limbs. When a human being is born, the head is primarily physical, which means that what initially constitutes the head has, in a sense, taken shape in the form of the physical head. This is why the head looks the way it does—it is also the first thing to develop in human embryonic development—so that what is generally human in terms of spirit and soul first appears in the head. What relationship does the physical head have to the soul and spirit? Because the head is a body that is as fully developed as possible, because it has already gone through everything necessary for its development, from the animal to the human, in earlier stages of development, it can be most perfectly developed in physical terms. The soul is so connected to this head that the child, when it is born and also during its development in the first years of life, dreams everything of the soul in the head. And the spirit sleeps in the head.

We have a very, very well-developed body as our head. Within it we have a dreaming soul, a clearly dreaming soul, and a spirit that is still asleep. Now it is a matter of seeing this fact, which has just been characterized, in harmony with the whole development of the human being. Until the change of teeth, this development is such that the human being is primarily an imitative being. Human beings do everything they see in their environment. They are able to do this precisely because their head spirit is asleep. This allows them to dwell outside their head body with this head spirit. They can remain in their environment. For when one sleeps, one's spiritual-soul is outside the body. The child is outside the head with its spiritual-soul, with its sleeping spirit and with its dreaming soul. It is with those who are in its environment, it lives with those who are in its environment. That is why the child is an imitative being. That is also why the love for the environment, preferably the love for the parents, develops out of the dreaming soul. When a person gets their second teeth, when they go through the process of changing teeth, this actually marks the final completion of the development of the head. Even though the head is already fully formed at birth, it undergoes its final development during the first seven years of a person's life. What it goes through during this time comes to an end, reaches its conclusion, so to speak, with the change of teeth.

What is actually completed at this point? You see, the formation of the body is completed. The human being has poured into his body that which hardens him, that which primarily gives him form. When we see the second teeth coming out of the human being, we can say: the first confrontation with the world is complete. The human being has done what belongs to his formative development, to his shaping. As the human being integrates his form, his shape, from the head during this time, something else happens to him as a chest-being.

In the chest, things are essentially different than in the head. The chest is an organism that is physical and soul-like from the very beginning, when the human being is born. The chest is not merely physical like the head; the chest is physical and spiritual, only the spirit is still outside of it, dreaming. So when we observe the child in its early years, we must clearly see the greater alertness, the greater liveliness of the chest members compared to the head members. It would be quite wrong to regard human beings as a single chaotic being.

With the limbs, the situation is different again. From the very first moment of life, spirit, soul, and body are intimately connected; they permeate each other. The child is also fully awake at the earliest stage. Those who have to educate the wriggling, kicking creature in its early years notice this. Everything is awake, only everything is undeveloped. This is the secret of human beings: when they are born, their head spirit is already very, very developed, but it is asleep. When they are born, their head soul is very developed, but it is only dreaming. They must first awaken gradually. As a limb human, when a person is born, they are fully awake, but still undeveloped, undeveloped.

Actually, we only need to train the limb person and part of the chest person. For the limb person and the chest person then have the task of awakening the head person, so that you actually get the real characteristics of education and teaching here. You develop the limb person and part of the chest person, and you let the limb person and part of the chest person awaken the other part of the chest person and the head person. From this you can see that the child already brings you something considerable. It offers you what it carries in its perfect spirit and in its relatively perfect soul through birth. And you only have to educate what it offers you in its imperfect spirit and even more imperfect soul.

If this were not the case, then education, real education and teaching, would be impossible. For think, if we wanted to educate and teach the whole spirit that a person brings with them into the world, then we would always have to be educators who are completely grown up to what a person can become. Well, you could soon give up educating, because you could only educate people who are as intelligent and as brilliant as you are yourself. Of course, you find yourself in a position where you have to educate people who are much more intelligent and much more brilliant than you are yourself in some areas. This is only possible because in education we are only dealing with one part of the human being; with that part of the human being that we can educate even if we are not as intelligent and not as brilliant and perhaps not even as good as he himself is predisposed to be in terms of brilliance, intelligence, and goodness. The best we can achieve in education is the education of the will and part of the education of the mind. For what we educate through the will, that is, through the limbs, and what we educate through the mind, that is, through part of the chest, we can bring to the degree of perfection that we ourselves possess. And just as not only the servant but also the alarm clock can be trained to wake up a person who is much more intelligent than himself, so too can a much less brilliant and even much less good person educate a person who is predisposed to be better than himself. However, we must be clear that, with regard to everything intellectual, we do not need to be equal to the developing person; but because it is the development of the will that matters—as we now see from this point of view—we must strive for all that is good that we can possibly strive for. The pupil can become better than ourselves, but will most likely not do so unless our education is supplemented by that of the world or other people.

In these lectures, I have indicated to you that a certain genius lives in language. The genius of language, I said, is ingenious; it is smarter than we ourselves are. We can learn a lot from the way language is structured, from the way language contains its spirit.

But genius is also present in other things in our environment besides language. Let us consider what we have just learned: that human beings enter the world with a sleeping mind, with a dreaming soul in relation to the head; that we therefore actually need to educate human beings through the will from a very early age, from birth, because if we could not influence them through the will, we would not be able to reach their sleeping head spirit at all. But we would create a huge gap in human development if we could not reach their head spirit in some way. The human being would be born, their head spirit would be asleep. We cannot yet get the child with its wriggling legs to do gymnastics or eurythmy, for example. That is not possible. Nor can we yet give it a musical education when it is only wriggling its legs and at most shouting something with its mouth. We cannot yet approach it with art either. We have not yet found a clearly defined bridge from the will to the sleeping spirit of the child. Later, when we somehow get close to the child's will, we can influence the sleeping spirit if we can just say the first words to them, because there is already an attack on the will. Then what we release in the vocal organs through the first words continues as an exercise of will in the sleeping head spirit and begins to wake it up. But in the very early stages, we do not have a proper bridge at first. There is no current flowing from the limbs, where the will is awake and the spirit is awake, to the sleeping spirit of the head. Another mediator is needed here. As human educators, we cannot create many means in the early stages of human life.

Something appears that is also genius, that is also spirit outside of us. Language contains its genius, but in the very earliest stages of a child's development we cannot yet appeal to the spirit of language. But nature itself contains its genius, its spirit. If it did not have it, we humans would have to fill the gap created in our development through education in the very earliest childhood years, or we would wither away. The genius of nature creates something that can form this bridge. It allows a substance to arise from the development of the limbs, from the limb-human, which, because it is also connected with the limb-human in its development, has something of this limb-human in it — that is milk. Milk arises in the female human in connection with the upper limbs, with the arms. The milk-producing organs are, as it were, the continuation of the limbs inward. Milk is the only substance in the animal and human kingdoms that has an inner relationship to the limb being, that is, in a sense, born out of the limb being, and therefore still contains the power of the limb being within itself. And when we give milk to the child, milk acts as the only substance, at least in essence, that awakens the sleeping spirit. That, my dear friends, is the spirit that is in all matter, which manifests itself where it is supposed to manifest itself. Milk carries its spirit within itself, and this spirit has the task of awakening the sleeping spirit of the child. It is not merely an image, but a deeply rooted scientific fact that the genius inherent in nature, which brings forth the substance of milk from the mysterious depths of nature, is the awakener of the sleeping human spirit in the child. Such deeply mysterious connections in the existence of the world must be understood. Only then can we understand what wonderful laws are actually contained in this universe. Then we gradually realize that we actually become terribly ignorant when we form theories about material substance as if this material substance were only an indifferent extension that breaks down into atoms and molecules. No, that is not what matter is. Matter is such that a component of it, such as milk, has the most intimate need to awaken the sleeping human spirit when it is produced. Just as we can speak of need in humans and animals, that is, of the force that underlies the will, so we can also speak of “need” in matter in general. And we only look at milk comprehensively when we say: milk, in being produced, desires to be the awakener of the child's human spirit. Thus, everything in our environment comes to life when we look at it properly. Thus, we are never really free from the relationship of everything that is in the outside world to human beings.

You can see from this that the early stages of human development are taken care of by the genius of nature itself. And by further developing and educating the child, we take over the work of the genius of nature in a certain way. By beginning to influence the child through language and through our actions, which the child imitates, we continue the activity that we have seen the genius of nature perform by nourishing the child with milk and allowing humans to be merely the means of carrying out this nourishment. But you can also see that nature educates naturally. For its nourishment through milk is the first means of education. Nature educates naturally. We humans begin by educating the child through language and our actions; we humans begin to educate the soul. That is why it is so important that we become aware in teaching and education that, as educators and teachers, we cannot actually do very much with the head itself. It brings us what it is to become in the world through its birth into this world. We can awaken what is within them, but we cannot put it into them.

But this is where the need arises to realize that only certain things can be brought into physical existence on earth through birth. The spiritual world is not concerned with what has only come about through external conventions in the course of cultural development. This means that our conventional means of reading and writing – I have already explained this from other points of view – are not something that children are born with. Spirits do not write. Spirits do not read either. They do not read books, and they do not write with pens. It is merely an invention of spiritualists that spirits speak human languages and even write. What is contained in language and writing is cultural convention. That lives here on earth. And only when we teach children this cultural convention, this reading and writing, not just through their heads, but also through their hearts and limbs, are we doing them good.

Of course, when the child reaches the age of seven and starts elementary school — we did not always put it in the cradle, but it did something, it has helped itself by imitating the elders, it has ensured that its head mind has awakened in a certain respect — then we can use what it has awakened in its head mind to teach it reading and writing in the conventional way; but then we begin to damage this head mind through our influence. That is why I have told you: reading and writing must not be taught in any other way than through art, if it is to be taught well. The first elements of drawing and painting, the first elements of music, must come first. For these have an effect on the limb and chest people and only indirectly on the head people. But then they awaken what is inside the head people. They do not mistreat the head person, as we mistreat them when we merely teach the child to read and write in the conventional way, in an intellectual manner. If we first let the child draw and then develop the written forms from what they have drawn, we educate them through the limb person to become a head person. We show the child, say, an F. If it then has to look at the F and trace it, we are initially influencing the intellect through looking, and then the intellect trains the will. That is the wrong way. The right way is to awaken the intellect as much as possible through the will. We can only do this if we move from artistic to intellectual education. So, in these first years of teaching, when the child is handed over to us, we must proceed in such a way that we teach the child to write and read in an artistic manner.

You must bear in mind that while you are teaching and educating the child, it also has other things to do besides what you are doing with it. The child has all sorts of things to do that, in a sense, only indirectly belong to your area of responsibility. The child must grow. It must grow, and you must be clear that while you are educating and teaching, the child must grow properly. But what does that mean? It means that you must not interfere with growth through your teaching and education. You must not interfere with growth in a disruptive way. You must only educate and teach in such a way that your education and teaching go hand in hand with the need for growth. What I am saying now is of particular importance for the elementary school years. For while the formation of form takes place from the head until the change of teeth, during the elementary school years there is the development of life, that is, growth and everything connected with it until sexual maturity, precisely during the elementary school years. Sexual maturity marks the completion of the life development that originates in the breast organism. Therefore, even during elementary school development, you are primarily dealing with the breast organism. You cannot manage otherwise than by knowing that while you are teaching and educating the child, it is growing and developing through its breast organism. You must, in a sense, become nature's comrade, for nature develops the child through the breast organism, through breathing, nutrition, movement, and so on. And you must become a good comrade of nature's development. But if you do not know this natural development at all, how can you become a good comrade of nature's development? For example, if you do not know how you can slow down or accelerate growth psychologically in teaching or education, how can you educate and teach well? To a certain extent, you even have the psychological power to disrupt the forces of growth in the growing child, causing them to rush into fighting, which could be harmful under certain circumstances. To a certain extent, you have the power to inhibit the child's growth in an unhealthy way, so that it remains small and stunted, but only to a certain extent, and you have the power to do so. You must therefore have insight into the conditions of human growth. You must have this insight from both a spiritual and a physical perspective.

How can we gain insight into the conditions of growth from a spiritual perspective? To do this, we must turn to a better form of psychology than ordinary psychology. Better psychology tells us that everything that accelerates the growth forces of the human being, everything that shapes the growth forces of the human being in such a way that the human being shoots up rapidly, is connected with what is, in a certain sense, the formation of memory. For if we demand too much of the memory, we make the human being, within certain limits, a narrow-minded creature. And if we demand too much of the imagination, we hold back human growth. Memory and imagination are mysteriously connected to the forces of human development. And we must train our eyes to pay attention to these connections.

For example, the teacher must be able to do the following: at the beginning of the school year, they must take a kind of summary view of their students, especially at the beginning of the life stages I have indicated to you, which are related to the ninth and twelfth years. In a sense, they must review their physical development and note what their children look like. And then, at the end of the school year or another period, he must review them again and look at the changes that have taken place. The result of these two reviews must be that he knows: one child has not grown as well as he should have during this time; another has grown a lot. Then he must ask himself: How can I establish a balance between imagination and memory in the next school year or the next school period so that I can counteract the anomaly?

You see, that is why it is so important to keep the students throughout all school years, and that is why it is such an insane institution to hand the students over to a different teacher every year. But the opposite is also true. The teacher gradually gets to know his students at the beginning of the school year and at the beginning of the developmental periods (seventh, ninth, twelfth year). He gets to know students who are distinctly imaginative types, who transform everything. And they get to know pupils who are distinctly of the memory type, who can remember everything well. The teacher must also familiarize themselves with this. They do so through the two reviews I have mentioned. But he must develop this acquaintance in such a way that he learns not only through external physical growth, but also through imagination and memory itself, whether the child is in danger of growing too quickly — which would be the case if it has too good a memory — or whether it is in danger of becoming too stocky if it has too much imagination. One must not only recognize the connection between body and soul through all kinds of sayings and phrases, but one must also be able to observe the interaction of body, soul, and spirit in the developing human being. Imaginative children grow differently than children with a good memory.

Today, everything is ready-made for psychologists; memory is there, and it is described in psychology; imagination is there, and it is described; whereas in the real world, everything is interrelated. And we only learn about these interrelationships if we make a little effort to understand them with our powers of comprehension. That is, if we do not use these powers of comprehension in such a way that we want to define everything correctly, but rather make this comprehension itself flexible, so that it can also change what it has recognized, change it internally, conceptually.

You see, the spiritual-soul aspect leads naturally into the physical-bodily aspect. It leads to such an extent that we can say: through the influence of the body, through milk, the genius of nature educates the child in the very earliest period. Then, from the time of tooth change, we educate the child by instilling art in it in the elementary school manner. And as the end of elementary school approaches, this changes again in a certain way. From later times, independent judgment, a sense of personality, and independent willpower increasingly shine through. We take this into account by designing the curriculum in such a way that we actually make use of what is to come.