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Human History in the Light of Spiritual Investigation
GA 61

9 November 1911, Berlin

Translated by D. S. Osmond

Prophecy: Its Nature and Meaning

Words spoken by Shakespeare's most famous character: “There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your philosophy” are, of course, perfectly true; but no less true is the saying composed by Lichtenberg, a great German humourist, as a kind of rejoinder: “In philosophy there is much that will be found neither in heaven nor earth.” Both sayings are illustrations of the attitude adopted nowadays to many things in the domain of Spiritual Science. It seems inevitable that widespread circles, especially in the world of serious science, will repudiate such matters as prophecy even more emphatically than other branches of Spiritual Science. If in these other branches of Spiritual Science—in many of them at least—it is difficult to draw a clear line between genuine research and charlatanism, or maybe something even worse, it will certainly be admitted that wherever super-sensible investigation touches the element of human egoism, there its dangers begin. And in what realm of higher knowledge could this be more apparent than in all that is comprised in the theme of prophecy as it has appeared through the ages! Everything covered by the term ‘prophecy’ is closely connected with a widespread, and understandable, trait in the human mind, namely, desire to penetrate the darkness of the future, to know something of what earthly life in the future holds in store.

Interest in prophecy is connected not only with curiosity in the ordinary sense, but with curiosity concerning very intimate regions of the human soul. The search for knowledge concerning the deeper interests of the human soul has met with so many disappointments that earnest, serious science nowadays is unwilling to listen to such matters—and this is really not to be wondered at. Nevertheless it looks as though our times will be obliged at least to take notice of them, and also of the subjects of which we have been speaking in previous lectures and shall speak in the future. As will be known to many of you, the historian Kemmerich has written a book about prophecies, his aim being to compile facts which can be confirmed by history and go on to show that important happenings were pre-cognised or predicted in some way. This historian is driven to make the statement—at the moment we will not question the authenticity of his research—that there are very few important events in history that have not at some time been predicted, conjectured and announced in advance. Such statements are not well received in our time; but ultimately, in the sphere where history can speak with authority, it will not be possible to ignore them because proof will be forthcoming, both in respect of the past and of the present, from outer documents themselves.

The domain we are considering today has never been in such disrepute as it is nowadays, nor regarded as so dubious a path of human endeavour. Only a few centuries ago, for instance in the 16th century, very distinguished and influential scholars engaged in prognostication and prophecy. Think of one of the greatest natural scientists of all time and of his connection with a personage whose tendency to be influenced by prophecies is well known: think of Kepler, the great scientist, and his relations with Wallenstein. Schiller's deep interest in this latter personality was due in no small measure to the part played in his life by prophecy. The kind of prophecy in vogue in the days of Kepler—and only a couple of centuries ago leading scientific minds all over Europe were still occupied with it—was based upon the then prevailing view that there is a real connection between the world of the stars, the movements and positions of the stars, and the life of man. All prophesying in those times was really a form of astrology. The mere mention of this word reminds us that in our day too, many people are still convinced that there is some connection between the stars and coming events in the life of individuals, even, too, of races. But prophetic knowledge, the prophetic art as it is called, was never so directly connected with observation of the movements and constellations of the stars as was the case in Kepler's time.

In ancient Greece an art of prophecy was practised, as you know, by prophetesses or seeresses. It was an art of predicting the future induced by experiences arising perhaps from asceticism, or other experiences leading to the suppression of full self-consciousness and the presence of mind of ordinary life. The human being was thus given over to other Powers, was in an ecstatic condition and then made utterances which were either direct predictions of the future or were interpreted by the listening priests and soothsayers as referring to the future. We need only think of the Pythia at Delphi who under the influence of vapours rising from a chasm in the earth was transported into a state of consciousness quite different from that of ordinary life; she was controlled by other Powers and in this condition made prophetic utterances. This kind of prophecy has nothing to do with calculations of the movements of stars, constellations and the like. Again, everyone is familiar with the gift of prophecy among the people of the Old Testament, the authenticity of which will certainly be called into question by modern scholarship. Out of the mouths of these prophets there came not only utterances of deep wisdom, which influenced the life of these Old Testament people, but fore-shadowed the future. These predictions, however, were by no means always based upon the heavenly constellations as in the astrology current in the 15th and 16th centuries. Either as the result of inborn gifts, ascetic practices and the like, these prophets unfolded a different kind of consciousness from that of the people around them; they were torn away from the affairs of ordinary life. In such a condition they were entirely detached from the circumstances and thoughts of their personal lives, from their own material environment. Their attention was focused entirely on their people, on the weal and woe of their people. Because they experienced some thing superhuman, something reaching beyond the individual concerns of men, they broke through the boundaries of their personal consciousness and it was as though Jahve Himself spoke out of their mouths, so wise were their utterances concerning the tasks and the destiny of their people.

Thinking of all this, it seems evident that the kind of divination practised at the end of the Middle Ages, before the dawn of modern science, was only one specific form and that prophecy as a whole is a much wider sphere, connected in some way with definite states of consciousness to which a man can only attain when he throws off the shackles of his personality. Astrological prophecy, of course, can hardly be said to be an art in which a man rises above his own personality. The astrologer is given the date and hour of birth and from this discovers which constellation was rising on the horizon and the relative positions of other stars and constellations. From this he calculates how the positions of the constellations will change during the course of the man's life and, according to certain traditional observations of the favourable or unfavourable influences of heavenly bodies upon human life, predicts from these calculations what will transpire in the life of an individual or of a people. There seems to be no kind of similarity between this type of astrologer and the ancient Hebrew prophets, the Greek seeresses or others who, having passed out of their ordinary consciousness into a state of ecstasy, foretold the future entirely from knowledge acquired in the realm of the Supersensible. For those who consider themselves enlightened men of culture today, the greatest stumbling-block in these astrological predictions is the difficulty of realising how the courses of the stars and constellations can possibly have any connection with happenings in the life of an individual or a people, or in the procession of events on the Earth. And as the attention of modern scholarship is never focused on such connections, no particular interest is taken in what was accepted as authentic knowledge in times when astrological prophecy and enlightened science often went hand in hand.

Kepler, the very distinguished and learned scientist, was not only the discoverer of the Laws named after him; not only was he one of the greatest astronomers of all time, but he devoted himself to astrological prophecy. In his time—also during the periods immediately preceding and following it—numbers of truly enlightened men were votaries of this art. Indeed if we think objectively about life as it was in those days, we realise that from their standpoint it was as natural to them to take this prophetic art, this prophetic knowledge, as seriously as our contemporaries take any genuine branch of science. When some prediction based upon the constellations—and made perhaps, at the birth of an individual—comes true later on, it is of course easy to say that the connection of this constellation with the man's life was only a matter of chance. Certainly it must be admitted in countless cases that astonishment at the fulfilment of astrological prediction is caused simply because it came true and because people have forgotten what did not come true. The contention of a certain Greek atheist is, in a sense, correct. He once came in his ship to a coastal town where, in a sanctuary, tokens had been hung by men who had vowed at sea that if they were saved from shipwreck they would make such offerings. Many, many tokens were hanging there—all of them the offerings of men who had been saved from shipwreck. But the atheist maintained that the truth could only be brought to light if the tokens of everyone who in spite of vows had actually perished in shipwreck, were also displayed. It would then be obvious to which category the greater number of tokens belonged. This implies that a really objective judgment could only be reached if records were kept not only of those astrological predictions which have come true, but also of those which have not. This attitude is perfectly justified but on the other hand there is certainly much that is very astonishing. As in these public lectures I cannot take for granted a fundamental knowledge of all the teachings of Spiritual Science, I must speak in a way which will convey an idea of the significance of the subjects we are studying.

Even a confirmed sceptic must surely feel surprise when he hears the following. Keeping to well-known personages, let us take the case of Wallenstein. Wallenstein wished to have his horoscope drawn up by Kepler—a name honoured by every scientist. Kepler sent the horoscope. But the matter had been arranged with caution. Wallenstein did not write to Kepler giving him the year of his birth and saying that he would like him to draw up the horoscope, but an intermediary was chosen. Kepler therefore did not know for whom the horoscope was intended. The only indication given was the date of the birth. There had already been many important happenings in Wallenstein's life and he requested that they too should be recorded, as well as predictions made of those still to come. Kepler completed the horoscope as requested. As is the case with many horoscopes, Wallenstein found very much that tallied with his experiences. He began (it was often so in those days) to have great confidence in Kepler and on many occasions was able to adjust his life according to the prognostications. But it must be said too, that although many things tallied, many did not, so far as the past was concerned and, as subsequently transpired, the same was true of the predictions made about the future. It was so with numbers of horoscopes and in those days people were accustomed to say that there must be some inaccuracy in the alleged hour of birth and that the astrologer might be able to correct it. Wallenstein did the same. He begged Kepler to correct the hour of birth; the correction was only very slight but after it had been made, the prognostications were more accurate. It must be added here that Kepler was a thoroughly honest man and it went very much against the grain to correct the hour of birth. From a letter on the subject written by Kepler at the time it is obvious that he did not favour such procedure on account of the many possible consequences. Nevertheless he undertook to do what Wallenstein asked—it was in the year 1625—and gave further details about Wallenstein's future; above all he said that according to the new reading of the positions of the stars, the constellation that would be present in the year 1634 would be extremely unfavourable for Wallenstein. Kepler added—as well he might, for the date lay so far ahead—that even if this were a cause of alarm, the alarm would have passed away by the time of these unfavourable conditions. He did not therefore consider them dangerous for Wallenstein's plans. The prediction was for March 1634. And now think of it: within a few weeks of the period indicated, the causes occurred which led to the murder of Wallenstein. These things are at least striking!

But let us take other examples—not of second-rate astrologers but of really enlightened men. The name of an extraordinarily learned man in this sphere will at once occur to us—Nostradamus. Nostradamus was a doctor of high repute who, among other activities, had rendered wonderful service during an epidemic of the plague; he was a man of profound gifts and the selflessness with which he devoted himself to his profession as a doctor is well known. It is known, too, that when on account of his selflessness he had been much maligned by his colleagues, he retired from his medical work to the isolation of Salon where, in 1566, he died. In Salon he began to observe the stars, but not as Kepler or others like Kepler had observed them. Nostradamus had a special room in his house into which he often withdrew and, as can be gathered from what he himself says, from this room he watched the stars, just as they presented themselves to his gaze. In other words he made no special mathematical calculations but immersed himself in what the soul, the heart, the imagination can discover when gazing with wonder at the starry heavens. Nostradamus spent many an hour of reverent, fervent contemplation in this curious chamber with its open views on all sides to the heavens. And from him there came not only specific predictions, but long series of diverse and remarkably true prophecies of the future. So much so, that Kemmerich, the historian of whom I spoke just now, cannot but be astonished and attach a certain value to the prophetic utterances of Nostradamus. Nostradamus himself made some of his prophecies known to the public and was naturally laughed to scorn in his day, for he could quote no astrological calculations. As he gazed at the stars his predictions seemed to rise up in him in the form of strange pictures and imaginations, for instance of the outcome of the battle at Gravelingen in the year 1558, where the French were defeated with heavy loss. Another prediction, made long beforehand, for the year 1559, was to the effect that King Henry II of France would succumb “in a duel” as Nostradamus put it. People only laughed, including the Queen herself, who said that this clearly showed what reliance could be placed upon prediction—for a King was above engaging in a duel. But what happened? In the year predicted, the King was killed in a tournament. And it would be possible to quote many, many predictions that subsequently came true.

Again there is Tycho de Brahe, one of the brilliant minds of the 16th century and of outstanding significance as an astronomer. The modern world knows little of Tycho de Brahe beyond that he is said to have been one who only half accepted the Copernican view of the world. But those who are more closely acquainted with his life know what Tycho de Brahe achieved in the making of celestial charts, how vastly he improved the charts then existing, that he had discovered new stars and was, in short, an astronomer of great eminence in his day. Tycho de Brahe was also deeply convinced that not only are physical conditions on the Earth connected with the whole Universe, but that the spiritual experiences of men are connected with happenings in the great Cosmos. Tycho de Brahe did not simply observe the stars as an astronomer but he related the happenings of human life with happenings in the heavens. And when he came to Rostock at the age of 20, he caused a stir by predicting the death of the Sultan Soliman, which although it did not occur exactly on the day indicated, did nevertheless occur. The indication was not quite exact but this will probably not bring an outcry from historians, for they might well argue that if anyone were intent upon lying he would not tell a half-lie by introducing the difference of a mere day or so into the prediction.

Hearing of this, the King of Denmark requested Tycho de Brahe to cast the horoscopes of his three sons. Concerning his son, Christian, the indications were accurate; less so in the case of Ulrich. But about Hans, the third son, Tycho de Brahe made a remarkable prediction, derived from the movements of the stars. He said: The whole constellation and everything to be seen goes to show that he is and will remain frail and is unlikely to live to a great age. As the hour of birth was not quite accurate, Tycho de Brahe gave the indications very cautiously ... he might die in his eighteenth or perhaps in his nineteenth year, for the constellations then would be extremely unfavourable. I will leave it an open question whether it was out of pity for the parents or for other reasons, that Tycho de Brahe wrote of the possibility of this terrible constellation in the eighteenth or nineteenth year being overcome in the life of Duke Hans ... if so, he said, God would have been his protector; but it must be realised that these conditions would be there, that an extremely unfavourable constellation connected with Mars was revealed by the horoscope and that Hans would be entangled in the complications of war; as in this constellation, Venus had ascendancy over Mars, there was just a hope that Hans would pass this period safely, but then, in his eighteenth and nineteenth years, there would be the very unfavourable constellation due to the inimical influence of Saturn; this indicated the risk of a “moist, melancholic” illness caused by the strange environment in which Hans would find himself. And now, what was the history of Duke Hans' life? As a young man he was involved in the political complications of the time, was sent to war, took part in the battle of Ostend and in connection with this, as Tycho de Brahe had predicted, had to endure the ordeal of terrible storms at sea. He came very near death, but as the result of friendly negotiations set on foot for his marriage with the daughter of the Czar he was recalled to Denmark. According to Tycho de Brahe's interpretation, the complications due to the unfavourable influences of Mars had been stemmed by the influences of Venus—the protector of love-relationships: Venus had protected the Duke at this time. But then, in his eighteenth and nineteenth years the inimical influence of Saturn began to take effect. One can picture how the eyes of the Danish Court were upon the young Duke: all the preparations for the marriage were made and the news that it had taken place was hourly awaited. But there came instead the announcement that the marriage was delayed, then news of the Duke's illness, and finally of his death. Such things made a great impression upon people at the time and must surely surprise posterity.

Now world-history sometimes has its humorous sides! There was once, in a different domain altogether, a certain Professor who asserted that the brain of the female always weighs less than that of the male. After his death, however, his own brain was weighed and proved to be extremely light. He was the victim of humour in world-history!

The horoscope of Pico de Mirandola (a descendant of the famous philosopher) prophesied that Mars would bring him great misfortune. He was an opponent of all such predictions. Tycho de Brahe proved to him that all his arguments against prognostications from the stars were false, and he died in the year that had been indicated as the period of the unfavourable influence of Mars.

Numbers of examples could be quoted and we shall probably realise that in a certain sense it is not difficult to make objections. For example, a very distinguished modern astronomer—a man greatly to be respected too, for his humanitarian activities—has argued that Wallenstein's death cannot be said to have been correctly predicted in the horoscope drawn up by Kepler. In a certain respect such arguments must be taken seriously. We cannot altogether ignore Wilhelm Foerster's argument that Wallenstein knew what had been predicted; that in the corresponding year he remembered his horoscope, hesitated, did not take the firm stand he would otherwise have taken and so was himself the cause of the misfortune. Such objections are always possible.

But on the other side it must be remembered that although in illustrations produced by science, external data are of value, the modern age accepts these data as an absolutely adequate basis for scientific truths. Many things may be problematical. But we should not shut our eyes to the fact that careful comparison of events that had actually occurred in life with indications obtained from the stars, did indeed lead, in earlier times, to confidence in prognostications of the future. People were certainly alive to mistakes but they did not conceal things that were genuinely astonishing, nor did they accept these things entirely without criticism. In those times too they were quite capable of criticism and in all probability applied it on many occasions.

I wanted to quote very striking examples in order to show that in accordance with the standards of modern science too, it is possible to take these matters seriously. And even when we take what there is to be said against them, we shall have to admit that the reasons which in times of the relatively near past made brilliant minds place firm reliance in them, were not bad but sound and well-founded reasons. Even if these reasons are rejected, it must be admitted that the impression they made on brilliant and enlightened minds was such that these men believed—quite apart from details—that there is a connection between events in the lives of individuals and of peoples, and happenings in the Cosmos. These men believed that there is a real connection between the macrocosm, the great world, and the microcosm, the little world.

They believed that human life on the Earth is not a chaotic flow of events but that law manifests in these events, that just as celestial events are governed by cyclic law, so too a certain cyclic law, a certain rhythm is manifest in human and earthly conditions. To explain what is here meant, I shall speak of certain facts that can be collated by observation, as truly as the most exacting facts of chemistry or physics today. But the observations must be made in the appropriate spheres. Suppose we observe something that happens in a man's life during his childhood. If we study the longer sweep of human life, remarkable connections will come to light, for example, between the life of earliest childhood and that of very old age; a connection is perceptible between what a man experiences in the evening of his life and what he experienced in early youth. We shall be able to say: If, during youth, we were shaken by emotions due to alarm or fright, we may possibly have been exempt from their effects all through our life, but in old age things may appear of which we know that their causes are to be sought in very early childhood. Again there are connections between the years of adolescence and the period immediately preceding old age. Life runs a circular course.

We can go still further, taking as an example the case of someone who, say at the age of 18, was torn right away from the course his life had taken hitherto. Until then he may have been able to devote himself to study but was suddenly obliged to abandon this and become a merchant, perhaps because his father lost his money, or for some other reason. To begin with he gets on quite well but after a few years, great inner difficulties make their appearance. In trying to help such a person to overcome these difficulties, we cannot apply any general, abstract principles. We shall have to say to ourselves: At the age of 18 there was a sudden change in his life and at the age of 24—that is to say, six years later—difficulties cropped up in his life of soul. Six years earlier, in his twelfth year or thereabouts, certain things happened in his soul which actually explain the difficulties appearing in his twenty-fourth year: six years before, six years later—the change of profession lies between. Just as above a pendulum swinging to right and left there is a point of equilibrium, so, in the case quoted, the eighteenth year is a pivotal point. A cause generated before this pivotal point has its effect the same number of years afterwards. So it is in man's life as a whole. Human life takes its course not with irregularity but with regularity and according to law. Although the individual does not necessarily realise it, there is in every human life one centre-point; what lies before—youth and childhood—allows causes to rest in the depths of subsequent happenings, and then what took place a number of years before this centre-point of life reveals itself in its effects an equal number of years afterwards. In the sense that birth is the point polar to death, the happenings of childhood are the causes of happenings during the years that precede death. In this way life becomes comprehensible.

In the case, for example, of illness occurring, say, at the age of 54, the only really intelligent approach is to look for a pivotal point at which a man passed through a definite crisis, reckoning back from there to some event related to the fifty-fourth year somewhat in the same sense as death is related to birth, or the other way round. The fact that happenings in human life reveal conformity to law and principle does not gainsay our freedom. Many people are apt to say that this conformity to law in the course taken by events contradicts man's freedom of will. But this is not the case and it can only appear so to superficial thinking. A human being who at the age, say, of 15, lays into the womb of time some cause, the effects of which he experienced in, say, his fifty-fourth year, no more deprives himself of his freedom than does someone who builds a house and then moves into it when it is ultimately ready. Logical thinking will never say that the man deprives himself of his freedom when he moves into the house. Nobody deprives himself of freedom by anticipating that causes will have their effects later on. This principle has nothing directly to do with freedom in life.

Just as there are cyclic connections in the life of the individual, so too are there cyclic connections in the life of the peoples, and in life on the Earth in the general sense. The evolution of mankind on the Earth divides itself into successive epochs of culture. Two of the epochs most closely connected with our own, are the period of Assyrian-Egyptian-Chaldean civilisation and that of the later culture of Greece and Rome; then, reckoning from the decline of Greek and Roman culture and its aftermaths, comes our present epoch. According to all the signs of the times this will last for a very long time yet. There, then, we have three consecutive periods of culture.

Close observation of the life of the peoples during these three epochs will reveal, during the Greco-Latin period, something like a pivotal point in the evolution of mankind. Hence, too, the curious fascinating of the culture of Greece and Rome. Greek art, Greek and Roman political life, Roman equity, the conception of Roman citizenship ... it all seems to stand like a kind of pivotal point in the stream of the evolutionary process: After it—our own epoch; before it—the Egypto-Chaldean epoch. In a remarkable way, those who observe deeply enough will perceive certain conditions of life during the Egypto-Chaldean period operating again today, in quite a different but nevertheless related form. In those times, therefore, causes were laid into the womb of the ages, which now in their effects come again to the fore. Certain methods of hygiene, certain ablutions customary in ancient Egypt, also certain views of life are now, strangely enough, in the forefront again—naturally in absolutely different forms; in short, the effects of causes laid down in ancient Egypt are becoming perceptible today. In between—like a fulcrum—lies the culture of Greece and Rome.

The Egypto-Chaldean epoch was preceded by that of the most ancient Persian culture. According to the law of cyclic evolution, then, it can be foreshadowed that just as in our civilisation there is a cyclic re-emergence of Egypto-Chaldean culture, so ancient Persian culture will re-emerge in the epoch following our own. Law is revealed everywhere in the flow of evolution! Not irregularity, not chaos—but also not the kind of law conjectured by historians: that the causes of everything happening today are to be sought in the immediately preceding period, the causes of happenings in the recent past again in the immediately preceding period, and so forth. This is how historians build up a chain of events—the one directly following the other. Closer observation, however, reveals the existence of cycles, breaks ... what was once present appears again at a very much later time.

External observation itself can discern this. But it will be quite apparent to those who study the evolution of humanity in the light of Spiritual Science that there is evidence of spiritual law in the flow of happenings, in the stream of the ‘Becoming’ and that a certain deepening of the life of soul will enable men actually to perceive the threads of these inner connections. And although it is not easy to grasp everything that belongs to this sphere, although it may sometimes tend to charlatanry or humbug and direct its appeal to the lower impulses and instincts, nevertheless the following is true: When a man is able to eliminate personal interests and quicken the hidden forces of spiritual life, so that his knowledge is drawn not merely from his environment or from remembrances of his own life and that of his nearest acquaintances, when he is uninfluenced by material and personal considerations ... then he grows beyond his own personality and becomes conscious of the presence of higher forces with him, which it is only a matter of developing by appropriate exercises. When these deeper forces are brought to the surface, happenings in the life of a human being will also reveal their hidden causes and such a soul will then glimpse the truth that whatever has transpired through the ages throws its effects into the future. The law presented to us by Spiritual Science is that no happenings—and this also applies to the domain of the Spiritual—float meaninglessly along the stream of existence; they all have their effects and we must discover the law underlying the manifestation of these effects in later times. Therewith the insight will come that this law also embraces the return of the individuality into the present earthly life, where the effects of earlier lives are working themselves out.

Just as knowledge of the workings of Karma, the Law of Destiny, arises from insight into how causes lie in the womb of time and appear again in transformation, so too this insight was present in all those who have taken prophecy seriously or have actually engaged in it; they have been convinced that laws prevail in the course taken by human life and that the soul can awaken the forces whereby these laws may be fathomed. But the soul needs points of focus. In its facts, the world is an interconnected whole. Just as in his physical life the human being is affected by wind and weather, it is not difficult to assume that there are connections in everything around us, even though the details are obscure. Without actually seeking for laws of Nature, something in the courses of the stars and constellations evokes the thought: The harmonies perceptible there can call forth in us similar harmonies and rhythms according to which human life runs its course. Further observations will then lead on to the details.

As may be read in the little book, The Education of the Child in the Light of Spiritual Science, epochs can be distinguished in the life of the individual: from birth to the change of teeth, from then to puberty, then the years up to twenty-one and again from twenty-one to twenty-eight ... 7-year periods clearly different in character and after which new kinds of faculties are present. If we know how to investigate these things we shall find clear evidence of a rhythmic stream in human life, which can as it were be found again in the starry heavens. Strikingly enough, if life is observed from this point of view (but such observation must be calm and balanced, without the wonted fanaticism of opponents) it will be found that round about the twenty-eighth year something in the life of soul indicates, in many cases, a culmination of what has come into being after four periods of seven years each. Four times seven years—twenty-eight years ... although the figure is not absolutely exact, this is the approximate time of one revolution of Saturn. Saturn revolves in a circle consisting of four parts, passes therefore through the whole Zodiacal circle, and its course has an actual correspondence with the course of man's life from birth to the twenty-eighth year. Just as the circle divides into four parts, so too these twenty-eight years divide into four periods of seven years each. There, in the revolution of a star in cosmic space, we see indications of similarity with the course taken by human life.

Other movements in the heavens, too, correspond to rhythms in human life. Little attention is given today to the very brilliant researches made by Fliess, a doctor in Berlin; they are still only in the initial stage but if ever they are properly studied, the rhythmic flow of births and deaths in the life of humanity will be clearly perceived. All such research is only at the beginning; but in time to come it will be realised that one need only regard the stars and their movements as a great celestial clock and human life as a rhythm that runs its own course but is in a certain sense determined by the stars. Without looking for actual causes in the stars, it is quite possible to conceive that because of this inner relationship, human life runs its course with a like rhythm. Suppose, for example, we often go outside the door of our house or look out of the window at some particular time in the morning and always see a certain man on the way to his office ... we glance at the clock, knowing that every day he will pass at a definite time. Are the hands of the clock the cause of it? Of course not! ... but because of the invariable rhythm we can assume that the man will pass the house at a definite time. In this sense we can see in the stars a celestial clock according to which the life of man and of peoples runs its course.

Such things may well be vantage-points for the observation and study of life, and Spiritual Science is able to indicate these deeper connections. We shall now understand why Tycho de Brahe, Kepler and others, worked on the basis of calculations—Kepler especially, Tycho de Brahe less. For insight into the soul of Tycho de Brahe reveals a certain similarity with that of Nostradamus. Nostradamus, however, does not need to make calculations at all; he sits up in his attic and gives himself up to the impressions made by the stars. He ascribes this gift to certain inherited qualities in his organism, which for this reason is no cause of hindrance to him. But he also needs that inner tranquillity of soul that arises after he has put away all thoughts, emotions, cares, and excitements of everyday life. The soul must face the stars in purity and freedom. And then what Nostradamus prophesies rises up in him in pictures and images; he sees it all before him in pictures. If he spoke in astronomical terms of Saturn or Mars being injurious, he would not, in predicting destiny, have been thinking of the physical Saturn or the physical Mars, but he would have pondered in this way: Such and such a man has a warlike nature, a temperament that loves fighting, but he also has a kind of melancholy making him subject to moods of depression which may even affect him physically. Nostradamus lets this interweave in his contemplation and a picture rises before him of future happenings in the man's life: the tendency to melancholy and the fighting spirit intermingle—“Saturn” and “Mars.” This is only a sense-image. When he speaks of “Saturn” and “Mars,” his meaning is: There is something in this man which presents itself to me as a picture but which can be compared with the opposition or conjunction between Saturn and Mars in the heavens. This was merely a way of expressing it; contemplation of the stars evoked in Nostradamus the seership that enabled him to see more deeply into souls than is otherwise possible.

Nostradamus, therefore, was a man who by acting in a certain way was able to waken to life inner powers of soul otherwise slumbering within the human being. In a mood of devotion, of reverence, he completely put away all cares and anxieties, all concerns of the outer world. In utter forgetfulness of self, with no feeling of his own personality, his soul knew the truth of the axiom he always quoted: “It is God Who utters through my mouth anything I am able to tell you about your concerns. Take it as spoken to you by the Grace of your God I ...” Without such reverence there is no genuine seership. But this very attitude ensures that those who have it will not abuse or make illicit use of their gift.

Tycho de Brahe represents a stage of transition between Nostradamus and Kepler. When we contemplate the soul of Tycho de Brahe, he seems to be one who is calling up remembrances from an earlier life, rather reminiscent of Greek soothe-saying. He has in him something that is akin to the soul of an ancient Greek seeking everywhere for the manifestations of cosmic harmony. Such is the attunement of his soul—and his astrological insight is really an attitude of soul—it is as if astronomical calculation were merely a prop helping him to call up those powers which enable pictures of happenings in the past or the future to take shape before him. Kepler's mind is more abstract, in the sense that modern thought is abstract—in a still higher degree. Kepler has to rely more or less upon pure calculation in which there is, of course, accuracy, for according to knowledge derived from clairvoyance there is an actual relation between the constellations and the actions of men. As time went on, astrology became more and more a matter of reckoning and calculation only. The gift of seership gave place to purely intellectual thought and it can truly be said that astrological forecasts now are nothing but intellectual deduction.

The farther we go back into the past, the more we shall find that the utterances of the ancient prophets concerning the life of their peoples rose up from the very depths of their souls. So it was among the Hebrew prophets; in communion with their God and free of their personal interests and affairs, they were wholly given up to the great concerns of their people and could perceive what was in store. Just as a teacher foresees that certain qualities in a child will express themselves later on, and takes account of them, the Hebrew prophet beheld the soul of his people as one unit; the Past mellowed in his soul and worked in such a way that the consequences were revealed to him as a great vision of the Future.

But now, what does prophecy mean in human life, what does it really signify? We shall find the answer by thinking of the following: There are certain great figures to whom we always trace streams of happenings in history. Although today the preference is for everyone to be at one level, because it goes against the grain when a single personality towers over all the others (in their desire that all faculties shall be equal, people are loath to admit that certain men are more forceful than the rest)—in spite of this, great and advanced leaders are at work in the process of historical evolution. Things have come to such a pass nowadays that the mightiest happenings are conceived to be the outcome simply of ideas and not to lead back to any one personality. There is a certain school of theology, which still claims to be Christian, although it contends that there need have been no Christ Jesus as an individual. In reply to the retort that world-history is after all made by men, one of these theologians said: That is as obvious as the fact that a forest is composed of trees; human beings make history in the same sense that trees make a forest ... But think of it—surely the whole forest could have grown up from a few grains of seed? Certainly the forest is composed of trees but the primary step is to find out whether it did not originate from grains of seeds once laid in the soil. So, too, it is a matter of inquiring whether it is not, after all, the case that events in human evolution lead back to this or that individual who inspired the rest.

This conception of world-history suggests the thought of “surplus” forces in men who play leading parts in the evolution of humanity. Whether they apply these forces for good or ill is another matter. Such men work upon their environment out of the surplus forces within them. These surplus forces, which need not be drawn upon for the affairs of personal life, may express themselves in deeds or they may find no outlet in deeds; but with others, some kind of hindrance always seems to prevent this. Nostradamus is an interesting example: he was a doctor and in this capacity brought blessing to very many human beings. But the thought that someone is doing good, often goes against the grain! Nostradamus became an object of envy and jealousy and was accused of being a Calvinist. To be a Jew or a Calvinist was looked upon askance and circumstances therefore forced him to withdraw from his work of healing and abandon his profession. But were the forces used in this inspiring work no longer within him when he had retired? Of course they were! Physics believes in the conservation of energy or force. What happened in the case of Nostradamus was that when he threw up his work, the forces in him took a different direction. If his medical activities had continued, these forces would have produced quite other effects in the future. For where can our deeds really be said to end? If, like Nostradamus, we withdraw from some activity, the flow of our deeds is suddenly stemmed—but the forces themselves are still there. The forces in Nostradamus' soul remained and were transformed, so that what might have expressed itself in deeds at some future time, rose up before him in pictures. In his case, deeds were transformed into the gift of seership. The same may be true of human beings endowed with a faculty for prophecy today; and it was true in the case of the ancient Hebrew prophets. As biblical history indicates, these men had a real connection with forces belonging to the past and to the future of their people; their own soul, their personal life, was nothing to them. They were not war-like by nature but had within them surplus forces which from the very beginning took the same form as those of Nostradamus after their transformation. Forces, which in others poured into deeds, revealed themselves to the Hebrew prophets in the form of mighty pictures and visions. The gift of seership is directly connected with the urge to action in men, with the transformation of surplus forces in the soul.

Seership is therefore by no means an incomprehensible faculty; it can be reconciled with the kind of thinking pursued in natural science itself. But it is obvious, too, that the gift of seership leads beyond the immediate Present. What is the way, the only way, of reaching out beyond the Present? It is to have ideals. Ideals, however, are usually abstract: man sets them before him and believes that they conform to the realities of the Present. But instead of setting up abstract ideals, a man who desires to work in line with the aims of the super-sensible world tries to discover causes lying in the womb of the ages, asking himself: How do these causes express themselves in the flow of time? He approaches this problem not with his intellect but with his deeper faculty of seership. True knowledge of the Past—when this is acquired by the operations of deeper forces and not by way of the intellect—calls up before the soul pictures of the Future, which more or less conform to fact. And one who rightly exercises the gift of seership today, after having pondered the stream of evolution in olden times, will find a picture rising up before him as a concrete ideal. This picture seems to tell him: Mankind is standing at the threshold of transition; certain forces hitherto concealed in darkness are becoming more and more apparent. And just as today people are familiar with intellect and with imagination, so in a Future by no means distant, a new faculty of soul will be there to meet the urge for knowledge of the super-sensible world.

The dawn of this new power of soul can already be perceived. When such glimpses of the Future astonish us, our attitude will not be that of the fanatic, neither will it be that of the pure realist, but we shall know why we do this or that for the sake of spiritual evolution. This, fundamentally, is the purpose of all true prophecy. We realise that this purpose is achieved even when the pictures of the Future outlined by the seer may not be absolutely accurate. Anyone who is able to perceive the hidden forces of the human soul knows better than others that false pictures may arise of what the Future holds in store; he understands, too, why the pictures are capable of many interpretations. To say that although certain indications have been given, they are vague and ambiguous does not mean very much. Such pictures may well be ambiguous. What matters, is that impulses connected with evolution as it moves on towards the Future, shall work upon and awaken slumbering powers in man. These prophesyings may or may not be accurate in every detail: what matters is that powers shall be awakened in the human being!

Prophecy, therefore, is to be conceived less as a means of satisfying curiosity by prediction of the Future than as a stimulating realisation that the gift of seership is within man's grasp. Shadow-sides there may well be—but the good sides are there too! The good side will be revealed above all when men do not go blindly through the day nor blindly onwards into a remote future but can set their own goals and direct their impulses in the light of knowledge. Goethe, who has said so many wonderful things about the affairs of the world, was right when he wrote down the words: “If a man knew the Past, he would know what the Future holds; both are linked to the Present as a Whole complete in itself.” (“Wer das Vergangene kennte, der wusste das Kunftige; beides schliesst an heute sich rein, als ein Vollendetes, an.”) This is a beautiful saying from the “Prophecies of Bakis.”

And so the raison d'être of prophecy does not lie in the appeasement of curiosity or the thirst for knowledge, but in the impulses it can give to work for the sake of the Future. The unwillingness to be really objective about prophecy today is due to the fact that our age sets too high a value on purely intellectual knowledge—which does not kindle impulses of will. But Spiritual Science will bring the recognition that although there have been many shadow-sides in the realm of ancient and modern prophecy, nevertheless in this striving for consciousness of the Future a seed has formed, not for the appeasement of cravings for knowledge or of curiosity, but as fire for our will. And even those who insist upon judging everything in the human being by cold, intellectual standards, must learn from this vista of the world that the purpose of prophecy is to stimulate the impulses of will.

Having considered how attacks against prophecy may be met and having recognised its core and purpose, we have a certain right to say: In this domain lie many of those things with which academic philosophy will have nothing to do ... that is certainly true. But the light of this very knowledge will reveal, in connection with those facts which illustrate the other saying, that data of intellectual knowledge—however correct they may be—are sometimes completely valueless because they are incapable of engendering impulses of will. Just as it is true that there are many things undreamed of by philosophy, so on the other side it is true that a great deal in the realm of scientific research into the things of heaven and earth comes to nothing because it does not quicken the seed of right endeavour. But progress in life must be made in the light of a kind of knowledge which reveals that at the beginning, the middle and the end, everything turns upon human activity, human deeds!

Der Sinn des Prophetentums

Es ist gewiß richtig, was Shakespeare eine seiner berühmtesten Personen sagen läßt, und was im Deutschen gewöhnlich mit den Worten wiedergegeben wird: Es gibt mehr Dinge im Himmel und auf der Erde, als Ihr mit Eurer Schulweisheit Euch träumen laßt. — Aber es ist auch gewiß nicht minder richtig, was ein großer deutscher Humorist, Lichtenberg, gleichsam als Erwiderung darauf in die Worte gefaßt hat: Es gibt viele Dinge in der Schulweisheit, die weder im Himmel noch auf der Erde zu finden sind! — Beide Aussprüche zusammen werfen gewissermaßen ein Licht auf die Behandlungsart, die man vielem gerade in unserer Gegenwart angedeihen läßt in bezug auf das, wovon hier in diesen Vorträgen gesprochen werden soll. Wenn es sich um einen Gegenstand wie den heutigen handelt, muß man allerdings sagen: Es erscheint mehr noch als den übrigen Gebieten des übersinnlichen Forschens, mehr als den übrigen Gebieten der Geisteswissenschaft gegenüber, ganz begreiflich, daß es gegenüber einem solchen Thema weite Kreise insbesondere der ernsten, strengen Wissenschaft gibt, welche solche Dinge leugnen. Denn wenn schon für die übrigen Gebiete, oder wenigstens für zahlreiche der übrigen Gebiete der Geisteswissenschaft, sehr schwierig die Grenze zu ziehen ist zwischen dem, was ehrliches, ernstes Forschen ist, und was Scharlatanerie oder vielleicht etwas noch Schlimmeres ist, so muß man sagen: Überall da, wo das übersinnliche Forschen irgendwie in Beziehung steht zum menschlichen Egoismus, da beginnen allerdings gefährliche Partien dieses Forschens. — Und auf welchen Gebieten höherer Erkenntnis könnte das mehr der Fall sein, als bei alledem, was sich zusammenschließt in das Thema vom Prophetentum, wie es in den verschiedenen Zeiten aufgetreten ist. Hängt doch alles, was mit dem Worte Prophetie bezeichnet wird, unmittelbar zusammen mit einer - allerdings begreiflichen - verbreiteten Eigenschaft der Menschen: mit der menschlichen Begierde, das Dunkel der Zukunft zu durchdringen, etwas von dem zu wissen, was dem Menschen auf seinem zukünftigen Lebenswege beschieden ist.

Nicht mit irgendeiner Neugier nur, sondern mit einer Neugier, die sozusagen an die intimsten und tiefsten Seiten der menschlichen Seele geht, hängt das Interesse für Prophetie zusammen. Kein Wunder daher, daß in unserer Zeit, nachdem man im Laufe der menschlichen Entwickelung so schlechte Erfahrungen mit der Befriedigung aller derjenigen Wissenssehnsuchten gemacht hat, welche so tief mit den Interessen der menschlichen Seele zusammenhängen, die Wissenschaft, die ernstlich in Betracht kommen will, nichts weiter wissen will von solchen Dingen. Nur scheint es doch, als ob unsere Zeit nicht mehr anders könnte, als sich wenigstens mit diesen Dingen wiederum auseinanderzusetzen, wie mit so vielem also, wovon wir in den vorhergehenden Vorträgen gesprochen haben und in der Zukunft noch sprechen werden. Hat doch sogar, wie viele von Ihnen wissen werden, ein reiner Historiker, Kemmerich, ein Buch über «Prophezeiungen» geschrieben, in dem er nichts anderes will, als zusammentragen, was sich in gewisser Weise an Tatsachen geschichtlich belegen läßt, die darauf hinweisen, daß wichtige Geschehnisse von diesem oder jenem Menschen vorher gewußt oder vorhergesagt worden sind. Ja, der betreffende Historiker fühlt sich sogar zu dem Ausdruck gedrängt, daß es kaum irgendein bedeutendes Ereignis in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung gibt, welches nicht einmal vorausgesagt, vorausempfunden, vorausgedacht und auch vorausverkündet worden wäre. Man hört heute noch solche Behauptungen nicht gern. Aber man wird ihnen endlich in denjenigen Grenzen, innerhalb welcher sich die Geschichte der Dinge bemächtigt, gar nicht mehr ausweichen können, indem man ebenso die Dinge der Vergangenheit wie die Dinge der Gegenwart mit klaren äußeren Dokumenten belegen wird.

Nicht immer war das Gebiet, von dem wir heute etwas sprechen wollen, so wenig angesehen als in unserer Zeit, nicht immer war es auf so zweifelhafte Kreise des menschlichen Strebens angewiesen als in unserer Zeit. Wir brauchen nur wenige Jahrhunderte zurückzugehen und werden fin- den, daß zum Beispiel im sechzehnten Jahrhundert hervorragende tonangebende Gelehrsamkeit in dem damaligen Betriebe des Prophetentums durchaus vertreten war. Sehen wir doch einen der größten Geister der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung aller Zeiten in einer entsprechenden Verbindung mit einer Persönlichkeit, deren Neigung für eine Lebensauffassung, die sich in das Licht der Prophezeiungen stellt, bekannt ist, sehen wir doch Kepler, den großen Naturforscher, in Verbindung mit dem Namen Wallenstein, dessen Persönlichkeit Schiller nicht zum geringsten Teile aus dem Grunde so interessiert hat, weil er sein Leben in das Licht prophetischer Weisheit stellte. Diejenige Art von Prophezeiung, die uns zu Keplers Zeiten entgegentritt, und die uns vor ein paar Jahrhunderten in Europa überall so entgegentritt, daß erleuchtete, wissenschaftlich führende Geister sich mit ihr beschäftigen, hängt mit der Art und Weise zusammen, wie man damals den Zusammenhang der Sternenwelt, den Gang der Gestirne, die Stellung der Gestirne zum menschlichen Leben anschaute. Es ist jene damalige Prophezeiung im wesentlichen irgendwie zusammenhängend mit der Astrologie. Man braucht dieses Wort nur auszusprechen, um zu wissen, daß in weiteren Kreisen auch heute noch ein Bewußtsein dafür vorhanden ist, wie ein Zusammenhang gedacht wird zwischen den zukünftigen Ereignissen des einzelnen menschlichen Lebens oder auch des Völkerlebens und dem Gange der Gestirne. Aber niemals wurde, was man prophetische Erkenntnis oder Prophetenkunst nennt, so unmittelbar zusarmmenhängend gedacht mit der Beobachtung des Ganges und der Konstellation der Sterne als zu Keplers Zeiten.

Wenn wir in die griechische Zeit zurückgehen, so sehen wir allerdings, daß eine prophetische Kunst vorhanden war, die, wie Sie wohl wissen, zum großen Teil von Prophetinnen ausgeübt wurde. Es war eine prophetische Kunst, die dadurch herbeigeführt wurde, daß der Mensch ganz bestimmten Erlebnissen ausgesetzt wurde, zum Beispiel Erlebnissen der Askese oder auch solchen Erlebnissen, die auf eine andere Art das Selbstbewußtsein, die Besonnenheit des alltäglichen Lebens zurückdrängten, so daß der Mensch an andere Mächte hingegeben war, gleichsam wie außer sich, wie in Ekstase war und dann Dinge sagte, die sich entweder direkt auf die Zukunft bezogen oder von den zuhörenden Priestern oder Weisen so gedeutet wurden, daß sie auf die Zukunft Beziehung hatten. Gleich taucht da das Bild der Pythia, der Prophetin in Delphi auf, welche durch die aus einem Erdspalt auftauchenden Dünste in einen anderen Seelenzustand versetzt wurde, als es der Bewußtseinszustand des gewöhnlichen Alltagslebens ist, und die dann Mächten hingegeben war, mit denen sie sonst keine Verbindung hatte, an die sie sonst nicht dachte und aus einem solchen Zustande heraus nun entsprechende Andeutungen machte. Da sehen wir eine Art von Prophetie, die nicht mit der Berechnung von Sternkonstellationen und Sterndeuten zusammenhängt.

Ebenso ist jedem das Prophetentum des alttestamentlichen Volkes bekannt, das selbstverständlich von der heutigen Aufklärung als Prophetentum auch bezweifelt werden kann, das aber, wenn es zunächst nur in bezug auf seine Eigenart charakterisiert werden soll, insofern es aus dem Munde dieser Propheten kam, nicht nur wichtige Weisheitsprüche brachte, die dann für das, was innerhalb des alttestamentlichen Volkes geschieht, tonangebend sind, sondern die auch ihre Aussagen voraussehend über die Zukunft machten. Doch sehen wir dieses Prophetentum nicht in derselben Weise wie die Astrologie des fünfzehnten, sechzehnten Jahrhunderts Voraussagen machen aus der Sternenwelt, aus Sternenkonstellationen heraus, sondern da sehen wir wieder, wie entweder durch besondere Anlagen der betreffenden Persönlichkeiten oder durch Askese und bestimmte Übungen und so weiter diese Propheten sich einen andern Bewußtseinszustand als den der übrigen Menschheit aneignen, durch den sie aus dem alltäglichen Leben hinausgerissen werden, nicht das gewöhnliche Leben beurteilen können. Dafür aber sehen wir sie in die großen Zusammenhänge ihres Volkes blicken, sehen sie das, was Glück und Unglück ihres Volkes ist, empfinden. Dadurch, daß sie gleichsam so etwas wie ein Übermenschliches erleben, was über die einzelnen menschlichen Interessen hinausgeht, reißen sie ihre Seele von dem unmittelbaren Bewußtsein los, und es ist so, wie wenn der Gott Jahve selber aus ihnen sprechen würde. So weise erschienen ihre Andeutungen, wie wenn Jahve selber dem Volke verkünden wolle, was das Volk zu tun habe, was die künftigen Schicksale des Volkes sind.

Wenn wir dies bedenken, muß es uns doch erscheinen, als wenn die Art der Prophezeiung, wie sie uns am Ausgange des Mittelalters vor der Morgenröte der neueren Wissenschaft entgegentritt, nur eine besondere Art wäre, und als ob Prophetie ein umfassenderes Gebiet wäre, das aber immer in irgendeiner Weise mit irgendwelchen besonderen Seelenzuständen zusammenhinge, die der Mensch erst erreicht, wenn er von seiner Persönlichkeit loskommt. Allerdings muß man sagen, daß kaum noch erkenntlich die astrologische Prophetie als eine solche Kunst scheint, durch welche der Mensch von seiner Persönlichkeit loskommt. Denn der Astrologe, welcher das Geburtsdatum eines Menschen bekommt, nach diesem Geburtsdatum nun nachsucht, wie die Konstellation in dieser Stunde ist, welches Sternbild gerade im Aufgange über dem Horizont ist, wie zur Geburtsstunde die Konstellation der anderen Sterne zu einem Sternbilde ist und daraus berechnet, wie der Verlauf der Sternkonstellationen, während des Lebens dieses Menschen weiter sein würde, und nach gewissen Anschauungen, die man sich über den günstigen oder ungünstigen Einfluß gewisser Sterne und Sternkonstellationen auf das menschliche Leben gemacht hat, nach solchen Berechnungen voraussagt, was im Leben eines Menschen oder eines Volkes auftreten würde — ein solcher Astrologe erscheint uns kaum mehr als eine solche Persönlichkeit wie der alte jüdische Prophet oder wie die griechischen Prophetinnen oder überhaupt die alten Propheten, die herausgetreten waren aus dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein und in der Ekstase nur aus einem aus dem Übersinnlichen geschöpften Wissen die Zukunft vorhersagten. Was bei diesen astrologischen Prophezeiungen die heutigen Menschen am stärksten stört, insofern sie sich zu dem aufgeklärten Teil unserer Gebildeten rechnen, das ist, daß schwer eingesehen werden kann, was der Gang der Sterne. die Konstellation von Sternen mit dem zu tun haben sollen, was im Leben eines Menschen, im Leben eines Volkes oder in der Aufeinanderfolge der Zeitereignisse hier auf der Erde geschieht. Und da der Blick der heutigen Erkenntnis auf etwas ganz anderes gerichtet ist als auf solche Zusammenhänge, so bringt man auch demjenigen kein besonderes Interesse entgegen, was in den Zeiten, in welchen auch erleuchtete Wissenschaft mit astrologischer Prophezeiung vereinbar war, vor allen Dingen als etwas Gewisses, als etwas Reales erschienen war.

Noch der große tonangebende Forscher und Gelehrte Kepler hat nicht nur seine keplerischen Gesetze gefunden, er war nicht nur einer der größten Astronomen aller Zeiten, sondern er widmete sich auch der astrologischen Prophezeiung. Und in seiner Zeit, kurz vorher und kurz danach, finden wir zahlreiche wirklich erleuchtete Geister, welche dieser selben Kunst anhängen, und welche von ihrem Standpunkte aus, wenn man alle Dinge objektiv bedenkt, gar nicht anders konnten, als diese prophetische Kunst, diese prophetischen Erkenntnisse so ernst zu nehmen, wie in entsprechender Weise unsere heutigen Zeitgenossen irgendeinen wissenschaftlichen Zweig ernst und würdig nehmen. Denn man kann leicht sagen, daß irgendeine Vorhersage, die zum Beispiel bei der Geburt eines Menschen getan worden ist, die aus Sternenkonstellationen geholt und an dem Leben dieses Menschen bewahrheitet worden ist, daß dieser Zusammenhang der Konstellation mit dem Leben des Menschen doch nur auf einer Art von Zufall beruht. Gewiß, in einer unendlich großen Anzahl von Fällen muß zugegeben werden, daß das Frappierende des Eindruckes, den man von der Bewahrheitung astrologischer Vorhersagungen haben kann, einfach darauf beruht, daß man durch das Eintreten einer solchen Vorhersagung überrascht ist und das Übereinstimmende behält und darüber vergißt, was nicht eingetroffen ist. In gewisser Beziehung hat allerdings jener griechische Atheist ganz recht, der einmal mit seinem Schiffe in einer Küstenstadt ankam, wo an einem Opferorte gewisse Zeichen der jenigen Persönlichkeiten aufgehängt wurden, welche auf der See ein Gelübde getan hatten, daß sie, wenn sie bei irgendeinem Schiffbruch gerettet würden, ein solches Opferzeichen an einem solchen Opferorte aufhängen würden. Gewiß, da waren viele solche Opferzeichen aufgehängt. Es war kein Zweifel: sie alle rührten von solchen Menschen her, die aus einem Schiffbruch gerettet worden waren. Aber der betreffende griechische Atheist meinte, man könnte erst dann die Wahrheit wissen, wenn man auch die Zeichen aller derjenigen aufhängen würde, die trotz jenes Gelübdes bei Schiffbrüchen zugrunde gegangen sind. Da würde sich dann zeigen, von welcher Seite mehr Zeichen aufgehängt würden. Ebenso könnte auch gesagt werden: Ein objektives Urteil kann man nur gewinnen, wenn man nicht nur alle eingetroffenen, sondern auch alle nichteingetroffenen astrologischen Voraussagen verzeichnen würde. — Aber gegenüber einer solchen Anschauung, die ja immer möglich ist, erscheint doch mancherlei wieder höchst frappierend. Da ich in diesen öffentlichen Vorträgen nicht eine gründliche Kenntnis aller geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen voraussetzen kann, so muß auch auf das hingewiesen werden, was dem allgemeinen Bewußtsein eine Vorstellung davon geben kann, welchen Wert entsprechende Dinge auf Gebieten haben, über die wir uns hier ergehen.

Frappierend muß es doch für den größten Skeptiker erscheinen, wenn zum Beispiel folgende Tatsache auftritt. Wallenstein — damit wir bei bekannten Persönlichkeiten bleiben — wendet sich an den großen Kepler, dessen Namen jeder Wissenschafter nur mit Ehrfurcht nennen kann, um sein Horoskop von ihm zu erhalten, das heißt die aus den Sternen zu findende Aussage in bezug auf sein künftiges Leben. Er erhält von Kepler dieses Horoskop. Dieses Horoskop des Wallenstein war mit einer gewissen Vorsicht gemacht worden. Es wurde nicht etwa so zustande gebracht, daß Wallenstein in einem gewissen Lebensjahre an Kepler schrieb, dann und dann sei er geboren und er wünsche jetzt von ihm sein Horoskop, sondern es geschah in der Weise - so dumm nämlich, wie man es heute glaubt, war es doch nicht —, daß ein Mittelsmann gewählt wurde, so daß der Betreffende, der das Horoskop zu machen hatte, nicht wußte, um welche Persönlichkeit es sich eigentlich handelte. Es wurde nur das Geburtsdatum angegeben. Kepler wußte also nicht, um wen es sich handelte. Nun hatte Wallenstein damals schon eine gewisse Anzahl von Erlebnissen hinter sich, von denen er auch verlangte, daß sie aufgezeichnet würden, und dann sollte eine Aufzeichnung der weiteren Erlebnisse, die der Zukunft, angefertigt werden. Kepler fertigte das von ihm verlangte Horoskop aus. Darin fand Wallenstein, wie es bei zahlreichen Horoskopen der Fall ist, eine große Übereinstimmung mit vielen seiner Erlebnisse. Er faßte zum Horoskop Vertrauen — es ist das ein Vorgang, der sich so bei vielen Leuten der damaligen Zeit abgespielt hat — und es gelang ihm in manchen Fällen, sein Leben so einzurichten, wie es im Sinne gewisser solcher Voraussagen war. Nun muß gleich gesagt werden, daß im verflossenen Leben zahlreiche Tatsachen stimmten, aber manche stimmten auch nicht. Ebenso war es mit dem, was sich auf die Zukunft bezog. Das war bei zahlreichen Horoskopen der Fall. Da hat man in der damaligen Zeit allerdings eine sonderbare Sache befolgt, die darin bestand, daß man gesagt hat: Da muß in der Geburtsstunde irgend etwas nicht richtig sein, und vielleicht könnte der betreffende Astrologe die Geburtsstunde etwas korrigieren. — So etwas hat auch Wallenstein gemacht. Er hat Kepler ersucht, die Geburtsstunde zu korrigieren; es handelt sich dabei nur um ganz weniges; dadurch kamen richtigere Daten heraus, die stimmten jetzt wieder besser. Demgegenüber muß aber gesagt werden, daß Kepler ein durchaus ehrlicher Mann war und gar nicht gern so etwas tat, wie die Geburtsstunde korrigieren. Aus dem Brief, den Kepler damals darüber an Wallenstein schrieb, fühlt man heraus, daß er es nicht gerne tat und einen solchen Vorgang nicht empfehlen konnte, denn wenn man so etwas vornimmt, könnte man ja dadurch alles mögliche in dieser Weise feststellen. Dennoch unterzog er sich dieser von Wallenstein gewünschten Aufgabe - es war das im Jahre 1625 — und gab auch dann wieder Angaben über das zukünftige Leben Wallensteins, namentlich sagte er ihm, daß nach diesem jetzigen Lesen der Sternenzusammenhänge die Sternkonstellationen für Wallenstein im Jahre 1634 außerordentlich ungünstig ständen. Er fügte auch noch hinzu, jetzt, nachdem dies noch so lange bis dahin sei, könnte er es voraussagen, denn, wenn auch Wallenstein sich aufregen würde, so würde diese Aufregung doch schon schwinden bis zu der Zeit, da diese ungünstigen Verhältnisse einträfen, aber er glaube nicht, daß es gefährlich wäre für das, was Wallenstein tun würde. Für den März 1634 war es vorausgesagt. Und siehe da: wenige Wochen vor diesem Datum stellten sich die Ursachen ein, die zur Ermordung von Wallenstein führten. Das sind Dinge, die doch wenigstens frappieren können.

Aber nehmen wir andere Beispiele, und zwar nicht aus den Reihen untergeordneter Astrologen, sondern solche, die mit erleuchteten Geistern umgehen. Da muß einer außerordentlich bedeutsamen Persönlichkeit auf diesem Gebiete gedacht werden: ich meine Michel, Nostradamus. Nostradamus war ein bedeutender Arzt, der unter anderem auch bei einer Pestkrankheit unendlich heilsam gewirkt hat; er wurde tief verehrt gerade wegen der selbstlosen Art, wie er sich seinem Arztberufe hingab. Bekannt ist aber auch, daß er sich, als er wegen dieser Selbstlosigkeit von seinen medizinischen Kollegen vielfach angefeindet worden ist, von seinem ärztlichen Berufe in die Einsamkeit von Salon zurückzog. Da beobachtete er nun nicht so wie Kepler oder andere die Sterne, sondern er hatte einen besonderen Raum in seinem Hause, in das er sich zurückgezogen hatte. Von diesem Raume aus — das ist aus seinen eigenen Angaben zu entnehmen — betrachtete er die Sterne eigentlich nur so, wie sie sich dem Blicke darbieten, nicht so, daß er besondere mathematische Rechnungen vornahm, sondern nur das, was Gemüt und Seele und Imagination verfolgen können, wenn sie sich den Wundern des nächtlichen Sternenhimmels aussetzen. Viele, viele Stunden, Stunden voll Inbrunst und Andacht verbrachte Nostradamus in dieser eigentümlichen Kamera, die nach allen Seiten den freiesten Ausblick in den Sternenhimmel bot. Und da haben wir von ihm nicht nur einzelne Vorhersagungen, sondern eine ganze langeSerie von den mannigfaltigsten Vorhersagungen über Ereignisse der Zukunft, die in der sonderbarsten Weise eintrafen, so daß der vorhin genannte Historiker Kemmerich gar nicht umhin kann, als frappiert zu sein und noch nach langer Zeit etwas auf daszu geben, was die Vorhersagungen des Nostradamus sind. Nostradamus trat zuerst mit einigen seiner Vorhersagungen hervor. Er wurde natürlich auch in seiner Zeit zuerst ausgelacht, denn er konnte nicht einmal auf irgend welche astrologischen Berechnungen hinweisen. Es war ihm, wie wenn durch den Anblick der Sterne ihm in merk würdigen Bildern, Imaginationen die Zukunft sich gezeigt hätte, zum Beispiel als ob in einem großen Bilde ihm aufgegangen wäre der Ausgang der Schlacht bei Gravelingen im Jahre 1558, welche die Franzosen mit großem Verlust verloren haben. Eine andere Voraussage, die auch lange vorher für das Jahr 1559 gemacht wurde, bezog sich darauf, daß König Heinrich II. von Frankreich in einem Duell fallen sollte, wie er sagte. Man lachte nur darüber. Die Königin selbst lachte und meinte, daran könne man am leichtesten sehen, wieviel darauf zu geben sei, denn ein König sei über ein Duell erhaben. Aber siehe da: bei einem Turnier fiel der König in dem vorhergesagten Jahr. Und viele Dinge könnten wir anführen, die erst später eingetreten sind und die, wenn sie in der entsprechenden Weise gedeutet werden, nur eingetretene Voraussagen des Nostradamus genannt werden können.

Weiter haben wir einen anderen erleuchteten Geist des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts, der wieder als Astronom eine große Bedeutung hat: 7ycho de Brahe. Die heutige Welt kennt Tycho deBrahe kaum anders, als daß man sagt, er habe nur zur Hälfte die kopernikanische Weltanschauung angenommen. Wer aber sein Leben genauer kennt, der weiß, wasTycho deBrahe zum Beispiel zur Herstellung von Sternkarten getan hat, wie er die damals vorhandenen Sternkarten in ganz hervorragender Weise verbessert hat, da er ein Astronom von ganz hervorragender Bedeutung für seine Zeit war, neue Sterne gefunden hat und so weiter. Aber Tycho de Brahe war zu gleicher Zeit ein Mensch, der tief davon durchdrungen war, daß nicht nur die physischen Verhältnisse der Erde im Zusammenhang stehen mit der ganzen Welt, sondern daß auch dasjenige, was die Menschen geistig erleben, mit den Ereignissen des großen Kosmos zusammenhängt. So kam es denn, daß Tycho de Brahe nicht nur ein großer Astronom war, der die Sterne beobachtete, sondern daß er die Vorgänge des Himmels auf die Vorgänge im Menschenleben bezog. Und es war allerdings frappierend, daß Tycho de Brahe schon als zwanzigjähriger Mensch, als er nach Rostock kam, damals den Tod des Sultans Soliman vorausgesagt hat, der zwar nicht auf den Tag genau, aber doch eintraf, wenn auch mit einer kleinen Ungenauigkeit. Es war eine ungenaue Angabe, aber eine Angabe, gegen die man sich vielleicht gerade als Historiker nicht auflehnen kann; denn wenn man schon lügen wollte, könnte man sagen, so würde man nicht halb lügen und nicht die Differenz von ein paar Tagen in das Resultat hineinmischen.

Daraufhin ließ sich der König von Dänemark von Tycho de Brahe das Horoskop machen für seine drei Söhne. Das stimmte für seinen Sohn Christian, weniger für den andern Sohn Ulrich. Aber eine merkwürdige Voraussage machte Tycho de Brahe über den dritten Sohn Hans, die eingekleidet und hergenommen ist von dem Gang der Sterne. Die ganze Konstellation, alles was man für den Herzog Hans sehen könne, sei so, daß er ein gebrechlicher Mensch sei und bleiben müsse, der kaum ein hohes Alter erreichen könne. Da die Geburtsstunde nicht ganz sicher war, machte Tycho de Brahe sogar mit großer Vorsicht seine Angabe: Vielleicht stirbt er im achtzehnten, vielleicht im neunzehnten Jahre, denn da treten ganz besonders ungünstige Konstellationen ein. — Ich will es dahingestellt sein lassen, ob er dies aus einer gewissen Nachsicht mit den Eltern oder aus einem andern Grunde tat, denn er schrieb, es wäre allerdings möglich, daß diese furchtbare Konstellation in bezug auf das achtzehnte oder neunzehnte Jahr für das Leben des Herzogs Hans überwunden werden könne; dann würde Gott sein Schützer sein. Aber man müsse sich klar werden, daß diese Verhältnisse da wären, daß Hans zuerst eine außerordentlich ungünstige Konstellation mit dem Mars hätte und daß er deshalb kriegerischen Verwickelungen in früher Jugend ausgesetzt sein würde. Aber da in bezug auf diese Konstellation über dem Mars die Venus noch günstig stünde, so könnte man hoffen, daß er über diese Zeit hinüberkommen würde. Aber dann käme gerade mit dem achtzehnten, neunzehnten Jahre jene ungünstige, gefährliche Konstellation, die durch den für Hans feindlichen Saturn hervorgerufen sei, und die zeige, daß er einer «feuchten, melancholischen» Krankheit ausgesetzt sei, die namentlich von der betreffenden fremdartigen Umgebung kommen müsse, in die dieser Mensch dann versetzt sein würde.

Wie war der Verlauf des Lebens dieses Herzogs Hans? Er wurde als junger Mann in die damaligen politischen Verhältnisse verwickelt, wurde in einen Krieg geschickt, machte eine Schlacht mit, die Schlacht bei Ostende, und hatte dann in Anknüpfung daran — das hatte Tycho de Brahe besonders vorausgesagt — große Seestürme zu bestehen. Er war nahe daran, zugrunde zu gehen. Dann wurden Verhandlungen angeknüpft von befreundeter Seite über eine Ehe des Herzogs Hans mit der Zarentochter, und er selbst wurde aus diesem Grunde nach Dänemark zurückberufen. Das konnte nun Tycho de Brahe so auslegen, daß Mars hart herangetreten sei an den Herzog, daß die von den ungünstigen Marseinflüssen herrührenden Verwickelungen aber zurückgehalten wurden durch die Einflüsse, die von der Venus kamen, so daß die Venus, welche die Beschützerin der Liebesverhältnisse ist, zunächst den Herzog Hans geschützt hat. Dann aber kam in seinem achtzehnten, neunzehnten Jahre der feindliche Saturneinfluß. Er wurde abgeschickt nach Moskau. Bis Petersburg kam er. Man kann sich eine Vorstellung davon machen, in welcher Stimmung der dänische Hof auf den jungen Herzog hinblickte. Alle Vorbereitungen zur Heirat wurden gemacht, man erwartete stündlich die Nachricht von dem Zustandekommen dieser Verbindung, statt dessen kam zuerst eine Meldung, daß die Heirat verzögert wurde, dann kamen Nachrichten von der Erkrankung des Herzogs und endlich die Todesnachricht.

Solche Dinge wirkten auf die Zeitgenossen frappierend. Daß aber solche Dinge auch auf die Nachwelt frappierend wirken müssen, das kann doch nicht bestritten werden. Und schließlich ist es auch wahr, daß die Weltgeschichte zuweilen Humor liebt, humoristisch ist, wie es ja auf anderem Gebiete zum Beispiel jenem Professor ergangen ist, der behauptet hat, daß das weibliche Gehirn weniger wiege als das männliche, und bei dem sich dann herausgestellt hat, als sein Gehirn nach seinem Tode gewogen wurde, daß es ganz besonders wenig wog, so daß er einem humoristischen Spiele des Weltengeistes zum Opfer gefallen ist. So ging es auch Giovanni Pico von Mirandola,dem das Horoskop gestellt und gesagt war, daß ihm der Mars besonders ungünstig sei, ihm ein großes Unglück bringen würde. Er war ein Gegner aller solcher Prophezeiungen. Lucius Bellantius hatte ihm noch gezeigt, daß alles unrichtig sei, was er gegen die Sterndeutungen eingewendet hatte. Er starb dann genau in dem Jahre, für welches der ungünstige Einfluß des Mars angegeben war.

So könnten wir zahlreiche Beispiele anführen und würden uns die Überzeugung verschaffen können, daß es allerdings in einem gewissen Sinne leicht ist, manches gegen diese oder jene solcher Angaben einzuwenden. Gewiß, es muß ernst genommen werden, was ein sehr bedeutender und namentlich durch seine humanitären Bestrebungen außerordentlich zu verehrender heutiger Astronom gegen das, was man alles für das Eintreffen des Todes Wallensteins nach Keplers Horoskop sagen kann, eingewendet hat. Es muß zugegeben werden, daß es ernst zu nehmen ist, wenn Wilhelm Förster dem entgegenhält: Nun wußte Wallenstein diese Tatsache. Da kam das betreffende Jahr heran, und indem er sich an sein Horoskop erinnerte, wurde er zögernd, griff nicht recht durch, wie er es sonst wohl getan hätte, und hat auf diese Weise selbst den unglücklichen Ausgang herbeigeführt. — Solche Dinge wird man immer einwenden können. Man muß aber auf der anderen Seite doch bedenken, wenn man überhaupt in bezug auf wissenschaftliche Belege bei äußeren Daten etwas geben kann, dann genügen auch für die heutige Zeit jene Angaben für die Aufstellung wissenschaftlicher Tatsachen durchaus, die — sagen wir — keine schärferen Belege erfordern. Es können manche Dinge durchaus problematisch sein, man sollte sich aber darum dem nicht verschließen, daß das sorgfältige Vergleichen von vergangenen Lebensdaten, wobei man es mit Angaben zu tun hatte, die aus den Sternen zu gewinnen waren, zu dem Vertrauen führte für das, was erst in kommenden Zeiten geschehen sollte. Bei allem, was fehl ging, hatte man schon ein Auge für das, was fehl ging und die frappierenden Zusammenhänge nicht aufdeckte, aber man nahm das doch nicht in einem ganz kritiklosen Sinne an. Kritik konnten die Leute der damaligen Zeiten auch anwenden und haben sie vielleicht bei manchen Dingen recht viel angewandt.

Wie man auch über diese Dinge denkt, ich wollte nur von einigen dieser Beispiele die frappierendsten anführen, um zu zeigen, daß auch auf dem Wege der heutigen Wissenschaft mit den Methoden der heutigen Wissenschaft es möglich ist, im Ernste über diese Dinge zu reden. Und selbst wenn man das nimmt, was dagegenstünde, so müßte man doch mindestens das eine zugestehen, wenn man auch ganz den Inhalten ablehnend gegenüberstünde, daß die Gründe, nach welchen erleuchtete Geister einer verhältnismäßig so kurz hinter uns liegenden Zeit an diesen Dingen festgehalten haben, nicht schlechte Gründe, sondern menschenwürdige, gute Gründe sind. So daß man, wenn man auch selbst die Gründe ablehnte, 'sich sagen muß: Diese Dinge wirkten in jenem Zeitalter so auf erleuchtete Geister, daß man sah, wie diese Geister, ganz abgesehen von Einzelheiten, an den Zusammenhang dessen glaubten, was im einzelnen Menschenleben und im Völkerleben vorgeht mit den Dingen, die in der großen Welt, im Weltenraume sich abspielen. An diesen Zusammenhang des Makrokosmos, der großen Welt, mit dem Mikrokosmos, der kleinen Welt, glaubten diese Menschen.

An was glaubten sie im Grunde genommen? Sie glaubten daran, daß dieses Menschenleben auf der Erde, wie es sich abspielt, nicht allein ein chaotischesStrömen vonEreignissen ist, sondern daß Gesetzmäßigkeit in diesen Ereignissen ist, daß ebenso, wie zyklische Gesetzmäßigkeit in den Himmelsereignissen ist, so eine gewisse zyklische Gesetzmäßigkeit, ein gewisser Rhythmus in’ den menschlichen und irdischen Verhältnissen sich abspielt. Damit wir uns darüber verständigen können, was gemeint ist, soll auf einige Tatsachen hingewiesen werden, die wahrhaftig, wenn man beobachten will, ebenso Gegenstand der Erfahrung werden können, wie es die strengsten Tatsachen der wissenschaftlichen Chemie oder Physik heute sind. Nur muß man dann auf den entsprechenden Gebieten Beobachtungen anstellen.

Nehmen wir an, wir beobachten irgendeine besondere Tatsache, die sich im Menschenleben während der Kindheitszeit abspielt. Wer dann das Menschenwesen so betrachtet, daß er längere Zeiträume ins Auge faßt, wird merkwürdige Zusammenhänge herausbringen. Da ergibt sich ein merkwürdiger Zusammenhang zwischen dem allerersten Kindesleben und dem spätesten Greisenleben, so daß wir — wenn auch in Umkehrung - ganz genau einen Zusammenhang bemerken können zwischen dem, was der Mensch am Abend seines Lebens erlebt, und dem, was er in der Jugend durchgemacht hat. Dann werden wir sagen können: Wenn wir zum Beispiel in der Jugendzeit Aufregungen durchgemacht haben durch besondere Angstzustände, dann kann es sein, daß wir vielleicht unser ganzes Leben hindurch davon verschont sein konnten, aber im Alter dann eigentümlicheDinge auftreten, von denen wir wissen können, wir haben die Ursache zu ihnen in den Angstzuständen der allerfrühesten Kindheit zu suchen. Dann gibt es wieder Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Jünglingsalter und der Zeit, die dem Greisenalter vorangeht. Kreisförmig spielt sich das Leben ab. Wir können noch weiter gehen. Nehmen wir zum Beispiel an, irgend jemand würde in seinem achtzehnten Jahre aus seinem bisherigen Lebensgange herausgerissen werden, er hätte vielleicht bis dahin studieren können, wäre im achtzehnten Jahre aus seinem Studium herausgerissen worden und müßte von da ab Kaufmann werden, vielleicht dadurch, daß der Vater sein Vermögen verloren hat und so weiter. Da könnte sich herausstellen, daß der Betreffende sich zuerst gar nicht unglücklich in seinem Beruf fühlt, wir sehen aber dann nach einigen Jahren ganz besondereSchwierigkeiten im Leben auftreten. Wenn wir einen solchen Menschen weise leiten, ihm über gewisse Schwierigkeiten hinweghelfen wollen, so können wir nicht irgendwelche allgemeine abstrakten Grundsätze anwenden, sondern wir müssen uns klar sein, daß wir, während er mit achtzehn Jahren aus seinen Lebensverhältnissen herausgerissen worden ist und mit vierundzwanzig Jahren besondere seelische Schwierigkeiten hat, so daß also sechs Jahre später die Schwierigkeiten aufgetaucht sind, sechs Jahre vorher, also etwa im zwölften Jahre, im Seelenleben dieses betreffenden Menschen irgendwelche Vorgänge finden werden, welche die Schwierigkeiten bedingen, die uns also in Wahrheit erklären werden, was sich mit vierundzwanzig Jahren abgespielt hat: sechs Jahre vorher, sechs Jahre nachher, der Berufswechsel liegt in der Mitte. Wie bei einem Pendel, das nach rechts und links ausschlägt, in der Mitte der Punkt ist, wo die Gleichgewichtslage ist, so ist in diesem Falle das achtzehnte Jahr ein Knotenpunkt gegenüber dem Pendelschlag des Lebens. Was vorher im Leben da war, spielt sich so ab, daß eine Ursache, die vorher gelegt ist, ihre Wirkung dieselbe Anzahl von Jahren nach diesem Knotenpunkt hat. So ist es mit dem ganzen Menschenleben.

Das menschliche Leben verläuft nicht unregelmäßig, sondern in gewisser Weise regelmäßig und gesetzmäßig. Der einzelne Mensch braucht das nicht zu wissen. Aber in jedem Menschenleben ist ein Lebensmittelpunkt, und was vor diesem Lebensmittelpunkt ist, das Jugendleben, das Kindheitsleben, läßt die Ursachen gleichsam im Schoße der aufeinanderfolgenden Ereignisse liegen, und was dann eine gewisse Anzahl von Jahren vor diesem Lebensmittelpunkt sich abgespielt hat, zeigt sich in seinen Wirkungen ebenso viele Jahre nach demselben. Und so wie der Tod der entgegengesetzte Punkt der Geburt ist, so sind die Ereignisse der Kindheit die Ursache für Ereignisse, die sich in den Jahren zutragen, die dem Tode vorangehen. So begreift man das Leben.

Vernünftig wird man das Leben nur begreifen, wenn man so zurückzeichnet, wenn man zum Beispiel in bezug auf einen Krankheitszustand, der vielleicht mit vierundfünfzig Jahren auftritt, sich einen Leberisknotenpunkt suchen wird, wo ein Mensch an einer besonderen Krise vorbeigegangen ist, von dort zurückrechnet und ein Ereignis finden wird, das sich zum vierundfünfzigsten Jahre verhält wie Geburt zum Tode, das heißt in gewisser Beziehung entgegengesetzt. In einer gewissen Weise sind die Ereignisse im Menschenleben auch so angeordnet, daß sie sich gesetzmäßig verfolgen lassen. Das widerspricht nicht unserer Freiheit. Die größte Sorge der Menschen ist gewöhnlich, daß eine solche gesetzmäßige Art des Ablaufes der Ereignisse der menschlichen Willkür, der menschlichen Freiheit widerspräche. Das ist aber nicht der Fall, das kann nur für ein ungeschultes Denken so scheinen. Wer zum Beispiel in seinem fünfzehnten Jahre irgendeine Ursache in den Schoß der Zeiten hineinlegt, deren Wirkung er im vierundfünfzigsten Jahre erlebt, der benimmt sich dadurch ebensowenig seiner Freiheit für dieses Jahr wie der, welcher sich ein Haus baut, das im nächsten Jahre fertig werden soll, und dann in dasselbe einzieht. Bei genauem logischem Denken wird man nicht sagen können, man benehme sich seiner Freiheit, wenn man dann in das Haus zieht. Bei genauem logischem Denken wird man nicht sagen können, man benehme sich seiner Freiheit, wenn man Ursachen für spätere Ereignisse legt. Das hat mit der Freiheit des Lebens direkt nichts zu tun.

Ebenso, wie es zyklische Zusammenhänge im einzelnen Menschenleben gibt, ebenso sind solche für das Leben der Völker, überhaupt auch für das Leben auf der Erde vorhanden. In früheren Vorträgen wurde schon angeführt, was auch später noch gezeigt werden soll, daß wir die Entwickelung unserer Erdenmenschheit zunächst für unsere unmittelbare Kulturepoche in aufeinanderfolgende, uns zunächst berührende Kulturepochen, Kulturzeiträume einteilen. Da haben wir einen Kulturzeitraum, den wir als denjenigen bezeichnen, in welchem die babylonisch-assyrisch-ägyptisch-chaldäische Kultur sich abgespielt hat. Darauf folgend haben wir denjenigen Zeitraum, den wir als den griechisch-lateinischen bezeichnen, in den alle Tatsachen des Griechentums und des Römertums hineinfallen, und dann haben wir den unsrigen, den wir vom Untergange des Griechentums und des Römertums an bis in unsere Zeit hinauf rechnen, und der, wie alle Zeichen der Zeit zeigen, noch lange dauern wird. So haben wir drei aufeinanderfolgende Kulturepochen.

Wer genauer das Völkerleben in diesen drei aufeinanderfolgenden Epochen betrachtet, der wird gewahr werden, daß die griechisch-lateinische Zeit etwas wie einen Lebensknotenpunkt in der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit hatte. Daher auch jenes eigentümlich Faszinierende der griechisch-römischen Kultur. Die Art und Weise, wie griechische Kunst, griechische und römische Staatenbildung sich ausnehmen, was römisches Recht und römische Staatskunst und was Auffassung des römischen Bürgers ist, das ist etwas, was wie eine Art von Gleichgewichtspunkt in den aufeinanderfolgenden Strömungen der Entwickelung der Menschheit dasteht. Dann haben wir nachher unseren Kulturzeitraum, vorher den ägyptisch-chaldäischen. In einer merkwürdigen Weise kann nun der, welcher die Verhältnisse tief genug betrachtet, wahrnehmen, wie ganz bestimmteErscheinungen des ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeitraumes, allerdings in veränderter Gestalt, aber dennoch verwandt mit diesen, sich heute wieder abspielen. So daß damals die Ursachen in den Schoß der Zeiten gelegt worden sind, die jetzt wieder herauskommen. Und wir empfinden es dann wie eine merkwürdige Mahnung, daß nicht nur gewisse Arten zum Beispiel der menschlichen Hygiene, gewisse Waschungen im alten Ägypten aufgetreten sind und jetzt wieder, wenn auch in anderer Gestalt, auftreten, sondern daß auch gewisse Arten, sich zum Leben zu stellen, so auftreten, daß man sieht: es erscheint das, was im alten Ägypten als Ursache gelegt worden ist, heute in seinen Wirkungen, aber wie ein Ruhepunktdazwischen erscheint die griechisch-römische Kultur. Und wiederum geht der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Kultur diejenige voran, welche wir als die urpersische bezeichnen. Nach dem Gesetz der Kreislaufentwickelung ist es dann, man möchte sagen, wie eine Ahnung zu erhoffen, daß ebenso, wie sich die ägyptisch-chaldäische Zeit in unserem Kulturzyklus wiederholt, so der urpersische Zeitraum in demjenigen sich wiederholen wird, der auf den unsrigen folgen wird. Immer Gesetzmäßigkeit in dem Gange der Menschheitsentwickelung! Nicht Regellosigkeit, nicht Chaos, aber auch nicht eine solche Gesetzmäßigkeit, wie die heutigen Historiker vielfach vermuten. Da sucht man die Ursachen für alles, was heute geschieht, in der unmittelbar vorhergehenden Zeit, die Ursachen für die Geschehnisse der nächsten Vergangenheit wieder in der unmittelbar vorhergehenden Zeit und so weiter, so daß man eine Kette von Ereignissen konstruiert, wo immer eines auf das andere folgt. Aber bei genauerer Betrachtung stellt sich das nicht heraus, sondern da stellen sich Kreisläufe, Überschneidungen, heraus, so daß etwas, was vorher da war, eine Zeitlang verborgen bleibt und später wieder auftritt, was noch früher da war, noch später auftritt und so weiter. Das kann sich schon einer äußerlichen Betrachtung der Menschheitsentwickelung ergeben.

Für den aber, der in den letzten zwei Vorträgen anwesend war, und der auch geisteswissenschaftlich in den Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung eindringt, stellt sich noch viel weiteres heraus, daß nämlich auch noch in der Tat eine tiefe geistige Gesetzmäßigkeit in dem Strom des Geschehens, in dem Strom des Werdens drinnen liegt, und daß in dem Augenblick, wo der Mensch zu einer gewissen Vertiefung seines Seelenlebens kommt, wie es schon charakterisiert worden ist, er auch zu einem Schauen solcher tieferen inneren Zusammenhänge vordringt. Und wenn es auch wahr ist, daß nichts so leicht, als was in dieses Gebiet gehört, verkannt werden kann, daß es sogar leicht auch in die Nähe kommen kann von Scharlatanerie, vielleicht auch von Schwindelhaftigkeit und von dem, was unmoralischen menschlichen Trieben und Instinkten entgegenkommt, so ist dennoch dieses wahr, daß der Mensch imstande ist, Persönliches auszuschließen und die inneren verborgenen Kräfte des Geisteslebens rege zu machen, so daß er nicht mehr nur das entwickelt, was er aus seiner Umgebung weiß, woran er sich als an sein eigenes Leben und das seiner nächsten Bekannten erinnert, sondern daß er frei wird von allem, was sein persönliches, sein sinnliches Anschauen ausmacht. Wenn der Mensch, wie es im ersten und zweiten Vortrage geschildert ist, derart aus seiner Persönlichkeit heraustritt und sich bewußt wird, daß noch höhere Kräfte in ihm sind, die nur durch entsprechende Übungen, die charakterisiert worden sind und auch weiter charakterisiert werden sollen, entwickelt zu werden brauchen, und wenn der Mensch durch solche Übungen die tiefer liegenden Kräfte an die Oberfläche ruft, dann wird dies, indem irgend etwas in einem Menschenleben geschieht, zu irgendeiner Zeit auch zum Verräter von tiefer liegenden Ursachen, und der Mensch ahnt dann, daß alles, was im Laufe der Zeit geschieht, so oder so Wirkungen hineinwirft in die Zukunft. Das ist das Gesetz, welches uns auch durch die Geisteswissenschaft entgegentritt, daß alles, was auch auf geistigem Gebiete geschieht, nicht wesenlos im Strome des Daseins verrinnt, sondern daß es seine Wirkungen hat, und daß wir das Gesetz suchen müssen, wonach diese Wirkungen in späteren Zeiten auftreten. Durch diese Erkenntnis kommen wir auch dazu, überhaupt einzusehen, daß dieses Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod auch die Ursachen für das Zurückkehren unserer Individualität auf die Erde enthält, so daß sich für die Wirkungen in einern nächsten Leben die Ursachen zeigen im jetzigen Leben.

Wie die Erkenntnis der Wirkungen des Karma ein Ergebnis der Einsicht ist, wie die Ursachen im Schoße der Zeit liegen und wieder umgeändert als Wirkungen erscheinen, so wie dieses Gesetz Ergebnis solcher Erkenntnis ist, so war im Grunde genommen auch bei all den Menschen, welche Prophetie ernst nahmen oder sie ausübten, als eine Einsicht, als Grundstimmung ihrer Seele das vorhanden, daß es Gesetze gibt im Werdegang des Menschenlebens, und daß die Seele die Kräfte wachrufen kann, welche in diese Gesetze einzudringen vermögen. Aber die Seele braucht Anhaltspunkte zunächst. Die ganze Welt in ihren Tatsachen hängt zusammen. Wie schließlich der Mensch in seinem physischen Leben von Wind und Wetter abhängig ist, so ist wenigstens vorauszusetzen, wenn man auch über die Einzelheiten keine Klarheit hat, daß alles, was uns umgibt, in gewisser Weise zusammenhängt. Und wenn man auch nicht Naturgesetze sucht in diesen Zusammenhängen nach der Art der heutigen Naturgesetze, so kann man doch aus dem, was einem in dem Gange der Sterne, in den Konstellationen der Sterne erscheint, etwas herausholen, was in uns den Gedanken hervorrufen kann: Da draußen sehen wir Harmonien, die in uns ähnliche Harmonien, ähnliche Rhythmen auslösen können, nach denen das menschliche Leben verläuft.

Dann führen andereBetrachtungen auf Einzelheiten. Führen wir zunächst das Folgende an: Wir haben, wenn wir das Menschenleben genau betrachten, wie man in der kleinen Schrift «Die Erziehung des Kindes vom Gesichtspunkte der Geisteswissenschaft» nachlesen kann, unterscheidbare Epochen noch in folgendem: die ersten Jahre des Menschen bis zum Zahnwechsel, darauf die nächsten Jahre bis zur Geschlechtsreife, dann die Jahre bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre und dann wieder die bis zum achtundzwanzigsten Jahre, das heißt siebenjährige Perioden im Menschenleben, welche uns zeigen, daß sie in ihrem ganzen Charakter verschieden sind, daß neue Arten von Fähigkeiten auftreten, nachdem diese Epochen da sind. Wenn wir darauf einzugehen vermögen, dann zeigt sich uns ganz klar, daß ein rhythmischer Gang im Menschenleben vorhanden ist, der in einer gewissen Weise im Sternenhimmel wiedergefunden werden kann. Merkwürdig, wenn jemand das Leben nach diesem Gesichtspunkte betrachtet - man muß es nur objektiv ruhig betrachten, ohne den Fanatismus einer Gegnerschaft - dann findet man, daß sich um das achtundzwanzigste Lebensjahr für die Seele etwas abspielt, was in einer gewissen Weise in der Tat für viele Menschen so ist, daß man sagen kann: Es hat sich nach vier mal sieben Lebensjahren Wichtiges zum Abschluß gebracht. - Vier mal sieben Lebensjahre, achtundzwanzig ungefähr, wenn auch nicht ganz genau, das ist auch die Zeit, welche der Saturn zu seinem Umlauf braucht. Während dieser Zeit durchläuft er einen Kreis, der aus vier Teilen besteht, geht also durch den ganzen Kreis durch, durchläuft die Zeichen des Tierkreises, und es entspricht dann sein Gang in einer gewissen Weise wirklich bildhaft dem Gang des Menschenlebens von der Geburt bis zum achtundzwanzigsten Jahre. Und man kann es wieder weiter einteilen, indem man, wie man den Kreis in vier Teile teilt, diese achtundzwanzig Jahre in Perioden teilt, von denen jede sieben Jahre dauert. Da sieht man, wie in der Tat in dem Umlaufe eines Sternes für den großen Weltenraum etwas gegeben ist, was sich in einer ähnlichen Weise im Menschenleben zeigt.

In ganz ähnlicher Art kann für andere Dinge, die am Himmel vorgehen, Rhythmisches im Menschenleben gezeigt werden. Wenn einmal die heute wenig beachtete, außerordentlich geistvolle, aber noch durchaus in ihren Anfängen ruhende Lehre des Berliner Arztes Fließ über die wunderbare Reihe von Geburt und Tod studiert und weiter ausgebaut werden wird, so wird man sehen, wie rhythmisch Geburten und Tode im Leben der Menschheit sind. Aber alles das ist heute erst im Anfang wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Man wird dann darauf kommen, wenn man den Gang der Sterne auf das menschliche Leben bezieht, daß man gar nichts anderes braucht, als den Gang der Sterne als eine Himmelsuhr anzuschauen, und das menschliche Leben als einen Rhythmus, der für sich abläuft, aber dennoch in einer gewissen Beziehung durch die Sterne bestimmbar ist. Man kann sich eine Vorstellung davon machen, wie man, wenn man auch nicht in naturwissenschaftlichem Sinne die Ursachen in den Sternen sucht, dennoch denken kann, daß das Menschenleben durch eine innere Verwandtschaft in einem ähnlichen Rhythmus abläuft. Wenn wir zum Beispiel oftmals des Morgens vor unsere Tür getreten sind oder zum Fenster hinausgeschaut haben und dann zur selben Zeit immer einen Menschen vorbeigehen gesehen haben, von dem wir wissen, er geht zu seinem Amte oder dergleichen, schauen wir auf die Uhr und wissen, daß jeden Tag zu dieser bestimmten Zeit der betreffende Mensch bei uns vorbeigeht. Ist es nun unbegründet, einmal die Uhr zu nehmen, wenn wir das wissen und zu sagen: Wenn die Zeiger der Uhr so stehen, können wir erwarten, daß dieser Mensch da vorbeigeht? Sind die Zeiger der Uhr dafür die Ursache, sind sie bestimmend für den Menschen, der da vorbeigeht? Die Ursachen liegen ganz anderswo, aber man kann durch den bestimmten Rhythmus annehmen, daß um diese bestimmte Zeit der Betreffende dann draußen vorbeigehen wird. So braucht man nicht in den Sternen die Ursachen zu suchen. So kann man in den Sternen eine Weltenuhr sehen, die den Rhythmus angibt, nach dem sich auch das Menschen- und Völkerleben abspielt.

Hier ruhen Dinge, die auch heute schon wichtige Gesichtspunkte für die Betrachtung des Lebens abgeben werden, und die Geisteswissenschaft hat, weil sie mit viel tieferen Mitteln vorgehen kann, auf diese tieferen Zusammenhänge hinzuweisen. Jetzt werden wir es auch begreifen, warum Tycho de Brahe, Kepler und andere sozusagen als Rechner vorgingen, Kepler am allermeisten, Tycho de Brahe schon weniger. Denn wer sich in das eigentümliche Seelenleben Tycho de Brahes hineinlebt, der findet, daß es nicht gar so weit entfernt war von dem Seelenleben des Nostradamus. Aber vollends sehen wir bei Nostradamus, daß er nicht zu rechnen braucht, sondern daß er in seiner oben offenen Kammer sitzt und den Sternenraum auf sich wirken läßt. Daß er dazu die entsprechenden Fähigkeiten hat, das schreibt er besonders günstigen Vererbungsverhältnissen zu, die sein Organismus besitzt, der ihm keine Hindernisse entgegensetzt. Dann braucht er aber noch etwas anderes, wie er sagt: eine ruhige, gelassene Seele, die alles ausschaltet, was ihn sonst im Leben umgeben hat, die alle Gedanken und Bewegungen, vor allem alle Sorgen, Aufregungen und Bekümmernisse des gewöhnlichen Lebens entfernt, alle Erinnerungen an das tägliche Leben. Rein und frei muß sich die Seele ihren Sternen entgegenstellen. Dann taucht in der Seele auf, taucht in Nostradamus’ Geist — man sieht es ganz genau geistig — in Bildern dasjenige auf, was er verkündet. Er sieht es wie in Bildern, in Szenen vor sich. Und wenn er in astronomischen Ausdrücken sprechen würde, und ein Menschenschicksal voraussagen und zum Beispiel sagen würde, der Saturn sei schädlich, oder der Mars sei schädlich, so würde er bei Schicksalsvoraussagungen nicht an den physischen Saturn oder an den physischen Mars da draußen direkt denken, sondern er würde denken: Dieser Mann hat einen kriegerischen Charakter, hat ein kriegerisches Temperament, zugleich aber etwas, was Melancholie ist, was ihn gewissen trübsinnigen Stimmungen aussetzen kann, die bis in die Leiblichkeit hineingehen können. — Das sieht er. Das läßt er im Geiste zusammen wirken, und da entsteht ihm dann ein Bild für die Zukunftsereignisse des betreffenden Menschen; da wirken die Neigung zur Melancholie und die kriegerische Stimmung des Menschen zusammen: Saturn und Mars. Das sind nur Sinnbilder. Wenn er Saturn und Mars sagt, so will er sagen, daß in dem Menschen etwas drinnen ist, das zu dem hindrängt, was sich ihm wie eine Szene, ein Bild hinstellt, was man aber mit der Oppositionsstellung oder Konjunktionsstellung von Mars und Saturn am Himmel vergleichen kann. Aber das ist nur Ausdrucksmittel, nur Sinnbild für das, was er sagen will. Für Nostradamus lösen die Betrachtungen der Harmonie der Sterne die Stimmung der Sehergabe aus, die es ihm möglich macht, daß er tiefer in die Seelen hineinsehen kann, als man es sonst vermag.

Das heißt also, wir sehen in ihm einen Menschen, der durch ein besonderes Verhalten die inneren Kräfte der Menschenseele erwecken kann, die sonst verborgen im Menschen ruhen. Deshalb ist es Stimmung der Andacht, der Ehrfurcht vor dem Göttlichen, die er in sich hervorruft, wenn Sorgen und Bekümmernisse völlig stillestehen, und auch das Hinneigen der Seele zur äußeren Welt verschwunden ist. Er hat sich dann vollständig vergessen, fühlt sich nicht selbst und kann dann sagen, daß sich in solchen Momenten in seiner Seele bewahrheite, was immer sein Wahlspruch war: Es ist der Gott, der hier durch meinen Mund sich ausspricht. Ist, was ich zu sagen vermag, etwas, was dich berührt, o Mensch, so nimm es hin, als dir gesagt von der Gnade deiner Gottheit! — Diese Ehrfurcht gehört dazu! Sonst ist Sehergabe nichts Echtes. Diese Stimmung aber sorgt von vornherein dafür, daß der, welcher sie hat, diese Sehergabe nicht in einem unmoralischen oder in irgendeinem unedlen Sinne mißbraucht.

Bei Tycho de Brahe sehen wir eine Art von Übergang zwischen dem Charakter des Nostradamus und dem des Kepler. Tycho de Brahe kommt einem vor, wenn man seine Seele studiert, wie jemand, der sich aus einem früheren Leben heraus an Anschauungen erinnert, die er gehabt hat, etwa wie man inGriechenland prophetische Dinge getrieben hat. Es ist etwas in ihm wie in der Seele eines alten Griechen, der überall Weltenharmonie sehen will. Das wird Stimmung. Und die Stimmung ist es bei ihm, wie wenn die astronomische Berechnung nur eine Krücke wäre, die darauf hinweist, daß er in der Seele die Kräfte findet, welche in ihm aufsteigen lassen die Bilder aus früheren Ursachen über die Ereignisse der Zukunft oder der Vergangenheit. Kepler ist schon ein mathematischer Geist, ein wissenschaftlich abstrakterer Geist in dem Sinne, wie es die Geister unserer Gegenwart in noch erhöhterem Maße sind. Er ist daher schon mehr oder weniger auf die bloße Berechnung angewiesen, die natürlich auch wieder stimmt, weil nach den Erfahrungen, die auf hellseherische Art gemacht worden sind, die Himmelskonstellationen eingestellt sind auf das menschliche Leben. Und immer mehr und mehr wurde die Astrologie bloße Berechnung. Sehergabe, wie sie Nostradamus noch hatte, ging immer mehr und mehr verloren. Wir werden den Übergang noch sehen in dem Vortrage «Von Paracelsus zu Goethe». — Sehergabe ging auf in abstrakte Erkenntnis, in reine intellektuelle, astrologische Prophetie, und wir können sagen: Als die Sehergabe nur noch astrologische Prophetie war, ist sie schon intellektuell, verstandesmäßig gedacht.

Je weiter wir zurückgehen, desto mehr werden wir finden, daß den alten Propheten aus den Untergründen ihrer Seele das aufging, was sie über das Leben ihrer Völker zu sagen hatten. So war es bei den jüdischen Propheten, daß sie unmittelbar aus der Verknüpfung mit ihrem Gotte, aus dem Umstande, daß sie von ihrer Persönlichkeit und von ihren persönlichen Angelegenheiten frei wurden, den großen Ereignissen ihres Volkes hingegeben waren, und auch hinschauen konnten auf das, was ihrem Volke bevorstand. So wie heute der Erzieher, der vorschauen kann, daß sich im Kinde Eigenschaften zeigen, die sich im Alter wiederholen müssen, darauf Rücksicht nehmen kann, so erscheint dem jüdischen Propheten die Seele seines Volkes als ein Ganzes, und was in Vorzeiten als Ursachen da war, das lagerte sich in seiner Seele ab und wirkte so, daß er die Wirkungen wie in einer grandiosen Ahnung wahrnimmt. Was für eine Bedeutung hat das aber für das menschliche Leben, was für einen Sinn hat dieses Prophetentum?

Darauf kommen wir, wenn wir uns klar machen, daß es große Persönlichkeiten gibt, auf die wir immer das geschichtliche Strömen der Tatsachen zurückführen werden. Wenn auch die Menschen immer am liebsten nivellieren möchten, weil es unangenehm ist, wenn eine Persönlichkeit besonders über die anderen Menschen emporragt, denn heute will man Gleichheit in bezug auf alle Fähigkeiten, heute will man leugnen, daß gewisse Persönlichkeiten mehr an Kraft als die anderen haben, so gibt es dennoch im geschichtlichen Werden und in der Entwickelung der Menschheit solche großen, fortgeschritteneren Führerpersönlichkeiten. Es gibt zweierlei Führer in der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit. Heute ist es ja schon so weit gekommen, daß das größte Ereignis der Menschheitsentwickelung oder überhaupt, daß größte Ereignisse so betrachtet werden, als ob sie nicht auf eine Persönlichkeit zurückführen, sondern wie von selber aus den Ideen herauswachsen würden. So gibt es heute eine theologische Richtung, die sich noch immer christlich nennt, die aber sagt, es brauche gar keinen einzelnen Menschen Christus Jesus gegeben zu haben. Ja, einer dieser Theologen hat sogar gesagt, als ihm erwidert wurde, daß doch die Weltgeschichte von Menschen gemacht würde, das sei so selbstverständlich, wie der Wald aus Bäumen bestände, aber darauf käme es nicht an, sondern so wie die Bäume den Wald machen, so machen die Menschen die Weltgeschichte. Es ragt keiner hervor. Aber trifft denn so etwas wie der Ausdruck: «Der Wald besteht aus Bäumen» zusammen mit dem, was in der Geschichte da ist? Man muß sich nur wundern, wie wenig Logik sich darin ausdrückt, denn der Betreffende braucht nur darüber nachzudenken, daß der Wald, so wie er besteht, zurückzuführen ist auf Taten eines Menschen oder vieler Menschen. Es muß die Frage entstehen, ob nicht der Wald doch so entstanden sein könnte, daß ein oder zwei Samenkörner gelegt worden sind, und daß daraus der ganze Wald abstammen kann. Gewiß besteht der Wald aus Bäumen; aber es ist doch erst zu untersuchen, ob er einmal nicht aus ein oder zwei gelegten Samenkörnern abstammt. So ist auch in der Menschheitsgeschichte zu untersuchen, ob nicht die Ereignisse der Menschheitsentwickelung auf diesen oder jenen einzelnen Menschen zurückzuführen sind, der die übrigen befruchtet hat.

Wer die Weltgeschichte so betrachtet, der kommt darauf, daß Menschen, die den Strom der Menschheitsentwickelung leiten, überschüssige Kräfte haben. Ob sie nun diese Kräfte im günstigen oder ungünstigen Sinne verwenden, ist eine andere Sache. Aus überschüssigen Kräften wirken die Menschen auf ihre Umgebung. Überschüssige Kräfte, die der Mensch nicht für seine Persönlichkeit gebraucht, können sich entweder in Taten ausleben, oder sie haben in unmittelbaren Taten keine Verwendung. Bei Tatenmenschen sehen wir, wie das, was der Mensch an Kräften in sich trägt, sich in Taten unmittelbar auslebt. Es gibt aber Menschen, die nicht dazu veranlagt sind, dasjenige, was sie an Kräften haben, auch in Taten auszuleben, oder aber es tritt, wenn es sich in Taten ausleben will, immer ein Hindernis ein. Da haben wir gerade den interessanten Fall des Nostradamus. Er ist Arzt, er war Jude, er wirkt in einer heilsamen Weise durch seine Tätigkeit, er tut vielen Menschen Gutes. Aber die Menschen können es oft nicht leiden, daß jemand Gutes tut. So bekam er Neider, wurde bezichtigt, daß er Calvinist sei. Nun, Jude und Calvinist, das waren damals zwei unmögliche Dinge, und so kam es, daß er gezwungen war, sich aus einer weitverzweigten, hingebungsvollen Tätigkeit, die er als Arzt entwickelt hatte, zurückzuziehen und seinen Beruf aufzugeben. Aber waren jetzt die Kräfte, die er in dieser aufregenden Tätigkeit angewendet hatte, nicht mehr in ihm, als er sich zurückzog? Dieselben Kräfte waren noch immer in ihm. In der Physik glaubt man an eine Erhaltung der Kraft. Man übertrage das nur in gesunder Weise auf die Seelenkräfte. Bei Nostradamus war es so, daß jetzt seine Kräfte, als er seine Tätigkeit einstellte, einen anderen Weg nahmen. Wenn er aber Arzt geblieben wäre, so würden sie keine andere Wirkung in die Zukunft gehabt haben. Oder ist es keine Wirkung in die Zukunft, wenn man einen Menschen heilt, während er vielleicht sonst gestorben wäre? Setzt man da nicht seine Tätigkeit im weiteren Verlaufe der Dinge in die Zukunft hinein fort? Denn wo ist ein Ende dessen, was man da an Taten vollbringt? Der Tatenstrom setzt sich fort. Ziehen wir uns wie Nostradamus von einer Tätigkeit zurück, so ist der Tatenstrom plötzlich unterbrochen. Er ist nicht mehr da. Die Kräfte aber sind da. Und die Kräfte, die in der Seele bleiben, gestalten sich um, so etwa, daß das, was sonst vielleicht als fernste Wirkungen seiner Taten in der Zukunft sich gezeigt hätte, als Sehergabe sich zeigt und im Bilde vor ihm auftauchte. Umgewandelt sehen wir seine Taten. Und anders ist es auch nicht bei anderen prophetischen Naturen aller Zeit, und auch nicht bei den alten jüdischen Propheten. Die alten hebräischen Propheten sind Männer gewesen — das zeigt die biblische Geschichte -, innig verbunden mit alledem, was in der Seele ihres Volkes an Kräften lebte, was im Strome der Zeit von der Vergangenheit in die Zukunft ging; nicht hingen sie an der eigenen Seele, nicht am Persönlichen. Und auch solche Naturen waren sie nicht, die in Taten sich auslebten, wohl aber solche, die überschüssige Kräfte in sich hatten, die von vornherein so auftraten wie des Nostradamus Kräfte nach ihrer Umwandlung. Daher zeigte sich ihnen in gewaltigen Traumbildern, was sonst als Taten sich ausgelebt hätte. Sehergabe ist mit Tatendrang unmittelbar verbunden, zeigt sich nur wie eine Metamorphose des Tatendranges der in der Seele überschüssigen Kräfte.

So zeigt sich Sehergabe durchaus nicht unbegreiflich, sondern sie kann sich ganz hineinstellen in die logische Denkweise unserer Naturwissenschaft selber. Daraus ersehen wir aber auch, daß uns gerade eine solche Sehergabe hinausführt über die unmittelbare Gegenwart. Und alles, was wirken soll über die unmittelbare Gegenwart hinaus, wie kann es nur wirken? Nur der kann über die unmittelbare Gegenwart hinaus wirken, der Ideale hat. Ideale sind aber zunächst etwas Abstraktes. Man setzt sie sich vor und glaubt, daß sie wirklich unserer Gegenwart entsprechen könnten. Wer aber aus der übersinnlichen Welt heraus wirken will und vollbringen will, was aus der übersinnlichen Welt auf ihn einwirkt, der nimmt nicht abstrakte Ideale, sondern er sucht in die Ursachen einzudringen, die im Schoße der Zeiten liegen, und fragt sich: Wie wirken sich diese Ursachen in der Zeit aus? — Und das läßt er nicht wirken auf den Verstand, sondern auf seine Sehergabe. Eine richtige Erkenntnis der Vergangenheit, wenn dies aber nicht verstandesmäßig gemacht wird, sondern sich auf die tieferen Seelenkräfte ablagert, läßt immer in der Seele Bilder der Zukunft auftauchen, die mehr oder weniger entsprechend sind. So ist es auch heute, daß dem, der Sehergabe richtig betreibt, indem er sich in den Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung der Vorzeit vertieft, ein Bild aufsteigt, welches wie ein konkretes Ideal dasteht und sich etwa so ausnimmt, daß man sich sagen würde: Wir leben in einer Zeit, in welcher die Menschheit an einem Übergange steht; gewisse Kräfte, die bisher nur dunkel in der Seele waren, treten immer mehr und mehr hervor. Und in einer gewiß gar nicht fernen Zukunft wird, wie heute Vernunft, Verstand und Phantasie für den Menschen existieren, etwas anderes in der Seele da sein, etwas wie eine neue Seelenkraft, durch welche sich der Drang, die übersinnliche Welt zu erkennen, geltend machen wird. Man sieht etwas wie einen neuen Sinn an die Seele herankommen.

Man sieht aber heute schon das Aufgehen dieser neuen Seelenkraft. Wenn solches Angeregtsein durch das, was in der Vergangenheit geschah, auf uns wirkt und Bilder entstehen von dem, was in der Zukunft geschehen muß, dann haben wir nicht die Impulse des Fanatikers, sondern dann haben wir die Impulse, die aus der Realität heraus wirken und uns sagen, warum wir in bezug auf die geistige Entwickelung der Gegenwart dieses oder jenes tun. Das ist im Grunde genommen der Sinn alles Prophetentums. Es zeigt sich, wie der Sinn des Prophetentums auch dann erreicht werden kann, wenn die Bilder, die ein Seher von der Zukunft entwirft, nicht ganz richtig sind. Gerade wer die verborgenen Kräfte der menschlichen Seele zu beobachten vermag, weiß, daß vielleicht durchaus falsche Bilder von dem auftreten, was in der Zukunft geschehen soll, weiß aber auch, warum die Bilder vieldeutig sind oder sein können, so daß durchaus nichts Besonderes ausgesprochen ist in bezug auf das Geschehene, wenn gesagt wird: Der hat dieses oder jenes angegeben, aber das ist dehnbar, das ist vieldeutig! — Solche Bilder können vieldeutig sein. Worauf es aber ankommt, das ist, daß solche Impulse im Menschen vorhanden sind, die sich auf das Ganze beziehen, was in die Zukunft hineingeht, und auf dasjenige wirken, was im Menschen vorhanden ist, so daß durch solche Impulse schlummernde Kräfte im Menschen geweckt werden. Mögen die Bilder mehr oder weniger stimmen, diese Prophezeiungen; ganz aber stimmen sollen die Kräfte im Menschen, die Impulse, die geweckt werden; darauf kommt es an!

So ist der Sinn des Prophetentums weniger in der Befriedigung der Neugier durch Voraussagen auf die Zukunft zu suchen, als vielmehr in der Anfeuerung des Bewußtseins, daß der Mensch überhaupt der Wirkung von Ursachen in die Zukunft hinein sicher sein kann. Dann mögen Schattenseiten und dergleichen da sein, notwendig aber ist es, zu denken, daß die guten Seiten der Prophetie auch da sind, und den Sinn für das Menschenleben haben, daß man wissen kann, daß auch im Großen das Menschenleben da ist, daß der Mensch nicht blind in den Tag hinein, aber auch nicht blind in eine ferne Zukunft hinein lebt, sondern daß er sich selber seine Ziele, seine Impulse setzen kann aus dem Lichte der Erkenntnis heraus. Recht hatte Goethe, der so viel Wunderbares über die Weltendinge gesagt hat, als er die Worte hinschrieb;:

Wer das Vergangene kennte, der wüßte das Künftige; beides Schließt an heute sich rein, als ein Vollendetes, an.

In einem schönen Spruche der «Weissagungen des Bakis» sagt er das.

So, sehen wir, liegt im Grunde genommen der Sinn des Prophetentums nicht so sehr in dem, was die Neugier oder den Erkenntnisdrang befriedigt, sondern der Sinn des Prophetentums liegt in den Impulsen, die es uns für ein Wirken in die Zukunft hinein geben kann. Und nur weil in unserer Zeit das Erkennen, das Verstandes-Erkennen, das nicht die Impulse des Willens entzündet, überschätzt wird, kommt es, daß man auch über das Prophetentum kein objektives Urteil gewinnen will. Aber die Geisteswissenschaft wird es dahin bringen, daß man erkennen wird: Ja, es waren viele Schattenseiten in dem alten und in dem neuen Prophetentum, aber es ruht in diesem Prophetentum - in dem Streben, in dem Bewußtsein, einen Hinweis auf den Gang der Zukunft zu erhalten - ein wichtiger Kern, der nicht für die Erkenntnis oder für die Neugier gebildet ist, sondern der wichtig ist als Feuer für unseren Willen. Und auch die Menschen, die alles, was im Menschen vorgeht, nur darnach beurteilen wollen, ob man es nüchtern, verstandesmäßig begreifen kann, müssen aus einer solchen Einsicht in die Weltverhältnisse erkennen, wie die Prophetie aus einer Wissensrichtung hervorgeht, welche die Anfeuerung der Willensentwickelung zum Ziele hat. Und nachdem wir jetzt angeführt haben, was gegen alle Anfeindungen des Prophetentums gesagt werden kann, und uns über das verständigt haben, was Kern und Sinn der Prophetie ist, kann mit einem gewissen Recht gesagt werden: Auf diesem Gebiete liegen viele von jenen Dingen verborgen, von denen Schulweisheit sich nichts träumen läßt.

Wahr ist dies. Aber gerade im Lichte einer solchen Erkenntnis werden sich auch viele Tatsachen zeigen, die uns den anderen Spruch beweisen, wie Verstandes-Erkenntnisse, selbst wenn sie noch so richtig sind, zuweilen praktisch vollständig wertlos sind, weil sie nicht Willensimpulse entwikkeln können. Wie es wahr ist, daß vieles da ist, was Schulweisheit sich nicht träumen läßt, so ist es auf der anderen Seite wahr; daß vieles, was sich auf dem Gebiete der sich verbreitenden wissenschaftlichen Forschung, der Verstandesforschung, ergibt, daß vieles von den Dingen im Himmel und auf der Erde nicht anzutreffen ist. Diese Erkenntnisse verwehen, ziehen nichts nach sich, wenn sie nicht von dem im Menschenleben, was ein Wissen ist, fortschreiten zu dem, was nicht nur am Anfang war, sondern was in der Gegenwart und in der Zukunft das Wichtigste und Bedeutsamste ist: die menschliche Wirksamkeit, die menschliche Tat!

The Meaning of Prophecy

It is certainly true what Shakespeare has one of his most famous characters say, and what is usually rendered in German with the words: There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy. — But it is certainly no less true what a great German humorist, Lichtenberg, put into words as a kind of response to this: There are many things in school wisdom that are to be found neither in heaven nor on earth! Both statements together shed light, as it were, on the way in which many things are treated in our present day with regard to what is to be discussed here in these lectures. When it comes to a subject such as today's, it must be said that, even more than in other areas of supersensible research, more than in other areas of spiritual science, it is quite understandable that there are wide circles, especially in serious, rigorous science, which deny such things. For even if it is very difficult to draw the line between what is honest, serious research and what is charlatanism or perhaps something even worse in the other areas, or at least in many of the other areas of spiritual science, it must be said that wherever supersensible research is in any way related to human egoism, dangerous aspects of this research begin. And in what areas of higher knowledge could this be more the case than in everything that comes together in the subject of prophecy, as it has appeared in different times? For everything that is designated by the word prophecy is directly connected with a widespread characteristic of human beings, which is, of course, understandable: the human desire to penetrate the darkness of the future, to know something of what is in store for human beings on their future path through life.

Interest in prophecy is connected not with just any curiosity, but with a curiosity that touches, so to speak, the most intimate and deepest sides of the human soul. No wonder, then, that in our time, after so many bad experiences in the course of human development with satisfying all those thirsts for knowledge that are so deeply connected with the interests of the human soul, science, if it wants to be taken seriously, wants nothing more to do with such things. Yet it seems as if our time can no longer help but deal with these things again, as with so much else that we have spoken about in the previous lectures and will speak about in the future. As many of you will know, even a pure historian, Kemmerich, has written a book on “prophecies” in which he seeks only to compile what can be historically proven in a certain way, indicating that important events were known or predicted in advance by this or that person. Yes, the historian in question even feels compelled to say that there is hardly any significant event in historical development that has not been predicted, foreseen, thought out, and also announced in advance. Even today, people do not like to hear such assertions. But within the limits imposed by the history of things, it will ultimately be impossible to avoid them, as both the things of the past and the things of the present will be documented with clear external evidence.

The field we want to talk about today has not always been as little regarded as it is in our time, nor has it always been dependent on such dubious circles of human endeavor as it is in our time. We need only go back a few centuries to find that, for example, in the sixteenth century, outstanding, influential scholarship was well represented in the prophetic activities of the time. Let us consider one of the greatest minds in scientific research of all time in connection with a personality known for his inclination toward a view of life that places itself in the light of prophecy. Let us consider Kepler, the great natural scientist, in connection with the name Wallenstein, whose personality interested Schiller not least because he placed his life in the light of prophetic wisdom. The kind of prophecy that we encounter in Kepler's time, and that we encounter everywhere in Europe a few centuries ago, so much so that enlightened, scientifically leading minds are concerned with it, is related to the way in which people at that time viewed the connection between the world of the stars, the course of the stars, and the position of the stars in relation to human life. The prophecies of that time are essentially related to astrology in some way. One need only utter this word to know that even today, in wider circles, there is still an awareness of how a connection is thought to exist between future events in the life of an individual human being or even in the life of a people and the course of the stars. But never before or since has what is called prophetic knowledge or the art of prophecy been so directly associated with the observation of the course and constellation of the stars as in Kepler's time.

If we go back to Greek times, we see that there was indeed a prophetic art which, as you well know, was practiced largely by female prophets. It was a prophetic art that was brought about by exposing people to very specific experiences, for example, experiences of asceticism or experiences that in some other way suppressed self-awareness and the prudence of everyday life, so that people were devoted to other powers, as if they were beside themselves, as if in ecstasy, and then said things that either referred directly to the future or were interpreted by the listening priests or sages as relating to the future. Immediately, the image of the Pythia, the prophetess at Delphi, who was transported into a different state of mind than that of ordinary everyday consciousness by the vapors emerging from a crevice in the earth, and who was then devoted to powers with which she otherwise had no connection, which she otherwise did not think about, and from such a state now made corresponding suggestions. Here we see a kind of prophecy that is not related to the calculation of star constellations and astrology.

Similarly, everyone is familiar with the prophecies of the Old Testament people, which of course can be doubted by today's enlightenment as prophecies, but which, if they are to be characterized initially only in terms of their peculiarity, insofar as it came from the mouths of these prophets, not only brought important words of wisdom that set the tone for what happens within the Old Testament people, but also made predictions about the future. However, we do not see this prophecy in the same way as the astrology of the fifteenth and sixteenth century, which makes predictions based on the world of the stars and star constellations. Instead, we see how, either through the special gifts of the personalities in question or through asceticism and certain exercises and so on, these prophets acquire a state of consciousness different from that of the rest of humanity, through which they are torn out of everyday life and cannot judge ordinary life. Instead, we see them looking into the greater context of their people, seeing and feeling what is good and bad for their people. By experiencing something superhuman, so to speak, that goes beyond individual human interests, they tear their souls away from immediate consciousness, and it is as if the god Yahweh himself were speaking through them. Their pronouncements seemed so wise, as if Yahweh himself wanted to proclaim to the people what they had to do, what the future fate of the people would be.

When we consider this, it must seem to us that the kind of prophecy we encounter at the end of the Middle Ages, before the dawn of modern science, was only a special kind, and as if prophecy were a more comprehensive field, but one that was always connected in some way with certain special states of mind that a person only reaches when they detach themselves from their personality. However, it must be said that astrological prophecy hardly seems to be recognizable as an art through which a person detaches themselves from their personality. For the astrologer, who obtains a person's date of birth, now searches for the constellation at that hour, which constellation is just rising above the horizon, how the constellation of the other stars relates to a constellation at the hour of birth, and from this calculates how the course of the star constellations would continue during the life of this person, and, according to certain views that have been formed about the favorable or unfavorable influence of certain stars and constellations on human life, predicts what would happen in the life of a person or a people based on such calculations — such an astrologer appears to us to be little more than a personality like the ancient Jewish prophet or the Greek prophetesses or, in general, the ancient prophets who had stepped out of ordinary consciousness and, in ecstasy, predicted the future solely from knowledge drawn from the supernatural. What disturbs today's people most about these astrological prophecies, insofar as they consider themselves to be part of the enlightened educated class, is that it is difficult to understand what the course of the stars, the constellation of stars, has to do with what happens in the life of a person, in the life of a people, or in the succession of events here on earth. And since today's knowledge focuses on something completely different from such connections, people are not particularly interested in what, in times when enlightened science was compatible with astrological prophecy, appeared above all as something certain, something real.

Even the great, influential researcher and scholar Kepler not only discovered his Keplerian laws and was one of the greatest astronomers of all time, but also devoted himself to astrological prophecy. And in his time, shortly before and shortly after, we find numerous truly enlightened minds who adhered to this same art and who, from their point of view, when considering all things objectively, could not help but take this prophetic art, these prophetic insights, as seriously as our contemporaries today take any branch of science seriously and with dignity. For it is easy to say that any prediction made, for example, at the birth of a person, which was derived from the constellations of the stars and proved true in the life of that person, that this connection between the constellation and the life of the person is based only on a kind of coincidence. Certainly, in an infinite number of cases, it must be admitted that the striking impression one may have of the accuracy of astrological predictions is simply due to the fact that one is surprised by the occurrence of such a prediction and remembers the coincidences, forgetting what did not come to pass. In a certain respect, however, that Greek atheist is quite right who once arrived with his ship in a coastal town where certain signs of those personalities who had made a vow at sea were hung up at a place of sacrifice, promising that if they were saved from any shipwreck, they would hang such a sign of sacrifice at such a place of sacrifice. Certainly, there were many such signs of sacrifice hung up. There was no doubt that they all came from people who had been saved from shipwreck. But the Greek atheist in question believed that the truth could only be known if the signs of all those who had perished in shipwrecks despite their vows were also hung up. Then it would become clear which side had more signs hung up. Similarly, one could also say that an objective judgment can only be made if one records not only all astrological predictions that have come true, but also all those that have not. — But in contrast to such a view, which is always possible, some things appear highly striking. Since I cannot assume a thorough knowledge of all spiritual scientific principles in these public lectures, I must also point out what can give the general consciousness an idea of the value of such things in the areas we are discussing here.

It must seem striking even to the greatest skeptic when, for example, the following fact occurs. Wallenstein — to stay with well-known personalities — turns to the great Kepler, whose name every scientist can only mention with reverence, to obtain his horoscope, that is, the statement to be found in the stars regarding his future life. He receives this horoscope from Kepler. Wallenstein's horoscope had been drawn up with a certain degree of caution. It was not created in such a way that Wallenstein wrote to Kepler at a certain age, stating when he was born and requesting his horoscope, but rather — not as stupid as one might think today — that an intermediary was chosen so that the person who had to make the horoscope did not know who the person in question actually was. Only the date of birth was given. Kepler therefore did not know who it was. By that time, Wallenstein had already had a number of experiences, which he also requested to have recorded, and then a record of further experiences, those of the future, was to be made. Kepler drew up the horoscope he requested. In it, Wallenstein found, as is the case with numerous horoscopes, a great deal of correspondence with many of his experiences. He placed his trust in the horoscope—a process that was common among many people at that time—and in some cases he succeeded in arranging his life in accordance with certain predictions. It must be said right away that many of the predictions about his past life were accurate, but some were not. The same was true of what related to the future. This was the case with numerous horoscopes. At that time, however, a strange practice was followed, which consisted of saying: There must be something wrong with the time of birth, and perhaps the astrologer in question could correct the time of birth slightly. Wallenstein did something similar. He asked Kepler to correct his birth time; it was only a very small change, but it resulted in more accurate data that was now more consistent. On the other hand, it must be said that Kepler was a thoroughly honest man and did not like to do such things as correcting the time of birth. From the letter Kepler wrote to Wallenstein about this at the time, one can sense that he did not like to do it and could not recommend such a procedure, because if one did such a thing, one could determine all sorts of things in this way. Nevertheless, he undertook this task requested by Wallenstein—it was in 1625—and again gave information about Wallenstein's future life, namely telling him that, according to his current reading of the stars, the constellations would be extremely unfavorable for Wallenstein in 1634. He also added that, now that it was still so long away, he could predict it because, even if Wallenstein were to become upset, this agitation would have subsided by the time these unfavorable circumstances arose, but he did not believe that it would be dangerous for what Wallenstein would do. It was predicted for March 1634. And lo and behold: a few weeks before this date, the causes that led to Wallenstein's assassination arose. These are things that can at least be striking.

One must think of an extraordinarily significant personality in this field: I mean Michel Nostradamus. Nostradamus was an important physician who, among other things, had an infinitely healing effect during a plague; he was deeply revered precisely because of the selfless way in which he devoted himself to his medical profession. However, it is also known that when he was repeatedly attacked by his medical colleagues because of this selflessness, he withdrew from his medical profession into the solitude of Salon. There, unlike Kepler and others, he did not observe the stars, but had a special room in his house to which he had retired. From this room—according to his own statements—he actually only observed the stars as they appeared to the eye, not in order to perform special mathematical calculations, but only to pursue what the mind, soul, and imagination can pursue when exposed to the wonders of the night sky. Nostradamus spent many, many hours, hours full of fervor and devotion, in this peculiar chamber, which offered the freest view of the starry sky on all sides. And so we have from him not only individual predictions, but a whole long series of the most varied predictions about events of the future, which came true in the strangest way, so that the aforementioned historian Kemmerich cannot help but be struck and, even after a long time, still attach some importance to what Nostradamus' predictions are. Nostradamus first came to prominence with some of his predictions. Of course, he was initially ridiculed in his own time, because he could not even point to any astrological calculations. It was as if, by looking at the stars, the future had been revealed to him in remarkable images and imaginings, for example, as if a great image had revealed to him the outcome of the Battle of Gravelingen in 1558, which the French lost with great losses. Another prediction, also made long before for the year 1559, referred to the fact that King Henry II of France would fall in a duel, as he said. People just laughed at this. The queen herself laughed and said that this was the easiest way to see how much credence should be given to it, because a king was above a duel. But lo and behold: the king fell in a tournament in the predicted year. And we could cite many things that only happened later and which, when interpreted in the appropriate way, can only be called predictions by Nostradamus that came true.

We also have another enlightened mind of the sixteenth century who, as an astronomer, is again of great importance: Tycho Brahe. Today's world knows Tycho Brahe only insofar as it is said that he only half accepted the Copernican worldview. But those who know his life more closely know what Tycho Brahe did, for example, to produce star charts, how he improved the star charts available at the time in an outstanding way, since he was an astronomer of outstanding importance for his time, discovered new stars, and so on. But Tycho Brahe was at the same time a person who was deeply convinced that not only the physical conditions of the earth are connected with the whole world, but also that what people experience spiritually is connected with the events of the great cosmos. Thus it came about that Tycho Brahe was not only a great astronomer who observed the stars, but also related the events of the heavens to the events of human life. And it was indeed striking that Tycho Brahe, when he came to Rostock at the age of twenty, predicted the death of Sultan Suleiman, which did not occur on the exact day, but did come to pass, albeit with a slight inaccuracy. It was an imprecise prediction, but one that historians in particular cannot refute; for even if one wanted to lie, one could say that one would not be lying half-truths and would not be mixing the difference of a few days into the result.

The King of Denmark then had Tycho de Brahe draw up horoscopes for his three sons. This was true for his son Christian, but less so for his other son Ulrich. However, Tycho de Brahe made a strange prediction about the third son, Hans, which was based on the movement of the stars. The entire constellation, everything that could be seen for Duke Hans, indicated that he was and would remain a frail man who would hardly reach old age. Since the time of birth was not entirely certain, Tycho Brahe made his prediction with great caution: perhaps he would die in his eighteenth year, perhaps in his nineteenth, because particularly unfavorable constellations would occur then. I will leave it open whether he did this out of a certain leniency toward the parents or for another reason, for he wrote that it was indeed possible that this terrible constellation in relation to the eighteenth or nineteenth year could be overcome for Duke Hans's life; then God would be his protector. But one must be aware that these circumstances would exist, that Hans would first have an extremely unfavorable constellation with Mars and that he would therefore be exposed to warlike entanglements in his early youth. But since Venus would still be favorable in relation to this constellation above Mars, one could hope that he would get through this period. But then, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, that unfavorable, dangerous constellation caused by Saturn, which was hostile to Hans, would come into play, indicating that he would be exposed to a “damp, melancholic” illness, which would come specifically from the unfamiliar environment into which this person would then be transferred.

What was the course of Duke Hans's life? As a young man, he became involved in the political situation of the time, was sent to war, took part in a battle, the Battle of Ostend, and then, as a result of this—as Tycho de Brahe had specifically predicted—had to endure great storms at sea. He came close to perishing. Then negotiations were initiated by friends regarding a marriage between Duke Hans and the Tsar's daughter, and for this reason he himself was recalled to Denmark. Tycho Brahe interpreted this to mean that Mars had approached the duke harshly, but that the complications arising from the unfavorable influences of Mars were held back by the influences coming from Venus, so that Venus, who is the protector of love affairs, initially protected Duke Hans. But then, in his eighteenth and nineteenth years, the hostile influence of Saturn came. He was sent to Moscow. He made it as far as St. Petersburg. One can imagine the mood at the Danish court as they looked upon the young duke. All the preparations for the wedding had been made, and the news of the union was expected any hour. Instead, the first report was that the wedding had been delayed, then came news of the duke's illness, and finally the news of his death.

Such things had a striking effect on contemporaries. But it cannot be denied that such things must also have a striking effect on posterity. And finally, it is also true that world history sometimes loves humor, is humorous, as happened in another field, for example, to that professor who claimed that the female brain weighs less than the male brain, and then, when his brain was weighed after his death, it turned out that it weighed very little indeed, so that he fell victim to a humorous game played by the world spirit. The same thing happened to Giovanni Pico of Mirandola, who had his horoscope read and was told that Mars was particularly unfavorable to him and would bring him great misfortune. He was an opponent of all such prophecies. Lucius Bellantius had shown him that everything he had objected to in the star readings was incorrect. He then died in the very year for which the unfavorable influence of Mars had been predicted.

We could cite numerous examples and convince ourselves that, in a certain sense, it is easy to object to some of these predictions. Certainly, the objections raised by a very important contemporary astronomer, who is particularly worthy of respect for his humanitarian endeavors, against everything that can be said about the arrival of Wallenstein's death according to Kepler's horoscope must be taken seriously. It must be admitted that Wilhelm Förster's counterargument must be taken seriously: Wallenstein knew this fact. When the year in question approached, he remembered his horoscope and became hesitant, not acting decisively as he would otherwise have done, and in this way brought about the unfortunate outcome himself. — Such things can always be objected to. On the other hand, however, one must consider that if one can give anything at all in terms of scientific evidence based on external data, then even today, those data that do not require more precise evidence are sufficient for the establishment of scientific facts. Some things may well be problematic, but one should not ignore the fact that careful comparison of past life data, involving information obtained from the stars, led to confidence in what was to happen in the future. Despite everything that went wrong, people were already aware of what was going wrong and did not uncover the striking connections, but they did not accept this in a completely uncritical sense. People at that time were also capable of criticism and perhaps applied it quite a lot in some cases.

Whatever one may think about these things, I only wanted to cite some of the most striking examples to show that even with today's science and methods, it is possible to talk seriously about these things. And even if one takes the opposing view, one must at least concede, even if one completely rejects the content, that the reasons why enlightened minds of a time relatively close to our own held fast to these things were not bad reasons, but humane, good reasons. So that even if one rejects the reasons oneself, one must say to oneself: these things had such an effect on enlightened minds in that age that one could see how these minds, quite apart from details, believed in the connection between what happens in individual human lives and in the lives of peoples with the things that take place in the great world, in the universe. These people believed in this connection between the macrocosm, the great world, and the microcosm, the small world.

What did they believe in, basically? They believed that human life on earth, as it unfolds, is not just a chaotic stream of events, but that there is a lawfulness in these events, that just as there is a cyclical lawfulness in the events of the heavens, there is also a certain cyclical regularity, a certain rhythm, in human and earthly circumstances. In order to understand what is meant by this, we need to point out a few facts which, if we are willing to observe them, can truly become as much a part of our experience as the most rigorous facts of scientific chemistry or physics are today. But then one must make observations in the relevant fields.

Let us assume that we observe some special fact that occurs in human life during childhood. Anyone who observes human beings in this way, taking longer periods of time into account, will discover remarkable connections. There is a remarkable connection between the very earliest childhood and the latest old age, so that we can see a very clear connection – albeit in reverse – between what a person experiences in the evening of their life and what they went through in their youth. Then we will be able to say: if, for example, we experienced excitement in our youth due to particular states of anxiety, then it may be that we were spared this throughout our entire life, but in old age peculiar things occur which we know we can trace back to the states of anxiety of our earliest childhood. Then there are connections between adolescence and the period preceding old age. Life unfolds in a circle. We can go even further. Let us assume, for example, that someone is torn from his previous life at the age of eighteen. He might have been able to study until then, but at the age of eighteen he was torn from his studies and had to become a businessman, perhaps because his father lost his fortune, and so on. It may turn out that at first the person in question does not feel unhappy in his profession, but after a few years we see very special difficulties arising in his life. If we want to guide such a person wisely and help them overcome certain difficulties, we cannot apply any general abstract principles, but must be clear that, while they were torn from their life circumstances at the age of eighteen and have particular emotional difficulties at the age of twenty-four, so that the difficulties arose six years later, six years earlier, that is, around the age of twelve, there will be certain events in the soul life of this person that will cause the difficulties, which will explain to us what really happened at the age of twenty-four: six years before, six years after, the change of profession lies in the middle. Just as with a pendulum that swings to the right and left, the point in the middle is where the equilibrium lies, so in this case the eighteenth year is a turning point in relation to the swing of life. What came before in life plays out in such a way that a cause that was laid down earlier has its effect the same number of years after this turning point. This is how it is with the whole of human life.

Human life does not proceed irregularly, but in a certain way regularly and according to law. The individual human being does not need to know this. But in every human life there is a center of life, and what comes before this center of life, youth and childhood, leaves the causes, as it were, in the womb of successive events, and what then took place a certain number of years before this center of life manifests itself in its effects just as many years after it. And just as death is the opposite point of birth, so the events of childhood are the cause of events that take place in the years preceding death. This is how one understands life.

One can only understand life rationally if one traces it back, if, for example, in relation to an illness that may occur at the age of fifty-four, one looks for a liver risk node where a person has passed through a particular crisis, calculates backwards from there and finds an event that relates to the age of fifty-four as birth relates to death, that is, in a certain sense opposite. In a certain way, the events in human life are also arranged in such a way that they can be traced according to law. This does not contradict our freedom. People's greatest concern is usually that such a lawful sequence of events would contradict human arbitrariness, human freedom. But this is not the case; it can only appear so to an untrained mind. For example, someone who, at the age of fifteen, plants a seed in the bosom of time, the effects of which he experiences at the age of fifty-four, does not thereby relinquish his freedom for that year any more than someone who builds a house that is to be completed next year and then moves into it. If you think about it logically, you can't say you're giving up your freedom when you move into the house. If you think about it logically, you can't say you're giving up your freedom when you set things in motion that will happen later. That has nothing to do with freedom in life.

Just as there are cyclical connections in the life of each individual human being, so too are there such connections in the life of peoples and, indeed, in life on earth in general. In earlier lectures, it has already been mentioned, and will be shown again later, that we divide the development of our earthly humanity, at least for our immediate cultural epoch, into successive cultural epochs and cultural periods that affect us directly. We have a cultural period that we refer to as the one in which the Babylonian-Assyrian-Egyptian-Chaldean culture took place. Following this, we have the period that we refer to as the Greek-Latin period, which encompasses all the facts of Greek and Roman civilization, and then we have our own period, which we calculate from the decline of Greek and Roman civilization up to our own time, and which, as all the signs of the times indicate, will continue for a long time to come. Thus, we have three successive cultural epochs.

Anyone who takes a closer look at the life of peoples in these three successive epochs will realize that the Greco-Latin period was something of a turning point in the history of human development. This is also the reason for the peculiar fascination of Greco-Roman culture. The way in which Greek art, Greek and Roman state formation stand out, what Roman law and Roman statecraft are, and what the Roman citizen's conception is, is something that stands as a kind of point of equilibrium in the successive currents of human development. Then we have our cultural period, preceded by the Egyptian-Chaldean period. In a remarkable way, anyone who observes the circumstances deeply enough can perceive how very specific phenomena of the Egyptian-Chaldean period are reoccurring today, albeit in a changed form, but nevertheless related to them. So that the causes were laid in the womb of time back then, and are now coming out again. And we then perceive it as a strange warning that not only certain types of human hygiene, for example, certain ablutions that occurred in ancient Egypt and are now occurring again, albeit in a different form, but also certain ways of approaching life are occurring in such a way that we can see: what was laid down as a cause in ancient Egypt appears today in its effects, but Greek-Roman culture appears as a resting point in between. And again, Egyptian-Chaldean culture is preceded by what we call the ancient Persian culture. According to the law of cyclical development, one might say that it is to be hoped, as it were, that just as the Egyptian-Chaldean period is repeated in our cultural cycle, so the ancient Persian period will be repeated in the one that will follow ours. There is always regularity in the course of human development! Not irregularity, not chaos, but also not the kind of regularity that many historians today assume. They seek the causes for everything that happens today in the immediately preceding period, the causes for the events of the recent past again in the immediately preceding period, and so on, so that they construct a chain of events in which one always follows the other. But on closer inspection, this does not turn out to be the case. Instead, cycles and overlaps emerge, so that something that was there before remains hidden for a while and reappears later, something that was there even earlier reappears even later, and so on. This can already be seen from an external observation of human development.

But for those who were present at the last two lectures and who also delve into the course of human development from a spiritual scientific perspective, much more becomes apparent, namely that there is indeed a deep spiritual lawfulness within the stream of events, within the stream of becoming, and that at the moment when human beings attain a certain depth of soul life, as has already been characterized, they also advance to a vision of such deeper inner connections. And even if it is true that nothing can be so easily misunderstood as what belongs to this realm, that it can even easily come close to charlatanism, perhaps even to deceitfulness and to what appeals to immoral human drives and instincts, it is nevertheless true that human beings are capable of exclude the personal and activate the inner, hidden powers of the spiritual life, so that he no longer develops only what he knows from his surroundings, what he remembers as his own life and that of his closest acquaintances, but becomes free from everything that constitutes his personal, sensory perception. When human beings, as described in the first and second lectures, step out of their personality in this way and become aware that there are even higher powers within them that only need to be developed through appropriate exercises, which have been characterized and will be further characterized, and when the human being calls the deeper forces to the surface through such exercises, then this, when something happens in a human life, at some point also becomes the betrayer of deeper causes, and the human being then senses that everything that happens in the course of time has an effect on the future in one way or another. This is the law that we also encounter in spiritual science, that everything that happens in the spiritual realm does not simply flow away insubstantially in the stream of existence, but that it has its effects, and that we must seek the law according to which these effects occur in later times. Through this insight, we also come to realize that this life between birth and death also contains the causes for the return of our individuality to Earth, so that the causes for the effects in a future life are revealed in the present life.

Just as the knowledge of the effects of karma is a result of the insight that the causes lie in the bosom of time and reappear transformed as effects, just as this law is the result of such knowledge, so, too, was present in all those people who took prophecy seriously or practiced it, as an insight, as a fundamental mood of their soul, that there are laws in the course of human life and that the soul can awaken the forces that are able to penetrate these laws. But the soul needs points of reference at first. The whole world is connected in its facts. Just as human beings are ultimately dependent on wind and weather in their physical lives, so it must at least be assumed, even if the details are not clear, that everything around us is connected in some way. And even if we do not seek natural laws in these connections in the manner of today's natural laws, we can still derive something from what appears to us in the course of the stars, in the constellations of the stars, which can evoke the thought in us: Out there we see harmonies that can trigger similar harmonies and rhythms within us, according to which human life proceeds.

Then other considerations lead to details. Let us first cite the following: If we look closely at human life, as can be read in the small book “The Education of the Child from the Point of View of Spiritual Science,” we can distinguish the following epochs: the first years of human life until the change of teeth, then the next years until sexual maturity, then the years until the age of twenty-one, and then again until the age of twenty-eight, that is, seven-year periods in human life, which show us that they are different in their whole character, that new kinds of abilities appear after these epochs have passed. If we are able to respond to this, then it becomes quite clear to us that there is a rhythmic course in human life that can be found in a certain way in the starry sky. It is remarkable that when one considers life from this point of view – one must only consider it objectively and calmly, without the fanaticism of opposition – one finds that around the age of twenty-eight something happens to the soul which, in a certain way, is indeed the case for many people, so that one can say: after four times seven years of life, something important has been brought to a conclusion. Four times seven years of life, approximately twenty-eight, even if not exactly, is also the time that Saturn needs for its orbit. During this time, it passes through a circle consisting of four parts, thus passing through the entire circle, passing through the signs of the zodiac, and in a certain way its course then really corresponds pictorially to the course of human life from birth to the age of twenty-eight. And one can divide it further by dividing the circle into four parts, dividing these twenty-eight years into periods, each lasting seven years. Here one sees how, in fact, in the orbit of a star for the great universe, there is something that manifests itself in a similar way in human life.

In a very similar way, rhythmic patterns in human life can be demonstrated for other things that happen in the heavens. Once the little-noticed, extraordinarily spiritual, but still in its infancy, teachings of the Berlin physician Fließ on the wonderful sequence of birth and death have been studied and further developed, it will become apparent how rhythmic births and deaths are in the life of humanity. But all this is only in the early stages of scientific research today. When we relate the course of the stars to human life, we will come to realize that all we need to do is view the course of the stars as a celestial clock and human life as a rhythm that runs its own course, but can nevertheless be determined in a certain way by the stars. One can imagine how, even if one does not seek the causes in the stars in a scientific sense, one can still think that human life proceeds in a similar rhythm through an inner kinship. For example, if we have often stepped outside our door in the morning or looked out of the window and always seen a person passing by at the same time, whom we know is on their way to work or something similar, we look at the clock and know that every day at this particular time the person in question passes by our house. Is it unfounded, knowing this, to take a look at the clock and say: When the hands of the clock are in this position, can we expect this person to pass by? Are the hands of the clock the cause of this, do they determine whether the person passes by? The causes lie elsewhere, but the specific rhythm allows us to assume that the person in question will pass by at this specific time. So there is no need to look for the causes in the stars. In this way, one can see in the stars a world clock that sets the rhythm according to which human and national life also unfolds.

Here lie things that even today provide important perspectives for the contemplation of life, and spiritual science, because it can proceed with much deeper means, has to point out these deeper connections. Now we will also understand why Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and others proceeded as calculators, so to speak, Kepler most of all, Tycho Brahe less so. For anyone who immerses themselves in the peculiar soul life of Tycho Brahe will find that it was not so far removed from the soul life of Nostradamus. But we see clearly in Nostradamus that he does not need to calculate, but rather sits in his open-roofed chamber and lets the starry space work its magic on him. He attributes his ability to do this to particularly favorable hereditary conditions possessed by his organism, which presents him with no obstacles. But then he needs something else, as he says: a calm, serene soul that shuts out everything else that has surrounded him in life, that removes all thoughts and movements, especially all the worries, excitements, and cares of ordinary life, all memories of daily life. The soul must be pure and free to face its stars. Then what he proclaims appears in the soul, appears in Nostradamus' mind—one can see it very clearly in one's mind—in images. He sees it as if in pictures, in scenes before him. And if he were to speak in astronomical terms and predict a human destiny and say, for example, that Saturn is harmful, or that Mars is harmful, he would not be thinking directly of the physical Saturn or the physical Mars out there when predicting destinies, but he would be thinking: This man has a warlike character, a warlike temperament, but at the same time something melancholic, which can expose him to certain gloomy moods that can penetrate into his physicality. — That is what he sees. He lets these things interact in his mind, and then an image arises for him of the future events of the person in question; the tendency toward melancholy and the warlike mood of the person work together: Saturn and Mars. These are only symbols. When he says Saturn and Mars, he means that there is something inside the person that pushes toward what appears to him as a scene, an image, but which can be compared to the opposition or conjunction of Mars and Saturn in the sky. But this is only a means of expression, only a symbol for what he wants to say. For Nostradamus, observations of the harmony of the stars trigger the mood of clairvoyance, which enables him to see deeper into souls than is otherwise possible.

In other words, we see in him a person who, through his special behavior, can awaken the inner powers of the human soul that otherwise remain hidden within people. Therefore, it is a mood of devotion, of reverence for the divine, that he evokes within himself when worries and sorrows come to a complete standstill and the soul's inclination toward the outside world has disappeared. He has then completely forgotten himself, does not feel himself, and can then say that in such moments his soul realizes what has always been his motto: It is God who speaks here through my mouth. If what I am able to say touches you, O human being, then accept it as spoken to you by the grace of your God! — This reverence is part of it! Otherwise, the gift of prophecy is not genuine. But this attitude ensures from the outset that those who have it do not abuse this gift of prophecy in an immoral or ignoble sense.

In Tycho Brahe, we see a kind of transition between the character of Nostradamus and that of Kepler. When you study his soul, Tycho Brahe seems like someone who remembers views he had in a previous life, such as how people practiced prophecy in Greece. There is something in him like the soul of an ancient Greek who wants to see harmony in the world everywhere. That becomes a mood. And the mood with him is as if astronomical calculation were only a crutch, indicating that he finds in his soul the powers that allow images from earlier causes about events of the future or the past to rise up in him. Kepler is already a mathematical mind, a more scientifically abstract mind in the sense that the minds of our present day are even more so. He is therefore more or less dependent on mere calculation, which of course is also correct, because according to the experiences that have been made in a clairvoyant manner, the constellations of the heavens are attuned to human life. And more and more, astrology became mere calculation. The gift of clairvoyance, as Nostradamus still had it, was lost more and more. We will see the transition in the lecture “From Paracelsus to Goethe.” The gift of clairvoyance dissolved into abstract knowledge, into pure intellectual, astrological prophecy, and we can say: When the gift of clairvoyance was only astrological prophecy, it was already intellectual, conceptualized.

The further back we go, the more we will find that what the ancient prophets had to say about the lives of their peoples arose from the depths of their souls. This was the case with the Jewish prophets, who, directly from their connection with their God, from the fact that they were freed from their personalities and personal affairs, were devoted to the great events of their people and could also look ahead to what lay in store for their people. Just as today's educator can foresee that certain characteristics will manifest themselves in a child and repeat themselves in old age, and can take this into account, so the Jewish prophet sees the soul of his people as a whole, and what was there in former times as causes is deposited in his soul and has such an effect that he perceives the effects as in a grandiose premonition. But what significance does this have for human life, what meaning does this prophecy have?

We come to this when we realize that there are great personalities to whom we will always trace the historical flow of events. Even though people always prefer to level things out, because it is unpleasant when one personality towers above the others, because today we want equality in terms of all abilities, because today we want to deny that certain personalities have more power than others, there are nevertheless such great, more advanced leader personalities in the historical development and evolution of humanity. There are two kinds of leaders in the history of human development. Today, we have reached the point where the greatest event in human development, or indeed the greatest events in general, are regarded as if they did not originate in a personality, but as if they grew out of ideas by themselves. Today, there is a theological movement that still calls itself Christian, but which says that there was no need for a single human being named Christ Jesus to have existed. One of these theologians even said, when it was pointed out to him that world history was made by human beings, that this was as self-evident as the fact that a forest consists of trees, but that this was not important; just as trees make up a forest, so human beings make up world history. No one stands out. But does something like the expression “the forest consists of trees” correspond to what is in history? One can only marvel at how little logic is expressed in this, for the person concerned need only consider that the forest, as it exists, can be traced back to the actions of one person or many people. The question must arise as to whether the forest could have come into being in such a way that one or two seeds were sown, and that the entire forest could have descended from them. Certainly, the forest consists of trees; but it must first be investigated whether it did not originate from one or two seeds that were sown. Similarly, in human history, it must be investigated whether the events of human development can be traced back to this or that individual human being who has inspired the rest.

Anyone who views world history in this way will come to the conclusion that people who guide the flow of human development have surplus powers. Whether they use these powers in a favorable or unfavorable sense is another matter. People influence their environment through their surplus powers. Surplus powers that people do not use for their personality can either be lived out in deeds, or they have no use in immediate deeds. In people of action, we see how the powers that people carry within themselves are lived out directly in deeds. However, there are people who are not predisposed to express their powers in actions, or who always encounter obstacles when they want to express them in actions. We have the interesting case of Nostradamus. He is a doctor, he was a Jew, he has a healing effect through his work, he does good for many people. But people often cannot stand it when someone does good. So he got enemies, was accused of being a Calvinist. Well, being a Jew and a Calvinist were two impossible things at that time, and so it came about that he was forced to withdraw from the wide-ranging, devoted work he had developed as a doctor and give up his profession. But were the powers he had used in this exciting activity no longer within him when he retired? The same powers were still within him. In physics, one believes in the conservation of energy. One only has to transfer this in a healthy way to the powers of the soul. In Nostradamus' case, when he ceased his activity, his powers took a different path. But if he had remained a doctor, they would have had no other effect in the future. Or is it not an effect in the future when one heals a person who might otherwise have died? Does one not continue one's activity in the further course of events into the future? For where is the end of what one accomplishes there? The stream of deeds continues. If, like Nostradamus, we withdraw from an activity, the stream of deeds is suddenly interrupted. It is no longer there. But the powers are there. And the powers that remain in the soul are transformed, so that what might otherwise have manifested itself as the most distant effects of his deeds in the future manifests itself as a gift of prophecy and appears before him in images. We see his deeds transformed. And it is no different with other prophetic natures of all times, nor with the ancient Jewish prophets. The ancient Hebrew prophets were men — as biblical history shows — intimately connected with all that lived in the soul of their people, with all that flowed from the past into the future in the stream of time; they were not attached to their own souls, not to the personal. Nor were they of a nature that lived out their lives in deeds, but rather of a nature that had surplus powers within them, which from the outset appeared as Nostradamus' powers did after their transformation. Therefore, what would otherwise have been expressed in deeds was revealed to them in powerful dream images. The gift of clairvoyance is directly connected with the urge to act, manifesting itself only as a metamorphosis of the urge to act of the excess forces in the soul.

Thus, the gift of clairvoyance is by no means incomprehensible, but can be fully integrated into the logical thinking of our natural science itself. From this, however, we also see that it is precisely such a gift of clairvoyance that leads us beyond the immediate present. And how can anything that is to have an effect beyond the immediate present actually have that effect? Only those who have ideals can have an effect beyond the immediate present. But ideals are initially something abstract. We set them before ourselves and believe that they could really correspond to our present. But those who want to work from the supersensible world and accomplish what affects them from the supersensible world do not take abstract ideals, but seek to penetrate the causes that lie in the bosom of time and ask themselves: How do these causes work in time? — And they do not let this work on their intellect, but on their gift of vision. A correct understanding of the past, if this is not done intellectually but is deposited in the deeper soul forces, always allows images of the future to arise in the soul that are more or less corresponding. So it is today that those who correctly exercise their gift of vision, by immersing themselves in the course of human development in prehistoric times, see an image arise which stands like a concrete ideal and looks something like this: We live in a time in which humanity is at a transition; certain forces that were previously only obscure in the soul are coming to the fore more and more. And in a future that is certainly not far off, just as reason, intellect, and imagination exist for human beings today, something else will be present in the soul, something like a new soul force through which the urge to recognize the supersensible world will assert itself. One sees something like a new sense approaching the soul.

But we can already see the emergence of this new soul force today. When such inspiration from what happened in the past affects us and images arise of what must happen in the future, then we do not have the impulses of fanatics, but rather impulses that arise from reality and tell us why we do this or that in relation to the spiritual development of the present. This is basically the meaning of all prophecy. It shows how the meaning of prophecy can be achieved even if the images that a seer creates of the future are not entirely correct. Those who are able to observe the hidden forces of the human soul know that images of what is to happen in the future may well be false, but they also know why the images are or can be ambiguous, so that nothing special is said about what has happened when it is said: He indicated this or that, but that is flexible, that is ambiguous! Such images can be ambiguous. What matters, however, is that such impulses exist in human beings, impulses that relate to the whole of what is to come in the future and that act upon what is present in human beings, so that through such impulses dormant forces in human beings are awakened. Whether the images, these prophecies, are more or less accurate is not important; but the forces within human beings, the impulses that are awakened, must be entirely accurate; that is what matters!

Thus, the meaning of prophecy is to be sought less in the satisfaction of curiosity through predictions about the future than in the encouragement of the awareness that human beings can be certain of the effects of causes in the future. Then there may be dark sides and the like, but it is necessary to think that the good sides of prophecy are also there, and to have a sense of human life, that one can know that human life is also there in the big picture, that human beings do not live blindly in the present, but also not blindly in a distant future, but that they can set their own goals and impulses in the light of knowledge. Goethe, who said so many wonderful things about worldly matters, was right when he wrote the words:

Those who know the past would know the future; both connect purely to today as something complete.

He says this in a beautiful saying from the “Prophecies of Bakis.”

So, we see that, basically, the meaning of prophecy lies not so much in what satisfies curiosity or the thirst for knowledge, but rather in the impulses it can give us for action in the future. And it is only because in our time knowledge, intellectual knowledge that does not ignite the impulses of the will, is overestimated that people do not want to make an objective judgment about prophecy. But spiritual science will lead to the recognition that, yes, there were many dark sides to both ancient and modern prophecy, but that within this prophecy—in the striving, in the consciousness of receiving an indication of the course of the future—there lies an important core that is not formed for knowledge or curiosity, but is important as a fire for our will. And even those who want to judge everything that goes on in human beings solely on the basis of whether it can be understood soberly and rationally must recognize, from such an insight into world conditions, how prophecy arises from a direction of knowledge that has the goal of inspiring the development of the will. And now that we have stated what can be said against all hostility toward prophecy and have agreed on what is the core and meaning of prophecy, it can be said with some justification: In this field lie hidden many of those things which academic wisdom cannot even dream of.

This is true. But precisely in the light of such knowledge, many facts will also become apparent that prove to us the other saying, namely that intellectual knowledge, even if it is correct, is sometimes practically worthless because it cannot develop impulses of the will. Just as it is true that there is much that conventional wisdom cannot even dream of, so it is true on the other hand that much of what is revealed in the field of expanding scientific research, intellectual research, is not to be found in the things of heaven and earth. These insights fade away, have no effect, if they do not progress from what is knowledge in human life to what was not only in the beginning, but what is most important and significant in the present and in the future: human activity, human action!