Human History in the Light of Spiritual Investigation
GA 61
7 December 1911, Berlin
Translated by R. H. Bruce
Good Fortune Its Reality And Its Semblance
It is without question that among the teachings of spiritual science least acceptable to many of our contemporaries we may count that of repeated earth lives, and the echoing-on into a man's later earth-life of causes going back to a previous life of his on earth. This is what we call the law of spiritual causation or Karma. It is easy to understand that men of the present day are bound to adopt a suspicious and adverse attitude towards this knowledge; it follows from all the habits of thought in modern life and will doubtless last until a more general recognition is reached of the enlightening nature of these basic truths of spiritual science. But an unprejudiced observation of life, an unbiased outlook on the enigmas with which we meet daily, and which are only explicable on a basis of these truths, will increasingly lead to a change in the habits of thought, and thus to a recognition of the enlightening nature of these great truths.
To the phenomena we may include in this field quite certainly belong those usually comprised under such names as human fortune or misfortune, words with such manifold meanings. It is only necessary to utter these two words and immediately the sensitive judgment of man's heart will respond to the call to observe the boundaries set between his knowledge and the happenings in the outer world. This verdict sounds as clearly as any other in the soul, and leads to a fervent desire to know more of those inexplicable relationships which, though rejected again and again at a certain stage of enlightenment, must nevertheless be acknowledged by a really unprejudiced desire for Knowledge. To realize this, we need only call to mind how enigmatic good fortune or misfortune—especially the latter—may be in a man's life. This element of enigma can certainly not be solved by any theoretical answer; it clearly shows that something more than any theory, more than what may be called abstract science, is needed to answer it. Who can doubt that in man's soul there is a definite urge to be in a certain harmony with his environment, with the world? And what an amount of disharmony may be expressed when sometimes a man must say of himself, or his fellow-men of him, that throughout his life he is pursued by ill-luck! With such an admission is linked a “Why?” of deep significance for all we have to say about the value of human life, about the value too of the forces forming the foundation of human life. Robert Hamerling, yhe important but alas too little appreciated poet of the nineteenth century, has included in his Essays a short article on “Fortune”, beginning with a reminiscence that recurred to him again and again in connection with this problem. He had heard this story related in Venice—whether it was legendary or not is of no consequence. A daughter was born to a married couple. The mother died in child-birth. The same day the father heard that all his property had been lost at sea. The shock brought on a stroke, and he, too, died the day the child was born. Hence the infant met with the misfortune of becoming an orphan on the first day of her earthly existence. She was first of all adopted by a rich relation, who drew up a will bequeathing a large fortune to the child. She died, however, while the child was still young; and when the will was opened it was found to contain a technical error. The will was contested and the child lost the whole of the fortune intended for her. Thus she grew up in want and misery and later had to become a maid-servant. Then a nice, suitable young man whom the girl liked very much fell in love with her. However, after the friendship had lasted some time, and when the poor girl, who had been earning her living under most difficult conditions, was able to think that at last some good fortune was coming her way, it transpired that her lover was of the Jewish persuasion and for this reason the marriage could not take place. She reproached him most bitterly for having deceived her, but she could not give him up. Her life continued its extraordinary, alternating course. The youth was equally unwilling to give up the girl, and he promised that after the death of his father—who had not long to live—he would be baptized, when the marriage could be celebrated. He was in fact very soon called to his father's death-bed. Now, to add to the troubles of this unfortunate girl, she became very ill indeed. In the meantime, the father of her betrothed had died at a distance, and his son was baptized. When he came back to her, however, the girl had already died of the mental suffering she had endured in addition to her physical malady. He found only a lifeless bride. Now he was overcome by most bitter grief, and he felt that he could not do otherwise—he must see his beloved again although she was already buried. Eventually he was successful in having her body exhumed; and behold, she was lying in a position that clearly showed she had been buried alive and had turned in the grave when she woke.
Hamerling says he always remembered this story when talking or thinking of human misfortune, and of how it sometimes actually seemed as if a human being were pursued by misfortune from his birth, not only to his grave but as in this case beyond it. Of course, the story may be a legend, but that is of no consequence, for everyone of us will say: Whether the facts are true or not, they are possible, and might have happened even if they never actually did happen. But the story illustrates very clearly the disquieting question: How can we answer the “why” when considering the value of a life thus pursued by misfortune? This at any rate shows us that it might be quite impossible to speak of fortune or misfortune if a single human life only were taken into account. Ordinary habits of thought may at least be challenged to look beyond a single human life, when we have before us one that is so caught up in the intricacies of the world that no concept of the value of human life can fit in with what this life went through between birth and death. In such a case we seem compelled to look beyond the limits set by birth and death.
When, however, we look more closely at the words fortune or misfortune, we see at once that after all they can only be applied in a particular sphere, that apart from mankind there is much outside in the world that may indeed remind us of man's individual accordance or discordance with it, but that we shall hardly venture to speak of fortune or misfortune in connection with analogous occurrences outside mankind. Suppose that the crystal, which ought to develop regular forms according to definite laws, should be compelled, through the vicinity of other crystals, or through other forces of Nature at work near it, to develop one-sidedly and is prevented from forming its proper angles. There are actually very few crystals in Nature perfectly formed in accordance with their inner laws. Or, if we study the plants, we must say that in them, too, an inner law of development seems to be inborn. We cannot fail to see, however, that very many plants are unable to bring to perfection the whole force of the inner impulse of their development in the struggle against wind and weather and other conditions of their environment. And we can say the same of the animals. Indeed, we may go still further, we need only keep undeniable facts before our eyes—how many germs of living beings perish without reaching any real development, because under existing conditions it is impossible for them to become that for which they were organized. Think of the vast quantity of spawn in the sea alone, spawn that might become inhabitants of the sea, populating this or that ocean, and how few of them actually develop. True, we might say in a certain sense: We see quite clearly that the beings we come across in the different kingdoms of Nature have inner forces and laws of development; but these forces and laws are limited by their environment and the impossibility of bringing themselves into harmony with it. And indeed, we cannot deny that we have something similar when we speak of human fortune or misfortune. There we see that a man's power to live out his life cannot become a reality because of the many hindrances continually obstructing him. Or we may see that a man—like a crystal fortunate enough to develop its angles freely in every direction—may be so fortunate as to be able to say with the crystal: Nothing hinders me; external circumstances and the way of the world are so helpful to me that they set free what is purposed in the inmost core of my being.—And only in this case does a man usually say that he is fortunate; any other circumstances either leave him indifferent or impel him to speak directly of misfortune. But unless we are speaking merely symbolically, we cannot, without falling into a fantastic vein, speak of the ill-fortune of crystals, of plants, or even of the amount of spawn that perishes in the sea before it comes to life. We feel that to be justified in speaking of good or bad fortune, we must rise to the level of human life. And again, even in speaking of human life, we soon notice a limit beyond which we can no longer speak of fortune at all, in spite of the external forces by which man's life may be directly hindered, frustrated, destroyed. We feel that we cannot speak of “misfortune” when we see a great martyr who has something of importance to transmit to the world, condemned to death by hostile authorities. Are we justified in speaking of misfortune in the case of Giordano Bruno, for instance, who perished at the stake? We feel that here there is something in the man himself which makes it impossible to speak of ill-fortune, or if he is successful, of good fortune. So we see good or bad fortune definitely relegated to the human sphere—and within that to a still narrower one.
Now when it comes to man himself, to what he feels with regard to fortune or misfortune in his life, it would seem that when we try to grasp it conceptually, we very seldom succeed. For just think of the story of Diogenes (again this may be based upon a legend, but it may also have happened), when Alexander urged him to ask a favor of him—certainly a piece of good fortune. Diogenes demanded what very few men would have asked for—that Alexander should move out of his light. That then was what he regarded as lacking to his happiness at the moment. How would most men have interpreted their fortune at such a moment? But let us go further. Take the pleasure-seeking man, the man who throughout his life considers himself fortunate only when all the desires arising from his passions and instincts are satisfied—satisfied often by the most banal of pleasures. Is there anyone who would believe that what such a man calls good fortune could also be good fortune for the ascetic, for one who hopes for the perfecting of his being, and considers life worth living only when he is denying himself in every possible way, and even subjecting himself to pain and suffering that would not be inflicted upon him by ordinary fortune or misfortune? How different the conceptions of fortune and misfortune are in an ascetic and a sensualist! But we can go still further and show that any universally accepted conception of good fortune eludes us. We have only to think of how unhappy a man can be who, without reason, without any foundation of true reality, becomes fiercely jealous. Take a man who has no grounds for jealousy at all, but believes that he has every possible ground; he is unhappy in the deepest sense of the word, yet there is no occasion for it at all. The extent, the intensity, of the unhappiness depends not on any external reality but simply on the man's attitude to external reality—in this case, to a complete illusion.
That good luck as well as bad may be in the highest degree subjective, that at every turn it projects us, so to speak, from the outer world into the inner world, is shown by a charming story told by Jean Paul at the beginning of the first volume of his “Flegeljahre”. In this, a man who lived habitually in Central Germany pictures to himself how fortunate it would be for him to be a parson in Sweden. It is a most delightful passage where he imagines that he would sit in his parsonage and the day would come when by two o'clock in the afternoon it would be dark. Then people would go to church each carrying his own light, after which pictures of his childhood would rise before him—his brothers and sisters, each carrying a light. It is a charming description of his delight in the people going to church through the darkness each with his own lantern. Or he dreams himself into other situations, called up simply by the memory of certain natural scenes connected together in his mind; for instance, if he imagined himself in Italy he could almost see the orange trees, and so on. This would throw him into a mood of most wonderful happiness; but there was no reality in any of it, it was all only a dream.
Doubtless Jean Paul, with this dream of being a parson in Sweden, is pointing to a deep connection in questions of good or bad fortune by showing that the whole problem can be diverted from the outer world to man's inner being. Strangely enough, it would seem that since good or bad fortune may be entirely dependent upon the inner being of man, the idea of good fortune as a general idea disappears. Yet again, if we look at what a man generally calls good or bad fortune, we see that in countless cases he refers it, not to his inner being, but to something outside himself, We might even say: The characteristic quality of man's desire for good fortune is deeply rooted in his incessant urge not to be alone with his thoughts, his feelings, his whole inner being, but to be in harmony with all that works and weaves in his environment. In reality a man speaks of good fortune when he is unwilling that some result, some effect, should depend on himself alone; on the contrary, he attaches great importance to its depending, not on himself but on something else. We need only picture the luck of the gambler—here no doubt the small and the great have much in common. However paradoxical it may seem, we can quite well connect a gambler's luck with the satisfaction a man may have in acquiring an item of knowledge. For acquiring knowledge evokes in us the feeling that in our thinking, in our soul-life, we are in harmony with the world. We feel that what is without in picture-form is also within us in our apprehension of it; that we do not stand alone with the world staring us in the face like a riddle, but that the inner corresponds to the outer, that there is living contact between them, the outer mirrored in, and shining forth again from the inner. The satisfaction we have in acquiring knowledge is proof of this harmony. If we analyze the satisfaction of a successful gambler we can only say—even if he has no thought of whence his satisfaction arises—that it could not exist at all if he himself could bring about what happens without his cooperation. His satisfaction is based on the fact that something outside himself is involved, that the world has “taken him into consideration”, that it has contributed something for his benefit. This single shows that he does not stand outside the world, that he has definite contact, definite connection, with it. And the unhappiness a gambler feels when he loses is caused by the sensation of standing alone—bad luck gives him a feeling of being shut out from the world, as if the contact with it were broken.
In short, we see that it is by no means true that, by good or bad fortune, a man means only something that can be locked up within himself; on the contrary, when he speaks of good or bad fortune he means in the deepest sense what establishes contact between him and the world. Hence there is hardly anything about which the man of our enlightened age becomes so easily superstitious, so grotesquely superstitious, as about what is called luck, what he calls his expectation from certain forces or elements outside himself which come to his assistance. When this is in question, a man may become exceedingly superstitious. I once knew a very enlightened German poet. At the time of which I speak he was writing a play. This play would not be finished before the end of a certain month—he knew that beforehand. Yet he had a superstition that the drama could not be successful unless it were sent in to the manager of the theatre concerned before the first day of the next month; if it were later, according to his superstition it could have no success. One day, towards the end of the month, I happened to be walking in the street when I saw him bicycling in hot haste to the post office. Through my friendship with him I knew that his work was far from finished; so I waited for him to come out. “I have sent my play in to the theatre”, he said. “Is it finished then?” I asked; and he replied: “There is still some work to do on the last acts, but I have sent it in now because I believe it can only be successful if it goes in before the end of this month. I have written, though, that if the play is accepted, I should like it returned when I can finish it; but it had to be sent in at this time.”—Here we see how a man expects help from outside, how he expects that what is to happen will not be effected by him alone, by his efficiency or his own powers, but that the outer world will come to his aid, that it has some interest in him so that he does not stand alone by himself.
This only proves that when all is said the idea of fortune in general eludes us when we try to grasp it. It eludes us, too, when we look into any literature that has been written about it; for those who write about such things are usually men whose business it is to write. Now at the outset everyone knows that a man can, indeed, speak correctly only of something with which he has not merely a theoretical but a living relation. The philosophers or psychologists who write about fortune have a living relation to good or bad fortune only as they themselves have experienced it. Now there is one factor that weighs very heavily in the balance, namely, that cognition as such, as it meets us in the world of man outside, that knowledge when it is taken in a certain higher sense, signifies at the very outset a kind of good fortune. This will be admitted by everyone who has ever felt the inner delight that knowledge can give; and this is substantiated by the fact that the most eminent philosophers, from Aristotle down to our own times, have constantly characterized the possession of wisdom, of knowledge, as a piece of particularly good fortune. On the other hand, however, we must ask ourselves: What does such an answer to the question concerning fortune mean to one who works the whole week long with few exceptions in the darkness of the mines, or to one who is buried in a mine and perhaps remains alive for days together under the most horrible conditions? What has such a philosophical interpretation of fortune to do with what dwells in the soul of a man who has to perform some menial, perhaps repulsive, task in life? Life gives a strange answer to the question of fortune, and we have abundant experience to show that the philosophers' answers are often grotesquely remote, in this connection, from our experience in everyday life, provided we consider this life in its true character. Life, however, teaches us something else with regard to fortune. For life appears as a noteworthy contradiction to the commonly accepted conceptions of fortune. One case may serve as an example for many.
Let us suppose that a man with very high ideas, even with the gift of an exceptional imagination, should have to work in some humble position. He had perhaps to spend almost all his life as a common soldier. I am speaking of a case that is indeed no legend, but the life of an exceedingly remarkable man, Josef Emanuel Hilscher, who was born in Austria in 1804 and died in 1837. It was his fate to serve for the greater part of his life as a common soldier; in spite of his brilliant gifts he rose to nothing higher than quartermaster. This man left behind him a great number of poems, not only perfect in form but permeated by a deep life of soul. He left excellent translations into German of Byron's poems. He had a rich inner life. We can picture the complete contrast between what the day brought him in the way of fortune and his inner experiences. The poems are by no means steeped in pessimism; they are full of force and exuberance. They show us that this life—in spite of the many disappointments inherent in it—rose to a certain level of inner happiness. It is a pity that men so easily forget such phenomena. For when we set a figure of this kind before our eyes, we can see—because indeed things are only relatively different from one another—we can see that perhaps it is possible, even when the external life seems to be entirely forsaken by fortune, for a man to create happiness out of his inmost being.
Now anyone can inveigh against fortune, especially from the point of view of spiritual science—indeed, if he clings to misunderstood or primitive conceptions he may be fanatical in his protest against the idea of good fortune or equally fanatical in explaining life one-sidedly from the idea of reincarnation and karma. A man would be fanatical in his protest against fortune were he through misunderstanding the principles of spiritual science to say: All striving after good fortune and contentment is after all only egoism, and spiritual science makes every effort to lead men away from egoism. Even Aristotle considered it ridiculous to maintain that the virtuous man could in any way be content when he was experiencing unaccountable suffering. Good fortune need not be regarded merely as satisfied egoism, but even were this so in the first place it could still be of some value for the whole of mankind. For good fortune can also be regarded as bringing our soul-forces into a certain harmonious mood, thus allowing them to develop in every direction; whereas ill-fortune produces discordant moods in our soul-life, hindering us from making the most of our efficiency and powers. Thus, even if good luck is sought after in the first place only as a satisfaction of egoism, yet we can look upon it as the promoter of inward harmony in the soul-forces, and can hope that those whose soul-forces achieve inner harmony through good fortune may gradually overcome their egoism; whereas they would probably find it hard to do so were they constantly pursued by ill-fortune. On the other hand, it may be said: If a man strives after good fortune and receives it as the satisfaction of his egoism, he can—because his forces are harmonized—work for himself and for others in a beneficial way. So what may be called good fortune must not be assessed one-sidedly.—Again, many a man who thinks he has fathomed spiritual science when he has only perceived something of it from a distance falls into error by saying: Here is a fortunate man, and there one who is unfortunate; when I think of karma, of one life determining another, I can easily understand that an unfortunate man has prepared this bad fortune for himself in a former life, and that in a former life the fortunate man has prepared his own good fortune. Such an assertion has something insidious about it because to a certain extent it is correct. But karma—that is, the law of the determining of one earth-life by another—must not be accepted in the sense of a merely explanatory law; it must be regarded as something that penetrates our will, causing us to live in the sense of this law. And this law is only vindicated in life if it ennobles and enriches this life. As regards fortune, we have seen that a man's quest of happiness springs from a desire not to stand alone, but to be in some way related to the outer world so that it may take an interest in him. On the other hand, we have seen that good fortune may—in contradiction to external facts—be brought about solely by a man's conceptions, by what he experiences from external facts.
Where is there a solution of this apparent contradiction—depending, not on abstractions and theories but on reality itself?
We can find a solution if we turn our minds to what may be called the inmost core of man's being. In former lectures1The Hidden Depths of Soul Life. Berlin, 23rd November, 1911. we have shown how this works on the outer man, even shaping his body, and also establishing the man in the place he occupies in the world. If we follow up this conception of the inner core, and ask ourselves how it can be related to the man's good or bad fortune, we most easily find the answer if we consider that some stroke of good fortune may so affect a man that he is bound to say: I intended this, I willed it, I used my good sense, my wisdom, in such a way that it should come about, but now I see that the result far exceeds all that my wisdom planned, all that I determined or was able to see beforehand.—What man is there, in a responsible position in the world, who would not in countless cases say something of this kind—that he had indeed used his powers but that the success that had befallen him far out-weighed the powers exerted? If we comprehend the inner core of man not as what is there just for once but as something in the throes of a whole evolution, in the sense, that is, of spiritual science; if we comprehend it not simply as shaping one life but many, as something therefore that would shape the one life as it is in our immediate present, so that when this inner core of man's being goes through the gate of death and passes into a super-sensible world, returning when the time comes to be active in physical life in a fresh existence—what then can such a man, grasping his central being in this way, understanding himself within a world-conception of this kind—what attitude can he adopt towards a success that flows to him in the way we have pictured? Such a man can never say: This has been my good fortune and I am satisfied; with the powers I set in motion I expected something quite insignificant, but I am glad that my fortune has brought me something greater.—Such a man who seriously believes in karma and repeated earth-lives will never say that, but rather: The success is there but I have shown myself to be weak in face of such a success. I shall not be content with this success, I shall learn by it to enhance my powers; I shall sow seeds in the inmost core of my being which will lead it to higher and higher perfection. My unmerited success, my windfall, shows me where I am lacking; I must learn from it.—No other answer can be given by one to whom fortune has brought success, if he looks upon karma in the right way and believes in it. How will he deal with such a lucky chance? (The word chance is used here in the sense of something that comes upon one unexpectedly, it is not meant in the ordinary way). For him it will be considered not as an end but as a beginning—a beginning from which he will learn and which will cast its beams upon his future evolution.
Now, what is the opposite of the instance we have given? Let us place it clearly before us. Because a man who believes in repeated earth-lives and karma, or spiritual causation, receives a stroke of good fortune as a spur to his growing forces, he regards it as a beginning, as a cause of his further development. And the converse of this would be if, when we were struck by some misfortune, by some misadventure that might happen to us, we were to take it not simply as a blow, as the reverse of the success, but looking beyond the single earthly life, we were to see it as an end, as what comes last, as something the cause of which has to be sought in the past, just as the consequence when appearing as success has to seek its effects in the future—the future of our own evolution. We regard ill-fortune as an effect of our own evolution. How so?
This we can make clear by a comparison showing that we are not always good judges of what has occasioned the course of a life. Let us suppose someone has lived as an idler on his father's money up to his eighteenth year, enjoying from his own point of view a very happy life. Then when he is eighteen years old his father loses his property; and the son can no longer live in idleness but is obliged to train for a proper job. This will at first cause him all sorts of trouble and suffering. “Alas!” he will say, “a great misfortune has overtaken me.” It is a question, however, whether in this case he is the best judge of his destiny. If he learns something useful now, perhaps when he is fifty he will be able to say: Yes, at that time I looked upon it as a great misfortune that my father had lost his wealth; now I can only see it as a misfortune for my father and not for myself; for I might have remained a ne'er-do-well all my life had I not met with this misfortune. As it happens, however, I have become a useful member of society. I have grown into what I now am.
So let us ask ourselves: When was this man a correct judge of his destiny? In his eighteenth year when he met with misfortune, or at fifty when he looked back on this misfortune? Now suppose he thinks still further, and enquires concerning the cause of this misfortune. Then he might say: There was really no need for me to consider myself unfortunate at that time. Externally it seemed at first as if misfortune had befallen me because my father had lost his income. But suppose that from my earliest childhood I had been zealous in my desire for knowledge, suppose that I had already done great things without any external compulsion, so that the loss of my father's money would not have inconvenienced me, then the transition would have been quite a different matter, the misfortune would not have affected me. The cause of my misfortune appeared to lie outside myself, but in reality I can say that the deeper cause lay within me. For it was my nature that brought it upon me that my life at that time was unfortunate and beset with pain and suffering. I attracted the ill-fortune to myself.
When such a man says this, he has already begun to understand that in fact all that approaches us from outside is attracted from within, and that the attraction is caused through our own evolution. Every misfortune can be represented as the result of some imperfection in ourselves; it indicates that something within us is not as well developed as it should be. Here we have misfortune as opposed to success, misfortune regarded as an end, as an effect, of something occasioned by ourselves at an earlier stage of our evolution. Now if, instead of moaning over our ill-luck, and throwing the whole blame upon the outside world, we look at the core of our inner being and seriously believe in karma, that is, the causation working through one earth-life to another, then ill-luck becomes a challenge to regard life as a school in which we learn to make ourselves more and more perfect. If we look at the matter thus, karma and what we call the law of repeated earth- lives will become a force for all that makes life richer and increases its significance.
The question, however, may certainly arise: Can mere knowledge of the law of karma enhance life in a definite way, making it richer and more significant? Can it perhaps bring good fortune out of bad?—However strange it may seem to many people nowadays, I should like to make a remark that may be significant for a full comprehension of good fortune from the point of view of spiritual science. Let us recall Hamerling's legend of the girl pursued by ill-fortune up to her death, and even beyond the grave since she was buried alive. No doubt anyone not deeply permeated by the forces knowledge can give, will find this strange. But let us suppose that this unfortunate girl had been placed in an environment where the outlook of spiritual science was accepted, where this outlook would prompt the individual to say: In me there dwells a central core of spiritual being transcending birth and death, showing to the outer world the effects of past lives, and preparing the forces for subsequent earth-lives. It is conceivable that this knowledge might become strength of soul in the girl, intensifying belief in such an inner core. It may perhaps be said: As the force issuing from spirit and soul may be consciously felt working into the bodily nature, it might well have worked into the girl's state of health; and the strength of this belief might have sustained her until the man returned after his father's death. This may appear odd to many who are not aware of the power of knowledge based on true reality—knowledge not abstract and merely theoretical but working as a growing force in the soul.
We see, however, that as regards the question of good fortune this belief may offer no consolation to those who are definitely fixed for their whole life in work that can never satisfy them, those whose claims upon life are permanently rejected. Yet we see that firm faith in the central core of man's being, and the knowledge that this single human life is one among many, can certainly give awakening strength. All that in the outer world at first appeared to me as my ill-fortune, as the evil destiny of my life, becomes explicable to my spiritual understanding through my relation to the universal cosmos in which I am placed. No commonplace consolation can help us to overcome what in our own conception is a real misfortune. We can only be helped by the possibility of regarding a direct blow as a link in the chain of destiny. Then we see that to consider the single life by itself, is to look upon the semblance and not the reality. An example of this is the youth who idled away his time until his eighteenth year and then, when misfortune befell him and he was obliged to work, regarded it as sheer ill- luck and not as the occasion of his later happiness. Thus, if we look more deeply into the matter we see clearly that study of a life from one point of view alone can give only an apparent result, and that what strikes us as good or bad fortune appears merely in its semblance if we study it in a circumscribed way. It will only show us its true nature and meaning if we study it in its proper place in the man's whole life. Even so, if we look at this whole human life as exhausted within the boundaries of birth and death, a life that can find no satisfaction in ordinary human relations and the usual work will never seem comprehensible to us. To become comprehensible—comprehensible according to the reality we have often expressed in those terms to which, however, where real human destiny is concerned, only spiritual science can give life-this can become comprehensible only when we know that what we find intelligible no longer has power over us. And to him for whose central being good fortune is only an incentive to higher development, ill-fortune is also a challenge to further evolution. Thus the apparent contradiction is solved for us when, in observing life, we see the conception of good or bad fortune approaching us merely from the outside, converted into the conception of how we transform the experiences within ourselves and what we make of them. If we have learnt from the law of karma not only to derive satisfaction from success but to take it as an incentive to further development, we also arrive at regarding failure and misfortune in the same way. Everything undergoes change in the human soul, and what is a semblance of good or bad fortune becomes reality there. This, however, implies much that is immensely important. For instance, let us think of a man who rejects outright the idea of repeated earth-lives. Suppose, then, that he sees a man suffering from jealousy founded on an entirely imaginary picture created by himself; or another pursuing a visionary happiness; or on the other hand he may see someone who develops a definite inner reality merely out of his imagination, develops something most real for the inner life—that is, out of mere semblance, not out of the world of real facts. Thus he might say to himself—Would it not be the most incredible incongruity as regards the connection of man's inner nature with the outer world, if the matter ended with this one fact occurring in the one earth-life? There is no doubt that, when a man passes through the gate of death, any illusion of fortune or of jealousy which he has looked on as a reality will be wiped out. But what he has united with his soul as pleasure and pain, the effect which has arisen in the stirrings of his feelings, becomes a power living its own life in his soul and connected with his further evolution in the universe. Thus we see, by means of the transformation described, that man is actually called upon to develop a reality out of the semblance.
With this, however, we have also arrived at an explanation of what was said at the beginning. It becomes clear to us now why it is impossible for a man to connect his fortune with his ego, with his individuality. Yet, even if he cannot directly connect it with his ego as external happenings that approach him and raise his existence, he can, nevertheless, so transform it within himself, that what was originally external semblance becomes inner reality. Thereby man becomes the transformer of outward semblance into being, into reality. But when we look around upon the world about us, we see how the crystals, the plants and animals are hindered by external circumstances so that they cannot live out fully the inner laws of their growth; we see how countless seeds must perish without coming into true existence. What is it that fails to happen? Why can we not speak here of good or bad fortune as we have stated it?—The reason is that these are not examples of an outer becoming an inner, so that in fact an outer is mirrored in the inner and a semblance transformed into real being. It is only because man has this central core of being within him that he can free himself from the immediate external reality and experience a new reality. This reality experienced within him lifts his ordinary existence above external life so that he can say: On the one hand, I live in the line of heredity, since I bear within me what I have inherited from my parents, grandparents, and so on; but I also live in what is only a spiritual line of causation, and yet can give me something besides the fortune that may come to me from the outside world.—Through this alone it is clear that man is indeed a member of two worlds, an outer and an inner. You may call it dualism, but the very way that man transforms semblance into reality shows us that this dualism is itself merely semblance, since in man outer semblance is continually being transformed into inner reality. And life shows us, too, that what we experience in imagination when we call an actual fact false becomes reality within us.
Thus we see that what may be called good and bad fortune is closely associated with what is within man. But we see, too, how closely associated it is with the conception of spiritual science, that man stands in a succession of repeated earth-lives. If we look at the matter in this way we may say: Do we not then base our inner happiness on an outer semblance and reckon with this happiness as something permanent in our evolution? All external good fortune that falls to our share is characterized in what, according to legend, Solon said to Croesus: Call no man happy till you know his end.—All good fortune that comes to us from outside may change; good fortune may turn into bad. But what is there in the realm of fortune that can never be taken from us? What we make of the fortune that falls to us whether it comes from success or failure. Fundamentally the following true and excellent folk-saying can be applied to the whole of a man's relation to his fortune: Everyone is the smith of his own fortune.—Simple country people have coined many beautiful and extraordinarily apposite sayings about fortune, and from these we can see what profound philosophy there is in the simplest man's outlook. In this respect those who call themselves the most enlightened could learn very much from them. To be sure these truths are often presented to us in a very crude form. There is even a proverb that says: Against a certain human quality the Gods themselves contend in vain. There is, however, also a noteworthy proverb that connects this particular human quality—against which the Gods are said to contend in vain—with good fortune, saying: Fools have the most luck. We need not conclude from this that the Gods seek to reward such men with good fortune to make up for their stupidity. Nevertheless, this proverb shows us a distinct consciousness of the inner depths and of the necessity for deepening what we must call the interdependence in the world of man and fortune. For as long as our wisdom is applicable to external matters alone, it will help us very little; it can help us only when it is changed into something within ourselves, that is, when it again acquires the quality, originally possessed by primitive man, of building on the strong central core that transcends birth and death, the central core that is explicable only in the light of repeated earth-lives. Thus what a man experiences as the mere semblance of fortune in the outer world is distinguished from what we may call the true essence of fortune. This comes into being the moment a man can make something of the external facts of his life, can transform them and assimilate them with the evolving core of his being which goes on from life to life. And when a sick man—Herder—in the most severe physical pain says to his son: “Give me a sublime and beautiful thought, and I will refresh myself with it”, we see clearly that in an afflicted life Herder awaits the illumination of a beautiful thought as refreshment—that is, as a stroke of good fortune.
Hence it is easy to say that man with his inner being must be the smith of his own fortune. But let us fix our minds on the powerful influence of that world-conception of spiritual science that we have been able to touch upon to-day, where it is not merely theoretical knowledge but knowledge that stirs the core of our souls, since it is filled with what transcends good or bad fortune. If we grasp this world-outlook thus, it will furnish us with more sublime thoughts than almost any other, thoughts that make it possible for a man—even at the moment when he must succumb to misfortune—to say: “But this is only a part of the whole of life.”
This question of fortune has been raised to-day to show how everyday existence is ennobled and enriched by the real thoughts concerning life's totality which spiritual science can give us, thoughts that do not merely touch upon life as theories but that bring with them the forces of life. And this is the essential. We must not only have external grounds of consolation for one who is to learn to bear misfortune through the awakening of those inner forces, rather must we be able to give him the real inner forces that lead beyond the sphere of misfortune to a sphere to which—although life seems to contradict this—he actually belongs. This, however, can only be given by a science which shows that human life extends beyond birth and death, and yet is linked with the whole beneficent foundation of our world-order. If we can count upon this in a world-conception, then we may say that this conception fulfills the hopes of even the best of men; we may say that with such a conviction a man can look at life as one who though his ship is tossed to and fro by surging waves yet finds courage to rely on nothing in the outer world, but on his own inner strength and character. And perhaps the observations of to-day may serve to set before men an ideal that Goethe in a certain way sketched for us, but that we may interpret beyond Goethe's hopes as an ideal for every man. True, it does not stand as something to be immediately achieved in the single human life, but as an ideal for man's life as a totality—if a man, tossed to and fro in his life between good and bad fortune, feels like a sailor buffeted by stormy waves, who can rely on his own inner power. This must lead to a point of view which, with a slight adaptation of Goethe's words, we may describe thus:
Man stands with courage at the helm
By wind and waves the ship is driven—
The wind and waves do not affect him.
Controlling them he looks in the green depths
And trusts, no matter wrecked or safe in port,
The forces of his inner being.
Das Glück, Sein Wesen und Sein Schein
Zu denjenigen Erkenntnissen der Geisteswissenschaft, welche weiteren Kreisen unserer Zeitgenossen am wenigsten einleuchten können, gehört zweifellos die von den wiederholten Erdenleben und ferner jene von dem Hinüberklingen der Ursachen, die in einem Erdenleben durch den Menschen gelegt werden, in andere Erdenleben, kurz das, was wir als das Gesetz der geistigen Verursachung oder das Gesetz vom Karma bezeichnen. Daß die gegenwärtige Menschheit sich absprechend und zweifelhaft gegenüber diesen Erkenntnissen verhalten muß, ist aus all den Denkgewohnheiten des gegenwärtigen Lebens heraus zu begreifen. Und es wird wohl so lange dauern, ehe diese Denkgewohnheiten sich geändert haben, bis es zu einer allgemeineren Anerkennung des Einleuchtenden gerade dieser Grundwahrheiten der Geisteswissenschaft kommt. Aber eine unbefangene Betrachtung desLebens, eine vorurteilsfreie Anschauung desjenigen, was im Alltage geradezu rätselhaft vor unsere Augen tritt, und was nur erklärlich ist, wenn wir diese erwähnten Wahrheiten zugrunde legen, wird immer mehr und mehr zu einer Anderung der Denkgewohnheiten und dann auch zu einer Anerkennung des Einleuchtenden dieser großen Wahrheiten führen.
Zu den Erscheinungen, die wir insbesondere in dieses Gebiet zählen dürfen, gehören ohne Zweifel diejenigen, die gewöhnlich in so vieldeutige Namen zusammengefaßt wer den, wie dasGlück oder das Unglück des Menschen. Es brauchen nur diese zwei Worte ausgesprochen zu werden, und es wird sogleich im Herzen des Menschen das Empfindungsurteil widerklingen, daß damit etwas gesagt ist, was den Menschen recht sehr auf die Grenzen aufmerksam machen könne, welche zwischen seinem Erkennen und demjenigen, was sich draußen in der Welt abspielt, gezogen sind. Dieses, ebensosehr wie ein anderes, erklingt als Empfindungsurteil in der Seele: ein Urteil, das zu einer unauslöschlichen Sehnsucht führt, irgend etwas über jene unerklärlichen Zusammenhänge zu wissen, die man aus einer gewissen Aufklärung heraus immer wieder ableugnen mag, die aber doch ein ganz unbefangener Trieb des menschlichen Erkennens anerkennen muß. Wir brauchen uns nur vor die Seele zu rufen, was Glück oder Unglück, insbesondere das letztere, für dasMenschenleben Rätselhaftes haben können, um das Gesagte einzusehen, ein Rätselhaftes, das wahrhaftig nicht durch irgendeine theoretische Antwort erledigt werden kann, sondern das deutlich zeigt, daß zu seiner Beantwortung mehr notwendig ist als eine Theorie, als irgend etwas, was im äußeren Sinne abstrakte Wissenschaft genannt werden kann. Der Mensch hat ja —- wer wollte das bezweifeln — unmittelbar in seiner Seele den Drang, in einer gewissen Übereinstimmung mit seiner Umgebung, mit der Welt zu sein. Und welche Summe von Nichtübereinstimmung kann sich darin ausdrücken, daß zuweilen irgendein Mensch von sich nicht anders sagen kann, oder daß seine Mitmenschen nicht anders können, als von ihm zu sagen, er werde sein ganzes Leben lang vom Unglück verfolgt. An eine solche Anerkennung knüpft sich ein «Warum?» von einschneidender, tiefer Bedeutung für alles, was wir zu sagen haben über den Wert des Menschenlebens, über den Wert auch derjenigen Kräfte, welche diesem Menschenleben zugrunde liegen.
Robert Hamerling, der bedeutsame, aber leider viel zu wenig gewürdigte Dichter des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, hat in seinen Prosa-Aufsätzen eine kleine Abhandlung «Über das Glück» geschrieben, und er beginnt das, was er zu sagen hat, mit einer Erinnerung, die sich ihm, wie er sagt, immer wieder und wieder aufdrängte, wenn er über die Frage nach dem Glück nachdachte. Er hat diese — sei es eine Legende oder sonst etwas, darauf kommt es nicht an — in Venedig erzählen hören: «Es wurde einem Ehepaare ein Mädchen geboren. Die Frau starb an den Folgen der Geburt. Der Vater hörte an dem Tage, als dieses Kind geboren worden ist, daß sein ganzer Besitz bei einem Schiffsunglück zugrunde gegangen sei, und es traf ihn darüber der Schlag, so daß er an dem Tage der Geburt des Kindes starb. So war das Kind von dem Unglück betroffen, Waise zu sein von dem ersten Tage an, da es in das irdische Dasein eintrat. Es wurde zunächst von einer reichen Verwandten angenommen. Diese vermachte dem Kinde in dem Testament, das sie aufstellte, ein großes Vermögen. Sie starb aber, da das Kind noch ganz jung war. Und siehe da, als man das Testament eröffnete, zeigte sich ein Formfehler; es wurde angefochten, und das Kind hatte das ganze Vermögen, das ihm in Aussicht gestellt war, verloren. Es wuchs nun heran in Not und Elend und mußte sich dann später als Magd verdingen. Da verliebte sich in das Kind ein ganz lieber, netter Bursche, den das Mädchen sehr gern hatte. Doch nachdem das Verhältnis eine Zeitlang gedauert hatte, und das Mädchen, das sich unter Unglück und unter den schwierigsten Verhältnissen im Leben hatte fortbringen müssen, nun hätte hoffen können, daß es jetzt zu irgendeinem Glück käme, da stellte sich heraus, daß der Geliebte mosaischen Glaubens sei, und daß daher aus der Ehe nichts werden könnte. Sie machte ihm darüber die bittersten Vorwürfe, daß er sie betrogen hätte, aber sie konnte von ihm nicht lassen. Immer verläuft dies Leben in einem merkwürdigen Wechselspiel. Auch der Bursche konnte von dem Mädchen nicht lassen, und er versprach ihr, wenn sein Vater einmal sterben würde, was nicht mehr lange dauern könnte, so würde er sich taufen lassen, und die Ehe könnte vollzogen werden. Er wurde auch tatsächlich bald an das Krankenbett seines Vaters gerufen. Unter all den Schmerzen, die unsere Unglückliche zu ertragen hatte, ist nun noch das, daß sie krank wurde, schwer krank. Unterdessen war der Vater ihres Bräutigams in der Ferne gestorben. Ihr Bräutigam ließ sich taufen. Doch als er kam, war dasMädchen bereits an den moralischenLeiden, die sie auszustehen hatte in Verbindung mit ihrem physischen Leiden, gestorben. Er fand nur noch seine tote Braut. Jetzt traf ihn der bitterste Schmerz. Es ergriff ihn der unwiderstehliche Wunsch, und er konnte nicht anders — er mußte das Mädchen, trotzdem es begraben war, noch einmal sehen. Er konnte auch schließlich bewirken, daß es ausgegraben wurde. Und siehe da, es lag in einer solchen Stellung, daß man deutlich sehen konnte: es war lebendig begraben worden und hatte sich im Grabe, als es aufgewacht war, gewendet!»
Diese Erzählung, sagt Hamerling, fiel ihm immer wieder ein, wenn die Rede darauf kam, oder wenn er denken mußte, was menschliches Unglück sein kann, und wie es tatsächlich manchmal so aussehen könnte, wie wenn ein Mensch von seiner Geburt bis zum Grabe nicht nur, sondern über das Grab hinaus, wie in diesem Falle, von Unglück verfolgt werden würde. Gewiß, die Erzählung mag eine Legende sein, aber darauf kommt es nicht an, denn ein jeglicher von uns wird sich sagen: In diesem Augenblick — die Begebenheit mag wahr oder nicht wahr sein — könnte die Begebenheit möglich sein und sich so zugetragen haben, auch wenn sie sich in Wahrheit nicht zugetragen hat. Aber sie illustriert uns in aller Deutlichkeit die große, bange Frage: Wie können wir das «Warum?» nach dem Werte eines Lebens beantworten, das so von Unglück verfolgt wird? — Das macht uns allerdings darauf aufmerksam, daß es vielleicht ganz unmöglich sein könnte, über Glück oder Unglück zu sprechen, wenn man das einzelne Menschenleben überhaupt nur in Frage zieht. Und wenigstens über dieses einzelne Menschenleben hinauszublicken, könnte als Anforderung in bezug auf die Denkgewohnheiten sich herausstellen, wenn man ein Leben vor sich hat, welches uns so in die Welt eingesponnen scheint, daß keine Vorstellung über den Wert des Menschenlebens sich mit dem verträgt, was dieses Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod durchzumachen hat. Da scheinen wir so recht über die Grenzen von Geburt und Tod hinausgewiesen zu werden.
Wenn wir aber nun die Worte Glück oder Unglück genauer ins Auge fassen, werden wir sogleich sehen, daß sie im Grunde genommen nur in einer gewissen Sphäre anzuwenden sind, daß uns zwar vieles draußen in der Welt, außerhalb des Menschen, an die eigentümliche Zusammenstimmung oder Nichtzusammenstimmung des Menschen mit der Welt erinnern kann, daß wir aber doch kaum in die Lage kommen können, bei ähnlichen, analogen Vorkommnissen außerhalb des Menschen von Glück oder Unglück zu sprechen. Nehmen wir einmal an, daß schon der Kristall, der sich nach gewissen Gesetzen in regelmäßigen Formen bilden soll, durch die Nachbarschaft anderer Kristalle oder durch sonstige Naturkräfte, die in seiner Nachbarschaft wirken, gezwungen werden kann, sich nicht allseitig auszubilden, indem er verhindert wird, jene Ecken und Kanten zu bilden, die er bilden sollte, so daß es gut ausgebildete, ihren inneren Gesetzen entsprechende Kristalle eigentlich sehr wenig in der Natur gibt. Oder wenn wir die Pflanze betrachten, so müssen wir sagen, daß auch ihr ein inneres Bildungsgesetz wie eingeboren ist. Aber bei wie vielen Pflanzen müssen wir sagen, daß sie keineswegs dazu kommen, die ganzeKraft ihrer inneren Bildungstriebe wirklich gegenüber Wind und Wetter und anderem, was sich in der Umgebung befindet, zur Entfaltung zu bringen. Und ein Gleiches können wir von den Tieren sagen. Ja, wir können noch weiter gehen und brauchen uns nur die nicht hinwegzuleugnende Tatsache vor Augen zu halten, wie viele Keime von Lebewesen im Entstehen vergehen und nicht zu einer wirklichen Ausbildung kommen, weil sie gegenüber den äußeren Verhältnissen keine Möglichkeit haben, wirklich das zu werden, wozu sie veranlagt sind. Denken wir, wie groß allein die Anzahl der Keime im Meere ist, die zu den Meeresbewohnern werden könnten, welche da oder dort dieseMeere bevölkern, und wie wenig davon wirklich zur Ausbildung kommen. Da könnten wir allerdings in einer gewissen Weise sagen: Wir sehen klar und deutlich, daß die Wesen, die uns in den verschiedenen Naturreichen entgegentreten, innere Bildungskräfte und Gesetze haben, daß aber diese inneren Bildungskräfte und Gesetze ihre Hemmnisse, ihre Grenzen an ihrer Umgebung finden und an der Unmöglichkeit, sich selbst mit der Umwelt in Einklang zu bringen. — Und wie könnten wir übersehen, daß in der Tat etwas Ähnliches vorliegt, wenn wir vom menschlichen Glück oder Unglück sprechen. Da sehen wir, wie der Mensch die Möglichkeit sich auszuleben, dadurch nicht in Wirklichkeit verwandeln kann, daß sich ihm Hemmnis über Hemmnis entgegensetzt. Oder wir können sehen, daß der Mensch gleich einem Kristall — es ist das nur methaphorisch gesagt -, der so glücklich ist, daß er nach allen Seiten seine Ecken und Kanten frei ausbilden kann, sagen könnte: Mich hindert nichts, mir kommen die äußeren Umstände, mir kommt der Gang der Welt entgegen, sie helfen mir, das aus mir auszubilden, was in meinem inneren Wesenskern veranlagt ist! — Und nur im letzteren Falle spricht der Mensch gewöhnlich davon, daß er Glück habe. Ein anderes Verhältnis läßt ihn entweder gleichgültig, oder zwingt ihn direkt von Unglück zu sprechen. Aber wir können, wenn wir nicht bloß bildlich sprechen wollen, ohne ins Phantastische zu verfallen, immerhin nicht von dem Unglück der Kristalle, der Pflanzen oder gar der unzähligen Keime sprechen, die im Meere verkommen, bevor sie überhaupt entstehen können. Wir müssen schon, das fühlen wir, ins Menschenleben aufsteigen, um eine Berechtigung zu haben, von Unglück oder Glück zu sprechen. Und wir bemerken innerhalb des Menschenlebens bald, daß es eine Grenze gibt, an welcher wir nicht mehr von Glück oder Unglück sprechen können, trotzdem das Äußere, was den Menschen treibt, zunächst für sein unmittelbares Leben zerstörend, hemmend, hindernd sein kann. Oder sprechen wir etwa — wir können fühlen, daß wir es nicht tun —, wenn wir den großen Märtyrer, der irgendeine bedeutsame Sache der Welt zu überbringen hat, durch die seiner Aufgabe feindlichen Gewalten dem Tode verfallen sehen, — sprechen wir mit einem gewissen Recht zum Beispiel einem Giordano Bruno gegenüber, weil er dem Feuertode überliefert worden ist, von Unglück? Wir fühlen es, daß hier im Menschen selber etwas liegt, wo die Möglichkeit aufhört, von einem bloßen Unglück oder, wenn die Sache gelingt, von einem Glück zu sprechen. So sehen wir Glück oder Unglück geradezu auf die menschliche Sphäre und innerhalb derselben gewissermaßen auch wieder auf ein engeres Gebiet verwiesen.
Wenn wir nun an den Menschen selber herantreten da, wo er sein Leben innerhalb von Glück und Unglück empfindet, so stellt sich heraus, daß sich im Grunde genommen dieses Glück oder Unglück recht wenig irgendwo fassen läßt, wenn wir es begrifflich fassen wollen. Denn betrachten wir einmal Diogenes — mag auch wieder eine Legende zugrunde liegen, möglich ist aber, daß es so geschehen ist — wie ihn Alexander auffordert, daß er sich eine Gunst, also sagen wir ein Glück, von ihm ausbitte. Und siehe da, Diogenes fordert, wie nicht sehr viele Menschen in diesem Falle, daß Alexander ihm aus der Sonne gehe. Das also war es, was ihm in diesem Augenblicke zu seinem Glück fehlte. Wie würde mancher andere in diesem Augenblicke das, was zu seinem Glück fehlte, für sich selber interpretiert haben? Aber gehen wir weiter. Kann jemand im entferntesten glauben, daß das Glück des genußsüchtigen Menschen, der sein Leben nur dann als ein glückliches betrachtet, wenn alle seine Begierden, die aus seinen Leidenschaften und Trieben heraus entstehen, ihm befriedigt werden können, manchmal durch die alltäglichsten Genüsse, daß das, was ein solcher Glück nennt, auch Glück sein könnte für den Asketen, der die Vervollkommnung seines Wesens davon erwartet und nur dadurch das Leben für lebenswert hält, daß er sich selber in jeder Weise alles mögliche entzieht, daß er sich auch selber sogar gewissen Schmerzen und Leiden aussetzt, die nicht sonst vom gewöhnlichen Glück oder Unglück über ihn verhängt wären? Wie verschieden sind die Vorstellungen von Glück und Unglück bei einem Asketen und bei einem Genüßling! Aber wir können noch weiter gehen, um zu zeigen, wie uns ein jeglicher Begriff von Glück, der allgemein sein will, aus den Händen gleitet. Wir brauchen lediglich daran zu denken, wie unglücklich ein Mensch sein kann, der ohne Grund, ohne daß irgendeine wahre Realität zugrunde liegt, recht eifersüchtig wird. Nehmen wir einen Menschen, der gar keinen Grund zur Eifersucht hat, der aber in dem Glauben ist, daß er alle möglichen Gründe dafür habe. Er ist im tiefsten Sinne des Wortes unglücklich — und es gibt gar keinen äußeren Anlaß dazu. Aber das Maß, die Intensität des Unglückes hängt durchaus nicht von irgendeiner äußeren Realität ab, sondern lediglich von der Art, wie sich der betreffende Mensch, und zwar in diesem Falle ganz aus einer Illusion heraus, zu der äußeren Realität in seinem Leben stellt.
Daß nicht nur das Unglück, sondern auch das Glück höchst subjektiv sein kann, daß es uns sozusagen bei jedem Schritt und Tritt von der Außenwelt in die Innenwelt verweist, das zeigt eine sehr schöne Erzählung, die uns Jean Paul in seinen «Flegeljahren» im Beginne des ersten Bändchens gegeben hat, in der ein Mensch, der sonst in Mitteldeutschland lebt, sich das Glück ausmalt, das es für ihn wäre, wenn er in Schweden Pfarrer sein könnte. Es ist eine ganz reizende Stelle, wie er sich ausmalt, wenn er in seinem Pfarrhof sitzen und den Tag erleben würde, da es schon nachmittags um zwei Uhr finster wird. Wie die Menschen in die Kirche gehen würden, jeder mit seinem eigenen Licht, wo dann die Bilder aufsteigen, die er einmal als Kind hatte, wo jedes seiner Geschwister auch mit einem eigenen Licht kam, wie er schwelgt beim Phantasiebild des Kirchganges der Leute durch die Finsternis, jeder mit seinem eigenen Licht. Oder wenn er sich hineinträumt in andere Situationen, die einfach dadurch hervorgerufen werden, daß sie an gewisse Naturzusammenhänge erinnern, zum Beispiel er wäre in Italien, er brauchte sich bloß vorzustellen, daß man die Orangenbäume sieht und so weiter. Das alles versetzt ihn in eine Stimmung wunderbarsten Glückes, aber es ist gar nichts davon irgendeine Realität, sondern alles ist nur Traum.
Zweifellos weist Jean Paul mit diesem Traum eines Pfarrers in Schweden auf tiefe Zusammenhänge der Glücks- oder Unglücksfragen hin, indem er zeigen will, wie im Grunde genommen die Frage nach Glück oder Unglück von der Außenwelt doch abgelenkt werden kann auf das menschliche Innere. Sonderbar, wir haben hier deshalb, weil Glück und Unglück ganz abhängen können von dem menschlichen Inneren, den Begriff des Glückes als einen allgemeinen zerfließen sehen. Und doch wieder, wenn wir auf das blicken, was der Mensch gewöhnlich sein Glück oder Unglück nennt, dann bezieht er das, was er so bezeichnet, in unzähligen Fällen ganz gewiß nicht auf sein Inneres, sondern auf irgend etwas Äußeres. Ja, wir könnten sogar sagen: Das Eigenartige des Bedürfnisses nach Glück beim Menschen ist tief darin begründet, daß der Mensch unablässig den Drang hat, nicht einsam und allein mit seinem Denken, mit seinem Fühlen und seinem ganzen innerlichen Werden zu sein, sondern im Einklange mit dem, was in seiner Umgebung wirkt und webt. — Von Glück spricht der Mensch im Grunde genommen dann, wenn er nicht will, daß das, was er an Erfolg, an Wirkung hat, nur von ihm abhänge, sondern wenn er gerade Wert darauf legt, daß es nicht von ihm, sondern von etwas anderem abhängt. Wir brauchen uns nur — zweifellos gehört hier das Kleinste und das Größte zusammen — das Glück des Spielers vor Augen malen. Wir können ganz gut das Glück des Spielers in einen Zusammenhang bringen, man möchte sagen, so paradox es erscheint, mit der Befriedigung, die jemand an einer gewonnenen Erkenntnis hat. Denn was wir erkannt haben, ruft in uns das Gefühl hervor, daß wir in unserem Denken, in unserem Seelenleben in Einklang stehen mit der Welt, daß wir dasjenige, was draußen ist, in der Auffassung auch in unserem Inneren haben, daß wir nicht einsam hier stehen und die Welt uns anstarrt wie ein Rätsel, sondern daß das Innere auf das Äußere antwortet. Daß ein lebendiger inniger Kontakt mit dem Äußeren da ist, daß das Äußere im Inneren wieder aufleuchtet und sich spiegelt, daß das Äußere etwas zu tun habe mit dem Inneren, wofür ein Zusammenstimmen der Beweis ist, das ist doch im Grunde genommen die Befriedigung, die wir an der Erkenntnis haben. Beim Spieler, der gewinnt, können wir nicht anders, wenn wir uns seine Befriedigung analysieren wollen, als uns sagen — selbst wenn ihm der Gedanke, worauf seine Befriedigung beruht, nicht aufsteigt, sie könnte nicht da sein, wenn er selbst das tun könnte, was eintritt. Und die Befriedigung beruht darauf, daß etwas ohne sein Zutun außer ihm herbeigeführt wird, daß die Welt gleichsam auf ihn Rücksicht nimmt —, daß sie etwas heranträgt, was ihm zugute kommt, daß die Welt im einzelnen Falle zeigt, daß er nicht außer ihr steht, sondern daß er einen bestimmten Kontakt, einen bestimmten Zusammenhang mit ihr hat. Und das Unglück, das der Spieler empfindet, wenn er verliert, beruht im Grunde genommen darauf, daß es für ihn eine solche Empfindung nicht gibt, sondern das Unglück löst in ihm eine Empfindung aus, als wenn er von der Welt ausgeschlossen wäre, als ob sie keine Rücksicht auf ihn nähme, als wenn der Kontakt mit ihr durchbrochen wäre.
Kurz, wir sehen, wie es gar nicht richtig ist, daß der Mensch mit Glück oder Unglück nur etwas meint, was in seinem Innern abgeschlossen sein kann, sondern gerade das im tiefsten Sinne meint, wenn er von Glück oder Unglück spricht, was einen Zusammenhang herstellen kann zwischen ihm und der Welt. Deshalb wird der Mensch unserer aufgeklärten Zeit kaum irgendeiner Sache gegenüber so leicht abergläubisch, so grotesk abergläubisch, als gerade dem gegenüber, was manGlück, was man seineErwartung von irgendwelchen Kräften oder Elementen nennt, die außerhalb seiner liegen und ihm zu Hilfe kommen sollen. Wenn beim Menschen so etwas vorliegt, kann er recht abergläubisch werden. Ich kannte einmal einen sehr aufgeklärten deutschen Dichter. Der schrieb in der Zeit, von der hier die Rede ist, ein Drama. Dieses Drama wurde bis zum Ende eines bestimmten Monats, das konnte er sich schon vorher sagen, nicht fertig. Aber er hatte den Aberglauben, daß er mit diesem Drama nur einen Erfolg haben könne, wenn es vor dem Ersten des nächsten Monats an die betreffende Theaterdirektion eingeschickt würde. Würde es später werden, so hatte er den Aberglauben, dann könnte es keinen Erfolg haben. Zufällig ging ich nun, als die letzten Tage des Monats heranrückten, auf der Straße, ich wußte aus dem Verkehr mit dem Betreffenden, daß er mit seiner Arbeit lange nicht fertig war, da sah ich ihn in rasender Eile auf dem Zweirade zur Post fahren. Ich wartete, und als er wieder herauskam, sagte er mir: «Ich habe nun mein Drama an das Theater eingeschickt.» Ich fragte ihn darauf: «Sind Sie denn fertig geworden?» Da meinte er: «Ich habe noch an den letzten Akten zu arbeiten. Aber ich habe es jetzt so eingeschickt, weil ich glaube, daß es nur einen Erfolg haben kann, wenn es noch vor Ablauf dieses Monats ankommt. Ich habe aber auch gleich dazu geschrieben, daß man es mir, wenn es einläuft, wieder zurückschicken möchte. Dann werde ich es fertig machen. Aber es muß zu dieser Zeit eingeschickt werden!» Da sehen wir, wie sozusagen ein Mensch nicht vertraut auf das, was er kann, sondern daß er die Hilfe von außen erwartet, wie er erwartet, daß das, was werden soll, nicht bloß durch ihn gemacht werde, durch seine Tüchtigkeit oder seine Kraft, sondern daß ihm die Welt außerhalb seiner zu Hilfe kommt, daß sie etwas weiß von ihm, so daß er nicht so einsam dasteht mit dem, was er als einzelne Seele ist.
Alles das beweist uns nur, daß im Grunde genommen wirklich der Begriff des Glückes in seiner Allgemeinheit uns entschlüpft, wenn wir ihn fassen wollen. Und er entschlüpft einem auch, wenn man sich in der Literatur bei denjenigen umschaut, die über das Glück irgend etwas geschrieben haben, denn es schreiben ja über die Dinge gewöhnlich Menschen, die sich sozusagen mit dem Schreiben in irgendeiner Weise beschäftigen. Nun weiß ein jeder von vornherein, daß man in einer richtigen Weise eigentlich nur von demjenigen sprechen kann, mit dem man in einer lebensvollen, nicht bloß in einer theoretischen Beziehung steht. Diejenigen nun, die als Philosophen oder als Psychologen über das Glück schreiben, stehen ja im Grunde genommen in einer lebensvollen Beziehung nur mit demjenigen an Glück oder Unglück, was sie selbst erlebt haben. Nun ist schon ein Faktor, der außerordentlich stark in die Waagschale fällt, der, daß Erkennen an sich, wie es uns in der äußeren Menschenwelt entgegentritt, daß Wissen, wenn es in einem gewissen höheren Sinne genommen wird, von vornherein eine Art Glück bedeutet. Das wird jeder zugeben, der jene innere Beseligung je gefühlt hat, welche Erkenntnis geben kann, und das wird im Grunde genommen dadurch beglaubigt, daß die hervorragendsten Philosophen, angefangen bei Aristoteles bis in unsere Zeit, immerdar den Besitz der Weisheit, des Wissens als ein besonderes Glück bezeichnet haben. Aber wir müssen uns auf der anderen Seite doch wieder fragen: Was hat eine solche Antwort auf die Frage nach dem Glück gegenüber demjenigen zu bedeuten, der wochenlang, mit wenig Ausnahmen, unten in einem finsteren Bergwerke arbeitet, oder dem gegenüber, der im Bergwerke verschüttet wird und vielleicht tagelang noch in grauenvollstem Zustande lebt? Was hat eine solche philosophische Ausdeutung des Glückes mit dem zu tun, was in der Seele eines Menschen lebt, der niedrige, vielleicht ekelhafte Arbeit im Leben zu verrichten hat? — Das Leben gibt merkwürdige Antwort auf die Frage nach dem Glück. Und wir können in Hülle und Fülle die Erfahrung machen, daß die Antworten der Philosophen wirklich in einer merkwürdig grotesken Art sich oftmals gerade in dieser Beziehung von dem entfernen, was uns alltäglich im Leben entgegentreten kann, wenn wir dieses Leben nur in seiner wahren Gestalt betrachten wollen. Aber auch anderes lehrt uns wieder das Leben über das Glück. Und da erscheint uns selbst von den eben geltend gemachten Standpunkten aus als ein merkwürdiger Widerspruch in der Glückauffassung das Leben selber. Es sei ein Fall für viele erzählt.
Nehmen wir einmal an, ein Mensch mit, sagen wir, höheren Ideen, selbst mit der Fähigkeit einer ausgezeichneten Phantasie, müsse eine niedere Arbeit verrichten. Er müsse als gemeiner Soldat fast sein ganzes Leben zubringen. Ich spreche von einem Falle aus dem Leben, der wahrhaftig keine Legende ist, sondern von dem Falle eines höchst merkwürdigen Menschen, Josef Emanuel Hilscher mit Namen, der 1806 in Österreich geboren, 1837 gestorben ist, der die längste Zeit seines Lebens als gemeiner Soldat zu dienen hatte, es zu nichts gebracht hatte als zum Fourier, und der trotz glänzender Begabungen nicht über diesen Grad hinauskommen konnte. Dieser Mann hat eine größere Anzahl nicht nur formvollendeter, sondern tief vom Seelenleben durchdrungener Gedichte hinterlassen, auch ausgezeichnete Übersetzungen des englischen Dichters Byron. Dieser Mann hat ein reiches Innenleben gehabt. Man male sich den ganzen Kontrast aus, der da bei diesem Leben bestand zwischen dem, was ihm äußerlich der Tag an Glück brachte, und dem, was er innerlich durchlebt hat. Die Gedichte sind keineswegs von Pessimismus durchdrungen, sie sind durchdrungen von Kraft und Fülle. Sie zeigen uns, wie dieses Leben, trotz mancher Enttäuschungen, welche es für ein solches Leben gibt, bis zu einem gewissen Grade sich zu einer Unendlichkeit erweiterte und zu einer inneren Beseligung kam. Es ist schade, daß die Menschheit gerade solche Erscheinungen so leicht vergißt. Denn wenn wir uns wieder eine solche Erscheinung vor Augen stellen, so kann sich uns, weil die Dinge nur gradweise voneinander verschieden sind, zeigen, daß es vielleicht eine Möglichkeit selbst da noch gibt, wo das äußere Leben des Menschen ganz und gar von dem Glück verlassen zu sein scheint, von dem innersten Wesen des Menschen heraus eine Glückslage zu schaffen.
Nun kann man insbesondere von dem Gesichtspunkte der Geisteswissenschaft, wenn man nämlich durchaus bei mißverständlichen oder primitiven Auffassungen bleiben will, sogar fanatisch gegen das Glück wettern, oder auch fanatisch einseitig aus der Idee der wiederholten Erdenleben und des Karma das Leben erklären wollen. Das Eine, fanatisch gegen das Glück zu wettern, wäre, wenn jemand aus mißverstandenen Unterlagen an die Geisteswissenschaft herantritt und sagen wollte, daß alles Streben nach Glück und Zufriedenheit doch nur Egoismus sei, und Geisteswissenschaft doch gerade den Menschen über den Egoismus hinauszuführen versuche. Schon Aristoteles fand es im Grunde genommen sogar lächerlich, wenn man behaupten wollte, daß der tugendhafte Mensch mitten in unerklärlichen Schmerzen irgendwie zufrieden sein könnte. Denn das Glück braucht nicht bloß als eine Befriedigung des Egoismus aufgefaßt zu werden, sondern selbst wenn das Glück zunächst nur eine Befriedigung des Egoismus bedeutet, so brauchte es doch zum Gesamtheile der Menschheit nicht wertlos sein. Denn das Glück kann auch so aufgefafßt werden, daß es unsere Seelenkräfte in eine gewisse harmonische Stimmung bringt und sie daher sich allseitig entfalten läßt, während Unglück disharmonische Stimmungen in unserem Seelenleben schafft und uns hindert, unsere Tüchtigkeiten und unsere Kräfte auszuleben. — So können wir das Glück, wenn es auch zunächst nur als eine Befriedigung des Egoismus gesucht wird, als den Pfleger von innerer harmonischer Seelenkraft ansehen, und wir können auf der einen Seite hoffen, daß der, welcher solche innere harmonische Seelenkraft durch das Glück zubereitet erhält, über seinen Egoismus allmählich hinauskommt, während der Mensch es wahrscheinlich schwer hat, aus dem Egoismus herauszukommen, wenn er nur von Unglück verfolgt wird. Und auf der anderen Seite kann man wieder sagen: Wenn der Mensch Glück anstrebt und als Befriedigung des Egoismus erhält, so kann er dadurch, daß seine Kräfte in Harmonie versetzt werden, für sich und andere in heilsamer Weise Gutes wirken. — So darf nicht einseitig bloß gewettert werden gegen das, was Glück genannt werden kann. Aber auf der anderen Seite begeht mancher, der da glaubt an die Geisteswissenschaft schon herangekommen zu sein, wenn er nur von ferne das eine oder das andere wahrgenommen hat, wieder einen Fehler, indem er sagt: Da habe ich einen unglücklichen Menschen und dort einen glücklichen vor mir. Wenn ich an Karma, an die Verursachung des einen Lebens aus dem anderen denke, so kann ich mir leicht erklären, wie der, welcher unglücklich ist, sich dieses Unglück in einem vorhergehenden Leben selbst zubereitet hat, und wie der Glückliche in einem früheren Leben sein Glück selbst verursacht hat. — Eine solche Aussage hat etwas Verfängliches aus dem Grunde, weil sie in einer gewissen Beziehung richtig ist. Aber Karma, das heißt das Gesetz von der Verursachung des einen Erdenlebens aus dem anderen, darf nicht im Sinne eines bloß erklärenden Gesetzes genommen werden, sondern man muß es als etwas ansehen, das in unseren Willen eindringt und uns dazu bringt, im Sinne dieses Gesetzes zu leben. Nur dann aber ist dieses Gesetz vor dem Leben berechtigt und gerechtfertigt, wenn es das Leben erhöht, bereichert. Dem Glück gegenüber hat sich uns gezeigt, daß der Mensch zunächst die Sucht nach dem Glück aus der Begierde heraus erzeugt, nicht einsam dazustehen, sondern etwas von den äußeren Verhältnissen der Welt zu haben, so daß diese auf ihn Rücksicht nehmen. Auf der anderen Seite hat sich uns gezeigt, daß aber Glück etwas sein kann, was im vollen Widerspruche mit den äußeren Tatsachen nur durch die Anschauungen des Menschen, durch das, was er an den äußeren Tatsachen erlebt, herbeigeführt werden kann.
Wo gibt es einen nicht durch Abstraktionen und Theorien, sondern durch die Wirklichkeit selbst herbeigeführten Ausgleich dieses scheinbaren Widerspruches? Wir können einen Ausgleich dieses scheinbaren Widerspruches finden, wenn wir unseren geistigen Blick auf das wenden, was wir den inneren Wesenskern des Menschen nennen können, auf dasjenige, wovon wir in den bereits gehaltenen Vorträgen ge- . sagt haben, daß es an dem äußeren Menschen arbeitet, selbst das Leibliche gestaltet, aber auch den Menschen hinstellt an seinen Ort, an seinen Platz in der Welt. Wenn wir uns an diesen inneren Wesenskern des Menschen halten und uns fragen: Wie kann sich dieser innere Wesenskern zum Glück oder Unglück des Menschen verhalten? — so bekommen wir am leichtesten eine Antwort, wenn wir darauf Rücksicht nehmen, daß an einen solchen Wesenskern des Menschen diese oder jene Glücksverhältnisse herantreten können, so daß der Mensch sich sagen muß: Ich habe dieses oder jenes beabsichtigt, habe dieses oder jenes gewollt, ich habe auch meine Klugheit, meine Weisheit in diejenige Richtung gelenkt, daß dieses oder jenes kommen konnte, aber nun sehe ich an dem, was eingetreten ist, daß der Erfolg weit über das hinausgeht, was ich durch meine Klugheit veranlagt, was ich vorherbestimmt habe oder vorher habe sehen können. — Welcher Mensch, gerade in verantwortungsvollen Stellungen in der Welt, würde sich nicht in unzähligen Fällen so etwas sagen, daß er zwar Kräfte aufgewendet hat, daß ihm aber ein Erfolg zugefallen ist, der in gar keinem Verhältnisse steht zu den aufgewandten Kräften. Was kann ein Mensch, wenn wir des Menschen Wesenskern nicht als etwas auffassen, was nur einmal da ist, sondern als etwas, was in voller Entwickelung begriffen ist, ihn auffassen im Sinne der Geisteswissenschaft, wenn wir ihn als das auffassen, was nicht bloß das eine Leben, sondern viele Leben gestaltet, was also das eine Leben in unserer unmittelbaren Gegenwart gerade so gestalten will, wie es ist, und uns sagen, daß, wenn dieser innere Wesenskern durch die Pforte des Todes geht, er dann durch eine übersinnliche Welt durchgeht, um sich, wenn die Zeit gekommen ist, in einem neuen Dasein in einem physischen Leben zu betätigen, — was kann ein Mensch, der seinen zentralen Wesenskern so auffaßt, der innerhalb einer solchen Weltauffassung sich selber erfaßt, für eine Stellung einnehmen gegenüber einem Erfolg, der ihm in der geschilderten Weise zugeflossen ist? Er wird sich nimmermehr sagen: Also hat es das Glück gegeben, also bin ich befriedigt, ich bin froh, daß ich zwar mit den Kräften, die ich in Bewegung gebracht habe, ein Geringes nur gewollt habe, aber das Größere ist mir vom Glück zugeflossen! — Das wird ein solcher Mensch, der an Karma und an die wiederholten Erdenleben im Ernste glaubt und sein Leben im Sinne von Karma einrichten will, sich niemals sagen, sondern er wird sich sagen: Dieser Erfolg ist da. Ich selber aber habe mich gegenüber diesem Erfolg als schwach erwiesen. Ich werde nicht zufrieden sein mit dem Erfolg, sondern ich werde an ihm lernen meine Kräfte zu erhöhen, ich werde Keime in meinen inneren Wesenskern lenken, die ihn zu immer höheren und höheren Vollkommenheiten führen werden. Mein unverdienter Erfolg, mein Glückszufall zeigt mir, was mir fehlt. Ich muß von ihm lernen. — Eine andere Antwort kann sich der, welcher dem Glück im Erfolge gegenübersteht und im rechten Sinne auf das Karma sieht, an Karma glaubt, nicht geben. Was tut er damit? Ein solcher Glückszufall Zufall ist hier nicht in dem gewöhnlichen Sinne gemeint, sondern so, daß einem etwas zufällt — macht ihn nicht zu etwas, was er als ein Letztes hinnimmt, sondern was ihm zu einem Anfang, zu einem Ersten wird, von dem er lernt, und was sein Licht hineinwirft in die folgenden Entwickelungszustände seines Daseins.
Was ist aber der Gegensatz von dem, was wir jetzt eben angeführt haben? Stellen wir es uns einmal richtig vor Augen. Gerade dadurch wird der an die wiederholten Erdenleben und an das Karma oder an die geistigen Verursachungen glaubende Mensch zur Anspornung seiner Kräfte Keime erhalten, daß er den Glückserfolg überhaupt als einen Anfang, als eine Ursache für seine weitere Entwickelung betrachtet. Der Gegensatz davon wäre der, wenn wir im umgekehrten Falle ein Unglück, einen Mißerfolg, der an uns herantritt, auch nicht in der Weise einfach hinnehmen, daß wir sagen, es habe uns eben getroffen. Sondern es nimmt der, welcher das Leben des Menschen über das einzelne Erleben hinaus erschaut, als ein Ende, als ein Letztes hin, als etwas, dessen Ursachen man ebenso in der Vergangenheit zu suchen hat, wie der Erfolg, der als ein Glückserfolg eintritt, seine Wirkungen in der Zukunft zu suchen hat, der Zukunft unserer eigenen Entwickelung. Das Unglück schauen wir als eine Wirkung unserer eigenen Entwickelung an. Wie das?
Das können wir uns eben durch einen Vergleich klar machen, der uns zeigt, daß wir nicht in jeder Lage des Lebens richtige Beurteiler der Verursachung des Lebens sind. Nehmen wir an, ein Mensch habe bis zu seinem achtzehnten Jahre lässig und träge aus der Tasche seines Vaters gelebt, aber er hat nach seiner Auffassung in einem richtigen Glück gelebt. Als er achtzehn Jahre alt ist, verliert der Vater sein Vermögen. Dadurch ist der Sohn nun gezwungen, nicht träge und faul weiter dahinzuleben, sondern etwas Ordentliches zu lernen. Das bringt ihm zunächst allerlei Leiden und Schmerzen. «O, ein großes Unglück», sagt jetzt der Sohn, «hat mich getroffen!» Es ist nur die Frage, ob er in dieser Lage der richtige Beurteiler seines Schicksals ist. Wenn er jetzt etwas Ordentliches lernt, so kann er vielleicht mit fünfzig Jahren sagen: Ja, damals mußte ich es als ein großes Unglück ansehen, daß mein Vater sein Vermögen verloren hat. Jetzt kann ich es nur noch als ein Unglück für meinen Vater, nicht für mich, ansehen; denn ich wäre vielleicht mein ganzes Leben lang ein Taugenichts geblieben, wenn mich dieses Unglück nicht getroffen hätte. Dadurch aber, daß es so gekommen ist, bin ich ein ordentlicher Mensch geworden, und das geworden, was ich jetzt bin.
Fragen wir uns also: Wann ist der Mensch ein richtiger Beurteiler seines Schicksals? Im achtzehnten Jahre, da ihn das Unglück getroffen hat, oder mit fünfzig, da er auf sein damaliges Unglück zurückblickt? — Und nehmen wir an, er denke noch weiter und frage sich nach der Ursache seines damaligen Unglückes. Da könnte er sich fragen: Ja, mich hätte das Unglück damals überhaupt nicht zu treffen brauchen. Äußerlich scheint es zunächst, als ob das Unglück mich getroffen hat aus dem Grunde, weil mein Vater sein Vermögen verloren hat. Aber nehmen wir an, ich wäre von frühester Kindheit an so gewesen, daß ich ungeheuren Lerneifer gehabt hätte, daß ich ungeheuer viel ohne äußeren Zwang getan hätte, so daß es mich nicht geniert haben würde, wenn mein Vater sein Vermögen verloren hätte, dann wäre der Übergang ein ganz anderer gewesen, dann hätte mich kein Unglück getroffen. Scheinbar liegt der Grund meines Unglückes außer mir. In Wahrheit, kann ich sagen, liegt der tiefere Grund in mir. Denn wie ich gewesen bin, das hat herbeigezogen, daß das Leben für mich damals zum Unglück, zum Schmerz und zum Leid geworden ist. Ich habe das Unglück herbeigezogen.
Wenn ein solcher Mensch sich das sagt, so hat er schon in gewisser Weise ein wenig begriffen, wie in der Tat alles, was äußerlich an uns herantritt, durch ein Inneres herbeigeführt wird, und wie wir das, was an uns herantritt, auch auffassen können als verursacht durch unsere eigene Entwickelung. Jegliches Unglück kann sich uns so darstellen, daß wir uns sagen, wir sind in dasselbe hineinversetzt wegen eines unvollkommenen Zustandes in uns, es weist uns das Unglück darauf, daß irgend etwas an uns noch nicht so vollkommen ist, wie es sein sollte. Da haben wir den umgekehrten Fall von dem Erfolg: das Unglück als eine Wirkung, als ein Ende dessen aufgefaßt, was in früheren Zeiten unserer Entwickelung von uns selber verursacht ist. Und wenn wir das Unglück jetzt wieder nicht bloß so vor unsere Seele hinstellen, daß wir darüber jammern und nur der äußeren Welt die Schuld dafür geben, sondern wenn wir auf unseren inneren Wesenskern sehen und ernsthaft an die Verursachung durch die verschiedenen Erdenleben, also an Karma, glauben, dann haben wir das Unglück wieder als eine Aufforderung, uns immer vollkommener und vollkommener zu machen, im Leben zu lernen, das Leben als eine Schule zu betrachten. Dann aber, wenn wir die Sache so betrachten, wird Karma und das, was wir das Gesetz der wiederholten Erdenleben nennen, uns zu einer Kraft für das Leben, zu demjenigen, was das Leben reicher, inhaltvoller machen kann.
Nun kann allerdings die Frage entstehen: Kann denn schon das bloße Wissen von dem Karmagesetz in einer gewissen Weise das Leben erhöhen, das Leben reicher und inhaltvoller machen, kann es vielleicht in einer gewissen Weise also schon aus Unglück sozusagen Glück formen? — So sonderbar es heute vielen erscheinen mag, so möchte ich doch eine Bemerkung machen, welche für die Gesamtauffassung von Glück oder Unglück aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus bedeutsam sein kann. Erinnern wir uns noch einmal an die von Hamerling erzählte Legende von jenem Mädchen, das vom Unglück verfolgt ist bis zum Tode und noch über das Grab hinaus, indem es lebendig begraben worden ist. Gewiß, wer nicht tiefer in die Kräfte eingedrungen ist, welche Erkenntnisse geben können, der wird es paradox finden. Aber nehmen wir einmal gleichsam hypothetisch an, jenes Mädchen wäre mit seinem Unglück in eine Umgebung versetzt, welche eine geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung bis zu dem Grade hergeben würde, daß sich der einzelne Mensch sagt: In mir lebt ein zentraler geistiger Wesenskern, der hinausragt über Geburt und Tod, der in dem, was er in diesem Leben ist und in der Außenwelt vermag, die Wirkungen der verflossenen Erdenleben zeigt und weiter sich Kräfte zulegt für die folgenden Erdenleben. — Nehmen wir an, eine solche Erkenntnis wäre eine Kraft der Seele in jenem Mädchen gewesen — denkbar wäre es durchaus, daß diese Vorstellungen dagewesen wären -, dann erhöht eine solche Vorstellung den Glauben an die innere Kraft unseres zentralen Wesenskernes. Und es darf vielleicht gesagt werden: Indem jene Kraft, die von dem Seelisch-Geistigen ausgeht, hineinwirkt in das Leibliche von dem Wesenskern aus, wie es von anderen Gesichtspunkten in den folgenden Vorträgen darzustellen ist, indem die Kraft, derer sich da der Mensch bewußt werden kann, bei diesem Mädchen in seinen Gesundheitszustand hätte hineinwirken können, hätte es vielleicht durch die Kraft eines solchen Glaubens sich halten können, bis der Mann nach dem Tode seines Vaters wieder zurückgekehrt wäre. Paradox mag es manchem erscheinen, der nicht weiß, welche Kraft eine Erkenntnis hat, die der rechten Realität entstammt und deshalb nicht eine abstrakte und bloß theoretische ist, sondern die als Keimkraft in der Seele wirkt.
Da aber sehen wir, daß es vielleicht gegenüber den Glücksfragen keinen Trost zu geben braucht für diejenigen Menschen, die nun wahrhaftig ihr ganzes Leben hindurch in eine Arbeit hineingestellt sind, welche sie nimmermehr befriedigen kann, deren Lebensansprüche zurückgewiesen werden durch ihr ganzes Leben hindurch. Wir merken aber, daß es bei einem solchen starken Glauben an den menschlichen zentralen Wesenskern, der da weiß, daß dieses einzelne Menschenleben eines unter vielen ist, allerdings etwas geben kann wie ein Erwachen der Kraft. Es wird mir im Innern meiner Seele durch meinen Zusammenhang mit der Gesamtwelt, in die ich mich hineingestellt finde, indem ich mich geistig ergreife, dasjenige erklärlich, was zunächst in der äußeren Welt mir scheinbar als mein Glück oder mein Unglück, als das gute oder böse Schicksal meines Lebens entgegentritt. — Nicht gewöhnlicher Trost kann uns über das Unglück hinweghelfen, wenn es uns wirklich nach unserer eigenen Auffassung trifft. Hinweghelfen muß uns darüber, was die Möglichkeit gibt, dasjenige, was uns unmittelbar trifft, so anzuschauen, daß wir es hineingestellt sehen als Glied in die Kette des Daseins. Dann sagen wir uns: Das Einzelne zu betrachten, heißt nur den Schein und nicht die Wirklichkeit betrachten, wie es den Schein betrachten heißt, wenn jemand, der bis zu seinem achtzehnten Jahre gefaulenzt hat, dann jenes charakterisierte Unglück erfahren hat und arbeiten muß, es als ein wahres Unglück betrachtet und nicht als die Ursache seines späteren Glückes. So werden wir, wenn wir diese Dinge tiefer erfassen, in der Tat dazu hingeführt, daß wir uns sagen: Gerade an den Glücksfällen zeigt sich uns klar, wie eine Betrachtung des Lebens von einem bestimmten Gesichtskreise aus uns durchaus nur etwas Scheinbares geben kann, und wie das, was uns als Glück oder Unglück trifft, sich nur seinem Scheine nach zeigt, wenn wir es eingeschränkt betrachten, daß es sich uns aber seinem Sinn und seinem Wesen nach erst zeigt, wenn wir es hineingestellt betrachten in das Gesamtleben des Menschen. Wenn wir aber auch dieses Gesamtleben des Menschen erschöpft sehen würden innerhalb der Grenzen zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode, so würde uns niemals ein Menschenleben, das gegenüber den gewöhnlichen Menschenverhältnissen und der sonstigen Arbeit nie Befriedigung finden kann, erklärlich erscheinen. Erklärlich werden, erklärlich in der Realität, die oft durch jenen Satz ausgesprochen worden ist, den aber für das reale menschliche Schicksal nur die Geisteswissenschaft bekräftigen kann, das kann es erst, wenn wir wissen: Wenn uns etwas verständlich ist, hat es keine Macht mehr über uns. - Und dem, für dessen zentralen Wesenskern der Glückserfolg nur ein Antrieb zur Entwickelung nach oben wird, für den wird auch der Unglücksfall zu einer Aufforderung zur weiteren Entwickelung. Da löst sich uns der scheinbare Widerspruch, indem wir uns in der Betrachtung des Lebens von der Auffassung, daß wir etwas als Glück oder Unglück nur von außen an uns herantreten sehen, abgelenkt sehen auf die Art und Weise, wie wir die Erlebnisse in unserem Inneren umgestalten und was wir daraus machen.
Haben wir aus dem Karmagesetz gelernt, aus dem Erfolg nicht bloß eine Befriedigung zu schöpfen, sondern ihn eben als eine Aufforderung zu nehmen, um uns weiter zu entwickeln, so kommen wir auch dazu, Mißerfolg und Unglück in gleicher Weise zu betrachten. Alles verwandelt sich in der Menschenseele, und was ein Schein von Glück oder Unglück ist, das wird in des Menschen Seele zu einer Realität. Das besagt aber außerordentlich vieles und Bedeutsames. Denn nehmen wir einmal an, ein Mensch stünde ganz und gar ablehnend gegenüber der Anschauung von den wiederholten Erdenleben, und er sähe, wie ein Mensch durch bloße Phantasiegebilde, die er sich macht, zum Beispiel aus unberechtigter Eifersucht leidet, oder wie sich ein anderer einem erträumten Glücke hingibt, oder er sähe auf der anderen Seite, wie ein anderer bloß aus seiner Phantasie heraus, also aus dem bloßen Schein, nicht aus der realen Tatsachenwelt, eine innere Wirklichkeit entwickelt, etwas, was für das Innere wahrhaftig recht sehr wirklich ist, dann könnte ein solcher Mensch sich sagen: Wäre das nicht die unglaublichste Unangemessenheit in bezug auf das Innere des Menschen gegenüber der äußeren Welt, wenn es mit dieser Tatsache in diesem einen Leben des Menschen erschöpft wäre? - Zweifellos ist, wenn der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes geht, dasjenige ausgelöscht, was er hier mit dem Begriffe der Realität verbindet, was als Eifersucht oder als Glücksillusion in ihm lebt. Aber was sich als Lust und Leid mit seiner Seele vereinigt hat, was als Wirkung in der Gemütsbewegung aufgetreten ist, das ist eine Kraft geworden in seiner Seele, das lebt ein Leben in der Seele, das mit seiner weiteren Entwickelung in der Welt zusammenhängt. Und so sehen wir durch die charakterisierte Umwandlung, wie der Mensch in der Tat berufen ist, aus dem Schein seine Wirklichkeit heraus zu entwickeln.
Damit aber haben wir auch eine Erklärung desjenigen erreicht, was wir im Eingange gesagt haben, warum der Mensch in der Tat seinem Glücke so gegenübersteht, daß er unmöglich dieses Glück mit seinem Ich, mit seiner Individualität verbinden kann. Denn wenn er es nicht in unmittelbarer Weise mit seinem Ich verbinden kann als äußere Ereignisse, die an ihn herankommen und sein Dasein erhöhen, dann kann er es in seinem Innern umgestalten, so daß, was zunächst äußerer Schein ist, zu einer inneren Realität wird. Dadurch wird der Mensch der Umwandler des äußeren Scheines in das Sein, in die Realität. Aber wenn wir nun auf unsere Umwelt blicken und uns sagen: Da haben wir gesehen, wie die Kristalle, wie die Pflanzen und Tiere ihre inneren Bildungsgesetze auch nicht ausleben können, wie sie äußerlich gehemmt werden! Wir haben gesehen, wie unzählige Keime, ehe sie in Wahrheit entstehen können, vergehen müssen. — Was ist da nicht der Fall, was läßt uns da nicht in der Weise von Glück oder Unglück sprechen, wie wir es angeführt haben? Das ist nicht der Fall, daß hier ein Außeres zum Inneren wird, so daß sich in der Tat ein Äußeres im Inneren spiegelt, und daß ein Schein umgewandelt werden kann in ein wirkliches Sein. Nur dadurch, daß der Mensch einen zentralen Wesenskern in sich hat, löst er sich los von der unmittelbaren äußeren Wirklichkeit und erlebt eine neue Wirklichkeit. Diese Wirklichkeit, die er in sich erlebt, hebt sich für das gewöhnliche Leben dadurch von dem äußeren Leben ab, daß er sich sagen kann: Ich lebe auf der einen Seite in der Vererbungslinie, indem ich das in mir trage, was ich von den Eltern, Großeltern und so weiter ererbt erhalten habe. Ich lebe aber auch in dem, was nur eine geistige Verursachungslinie hat und mir noch etwas anderes geben kann neben dem, was mir durch die äußere Welt an Glück zugeführt werden kann. — Nur dadurch zeigt sich, daß der Mensch in der Tat zwei Welten angehört, einer äußeren und einer inneren Welt. Wenn man das Dualismus nennen will, so mag man es immerhin tun, aber gerade die Art, wie der Mensch Schein in Sein, in Realität umwandelt, zeigt uns, wie auch dieser Dualismus selbst nur Schein ist, indem fortwährend im Menschen äußerer Schein in innere Realität umgewandelt wird. Und weiter zeigt uns das Leben, wie das, was wir in der Phantasie erleben, indem wir die Tatsachen «falsch» deuten, in unserem Inneren zur Realität wird.
So sehen wir, wie das, was als Glück und Unglück zu bezeichnen ist, eng gebunden ist an das menschliche Innere. Wir sehen aber auch, wie es eng gebunden ist an jenes menschliche Innere, welches im Sinne der Weltanschauung angedeutet wird, daß der Mensch in geisteswissenschaftlicher Betrachtung in einer Reihe von wiederholten Erdenleben steht. Wenn wir die Sache so ansehen, können wir sagen: Begründen wir uns dann nicht auf allen äußeren Glücksschein ein inneres Glück und rechnen mit diesem Glück als einem Unvergänglichen in unserer Entwickelung? — Alles äußere Glück, was uns zufällt, ist so wunderbar charakterisiert durch die Legende des Krösus, wo Solon zu Krösus gesagt hat, daß niemand vor seinem Ende sein eigenes Leben als glücklich preisen solle, denn alles, was uns an äußerem Glück zufällt, kann sich ändern. Es kann sich Glück in Unglück verwandeln. Was kann uns vom Glück niemals genommen werden? Das, was wir aus den äußeren Glücksfällen machen, sei es aus den Erfolgsfällen, sei es aus den Mißerfolgen. Und im Grunde genommen kann also der Mensch das schöne und echte Volkssprichwort auf sein ganzes Verhältnis zum Glück anwenden, daß ein jeglicher seines Glückes Schmied dennoch sei. Das Volk hat manches schöne und außerordentlich zutreffende Wort über das Glück geprägt, und man kann an diesen Worten sehen, welche tiefe Philosophie in der Anschauung der einfachsten Menschen vorhanden ist. In dieser Beziehung könnten die, welche sich die Gebildetsten nennen, unendlich viel davon lernen. Manchmal allerdings treten uns diese Wahrheiten in einer recht derben Form vor Augen. Es gibt ja auch ein Sprichwort, welches sagt, daß gegen eine bestimmte menschliche Eigenschaft selbst Götter vergeblich kämpfen. Dann aber gibt es ein merkwürdiges Sprichwort, das gerade diese menschliche Eigenschaft, gegen welche selbst die Götter vergeblich kämpfen sollen, in Zusammenhang bringt mit dem Glück, indem man sagt, der Dumme habe das meiste Glück. Man braucht daraus nicht die Konsequenzen zu ziehen, daß die Götter wegen jener Erfolglosigkeit gerade diese Menschen mit Glück zu bestechen suchen. Aber wir können doch sagen: Es zeigt sich uns, wie in diesem Sprichwort ein deutliches Bewußtsein vorhanden ist von der Innerlichkeit und der Notwendigkeit der Verinnerlichung dessen, was wir den Zusammenhang des Menschen mit dem Glück in der Welt nennen müssen. — Denn unsere Weisheit, solange sie sich nur auf die äußeren Dinge und ihre Zusammenhänge bezieht, wird uns im Grunde genommen wenig helfen. Helfen wird uns die Weisheit, die sich schon in eine innere wieder verwandelt hat, also wieder die Eigenschaft erlangt, die noch der ursprüngliche primitive Mensch hat, wenn sie auf das starke Zentrum seiner Innerlichkeit baut, das über Geburt und Tod hinausragt und nur erklärlich ist, wenn wir es im Lichte der wiederholten Erdenleben betrachten. So trennt sich uns alles das, was der Mensch aus der bloß äußeren Welt an Glück erleben kann, im Grunde doch als der Schein des Glückes von dem, was wir als das wahre Wesen des Glückes bezeichnen, welches erst in dem Augenblicke entsteht, da der Mensch aus den äußeren Tatsachen des Lebens etwas machen kann, sie verwandeln kann, und sie einverleiben kann seinem sich entwickelnden Wesenskern, der von Leben zu Leben geht. Und wir begreifen dann, wenn ein Mensch im tiefsten äußeren Krankheitsschmerz — Herder — einmal zu seinem Sohne sagte: «Gib mir einen großen schönen Gedanken, und ich will mich daran erquicken!». Wir sehen daran förmlich, wie von Herder das Hereinleuchten eines großen, schönen Gedankens in ein gequältes Leben als eine Erquickung, also als ein Glücksfall erwartet wird. Da ist es leicht davon zu sprechen, daß der Mensch mit seinem Inneren seines Glückes Schmied sein muß. Aber wenn wir die Weltanschauung der Geisteswissenschaft in den Teilen, die wir gerade heute berühren konnten, in ihrer kraftvollen Wirksamkeit ins Auge fassen, wo sie nicht bloß theoretische Erkenntnis ist, sondern unseren geistig-seelischen Wesenskern ergreift, indem er voll erfüllt wird von dem, was über Glück oder Unglück hinausgeht, wenn wir die Weltanschauung in dieser Weise fassen, dann kann sie jene großen Gedanken hergeben wie kaum eine andere, die es noch möglich machen, daß der Mensch, selbst dann wenn er im Unglück umkommen muß, im Augenblick sich mit dem Gedanken erfüllt: Das ist doch nur ein Teil des gesamten Lebens!
Deshalb wurde diese Frage über das Glück heute aufgeworfen, um an ihr zu zeigen, wie das alltägliche äußere Leben befeuert und befruchtet wird durch die realen Gedanken über das Gesamtleben, die uns die Geisteswissenschaft geben kann, und wie diese nicht bloß als eine Theorie in das Leben eingreifen, sondern die Kräfte des Lebens selber bringen. Und das ist das Wesentliche. Wir müssen nicht nur äußere Trostgründe haben gegenüber dem, der bei einem äußeren Unglück durch die Erweckung der inneren Kräfte das Unglück ertragen lernen soll, sondern wir müssen die realen inneren Kräfte ihm geben können, die über dieSphäre des Unglückes hinausführen zu einer Sphäre, zu der er gehört, trotzdem das Leben dem zu widersprechen scheint. Das kann aber nur eine Wissenschaft geben, die zeigt, wie das Menschenleben hinausreicht über Geburt und Tod, wie es doch zusammenhängt mit alle dem, was die beseligenden Gründe unserer Weltordnung bildet. Wenn wir von einer Weltanschauung solches erwarten können, dann können wir sagen, daß sie die Ahnungen der allerbesten Menschen mit einem Inhalt erfüllt. Mit einer solchen Weltanschauung kann der Mensch dasLeben so ansehen, daß er in diesem Leben wie derjenige steht, der auf einem Schiffe von den im Sturme auf und abwogenden Wellen geschaukelt wird, aber doch in seinem Innern den Mut findet, auf nichts in der äußeren Welt im gleichen Sinne zu bauen wie auf die Kraft und Wesenheit seines eigenen Innern. Vielleicht können dann solche Betrachtungen wie die heutigen geeignet sein, vor den Menschen ein Ideal hinzustellen, das uns Goethe in einer gewissen Weise vorzeichnet, das wir aber auffassen können auch über die Ahnung hinaus, von der Goethe erfüllt ist als einem Menschenideal, das für alle gilt: allerdings nicht als etwas, was unmittelbar in dem einzelnen Leben erfüllt ist, sondern als ein Ideal für das gesamte Menschenleben, wenn sich der Mensch im glück- und unglückbewegten Leben wie auf einem Schiffe fühlt, das auf den sturmbewegten Wellen hin- und herschaukelt, und vertrauen kann auf sein Inneres. Das muß zu einer Anschauung führen, die wir mit einer kleinen Abänderung der Goetheschen Worte folgendermaßen charakterisieren können:
Der Mensch steht männlich an dem Steuer,
Das Schiff bewegen Wind und Wellen —
Wind und Wellen nicht sein Inneres.
Beherrschend sie — blickt er in die grimme Tiefe
Und vertraut, ob scheiternd oder landend,
Den Kräften seines Innern!
Happiness, Its Nature and Its Appearance
Among the insights of spiritual science that are least comprehensible to the wider circles of our contemporaries are undoubtedly those concerning repeated earthly lives and, furthermore, the carrying over of the causes laid down by human beings in one earthly life into other earthly lives—in short, what we call the law of spiritual causation or the law of karma. The fact that contemporary humanity must be skeptical and doubtful about these insights is understandable given the habits of thinking that characterize contemporary life. And it will probably take a long time before these habits of thinking change and there is a more general recognition of the obviousness of these fundamental truths of spiritual science. But an unbiased observation of life, an unprejudiced view of what appears before our eyes in everyday life as downright mysterious, and which can only be explained if we take the truths mentioned above as a basis, will increasingly lead to a change in habits of thought and then also to a recognition of the plausibility of these great truths.
Among the phenomena that we may particularly include in this area are undoubtedly those that are usually summarized in such ambiguous terms as human happiness or unhappiness. These two words need only be uttered, and immediately the emotional judgment will echo in the human heart that something has been said that can make people very aware of the boundaries that have been drawn between their knowledge and what is happening outside in the world. This, as much as any other, resounds as an emotional judgment in the soul: a judgment that leads to an indelible longing to know something about those inexplicable connections that one may repeatedly deny out of a certain enlightenment, but which a completely unbiased impulse of human cognition must nevertheless acknowledge. We need only call to mind what happiness or unhappiness, especially the latter, can have of mystery for human life in order to understand what has been said, a mystery that truly cannot be resolved by any theoretical answer, but which clearly shows that more is needed to answer it than a theory, than anything that can be called abstract science in the external sense. For who would doubt that human beings have an immediate urge in their souls to be in a certain harmony with their surroundings, with the world? And what sum of non-harmony can be expressed in the fact that sometimes a person cannot say anything else about himself, or that his fellow human beings cannot say anything else about him, than that he will be pursued by misfortune throughout his entire life. Such a recognition is linked to a “why?” of decisive, profound significance for everything we have to say about the value of human life, about the value of the forces that underlie this human life.
Robert Hamerling, the important but unfortunately far too little appreciated poet of the nineteenth century, wrote a short essay “On Happiness” in his prose essays, and he begins what he has to say with a memory that, as he says, came back to him again and again when he thought about the question of happiness. He heard this story—whether it is a legend or something else is irrelevant—told in Venice: "A girl was born to a married couple. The woman died as a result of the birth. On the day this child was born, the father heard that all his possessions had been lost in a shipwreck, and he was so stricken by this news that he died on the day of the child's birth. Thus, the child was afflicted by the misfortune of being an orphan from the very first day it entered earthly existence. It was initially taken in by a wealthy relative. In her will, she bequeathed a large fortune to the child. However, she died while the child was still very young. And lo and behold, when the will was opened, a formal error was discovered; it was contested, and the child lost the entire fortune that had been promised to it. It grew up in poverty and misery and later had to hire itself out as a maid. A very kind and nice young man fell in love with the child, and the girl was very fond of him. But after the relationship had lasted for a while, and the girl, who had had to get by in life under misfortune and the most difficult circumstances, could now hope that she would find some happiness, it turned out that her beloved was of the Mosaic faith and that therefore marriage would be impossible. She reproached him bitterly for deceiving her, but she could not leave him. Life always proceeds in a strange interplay. The young man also could not leave the girl, and he promised her that once his father died, which could not be long now, he would be baptized and the marriage could take place. He was indeed soon called to his father's sickbed. Among all the pain that our unfortunate girl had to endure, she now also fell ill, seriously ill. Meanwhile, her fiancé's father had died far away. Her fiancé had himself baptized. But when he arrived, the girl had already died from the moral suffering she had to endure in connection with her physical suffering. He found only his dead bride. Now the most bitter pain struck him. He was seized by an irresistible desire, and he could not help himself—he had to see the girl again, even though she was buried. He was finally able to have her dug up. And lo and behold, she was lying in such a position that one could clearly see: she had been buried alive and had turned over in the grave when she woke up!This story, says Hamerling, always came to mind when the subject came up, or when he had to think about what human misfortune can be, and how it could actually sometimes look as if a person were pursued by misfortune from birth to the grave, and even beyond the grave, as in this case. Certainly, the story may be a legend, but that does not matter, for each of us will say to ourselves: At this moment—whether the event is true or not—the event could be possible and could have happened that way, even if it did not actually happen. But it illustrates very clearly the big, anxious question: How can we answer the “why?” of the value of a life so plagued by misfortune? — This certainly makes us aware that it might be quite impossible to talk about happiness or unhappiness when considering individual human lives. And looking beyond this individual human life could prove to be a challenge in terms of our thinking habits when we are faced with a life that seems so entangled in the world that no conception of the value of human life is compatible with what this life has to go through between birth and death. Here we seem to be pointed beyond the boundaries of birth and death.
But if we now take a closer look at the words happiness or unhappiness, we will immediately see that they are basically only applicable in a certain sphere, that although there are many things out there in the world, outside of human beings, may remind us of the peculiar harmony or disharmony of human beings with the world, but that we can hardly be in a position to speak of happiness or unhappiness in similar, analogous occurrences outside of human beings. Let us assume that even crystals, which are supposed to form in regular shapes according to certain laws, can be forced by the proximity of other crystals or by other natural forces acting in their vicinity not to develop in all directions, by preventing them from forming the corners and edges that they should form, so that there are actually very few well-formed crystals in nature that correspond to their inner laws. Or if we consider plants, we must say that they too have an innate inner law of formation. But how many plants are there that we must say do not really manage to develop the full power of their inner formative impulses in the face of wind and weather and other environmental factors? And we can say the same thing about animals. Yes, we can go even further and need only consider the undeniable fact that many seeds of living beings perish in their development and do not come to full formation because, in the face of external circumstances, they have no opportunity to truly become what they are predisposed to become. Let us think how great is the number of germs in the sea that could become the sea creatures that populate these seas here and there, and how few of them actually develop. We could certainly say in a certain way: we see clearly that the beings we encounter in the various kingdoms of nature have inner forces and laws of development, but that these inner forces and laws find their obstacles, their limits, in their environment and in the impossibility of harmonizing themselves with their surroundings. And how could we overlook the fact that something similar is indeed present when we speak of human happiness or unhappiness? We see how human beings cannot transform themselves in reality through the possibility of living out their lives because they are confronted with obstacle after obstacle. Or we can see that humans, like a crystal—metaphorically speaking—who are so fortunate that they can freely develop their corners and edges in all directions, could say: Nothing hinders me, external circumstances and the course of the world are favorable to me, they help me to develop what is inherent in my inner core! — And only in the latter case does a person usually speak of being lucky. Any other situation either leaves them indifferent or forces them to speak directly of misfortune. But if we do not want to speak merely figuratively, without falling into the realm of fantasy, we cannot speak of the misfortune of crystals, plants, or even the countless germs that perish in the sea before they can even come into being. We feel that we must ascend to human life in order to have a right to speak of misfortune or happiness. And we soon notice within human life that there is a limit beyond which we can no longer speak of happiness or misfortune, even though the external circumstances that drive people may initially be destructive, inhibiting, or hindering to their immediate lives. Or do we speak — we can feel that we do not — when we see the great martyr, who has some significant thing to bring to the world, condemned to death by forces hostile to his task — do we speak with a certain right, for example, of Giordano Bruno, because he was condemned to death by fire, of misfortune? We feel that there is something in human beings themselves where the possibility of speaking of mere misfortune or, if the matter succeeds, of happiness ceases. Thus, we see happiness or misfortune as being confined to the human sphere and, within that sphere, to a narrower area, so to speak.
If we now approach human beings themselves, where they experience their lives within happiness and misfortune, it turns out that, basically, this happiness or misfortune can hardly be grasped anywhere if we want to grasp it conceptually. For let us consider Diogenes—it may be based on a legend, but it is possible that it happened this way—when Alexander asks him to ask for a favor, i.e., let us say, a piece of good fortune. And lo and behold, Diogenes asks, as not many people would in this case, that Alexander move out of the sun. That was what he lacked for his happiness at that moment. How would many others have interpreted what they lacked for their happiness at that moment? But let us move on. Can anyone remotely believe that the happiness of the pleasure-seeking person, who considers his life to be happy only when all his desires, arising from his passions and drives, can be satisfied, sometimes through the most everyday pleasures, that what such a person calls happiness could also be happiness for the ascetic, who expects the perfection of his being from it and only considers life worth living by depriving himself of everything possible in every way, even exposing himself to certain pains and sufferings that would not otherwise be imposed on him by ordinary happiness or unhappiness? How different are the ideas of happiness and unhappiness in an ascetic and in a hedonist! But we can go even further to show how any concept of happiness that aims to be universal slips through our fingers. We need only think of how unhappy a person can be who becomes quite jealous for no reason, without any real basis in reality. Take a person who has no reason to be jealous, but who believes that he has every possible reason to be. He is unhappy in the deepest sense of the word—and there is no external cause for it. But the extent, the intensity of their unhappiness does not depend on any external reality, but solely on the way in which the person in question, in this case entirely out of an illusion, relates to the external reality in their life.
The fact that not only unhappiness but also happiness can be highly subjective, that it refers us, so to speak, at every turn from the outside world to the inner world, is shown in a very beautiful story that Jean Paul gives us in his “Flegeljahre” at the beginning of the first volume, in which a person who otherwise lives in central Germany imagines the happiness he would experience if he could be a pastor in Sweden. It is a very charming passage, how he imagines himself sitting in his parsonage and experiencing the day when it gets dark at two o'clock in the afternoon. How people would go to church, each with their own light, where the images he once had as a child would rise up, where each of his siblings also came with their own light, how he revels in the fantasy image of people going to church through the darkness, each with their own light. Or when he dreams himself into other situations, simply evoked by the fact that they remind him of certain natural contexts, for example, he would be in Italy, he only had to imagine seeing the orange trees and so on. All this puts him in a mood of wonderful happiness, but none of it is any kind of reality, it is all just a dream.
Undoubtedly, Jean Paul points to deep connections between questions of happiness and unhappiness with this dream of a pastor in Sweden, in which he wants to show how, fundamentally, the question of happiness or unhappiness can be diverted from the outside world to the human interior. Strangely enough, because happiness and unhappiness can depend entirely on the human inner world, we have seen the concept of happiness dissolve into a general one. And yet again, when we look at what people usually call their happiness or unhappiness, in countless cases they certainly do not refer to their inner world, but to something external. Yes, we could even say that the peculiarity of the human need for happiness is deeply rooted in the fact that humans have a constant urge not to be alone with their thoughts, feelings, and entire inner development, but to be in harmony with what is happening and unfolding in their environment. — People basically talk about happiness when they do not want their success and impact to depend solely on themselves, but when they attach importance to it depending not on themselves but on something else. We need only imagine the happiness of the gambler—undoubtedly, the smallest and the greatest belong together here. We can quite well relate the happiness of the gambler, paradoxical as it may seem, to the satisfaction that someone derives from a new insight. For what we have recognized evokes in us the feeling that we are in harmony with the world in our thinking, in our inner life, that we also have within us what is outside, that we do not stand here alone and the world stares at us like a mystery, but that the inner responds to the outer. That there is a lively, intimate contact with the outside world, that the outside world is reflected and illuminated within us, that the outside world has something to do with the inside world, as evidenced by their harmony – that is, after all, the satisfaction we derive from knowledge. In the case of the player who wins, if we want to analyze his satisfaction, we cannot help but say to ourselves—even if the thought of what his satisfaction is based on does not occur to him—that it could not be there if he himself could do what happens. And the satisfaction is based on the fact that something is brought about outside of him without his intervention, that the world, as it were, takes him into consideration—that it brings him something that benefits him, that the world shows in this particular case that he is not outside of it, but that he has a certain contact, a certain connection with it. And the unhappiness that the gambler feels when he loses is basically based on the fact that he does not have such a feeling, but rather that unhappiness triggers a feeling in him as if he were excluded from the world, as if it took no account of him, as if contact with it had been broken.
In short, we see how it is not at all correct that when people talk about happiness or unhappiness, they only mean something that can be confined to their inner selves, but rather, in the deepest sense, they mean something that can establish a connection between themselves and the world. That is why people in our enlightened age are hardly ever so superstitious, so grotesquely superstitious, about anything as they are about what is called luck, what is called their expectation of some forces or elements that lie outside them and are supposed to come to their aid. When something like this is present in people, they can become quite superstitious. I once knew a very enlightened German poet. He wrote a drama during the period in question. He knew in advance that this drama would not be finished by the end of a certain month. But he had the superstition that this drama could only be a success if it was sent to the theater management in question before the first of the following month. If it were sent later, he believed it would not be successful. By chance, as the last days of the month approached, I was walking down the street. I knew from my contact with him that he was far from finished with his work, when I saw him rushing to the post office on his bicycle. I waited, and when he came out again, he said to me, “I have now sent my drama to the theater.” I asked him, “Have you finished it?” He replied, "I still have to work on the last acts. But I have sent it now because I believe it can only be successful if it arrives before the end of this month. But I also wrote that if it arrives, they should send it back to me. Then I'll finish it. But it has to be sent in at this time!" Here we see how a person does not trust in what he can do, but expects help from outside, how he expects that what is to be done will not be done by him alone, through his ability or his strength, but that the world outside will come to his aid, that it knows something about him, so that he does not stand alone with what he is as an individual soul.
All this only proves to us that, basically, the concept of happiness in its generality really eludes us when we try to grasp it. And it also eludes us when we look around in literature at those who have written something about happiness, because it is usually people who are involved in writing in some way who write about things. Now, everyone knows from the outset that one can only really speak correctly about those with whom one has a lively, not merely theoretical, relationship. Those who write about happiness as philosophers or psychologists are, after all, only in a lively relationship with the happiness or unhappiness they themselves have experienced. Now, one factor that carries extraordinary weight is that knowledge itself, as it appears to us in the external human world, that knowledge, when taken in a certain higher sense, means a kind of happiness from the outset. Anyone who has ever felt the inner bliss that knowledge can bring will admit this, and it is essentially confirmed by the fact that the most outstanding philosophers, from Aristotle to the present day, have always described the possession of wisdom and knowledge as a special kind of happiness. But on the other hand, we must ask ourselves again: What does such an answer to the question of happiness mean to someone who works for weeks on end, with few exceptions, down in a dark mine, or to someone who is buried in a mine and perhaps lives for days in the most horrible conditions? What does such a philosophical interpretation of happiness have to do with what lives in the soul of a person who has to do lowly, perhaps disgusting work in life? Life gives strange answers to the question of happiness. And we can experience in abundance that the answers of philosophers often deviate in a strangely grotesque way from what we encounter in everyday life, if we are willing to look at this life in its true form. But life also teaches us other things about happiness. And even from the points of view just mentioned, life itself appears to us as a strange contradiction in the concept of happiness. Let me tell you a story that illustrates this point.Let us assume that a person with, say, higher ideas, even with the capacity for an excellent imagination, has to perform menial work. He has to spend almost his entire life as a common soldier. I am talking about a case from life that is truly no legend, but about the case of a most remarkable person, named Josef Emanuel Hilscher, who was born in Austria in 1806 and died in 1837, who had to serve as a common soldier for most of his life, who had achieved nothing more than the rank of quartermaster, and who, despite his brilliant talents, was unable to rise above this rank. This man left behind a large number of poems that were not only perfect in form but also deeply imbued with the life of the soul, as well as excellent translations of the English poet Byron. This man had a rich inner life. Imagine the contrast that existed in this life between what the day brought him in terms of external happiness and what he experienced internally. The poems are by no means imbued with pessimism; they are imbued with strength and abundance. They show us how this life, despite the many disappointments that such a life entails, expanded to a certain degree into infinity and attained inner bliss. It is a pity that humanity so easily forgets such phenomena. For when we consider such a phenomenon again, we can see, because things differ only gradually from one another, that there may still be a possibility, even where a person's outer life seems to be completely devoid of happiness, to create a state of happiness from the innermost being of the person.
Now, especially from the point of view of spiritual science, if one wants to stick to misunderstood or primitive ideas, one can even rave fanatically against happiness, or fanatically explain life one-sidedly from the idea of repeated earthly lives and karma. One way of railing fanatically against happiness would be if someone approached spiritual science on the basis of misunderstood documents and wanted to say that all striving for happiness and contentment is nothing but selfishness, and that spiritual science is precisely trying to lead people beyond selfishness. Aristotle himself found it basically ridiculous to claim that a virtuous person could somehow be content in the midst of inexplicable pain. For happiness need not be understood merely as a satisfaction of egoism; even if happiness initially means only a satisfaction of egoism, it need not be worthless for humanity as a whole. Happiness can also be understood as bringing our soul forces into a certain harmonious mood, allowing them to develop in all directions, while unhappiness creates disharmonious moods in our soul life and prevents us from living out our abilities and strengths. — Thus, even if happiness is initially sought only as a satisfaction of egoism, we can regard it as the nurturer of inner harmonious soul power, and we can hope, on the one hand, that those who receive such inner harmonious soul power through happiness will gradually overcome their egoism, while people probably find it difficult to overcome their egoism if they are only pursued by misfortune. On the other hand, it can be said that when people strive for happiness and obtain it as a satisfaction of their egoism, they can, through the harmonization of their powers, do good for themselves and others in a beneficial way. — So one must not simply rail against what can be called happiness. But on the other hand, some who believe they have already approached spiritual science, having only perceived one thing or another from a distance, make another mistake by saying: I have an unhappy person here and a happy one there. When I think of karma, of the causation of one life from another, I can easily explain how the unhappy person has brought this unhappiness upon himself in a previous life, and how the happy person has caused his own happiness in a previous life. — Such a statement is somewhat misleading because it is correct in a certain sense. But karma, that is, the law of one earthly life causing another, must not be taken in the sense of a merely explanatory law, but must be seen as something that penetrates our will and causes us to live in accordance with this law. However, this law is only justified and legitimate in relation to life if it elevates and enriches life. With regard to happiness, it has become clear to us that human beings initially generate the craving for happiness out of a desire not to stand alone, but to have something of the external circumstances of the world, so that these take him into consideration. On the other hand, it has been shown to us that happiness can be something that is in complete contradiction to external facts and can only be brought about by human perceptions, by what humans experience of external facts.
Where is there a balance between this apparent contradiction, brought about not by abstractions and theories, but by reality itself? We can find a balance to this apparent contradiction if we turn our spiritual gaze to what we might call the inner core of human nature, to that which we have already said in previous lectures works on the outer human being, shapes the physical body itself, but also places the human being in his or her place in the world. If we hold on to this inner core of human nature and ask ourselves: How can this inner core of human nature relate to human happiness or unhappiness? — we can most easily find an answer if we take into account that this or that circumstance of happiness can approach such a core of human nature, so that the human being must say to himself: I intended this or that, I wanted this or that, I also directed my intelligence, my wisdom in such a way that this or that could come about, but now I see from what has happened that the success far exceeds what I had planned with my intelligence, what I had predetermined or could have foreseen. What person, especially in positions of responsibility in the world, would not say to themselves in countless cases that although they have expended energy, they have achieved a success that is completely out of proportion to the energy expended? What can a person, if we do not understand the core of human nature as something that exists only once, but as something that is in the process of full development, understand in the sense of spiritual science, if we understand it as something that shapes not only one life, but many lives, which therefore wants to shape the one life in our immediate present just as it is, and tell us that when this inner core passes through the gate of death, it then passes through a supersensible world in order to become active in a new existence in a physical life when the time comes, — what position can a person who understands their core essence in this way, who understands themselves within such a worldview, take toward a success that has come to them in the manner described? They will never say to themselves: So luck has been on my side, so I am satisfied, I am glad that, although I only wanted a little with the forces I set in motion, greater things have come to me through luck!" Such a person, who seriously believes in karma and repeated earthly lives and wants to organize his life in accordance with karma, will never say this to himself, but will say: This success is here. But I myself have proven weak in the face of this success. I will not be satisfied with success, but I will learn from it to increase my powers; I will direct seeds into the core of my inner being that will lead it to ever higher and higher levels of perfection. My undeserved success, my stroke of luck, shows me what I am lacking. I must learn from it. — Those who face luck in success and see karma in the right sense, who believe in karma, cannot give themselves any other answer. What does he do with it? Such a stroke of luck — luck here is not meant in the usual sense, but in the sense of something falling to him — does not make him accept it as the final word, but rather as a beginning, a first step from which he learns and which sheds light on the subsequent stages of development of his existence.
But what is the opposite of what we have just mentioned? Let us consider this carefully. It is precisely through this that the person who believes in repeated earthly lives and in karma or spiritual causation will receive the impetus to develop his powers, in that he regards good fortune as a beginning, as a cause for his further development. The opposite of this would be if, in the reverse case, we did not simply accept misfortune or failure that befalls us by saying that it has just happened to us. Instead, those who see human life beyond individual experiences accept it as an end, as something final, as something whose causes must be sought in the past, just as success, which occurs as good fortune, must be sought in the future, in the future of our own development. We see misfortune as an effect of our own development. How so?
We can make this clear to ourselves by means of a comparison that shows us that we are not always able to correctly judge the causes of life in every situation. Let us assume that a person has lived a carefree and lazy life off his father's money until the age of eighteen, but in his opinion he has lived a truly happy life. When he is eighteen, his father loses his fortune. As a result, the son is now forced to stop living a lazy and idle life and learn a proper trade. At first, this causes him all kinds of suffering and pain. “Oh, what a great misfortune has befallen me!” says the son. The question is whether he is the right judge of his fate in this situation. If he now learns a proper trade, he may be able to say at the age of fifty: Yes, at the time I had to regard it as a great misfortune that my father lost his fortune. Now I can only regard it as a misfortune for my father, not for me; for I might have remained a good-for-nothing all my life if this misfortune had not befallen me. But because it happened, I became a decent person and became what I am now.
So let us ask ourselves: When is a person a true judge of his fate? At the age of eighteen, when misfortune struck him, or at the age of fifty, when he looks back on his misfortune at that time? — And let us assume that he thinks further and asks himself about the cause of his misfortune at that time. He might ask himself: Yes, that misfortune need not have befallen me at all. Outwardly, it seems at first as if misfortune befell me because my father lost his fortune. But suppose I had been such a person from early childhood that I had an enormous eagerness to learn, that I had done an enormous amount without external compulsion, so that it would not have bothered me if my father had lost his fortune, then the transition would have been quite different, then no misfortune would have befallen me. Apparently, the reason for my misfortune lies outside of me. In truth, I can say that the deeper reason lies within me. For the way I was brought about the fact that life became misfortune, pain, and suffering for me at that time. I brought about the misfortune.
When such a person says this to themselves, they have already understood in a certain way how everything that comes to us externally is in fact brought about by something internal, and how we can also perceive what comes to us as being caused by our own development. Every misfortune can be presented to us in such a way that we say to ourselves that we have been placed in it because of an imperfect state within us; misfortune points out to us that something in us is not yet as perfect as it should be. Here we have the opposite case of success: misfortune is perceived as an effect, as the end result of what we ourselves caused in earlier stages of our development. And if we now do not simply place misfortune before our soul in such a way that we lament it and blame only the outside world for it, but if we look at our inner core and seriously believe in the causation through various earthly lives, i.e., in karma, then we see misfortune again as a challenge to make ourselves more and more perfect, to learn in life, to regard life as a school. But then, when we look at things in this way, karma and what we call the law of repeated earthly lives become a force for life, something that can make life richer and more meaningful.
Now, however, the question may arise: Can the mere knowledge of the law of karma in a certain way elevate life, make life richer and more meaningful, can it perhaps in a certain way already form happiness out of misfortune, so to speak? — As strange as it may seem to many today, I would like to make a remark that may be significant for the overall understanding of happiness or misfortune from the perspective of spiritual science. Let us recall once again the legend told by Hamerling about the girl who was pursued by misfortune until her death and even beyond the grave, having been buried alive. Certainly, those who have not delved deeply into the forces that can provide insight will find this paradoxical. But let us assume, hypothetically, that this girl, with her misfortune, was placed in an environment that would provide a spiritual scientific worldview to such an extent that the individual would say to himself: Within me lives a central spiritual core that transcends birth and death, which in what it is in this life and in what it can do in the outer world shows the effects of past earthly lives and continues to acquire powers for future earthly lives. — Let us assume that such a realization had been a force of the soul in that girl — it is quite conceivable that these ideas had been there — then such an idea increases the belief in the inner power of our central core of being. And it may perhaps be said: by the power that emanates from the soul-spiritual working into the physical from the core of our being, as will be described from other points of view in the following lectures, by the power of which the human being can become conscious, having been able to work into this girl's state of health, it might have been able to hold out through the power of such faith until the man returned after his father's death. This may seem paradoxical to some who do not know the power of a realization that springs from true reality and is therefore not abstract and merely theoretical, but works as a germinating force in the soul.
But we see that there may be no consolation for those people who are truly engaged throughout their entire lives in work that can never satisfy them, whose life demands are rejected throughout their entire lives. But we notice that with such a strong belief in the central core of human nature, which knows that this individual human life is one among many, there can indeed be something like an awakening of strength. Through my connection with the whole world, into which I find myself placed by my spiritual grasp, it becomes clear to me in the depths of my soul what initially appears to me in the outer world as my good fortune or my misfortune, as the good or bad fate of my life. — No ordinary consolation can help us overcome misfortune when it truly strikes us according to our own understanding. What can help us overcome it is the possibility of viewing what strikes us directly in such a way that we see it as a link in the chain of existence. Then we say to ourselves: to look at the individual case is only to look at appearances and not at reality, just as it is looking at appearances when someone who has been lazy until the age of eighteen then experiences that characteristic misfortune and has to work, and regards it as a true misfortune and not as the cause of his later happiness. Thus, when we understand these things more deeply, we are indeed led to say to ourselves: It is precisely in cases of good fortune that it becomes clear to us how a view of life from a particular perspective can give us only an appearance, and how what befalls us as good or bad fortune only appears as such when we view it in isolation, but only reveals its meaning and essence when we view it in the context of a person's entire life. But even if we were to see this whole life of the human being as exhausted within the limits between birth and death, we would never find it possible to explain a human life that can never find satisfaction in ordinary human circumstances and other work. It can only become understandable, understandable in reality, which has often been expressed by that sentence, but which only spiritual science can confirm for real human destiny, when we know: When something is understandable to us, it no longer has power over us. And for those whose central essence is such that happiness and success become only an impetus for upward development, misfortune also becomes an invitation to further development. The apparent contradiction is resolved when, in our contemplation of life, we are distracted from the view that we see something as happiness or misfortune only from the outside, and focus instead on the way we transform experiences within ourselves and what we make of them.
If we have learned from the law of karma not to derive mere satisfaction from success, but to take it as a challenge to develop further, we will also come to view failure and misfortune in the same way. Everything is transformed in the human soul, and what appears to be happiness or misfortune becomes a reality in the human soul. But this has an extraordinary and significant meaning. For let us suppose that a person were completely opposed to the idea of repeated earthly lives, and he saw how one person suffers from mere figments of his imagination, for example from unjustified jealousy, or how another indulges in a dreamt-up happiness, or, on the other hand, he saw how another person, merely out of his imagination, that is, from mere appearances, not from the real world of facts, develops an inner reality, something that is truly very real for the inner self, then such a person might say to themselves: Wouldn't it be the most incredible incongruity in relation to the inner self of the human being in relation to the outer world if it were exhausted with this fact in this one life of the human being? Undoubtedly, when a person passes through the gate of death, that which he associates here with the concept of reality, that which lives in him as jealousy or as an illusion of happiness, is extinguished. But what has united with his soul as pleasure and pain, what has appeared as an effect in the movement of the soul, has become a force in his soul, lives a life in the soul that is connected with his further development in the world. And so we see through the transformation described how human beings are indeed called upon to develop their reality out of appearances.
But with this we have also arrived at an explanation of what we said at the beginning, why human beings in fact relate to their happiness in such a way that it is impossible for them to connect this happiness with their ego, with their individuality. For if he cannot connect it directly with his ego as external events that come to him and enhance his existence, then he can transform it within himself so that what is initially external appearance becomes an inner reality. In this way, man becomes the transformer of external appearance into being, into reality. But when we look at our environment and say to ourselves: We have seen how crystals, plants, and animals cannot live out their inner laws of formation, how they are inhibited externally! We have seen how countless seeds must perish before they can truly come into being. — What is not the case here, what prevents us from speaking of happiness or unhappiness in the way we have described? It is not the case that here the external becomes internal, so that the external is indeed reflected in the internal, and that appearance can be transformed into real being. Only because human beings have a central core of being within themselves do they detach themselves from immediate external reality and experience a new reality. This reality, which they experience within themselves, stands out from external life in ordinary life in that they can say to themselves: On the one hand, I live in the line of inheritance, carrying within me what I have inherited from my parents, grandparents, and so on. But I also live in what has only a spiritual line of causation and can give me something else besides what the outer world can bring me in terms of happiness. — Only in this way does it become apparent that human beings indeed belong to two worlds, an external and an internal world. If one wants to call this dualism, one may do so, but it is precisely the way in which human beings transform appearance into being, into reality, that shows us how this dualism itself is only appearance, in that external appearance is constantly being transformed into inner reality within human beings. And life further shows us how what we experience in our imagination by “misinterpreting” the facts becomes reality within us.
Thus we see how what can be described as happiness and unhappiness is closely linked to the human inner life. But we also see how it is closely linked to that inner human being which is indicated in the worldview that, in spiritual scientific terms, human beings stand in a series of repeated earthly lives. If we look at it this way, we can say: Do we not then base our inner happiness on all outward appearances of happiness and count on this happiness as something imperishable in our development? All external happiness that comes our way is so wonderfully characterized by the legend of Croesus, where Solon said to Croesus that no one should praise their own life as happy before its end, because everything that comes to us in terms of external happiness can change. Happiness can turn into unhappiness. What can never be taken away from us in terms of happiness? That which we make of external strokes of luck, be they successes or failures. And so, basically, people can apply the beautiful and true folk saying to their entire relationship with happiness, that everyone is the architect of their own fortune. The people have coined many beautiful and extraordinarily apt sayings about happiness, and these sayings reveal the profound philosophy that exists in the views of the simplest people. In this respect, those who call themselves the most educated could learn a great deal from them. Sometimes, however, these truths are presented to us in a rather crude form. There is also a proverb that says that even the gods fight in vain against a certain human characteristic. But then there is a strange proverb that connects this very human characteristic, against which even the gods are said to fight in vain, with happiness, saying that the foolish are the most fortunate. We need not conclude from this that the gods, because of their lack of success, seek to bribe these people with happiness. But we can say that this proverb shows us a clear awareness of the inner nature and the necessity of internalizing what we must call the connection between human beings and happiness in the world. For our wisdom, as long as it refers only to external things and their connections, will ultimately be of little help to us. What will help us is wisdom that has already been transformed into inner wisdom, that is, wisdom that has regained the quality that primitive man still possesses when it builds on the strong center of his inner life, which transcends birth and death and can only be explained when we consider it in the light of repeated earthly lives. Thus, everything that human beings can experience as happiness from the purely external world is essentially separated from what we call the true essence of happiness, which only arises at the moment when human beings can make something out of the external facts of life, can transform them, and can incorporate them into their developing core of being, which passes from life to life. And we then understand when a person in the deepest external pain of illness — Herder — once said to his son: “Give me a great, beautiful thought, and I will refresh myself with it!” We can literally see how Herder expects the illumination of a great, beautiful thought in a tormented life to be a refreshment, that is, a stroke of luck. It is easy to say that human beings must be the architects of their own happiness with their inner selves. But when we consider the powerful effectiveness of the worldview of spiritual science in the parts we have been able to touch on today, where it is not merely theoretical knowledge but takes hold of our spiritual spiritual and soul essence, filling it completely with something that transcends happiness or unhappiness, when we grasp the worldview in this way, then it can yield those great thoughts like hardly any other, which still make it possible for human beings, even when they must perish in misfortune, to be filled with the thought at that moment: This is only a part of life as a whole!
That is why this question about happiness was raised today, to show how everyday external life is fired and fertilized by the real thoughts about the whole of life that spiritual science can give us, and how these do not merely intervene in life as a theory, but bring the forces of life itself. And that is the essential thing. We must not only have external reasons for comforting those who, in the face of external misfortune, must learn to endure misfortune by awakening their inner forces, but we must also be able to give them the real inner forces that lead them beyond the sphere of misfortune to a sphere to which they belong, even though life seems to contradict this. But this can only be achieved by a science that shows how human life extends beyond birth and death, how it is connected with everything that constitutes the blissful foundations of our world order. If we can expect this from a worldview, then we can say that it fulfills the intuitions of the very best people. With such a worldview, people can view life in such a way that they stand in this life like someone on a ship being rocked by the waves surging up and down in a storm, but still find the courage within themselves to rely on nothing in the outer world in the same sense as they rely on the strength and essence of their own inner being. Perhaps then, reflections such as today's can be suitable for presenting to people an ideal that Goethe outlines for us in a certain way, but which we can also understand beyond the intuition that fills Goethe as a human ideal that applies to everyone: not as something that is immediately fulfilled in individual lives, but as an ideal for human life as a whole, when people feel as if they are on a ship rocking back and forth on stormy waves in a life marked by happiness and misfortune, and can trust in their inner selves. This must lead to a view that we can characterize with a slight modification of Goethe's words as follows:
Man stands manfully at the helm,
The ship is moved by wind and waves —
Wind and waves, not his inner self.
Controlling them — he looks into the grim depths
And trusts, whether failing or landing,
The powers of his inner self!