A New Experience of Christ
GA 69c
6 May 1912, Cologne
Translated by Marjorie Spock
3. Christ in the 20th Century
Nowadays, anyone who lectures on the Christ runs into quite a variety of viewpoints. These fall roughly into two main groups, and a speaker must take them into account, especially if he plans to talk on the subject in the sense intended for this evening's lecture. That is, in the same sense in which other questions and other problems have been dealt with here before. I am referring, of course, to the spiritual scientific or anthroposophical viewpoint.
The first group of views is one that bases itself firmly on the premise that Christ is a real force in life. This might be called the religious viewpoint, which all the Christian confessions share in common. We will find on closer study however that no matter how liberal and tolerant it may seem in some respects, it has little use for any but its own view of the Christ. The various proponents of the religious standpoint are simply unwilling to grant that any progress in thinking about Christ is possible.
The other viewpoint is also one held by thoroughly dedicated modern searchers after truth. In accordance with a certain scientific trend, it maintains that a study of the Christ event, of what is reported to have taken place in Palestine at the beginning of the Christian era, if pursued with the same reliable historical methods that are applied to the study of other events, does not bear out the assumptions made about the Christ.
We realize that this way of looking at things has long been gaining favor. We also know that in the course of recent centuries increasing emphasis has been laid on comparing the Gospels, and that the discrepancies people have discovered in them have forced them to conclude that the Gospels could not be taken as historical documents. After a long period of trying to distill a somewhat reliable picture of Christ Jesus from the Gospel accounts, there have come to be many people today, both in Germany and elsewhere, who cannot reconcile speaking of a historical Jesus or of a historical Christ Event with their scientific consciences.
So we find present day positions ranging all the way from a separating out of those facts in the Gospels that can be historically proven, to out-and-out rejection of the historical Christ Jesus. This has given rise to the opinion that, though Christ may still live today for religious-minded people who feel that their faith lifts them to Him, for an ever more rigorously developing science the Christ idea, the concept of Christ, must vanish entirely. Many people are presently convinced that the Christ force will not continue to play any role at all in future, though these same people do not by any means believe that the day will ever come when religion will be lost to humanity.
Certain facts of the time, however, make it seem unlikely that the belief I have referred to will be proven true, for we can note a strange phenomenon. In our day, it is by no means only the religious-minded and people of feeling, for whom the Gospels have shown themselves a source of uplift and of schooling, who speak of something in the nature of a Christ idea. Earnest, educated, truth-loving men are putting their whole souls into pointing to something that can only be identified as Christ. It is characteristic that the modern American freethinker, Ferguson, voicing what many of his contemporaries feel, can say that Christ is again “the pioneer of a new age” who will unite Europe and America and look with profoundest understanding into the soul of every human being—that He is the one and only right man for the present. Ferguson, a person otherwise famed for his free-thinking views, speaks of Christ exactly as though He went about from one man to the next wielding direct influence upon us. Freethinking spirits are thus beginning to feel the Christ Being directly related to modern humanity. Even though little attention is paid to it as yet, we will find that this tendency, this searching for a force that can only be called the Christ, will make sure headway. John Fiske, a man who did his utmost to further Darwinism in America, stated that all religions assert two basic truths. The first is that all things are related. This is a truth proclaimed by every religion, one that no thoughtful person can deny. The second truth is that what we call good and evil derives from forces external to the human spirit.
I quote these men expressly because they are both personalities whose whole thinking and feeling are firmly rooted in the present, but they do not rest satisfied with an external view of things. Instead, they have worked their way through to deeper forces of existence. The forces at work in the world are not just physical and chemical: they are also spiritual in nature.
For one who takes his stand on a spiritual-scientific view of the world, the concept of Christ just characterized appears to be merely a first dawn glimmering, a preparation for something quite different still to come. I hope I will not be misunderstood in speaking as I have of this preparatory, Twentieth Century form of the Christ concept. Spiritual science has to steer clear of any taint of sectarianism and other such attitudes because they simply do not belong to this age. The spiritual scientist takes the same attitude in speaking of what is to come in human evolution as does the natural scientist who predicts an eclipse of the moon or a transit of Venus: he is not assuming a prophetic role. There are forces in life that can be spiritually investigated in exactly the same sense that natural forces operative in the physical world can be investigated.
It will be helpful to gain a perspective on the past history of the Christ idea, which has indeed undergone tremendous changes through the centuries. If we follow it back to its origin, we come upon a strange fact of the early days. We find popular Christianity spreading through the regions ruled by Rome in a way that enables us to say that, while the old Roman culture developed among the upper levels of the population and then grew decadent, we see those on whom life left its mark, those whose lot it was to suffer, slowly and gradually finding their way into popular Christianity. Jesus of Nazareth is increasingly idealized, to the point that he is looked on as divine. The various confessions that made up this popular Christianity tended more to feeling than to thoughts and concepts. But alongside this popular form we find those most enlightened spirits of the time who concerned themselves with Christianity devoting their loftiest ideas, their most significant concepts, to answering the question, “Who, actually, is this Christ?”
Let us single out, from the abundance of answers given by these illumined spirits, one or two for consideration here.
In Gnosticism, a form of thought to which anthroposophy by no means advises returning but simply studies as a phenomenon of past history, we find many different shadings of certain lofty concepts, all centering in an attempt to grasp the Christ idea. In the main, it can be characterized by saying that this Gnosticism, this longing to grasp the Christ idea with the help of the Ioftiest concepts, is a most marvelous form of spiritual development. Of course, those who adopt the modern view that every last facet of humanness gradually evolved from nature's lower orders, from animals, and rose by stages from the most primitive to ever higher animal forms, are bound to consider the Gnostic doctrine a fantastic dream. But Gnostics, too, traced evolution back even further than does the modern natural scientist. They said that we find a period in ancient times in which all animals, even the highest, were present on the earth, and man could have seen them if he too had been there at that time. The Gnostics, however, had in mind a period of evolution in which the human kingdom had not yet appeared, but they did not conclude from this that men developed out of animals, but rather that they descended later from the spiritual world. They maintained that animals. plants and minerals had also descended from the spirit. had materialized out of spiritual realms, so that we have to ascribe a spiritual origin to animals, plants and minerals as well. But there was a period when man had not yet taken on physical form, a time when he was still waiting in the spiritual world for the moment when the earth provided certain other conditions such as would make human life possible here.
This does not mean that man was not in existence at that time. Man did exist: not, however, as a visible entity, but as a spiritual one. He lived in the spiritual environment of the earth, but had not yet descended onto it, for the conditions of that ancient time were not such as would have made human development possible. Thus, the Gnostics assumed that there was a most important moment, later than that of the descent of the other kingdoms when titan descended to the earth. It was the Gnostic conviction that if man had incarnated with the other lesser kingdoms, one all-important facet of his being, that is the capacity we know as free, independent human thinking would not have developed. In short, man would lack his true human ego that works front a central focus outward into the world and develops between birth and death. The animal's development is kept within certain limits, but man is capable of progressing in an entirely different way as a result of education and experience. In order to achieve this, said the Gnostic, man entered into a more intimate connection with the element of matter than he would have done if he had remained an unfree being, dependent, as the other creatures around him were on his endowment at birth. Man plunged more deeply into matter in order to become less dependent on what he brought into existence with him. Gnosticism held that this deeper involvement in matter took place at a certain moment in very early times, that is, the moment the Bible pictures as the Fall, meaning thereby the fall into matter just described. But by no means every impulse inherent in human nature was believed to have joined in that descent; instead, something of a superhuman element remained in the spiritual world. While mankind was experiencing all this, something that was part of man but did not accompany him in his descent because he plunged so deeply into physical embodiment stayed on in spiritual worlds. Thus, there was still present in the world above a part of man that had dwelt there when all humanity still lived as one in realms of spirit.
On the basis of these assumptions the Gnostics then proceeded to study the Christ Event. A certain moment, described in the Bible as the baptism by John, was of special interest to them. They felt that the human being whose development brought him to that baptism was indeed a most extraordinary man, but nevertheless just a human being. After he had been baptized, something occurred that is hard for modern minds to grasp. Perhaps we can think of it in the sense that many a person has had something happen to him at a certain moment about which he could only say that his whole life was changed in consequence. Many people date their lives from such a moment, feeling it to have been one in which they were spiritually reborn. This is something that can happen to any and every human being. If one pictures this experience raised to a unique and ultimate peak, one understands how the Gnostics felt about the baptism by John in the River Jordan. That element of humanness that had been part of man front the earliest beginnings of his race but which had been waiting in the spiritual world, now left that realm and made its way down to earth, to take up its abode in the unique human being, Jesus of Nazareth. For the next three years Jesus of Nazareth was not just a changed human being. He was one in whom that reserved element of humanness, held over from the very beginning of man's earth life, had come to dwell for the eventual fructification of humanity. In other words, Jesus of Nazareth became the bearer of the superhuman being, Christ for the three years of His earthly life. So the Gnostics held that what had hitherto dwelt in the spiritual world had come into a human body, like a seed planted in the earth. Like a planted seed, which must decompose in order to germinate, this spiritual impulse entering the earth had to pass away in order to spring, seed-like, into hundred-arid thousand-fold fruitfulness. This spiritual element had to pass through death exactly as a seed dies. Far from failing to bear, it poured itself into earth's spiritual-evolutionary stream, where it will be found living on in many kinds of fruiting.
So we find in the Gnostic doctrine a pre-history of mankind leading up to the moment of Christ's coming and a post-history following upon the Event of Golgotha. It is history centered in the living action of the Christ impulse as Christ enters into human souls. To the Gnostic, the Christ impulse was history indeed history's whole content and the source of its ongoingness. If this view sounds alien to the contemporary mind, it must be stated that precisely modern natural science, whose ideas are colored by materialism only now at the outset, will press forward ever more vigorously to an understanding and eventual grasping of the reality that underlay the Gnostic concept.
In order to show how close the present is to taking up again what Gnosticism offered, let me just point out the following—something that is of course only an elementary first step. Science has thought for a long time that it stands on a solid footing. Basing itself on a truly impressive Darwinism, it felt impelled to assert that everything human developed out of animal origins, and that the driving force behind that development was the “struggle for survival.” It said that all the various creatures were launched into life together, but fell to fighting, with the not too surprising result that, as time went on, the more perfect species got the better of the less perfect. Man was the final product of this perfecting process. “The survival of the fittest” became the slogan of the Darwinists. Now, however, researchers are finding themselves forced to adopt quite a different concept in their honest searching of facts. They are now saying that as we study man afresh and compare him with the most developed animals, we can by no means assume that he evolved in straight-line descent from these species. Instead, we have to trace him back to a primeval form no longer to be found upon the earth. These researchers now believe that such a primeval form once existed and that while man and animal both evolved front it, they did so in two different directions. Outstanding investigators have brought forth a further fact. They put the question: How could man develop as differently as he has when all the while animals, too, were evolving? Strange to say, they have not hit upon a “fight for survival.” They assume that man and his form were in a specially protected place where he could continue under the same conditions which originally brought forth that form, whereas all other creatures were caught up in a downward trend. Thus, man today is being traced back to an invisible primeval form that developed as it did because it was protected in a realm where man did not have to take part in a struggle to survive. These researchers subscribe to only one remaining fiction. They believe the protecting realm to have been a physically perceptible locality.
Gnosticism, too. assumes just such a primeval form. But instead of picturing it as having existed on the physical plane, it assigns it to the spiritual world, which was, in fact, able to afford it protection.
If one can conceive the idea that man was a late-corner to the earth, one can also conceive the following thought. Tracing the course of history, we find that a hitherto undivided human race split up into various nations and races and that many different confessions came into being, each shaped in accordance with the feeling of a particular group. In earlier times humanity was so constituted that a person could develop only what was implanted in him by virtue of belonging to a certain tribe. The spiritual force, however, the spiritual being that made man human in the first place, enables him to find the human being in his fellow man instead of what heredity has made of him. Man had to have this capacity restored to him. It was an impulse that could be taken up again only when humanity grew ripe for it.
So we encounter lofty and remarkable concepts of evolution in the first Christian centuries. It must be said that what we are witnessing in present-day natural science as the beginning of something that must eventually outgrow the Chrysalis stage, was already anticipated by the Gnostics in the grandiose conceptions reached by them as they thought about these matters. This could happen only because there is such a thing as evolution in man's history.
If we look back to a period that lies still closer to the time of man's descent to earth, we come upon a wholly different kind of soul life. Comparing it with the soul life of the present we must say that the latter is oriented toward a sense-based and brain-conditioned way of experiencing, whereas earlier times brought us a marvelous heritage of knowledge in the form of pictures. The fact that this heritage exists proves what spiritual scientific research also discovers to be true that human souls did not always perceive their surroundings as they do today, but were once clairvoyant. At that time man did not feel himself so involved with his own ego. Instead, he felt that he was part and parcel of everything around him. A dreamlike state of consciousness brought him into profound contact with the world about. Primeval man's way of knowing things was through a dreamlike clairvoyance that revealed their mysteries to him. His was an experience akin to dreaming as we know it today. Thus, it was possible for a humanity recently descended from spiritual heights to experience the secrets of the spiritual world in what may be called a clairvoyant dream-state.
Evolutionary progress meant, however, an ever-deepening descent of man into physical existence, accompanied by an ever further loss of that ancient clairvoyant capacity, though this need not be thought of as a tragedy. For if man had not lost his old clairvoyance he could never have advanced to the stage of free self-awareness that alone provided the basis for conscious personal experience.
The loss of the old clairvoyant insight that once gave access to secrets of the spiritual world came about gradually. Even when mankind had become thoroughly at home in the physical world, clairvoyant knowledge was still kept alive in sanctuaries that preserved the heritage of the ancient Mysteries, the treasure of wisdom that had come down to them through the ages. After the Christ Event had taken place and entered the stream of earth-evolution, the Gnostics still hoarded that age-old treasure of wisdom won by humanity's clairvoyant insight, and they formed their idea of Christ in accordance with it. Their concept may, therefore, be described as a reminiscence of knowledge gleaned in olden times, not as the product of free, conscious selfhood. They simply applied what men of ancient days had known to explain the Christ phenomenon. The period during which Gnosticism flourished coincided with the dimming of clairvoyant insight. This made it impossible for those who followed after. in the Middle Ages, to go on working with the heritage of Gnostic wisdom as a means of understanding Christ.
Instead, something else took the place of Gnosticism. We find people who lived in the centuries after its demise just as eager to grasp the Christ phenomenon, but wanting henceforth to rely on their own human powers of understanding, on a scientific approach. And we see the most enlightened spirits of the Middle Ages turning from Gnosticism to the teachings of Aristotle for the basis of their understanding of the Christ.
They found themselves forced to say that Aristotle's world conception brought them to a standstill at a certain point, that true spiritual understanding of the Christ was out of reach of human knowledge.
In one respect, however, the view of the world held in the Middle Ages rests on one of Aristotle's main ideas. Aristotle would never have thought of going as far as modern materialism has gone. When we look into his idea of the way soul and body work together, we do not find him subscribing to any such belief as that a man's inner life is conditioned by the heredity that comes to him from parents, grandparents, etc. His view was rather that every person born into the world is given a drop out of the ocean of divinity to unite with his body, that a soul-spiritual core always detaches itself front the universal spirit and enters human beings at their birth. But Aristotle, who was distinguished by a quality seldom met with in our day, that is, the habit of drawing the real consequences of his musing and investigating, does not stop at this point. He goes on thinking, and comes to believe that when a soul passes through the gates of death it does so as a now well- established entity, and as such ascends into the spiritual world. Though prior to birth it did not exist as a separate being, after death it lives on in the world of the spirit as an individual.
What kind of after-death experience does this soul now undergo, as Aristotle sees it? None whatever, since it lacks a body to make that possible. Now its sole content is the memory of its life on earth. It lives on in eternity looking back on its earth-life with the good and evil it has done, wholly given up to memory pictures.
Here, in Aristotle, may be found the origin of the doctrine of eternal punishment in hell. It began in his concept and made its way into Catholic dogma during the Middle Ages. But let me say at once that it was not possible for Aristotle as a man of his time to do other than picture the soul as an unchanging entity doomed to gaze forever at its earthly deeds.
Modern spiritual science, anthroposophy, recognizes, of course, that the soul can do more after death than just look back as though in memory-pictures on its previous earth-life. It knows that the soul does not have to stay forever in that state. Instead, it sees man taking with him into the spiritual world as the finest fruit of his earth experience the possibility of transforming or building further on the good and bad deeds he committed here: nor does he stay forever in the spiritual world. Rather is he born again into a new incarnation and has opportunities to work out some karmic compensation for what he did or failed to do in previous lives. The soul passes through the gates of death taking with it the impulse to seek further incarnations for the sake of working out a balance. Aristotle could not accept such an idea because he had always thought that every birth meant a detaching of spiritual substance to form the soul. But spiritual science bears witness to the fact that our present lives derive from past incarnations.
So Aristotle may be said to have stood in the way of his own insight. He whom wise men of the Middle Ages called “the precursor of Christ in understanding nature,” did not get as far as the reincarnation concept. We see how he stopped short of the mark in regard to the question of immortality and how for him life's fruit was just eternal contemplation. The inevitable outcome of this was that people could not see into the spiritual world or gain any understanding of the nature of the Christ. For the thinking of the Middle Ages, Christ disappeared into the realm of belief which is closed to knowledge. The age-old tradition of Gnosticism was finally lost. Aristotle could not serve spiritual understanding of the Christ. Thus, a line came to be drawn between what can be known and what must remain a matter of belief. One consequence of Aristotelian thought that lived on was the idea of eternal suffering in hell.
It remained for people of more recent times to take the third step in a gradual weakening of faith. They have come to rely more and more on what can be grasped with the physical senses. The effect of this on the Christ concept has been to make Christ an ever less important figure and to render the prevailing idea of Christ more and more materialistic. Where Gnostics once assumed a spiritual principle, and where the Middle Ages in their turn experienced Christ in a mood of purest faith and devotion, the present sees at the beginning of the Christian era not a human being ensouled with a cosmic element but, increasingly, “the simple man of Nazareth,” a man more or less like any other human being. Nobody remembers anything of what the Gnostics had divined. People want to think of Christ in the same materialistic way they think about other historical events. The fact that they regard Him as a mere human being makes it necessary to apply the same methods to the study of His appearance that are generally applied in ordinary historical research.
It might have been recognized that the historical approach to the whole question is the easy way out because what could possibly be easier than to take the Gospels and show how they contradict each other! This reduces things to simplest terms. But then wouldn't the researchers have had to assume that their predecessors were the greatest dunces ever for having failed even to notice such obvious contradictions?
At any rate, the Gospels were certainly not taken as a schooling, a schooling that enables the soul to lift itself to spiritual perception of the Christ. So it is not surprising that history was pressed into service as a yardstick and that a movement has grown up, associated here in Germany with the theologian, Drews, that denies Christ completely. This happened at the very moment when spiritual science entered the contemporary scene.
Spiritual science bears witness to the fact just referred to, that human beings and what they carry within them are not products of a single life, but of many past lives. Man once lived wholly in the spiritual world. Then he left it to descend to earth, but he was to have more than one life in a physical body. When he had digested the fruits of an incarnation during an interval spent in the spiritual world, he descended again into physical embodiment. The law that pertains here has often been the object of our study. It teaches us how deeply involved man is in the whole ongoing process we call history. Life only begins to make real sense when we assume that we have all been living on the earth in order to take what was given us in the beginning, make it our own, and then go on developing with the march of the centuries toward ever greater perfection. A closer study of these matters brings something quite remarkable to light, to be described here as man's mission on the earth.
I must stress again today, as I have so often done before, that the consciousness that man has thus far developed has by no means reached its final form. Man can really take his development in hand: the right spiritual training can lift him to spiritual perception. That is quite within the realm of possibility if he schools his soul in meditation. Just as one can put oneself, by staring intently at a shining object, into a state where one is aware of nothing else (though this is not a recommended practice!), so do we achieve a single-minded, but in this case quite free condition, when we deliberately concentrate all our attention on some soul-spiritual content to the exclusion of all else. Then forces begin to ray out in our souls through which we attain what may be called a body-free condition. Such a person is then really able to say from experience, “I am no longer perceiving with my eyes or thinking with my brain. I am experiencing as a spiritual being, independent of a body, I perceive what lives and has its being in the spiritual world.”
This elevation to the level of spiritual perception can be achieved with proper schooling. The rigorous discipline that leads to it has been described in several of my books.
It is easier to enter the spiritual world if one has trained one's feeling life to avoid all sorts of over-excited and emotional states and reactions. A person who confronts the world with calmness and equanimity keeps unsquandered reserves of feeling alive within him. The spiritual light, which meditation kindles in us, radiates into such reserves. A person full of selfish demands will never make a disciplined spiritual investigator. But those who achieve real empathy with their fellow-men, who know what selfless love is, who are not absorbed exclusively in their own feelings, have a soul-surplus that can be charged with forces garnered from spiritual schooling. The light of clairvoyance is engendered in feeling that keeps itself free of egotism.
When a person has progressed to the point of being able to live in the spiritual world he can gradually learn to clothe his experiences in ordinary concepts. Handed on in that form, any healthy mentality can grasp them. It is no more necessary for everyone to be a spiritual investigator than for each of us individually to make laboratory tests to see whether what science says is true or not. Those charged with communicating the results of spiritual-scientific research do not shy away from commonsense thinkers. Really healthy minds readily see the truth of statements made by the spiritual investigator. The only people who dispute his findings are those who approach them filled with prejudice. This holds true in the case of spiritual science, which is the fruit of clairvoyant research. It enables human beings to gain access to a world of spiritual experience.
The insight that spiritual scientists can presently achieve by means of a heightened consciousness will—to some degree at least, and in certain fields f be attainable by all men in future. It will fall to the lot of Twentieth Century humanity to realize that the soul develops, that it passes through life after life in the course of earth's evolution, and in so doing absorbs from the various cultural epochs what each such epoch has to offer.
If one looks nowadays with a more than ordinarily perceptive eye at the human race all over the earth, one becomes aware that it possesses two human qualities that were simply not present in antiquity. This is a fact susceptible of proof. The two new qualities are commission and conscience, and they will go on developing more and more fully as man submits his soul-life to spiritual schooling. Compassion and conscience were new acquisitions at a certain point in evolution.
Much that is called compassion is not worthy of the term. True compassion is the capacity to forget oneself and enter another's being so completely that one feels his suffering as he feels it. One's own ego is quite forgotten in such fellow-feeling; one lives entirely in the other's experience. Suppose for a moment that nature were so to arrange matters that at the moment when a person freed himself from narrow self-concern he had the same experience morally that comes to him every day when he falls asleep. When he can no longer maintain control of his body and his brain ceases to serve his soul as its instrument and he goes to sleep, consciousness disappears. A person can, of course, also fall unconscious from compassion. But that would be egotistical in the extreme, for then he could not surrender himself wholly to another's feelings. In that sense, falling unconscious would amount to a moral failing, whereas compassion is one of the two means whereby a person breaks free of himself without losing consciousness. Conscience is the other. It speaks to our innermost being; the listener follows the bidding of a voice that penetrates to where his ego lives. He subjects the self to something larger than itself. Compassion and conscience are thus forces that man is presently engaged in developing. Consciousness will build further on the foundation of the forms that compassion and conscience have thus far taken, going on to develop the spiritual vision that was previously attainable only in abnormal states of consciousness. To say this is not to make a prophecy but to state a fact determined by strictly scientific means.
As he realizes what effect compassion and conscience have upon the human soul. Twentieth Century man will have a certain direct experience in a perfectly ordinary state of consciousness. He will understand something that might be put in the following way. We see that at birth man inherits something from his ancestors. Spiritual being though he is, he must incarnate physically in a given family and clothe himself in hereditary qualities. Long before we had such a thing as science, people were familiar with heredity, but they gave it an entirely different name. Their term for it was “original sin.” Anyone who understands what the Old Testament meant by original sin knows that the term conveyed a much fuller meaning than science has as yet ascribed to it because it applies to moral as well as physical qualities. Those in whom compassion and conscience have borne fruit will say, however, that although birth saddles us with predispositions that cannot be thrown off, we are also endowed with something that is not bound up with matter and that enables us to rise above ourselves and enter the spiritual world. There is one realm—the realm of one's own soul—where there will be direct spiritual vision. Human beings will affirm that although they are tied on the one hand to physical matter, on the other the soul harbors a radiant helper capable of lifting us beyond ourselves, it is a feeling that suggests the following comparison. Suppose there were someone who found it hard to believe that air everywhere surrounds us and fills every empty space. All he has to do to convince himself is to create a vacuum and observe how the air rushes into it. Just such an empty space is created in the soul by compassion and conscience, both of which detach us from our ego. Into that vacuum streams the spiritual entity whom we know as the Christ. This gives us personal experience of the fact that we can receive Christ into ourselves. Christ Who is present in the spiritual atmosphere just as air is present in the physical atmosphere and flows into every Space it finds empty.
On this high level, normal consciousness can indeed become spiritual vision, and no one who has this experience will consider it subjective. He will instead recognize that there must be such a possibility. He will realize that there was a time when it was still unknown and a moment when it became possible for the first time. He will be aware that what he is experiencing made its way down to earth from spiritual realms and united with it as the Christ impulse. This Christ impulse will inevitably come to be looked upon by Twentieth Century man as a force that entered earth evolution at a particular moment in time as a real historical event. That will usher in a period when it will no longer make sense to say that Christ is merely an idea. Instead, people will say that the Christ experience can be conceived as taking place only in this or that individual soul, just as philosophers maintain that there could be no such thing as color without eyes to perceive it. But colors do not owe their existence to perceiving eyes; the truth is rather that eyes are created by the light-world. The fact ought therefore to be stated thus: “No eyes without light.” It is equally true that without the historical Christ human beings could not experience Christ or the Christ-power within them. So they will know Christ to be a spiritual being and realize that this Being once actually lived on earth as a fact of history and sacrificed Himself to become one with the earth. They will be able to make their way into the spiritual world and discover Christ there.
Goethe often found just the right way of putting some fact or other, and perhaps we might borrow one of his sayings to express what we have been discussing here; it can serve us as a pointer. Goethe said that the eye was built by light to perceive the light: the eye was conjured forth by light from organs that were originally indeterminate. He goes on to make a further statement that calls attention to the impulse we harbor to discover God within us:
“Were not our eyes profoundly of the sun
How could they behold the light?
Were not our strength from God's own being won.
How could we feel so in Things divine delight.”
Just as the eye is conjured forth by light, so man's power to see God is conjured forth by God Himself as He lives and moves within and all about us. Those whose own Christ-likeness enables them to experience the Christ in beauty of feeling and insight will know that this is possible only because Christ once descended to earth and lived here, an historic figure. Just as the sun's light conjures forth eyes in human bodies so does the historic Christ conjure forth Christ-life in the souls of men.
“Unless the soul of man were Christ-like, how indeed could it experience the Christ? lf Christ had not lived as an historic figure how could man's soul ever come to know that most glorious feeling: feeling for the Christ?” Such will be the tenor of Twentieth Century comment. At the very moment when orthodox science reaches the point of denying Christ any historical reality, spiritual science will say without relying on documents that because man can experience Christ he knows that Christ did indeed live historically as a life-giving force, as the sun in that spiritual realm whence human evolution draws its nutriment.
III. Christus Und Das Zwanzigste Jahrhundert
Sehr verehrte Anwesende! Wer gegenwärtig über den Christus spricht, begegnet mancherlei Anschauungen, die [in der einen oder anderen Weise] vertreten werden. Diese können hauptsächlich unter zwei Gesichtspunkten eingeordnet werden, mit denen insbesondere derjenige rechnen muss, welcher über die Christus-Frage in einem solchen Sinne spricht, wie es am heutigen Abend geschehen soll, welcher spricht von dem Gesichtspunkt aus, der hier schon öfter von mir vertreten werden durfte in Bezug auf andere Fragen, auf andere Probleme des Lebens — gemeint ist der geisteswissenschaftliche oder theosophische Gesichtspunkt.
Zunächst begegnet man demjenigen Standpunkt, der in seiner Art durchaus fest auf dem Boden der ChristusAnschauung steht, dem Standpunkt nämlich, für den der Christus eine wirkliche, reale Macht des Lebens ist. Es ist dies der religiöse Standpunkt, der Standpunkt der verschiedenen religiösen Bekenntnisse. Wenn wir diesen ins Auge fassen, dann finden wir, dass er zumeist, wenn er sich auch noch so sehr nach einer gewissen Richtung hin tolerant und liberal verhält, im Grunde nicht gelten lassen will, dass über den Christus in einer anderen Art gesprochen werden kann, als er selber von ihm spricht. Dass ein Fortschritt in Bezug auf Gedanken über den Christus möglich sei, das wird von dem religiösen Standpunkt der verschiedensten Schattierungen einfach nicht zugegeben.
Der andere Gesichtspunkt, dem man begegnet, ist derjenige, der auch von wahrhaftig ernsten Wahrheitssuchern in der Gegenwart vertreten wird; es ist der Standpunkt, der, von Gesichtspunkten einer gewissen wissenschaftlichen Richtung ausgehend, sagt: Untersucht man das Christus-Ereignis, untersucht man das, was im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung geschehen sein soll in Palästina, mit denselben Mitteln streng geschichtlicher Forschung wie andere Ereignisse, so kann die Deutung des Christus-Ereignisses so, wie sie vertreten wird, nicht aufrechterhalten werden. - Man weiß, dass dieser Gesichtspunkt sich schon lange vorbereitet hat; man weiß, dass im Verlaufe der letzten Jahrhunderte die Menschen immer mehr zu einem Vergleichen der Evangelien gekommen sind, dass sie glaubten, aus den Widersprüchen [zwischen den verschiedenen Evangelien] schließen zu müssen, dass diese nicht historische Urkunden sein könnten.
Und nachdem man lange Zeit hindurch versucht hatte, etwas aus den Evangelien gleichsam herauszudestillieren, was sich wie ein Bild des Christus Jesus doch ergeben könnte, gibt es heute schon - nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch in anderen Ländern - viele Menschen, die geradezu glauben, es ihrem wissenschaftlichen Gewissen schuldig zu sein, zuzugeben, dass man eigentlich von einem historischen Jesus, von einem Christus-Ereignis im historischen Sinne, nicht reden dürfte. Mit einem Herausschälen des historischen Bodensatzes in den Evangelien, bis zum völligen Hinwegleugnen der historischen Gestalt des Christus Jesus, haben wir es zu tun, wenn wir die Stellungnahme der heutigen Zeit zur Christus-Frage ins Auge fassen.
So konnte [die Ansicht] entstehen, dass der Christus heute nur noch gefunden werden könne bei den religiösen Menschen, welche durch den Glauben sich zu erheben vermeinen zu dem Christus, dass aber die ChristusIdee, der Christus-Gedanke vor der immer mehr sich entwickelnden Wissenschaft verschwinden müsse. Und viele sind es, die heute schon davon träumen, dass ganz gewiss dasjenige, was Christus-Macht ist, in der Zukunft keine Rolle mehr spielen werde. Doch diese glauben durchaus nicht daran, dass Religion der Menschheit überhaupt jemals abhandenkommen könne.
Dennoch scheint gegenüber gewissen Tatsachen der Gegenwart dieser Glaube nicht aufrechterhalten werden zu können. Wir bemerken nämlich die eigentümliche Erscheinung, dass in unserer Gegenwart nicht nur Gläubige, nicht nur diejenigen, die aus ihrem Gemüt heraus die Evangelien wie ein Erbauungs- und Erziehungsmittel empfangen haben, von etwas sprechen, das doch der Christus-Idee entspricht, sondern dass ernste, gebildete, [nach Wahrheit strebende] Menschen hinweisen mit ihrem ganzen seelischen Empfinden auf etwas, was man nur mit dem Christus-Namen belegen könne. Immerhin bleibt es doch charakteristisch, dass ein Freidenker der Gegenwart, der nur ein Repräsentant von vielen ist, der Amerikaner Ferguson, zu sagen vermag:
Christus ist wieder Pionier einer neuen Zeit geworden, der Amerika mit Europa in der Zukunft verbinden wird, der am tiefsten hineinzuschauen vermag in die Seele eines jeden Menschen. Er ist so recht der Mann der Gegenwart wie nur einer.
Ein Mann, der sonst freidenkerische Ideen verbreitet, redet von Christus so, wie wenn dieser heute von Mensch zu Mensch herumginge, wie wenn der Christus unmittelbar unter uns wandeln würde. Sogar freidenkerische Menschen beginnen also die Christuswesenheit als etwas zu fühlen, das einen unmittelbaren Bezug zu den Menschen hat. Wenn es heute auch noch weniger beachtet wird: Bahn brechen wird sich ein solches Hinneigen zu einer Macht, ein solches Suchen nach der Macht, die man nur mit dem Christus-Namen bezeichnen kann. Der Mann, der sich die größten Verdienste erwarb um die Einführung des Darwinismus in Amerika, John Fiske, tat den Ausspruch:
Alle Religionen behaupten zwei Wahrheiten. Die eine Wahrheit ist die, dass alle Dinge in einem Zusammenhange stehen -alle Religionen verkünden diese Wahrheit, die unleugbar ist für jedes Nachdenken. Die zweite Wahrheit ist die, dass das, was wir gut oder böse nennen, in irgendeinem Verhältnis zu einer außerhalb des menschlichen Geistes stehenden Macht steht.
Ausdrücklich führe ich Aussprüche von Persönlichkeiten an, die mit ihrem ganzen Denken und Empfinden völlig auf dem Boden der Gegenwart stehen, die sich aber hindurchgearbeitet haben von einer äußeren Anschauung zu den tieferen Kräften des Daseins. Die Mächte sind nicht nur Kräfte physischer und chemischer, sondern auch geistiger Art. Nur wie eine Morgenröte, wie eine Art Vorbereitung zu einem ganz anderen nimmt die Christus-Idee, die eben charakterisiert worden ist, sich für denjenigen aus, der auf dem Boden der theosophischen Weltanschauung steht. Nicht missverstanden möchte ich werden, wenn ich spreche von der Christus-Idee, wie sie sich voraussichtlich im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert gestalten wird. Geisteswissenschaft soll so weit wie möglich entfernt sein von aller Sektiererei, von alledem, was nicht in unsere Zeit gehört. Und nicht anders fühlt sich der Geisteswissenschafter, wenn er von dem spricht, was da kommen soll in der Menschheitsentwicklung, wie sich der Naturwissenschafter fühlt, wenn er eine Sonnenfinsternis oder einen Venusdurchgang voraussagt. Die Eigenschaft eines Propheten legt sich der Geisteswissenschafter nicht bei. Es spielen eben im Leben Kräfte, die geistig erforscht werden können, ebenso wie in der physischen Welt die Naturkräfte erforscht werden können. Allerdings muss man ein wenig den Blick werfen auf das Schicksal der Christus-Idee in der Vergangenheit. Wahrhaftig, diese Idee hat sich gewaltig gewandelt im Laufe der Jahrhunderte. Wenn wir zurückdenken bis zur Entstehung der Christus-Idee, so finden wir in den ersten Jahrhunderten eine merkwürdige Tatsache. Wir finden, wie auf der einen Seite das populäre Christentum sich verbreitet über das Römische Reich, und man kann sagen: Während die alte römische Kultur sich vor allem in der Oberschicht der Bevölkerung entwickelt und dann in eine Art Dekadenz kommt, sehen wir, wie sich gerade bei denjenigen, die vom Leben geprüft werden, die Schmerz erleiden müssen, langsam und allmählich ein populäres Christentum einbürgert und wie sich immer mehr herausschält die Idealisierung des Jesus von Nazareth; bis zu einer göttlichen Höhe wird diese Gestalt erhoben. Dieses populäre Christentum enthält in seinen Bekenntnissen mehr Empfindungen und Gefühle als Begriffe und Ideen. Aber neben diesem populären Christentum sehen wir nun auf der anderen Seite, wie die erleuchtetsten Geister der Zeit, die sich mit dem Christentum befassen, ihre höchsten Ideen, ihre bedeutsamsten Begriffe dazu verwenden, sich die Frage zu beantworten: Wer ist denn eigentlich dieser Christus? - Und aus der Fülle von Antworten, die von diesen erleuchteten Geistern gegeben worden sind, sollen nur einige hervorgehoben werden.
So sehen wir im Gnostizismus — zu dem Theosophie durchaus nicht zurückkehren will, den sie aber studiert als eine Erscheinung der Vergangenheit — in mancherlei Schattierungen Gedankenansätze höchster Art über die Christus-Idee. Der Hauptsache nach könnte man ihn folgendermaßen charakterisieren: Dieser Gnostizismus, diese Sehnsucht, aus den höchsten Begriffen die Christus-Idee zu bilden, ist eine geistige Entwicklung der wunderbarsten Art. Allerdings ist für den Menschen, der aus der Gegenwart heraus sich die Idee gebildet hat, dass alles im Menschen sich einzig und allein aus untergeordneten Geschöpfen, aus den Tieren nach und nach entwickelt habe, aus immer niedereren Tieren bis hinunter zu den allerunvollkommensten - für einen solchen Menschen ist die gnostische Lehre nur eine Träumerei, eine Phantasterei.
Auch der Gnostiker verfolgt die Entwicklung zurück, aber weiter zurück als der gegenwärtige Naturforscher. In uralten Zeiten, so sagt er, finden wir eine solche Epoche, wo schon die Tierformen auf der Erde so vorhanden waren, dass, wenn es damals einen Menschen gegeben hätte, dieser die Tierformen - bis zu den höchsten herauf — hätte erblicken können. Der Gnostiker bezeichnet damit eine Epoche der Entwicklung, in der das Menschenreich noch gar nicht vorhanden war. Aber er folgert daraus nicht, dass sich das Menschenreich aus den Tieren entwickelt habe, sondern, dass es heruntergestiegen sei aus dem Geistigen. Auch das Tierische, Pflanzliche und Mineralische sei einmal heruntergestiegen aus dem Geistigen, habe sich verdichtet aus dem Geistigen, sodass wir annehmen müssen, dass [für den Gnostiker] auch Tier, Pflanze und Mineral im Geiste ihren Ursprung haben.
[Und es sagt der Gnostiker weiter:] Aber es gab eine Zeit, wo der Mensch noch nicht physische Gestalt angenommen hatte, sondern wo er in der geistigen Welt wartete bis zu dem Zeitpunkte, an dem sich auf der Erde andere Lebensbedingungen zeigen würden. Nicht, als ob es den Menschen nicht gegeben hätte in jenen Zeiten: Es hat den Menschen gegeben, aber nicht als ein sichtbares, sondern als ein geistiges Wesen. Er lebte in der geistigen Umgebung der Erde; er war nicht auf sie heruntergestiegen, weil die Bedingungen der alten Zeiten solche waren, dass sie die menschliche Entwicklung noch nicht möglich gemacht hätten. So nimmt nun der Gnostiker denjenigen Zeitpunkt als den wichtigsten an, in dem der Mensch — später als die anderen Reiche - heruntergestiegen ist auf die Erde.
Nun aber sagt sich der Gnostiker: Wenn der Mensch in derselben Weise wie die übrigen Reiche der Natur seine physische Verkörperung durchgemacht hätte, dann hätte sich eines nicht entwickeln können, was sich aber entwickeln musste, nämlich das selbstständige, freie Denken des Menschen - überhaupt all dasjenige, was wir das eigentliche, das innere Ich des Menschen nennen, das aus dem Inneren heraus arbeitet, das zwischen Geburt und Tod eine Entwicklung durchmacht. Die Entwicklung eines Tieres ist innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen abgeschlossen. Der Mensch kann, durch Erziehung und Erlebnisse, in einer ganz anderen Weise fortschreiten als das Tier. — Der Gnostiker sagt nun: Damit der Mensch das konnte, ging er eine innigere Verbindung mit dem Materiellen ein, als er hätte eingehen müssen, wenn er unfrei hätte bleiben sollen, abhängig von seinen [Geburtsanlagen] wie die anderen Wesen, die ihn umgaben. Der Mensch ist tiefer hineingestiegen in die Materie, um unabhängiger zu werden von seinen Anlagen.
Und die Gnosis glaubte, dass dieses Tiefer-verstricktWerden [in die Materie] in der Urzeit, in uralten Zeiten, stattgefunden habe und dass dieses der Zeitpunkt sei, der in der Bibel in dem Bilde des Sündenfalls festgehalten ist. Der Gnostiker glaubte, dass mit diesem Bilde eben dieses Verstricktwerden [in die Materie] gemeint sei. Damals sei nun aber nicht alles, was an Impulsen mit der Menschenwesenheit verbunden ist, heruntergestiegen auf die Erde, sondern es habe sich etwas von übermenschlicher Art bewahrt in der geistigen Welt. Und während die Menschheit ihre Geschichte [auf der Erde] durchmachte, blieb oben in der geistigen Welt etwas, was zwar eigentlich zum Menschen gehörte, was aber zurückgeblieben war, weil der Mensch tiefer hineingestiegen war in die Physis. So war vom Menschen oben in der geistigen Welt noch etwas vorhanden von dem, was einmal der Mensch als Ganzes in der geistigen Welt war.
Nun, von diesen Voraussetzungen aus richtet der Gnostiker seinen Blick auf die Christus-Erscheinung, und für ihn wird besonders wichtig der Augenblick, der in der Bibel bezeichnet wird mit der Johannes-Taufe. Der Gnostiker sagt, dass sich bis zu diesem Augenblick [mit Jesus] zwar ein außerordentlicher Mensch entwickelt habe, aber eben nur ein Mensch. Als aber die Johannes-Taufe an ihm vorgenommen wurde, da trat etwas ein, was für die heutige Zeit schwierig zu begreifen ist. Man überlege sich aber Folgendes: Es gibt ja für manchen Menschen den Augenblick, wo er sich sagen muss: Da ist mir etwas in die Seele hereingekommen, durch das ich eine Umänderung meines ganzen Lebens erfahren habe. - Gar mancher Mensch kann sich sagen: [Wenn ich mein Leben von der Geburt bis zu einem gewissen Augenblick durchgehe, dann finde ich, dass in diesem Moment] etwas in meine Seele getreten ist, wodurch ich geistig wiedergeboren worden bin. - Wenn man dies, was bei einem jeden einzelnen Menschen geschehen kann, sich im höchsten Maße gesteigert denkt, als etwas Einzigartiges, dann denkt man das, was die Gnostiker dachten von der Johannes-Taufe im Jordan.
Eben dasjenige, was geblieben war in der geistigen Welt, was gewartet hatte, was aber vom Urbeginn an zum Menschen gehörte, das ging aus der geistigen Welt als eine Strömung hernieder, das senkte sich in diesen einzigen Menschen Jesus von Nazareth. Und jetzt ist drei Jahre hindurch dieser Jesus von Nazareth nicht ein verwandelter Mensch, sondern ein Mensch, der das in sich trägt, was von der ganzen Menschheit im Urbeginne zurückgeblieben war und was nun in diesen Jesus hineinsank, um befruchtend die Menschheit zu durchdringen: Für drei Jahre wurde der Jesus von Nazareth der Träger des übermenschlichen Christus. Und nun sagt der Gnostiker: Was bis dahin in der geistigen Welt war, das wurde einmal hineinversenkt in den Menschenleib, so wie wir das Samenkorn hineinversenken in die Erde. Und wie das Samenkorn zugrunde geht, so war es auch mit diesem geistigen Impuls; er musste hineinversinken in die Erde, er musste in ihr vergehen, um im ganzen Erdenprozess als Same hundert- und tausendfältig wieder aufzugehen. Dieses Geistige musste durch den Tod gehen, wie das Samenkorn durch den Tod gehen muss. Und es blieb nicht unfruchtbar, sondern ergoss sich in die geistigen Entwicklungsströmungen der Erde. Es ist da, es lebt weiter in vielfältiger Frucht.
So hat man im Sinne der Gnosis eine Geschichte der Menschheit zu verzeichnen, die vor Christus liegt, und eine Geschichte, die dem Ereignis von Golgatha folgt eine Menschheitsgeschichte, in welcher der Christus-Impuls lebendig wirkt in der Weise, dass der Christus in die Seelen einzieht. Für die Gnostiker ist der ChristusImpuls Inhalt der Geschichte, des geschichtlichen Werdens geworden! Wenn dies auch befremdend für den heutigen Menschen klingen mag, so muss man doch sagen, dass wirklich gerade die naturwissenschaftlichen Ideen der Gegenwart, die ja nur an ihrem Ausgangspunkte einen materialistischen Charakter angenommen haben, immer mehr dahin drängen werden, eine solche gnostische Idee zu verstehen und dann auch in ihrer Realität zu erfassen. Um zu zeigen, dass man gerade aus der Gegenwart heraus sich dem nähert, was die Gnosis einstmals darbot, sei nur das Folgende angeführt.
Allerdings muss gesagt werden, dass dies sich nur wie ein Elementares ausnimmt, wie ein erster Schritt. Nicht wahr, wie lange hat die Naturwissenschaft geglaubt, auf festem Boden zu stehen? Wie lange hat sie auf Grundlage des wahrhaftig als groß zu bezeichnenden Darwinismus geglaubt, behaupten zu müssen, alles beim Menschen habe sich aus tierischen Anfängen entwickelt, und das eigentlich Treibende sei so etwas wie zum Beispiel der Kampf ums Dasein? So wurde gesagt, alle möglichen Wesen seien gleichsam zum Leben ausgeschickt, aber es entstehe der Kampf ums Dasein, und da sei es gar kein Wunder, dass nach einer gewissen Zeit die Vollkommeneren die Unvollkommeneren überwunden hätten. So hätten sich die Wesen immer mehr vervollkommnet, bis endlich die Stufe des Menschen erreicht worden sei. «Kampf ums Dasein» wurde zum Losungswort. Heute aber gibt es eine andere Idee, die anzunehmen gewisse Forscher sich aus reinem, ehrlichem Wahrheitsempfinden gezwungen sehen. Sie sagen: Wenn wir heute den Menschen betrachten und ihn vergleichen mit den vollkommensten Tieren, dann können wir gar nicht annehmen, dass der Mensch sich aus diesen Tieren in gerader Linie entwickelt habe. Wir müssen vielmehr annehmen, dass der Mensch zurückgehe auf eine Urform, die sich heute nicht mehr findet. - Und nun nehmen diese Forscher an, dass es eine solche Urform gegeben habe, aus der sich auf der einen Seite der Mensch, auf der anderen die Tiere entwickelt hätten. Und noch eine andere Tatsache fügen diese bedeutenden Forscher hinzu. Sie fragen: Wie konnte der Mensch sich in dieser ganz anderen Art entwickeln, während sich die Tiere doch auch entwickelten? - Und da kommen sie merkwürdigerweise gar nicht auf den Kampf ums Dasein. Sie vertreten die Ansicht, dass der Mensch in seiner Form an einem besonders geschützten Orte war, wo er die Bedingungen der Urform beibehalten konnte, während die anderen Wesen in den Niedergang kamen. So haben wir heute schon die Zurückführung des Menschen auf eine nicht mehr sichtbare Urform, die sich nur dadurch entwickeln konnte, dass sie geschützt war an einem Orte, wo der Mensch nicht einzutreten brauchte in den Kampf ums Dasein. Einzwängen lassen sich diese Forscher nur noch von einer einzigen Fiktion, nämlich dass sie diesen geschützten Ort suchen im Bereiche des sinnlich-wirklichen Daseins. Auch der Gnostizismus nimmt eine Urform an, versetzt sie aber nicht in die sinnliche Welt, sondern dahin, wo sie tatsächlich am besten geschützt ist: in die geistige Welt. Und wenn man schon die Idee hat, dass der Mensch später in das Leben eingetreten ist, dann kann man auch die andere haben, dann kann man nämlich auch sagen: Wenn wir den geschichtlichen Verlauf beobachten, dann sehen wir, wie die gesamte Menschheit gewissermaßen gespalten ist in einzelne Nationen und Rassen; wir sehen, wie es viele religiöse Bekenntnisse gibt, die sich gestalten nach den verschiedenen Stämmen. Früher war es so, dass die Menschheit nur dasjenige entwickeln konnte, was in einem Stamme eingepflanzt war, was dem einzelnen Menschen eingepflanzt worden ist durch seine Stammeszugehörigkeit. Diejenige geistige Kraft und Wesenheit aber, die den Menschen überhaupt erst zum Menschen macht, die bewirkt, dass der Mensch im Menschen den Menschen findet, und nicht das [Stammesmäßige], was durch eine geschlechtliche Vererbung zu ihm gehört diese Kraft musste dem Menschen wieder zuteilwerden. Die Menschheit konnte diesen Impuls erst aufnehmen, als sie reif wurde dazu. Wir begegnen also in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten Entwicklungsideen besonderer, hoher Art, sodass wir sagen müssen: Das, was wir heute in der Naturwissenschaft wie an einem Anfang sehen, der erst die Puppenhülle abstreifen muss, das war in der Gnosis schon in grandiosen Gedankenkonzeptionen vorweggenommen. Dies konnte nur dadurch sein, dass eben Evolution, Entwicklung [tatsächlich da] ist in der menschlichen Geschichte.
Wenn wir zurückgehen zu den Zeiten, zu den Epochen, als der Mensch herunterstieg in das Leben, da kommen wir zu einem ganz anderen Seelenleben. Wollen wir es vergleichen mit dem heutigen Seelenleben, so müssen wir sagen: Dieses ist darauf angewiesen, mit den Sinnen aufzunehmen; [es kann nur mit den Sinnen] erleben, nur das erfahren, was an das Gehirn gebunden ist. Aus alten Zeiten sind uns wunderbare Erkenntnisse in Bildern überliefert. Das ist auch äußerlich ein Bild für das, was Geisteswissenschaft mit ihren Mitteln erkennt, nämlich dass die Seele des Menschen nicht immer so ihre Umgebung wahrnahm wie heute, sondern dass ein Hellsehen vorhanden war. Der Mensch fühlte sich noch nicht so in seinem Ich drinnen; er fühlte sich noch mit den Dingen verwachsen — traumhafte Bewusstseinszustände führten ihn in den Untergrund der Dinge. Das traumhafte Hellsehen war diejenige Erkenntnisart, durch die sich dem Urmenschen die Geheimnisse der Dinge enthüllten. Das war ein Erlebnis - ähnlich demjenigen, das man heute hat, wenn man einen Traum erlebt. So erlebte der Urmensch, der heruntergestiegen war aus geistigen Höhen, die Geheimnisse der geistigen Welt als hellseherische Träume. Der Fortschritt der Entwicklung war aber nun, dass die Menschen immer tiefer herunterstiegen in das physische Dasein und so immer mehr das alte Hellsehen verloren. Das braucht man nicht als etwas Trauriges zu bezeichnen, denn hätte der Mensch das alte Hellsehen nicht verloren, so wäre er niemals zum freien Selbstbewusstsein gekommen. Nur dadurch war es möglich, dass der Mensch Erleber seines eigenen Lebens werden konnte. Langsam und allmählich vollzog sich der Verlust dieses alten, hellsichtigen Erkennens, mit dem man in die Geheimnisse der geistigen Welt eingedrungen war.
In den Zeiten, als die Menschheit eigentlich schon ganz mit der Außenwelt verbunden war, wurde diese hellsichtige Erkenntnis noch immer in Stätten bewahrt, die aus der Schülerschaft uralter Mysterien herrührten. Sie hatten dieses uralte Weisheitsgut behütet, das als Überlieferung vorhanden war. Und nachdem das Christus-Ereignis eingetreten war in die Erdenentwicklung, bewahrten die Gnostiker immer noch jenes uralte überlieferte Weisheitsgut aus der hellsichtigen Erkenntnis der Menschheit und bildeten aus diesen alten Erkenntnissen die Christus-Idee. Sie ist also eine Reminiszenz aus der Vorzeit - eine Erkenntnis, die nicht durch ein freies Selbstbewusstsein erworben war. Die Gnostiker wendeten das, was die Urväter gewusst hatten, an auf die Erscheinung des Christus und erklärten ihn daraus. Die Zeit, in der die Gnosis lebte, war die Abenddämmerung der alten hellsichtigen Erkenntnis. So kam es, dass in den folgenden Zeiten, im Mittelalter, es den Menschen nicht mehr möglich war, mit dem uralten Weisheitsgut der Gnosis weiterzuarbeiten und dadurch den Christus zu begreifen. Da trat dann etwas anderes an die Stelle der Gnosis.
Wir sehen nun, wie in den nächsten Jahrhunderten, nachdem die Gnosis den Menschen abhandengekommen war, die Menschen die Christus-Erscheinung auch begreifen wollten, aber von dem eigentlich [äußeren] menschlichen Wissen und Erkennen aus, von der menschlichen Wissenschaft aus. Da sehen wir, wie die erleuchtetsten Geister des Mittelalters anstelle der Gnosis die Lehre des alten Philosophen Aristoteles anwendeten, um den Christus zu begreifen. Sie kamen dazu, dass sie sich sagen mussten: Wenn wir das Weltgebäude des Aristoteles nehmen, dann kommen wir nur zu einem bestimmten Punkte; das wirkliche geistige Erkennen des Christus liegt über dem, was der Mensch erkennen kann. — In einem Punkte aber beruht die Weltanschauung des Mittelalters auf einer Hauptidee des Aristoteles. Aristoteles ist es ja nicht eingefallen, bis zur Anschauung des modernen Materialismus zu schreiten. Wenn wir die Anschauung des Aristoteles über das Zusammenwirken der Seele mit dem Leibe untersuchen, so ist er weit entfernt davon zu glauben, dass das, was der Mensch als sein Innenleben fühlt, bloß ein Resultat der Vererbung sei, hineinversenkt in den Menschen durch die Eltern, Großeltern und so weiter. Er kommt vielmehr zu der Idee, dass jedem Menschen, der durch die Geburt ins Dasein tritt, gleichsam aus der allgemeinen Geistsubstanz, aus der Gottheit heraus, ein Tropfen abgeschnürt wird und sich vereint mit seiner Leiblichkeit. So tritt jedes Mal bei der Geburt ein geistig-seelischer Kern aus dem Allgemein-Geistigen zum [leiblichen] Menschen hinzu.
Nun aber denkt Aristoteles weiter. Er hat eine Eigenschaft, die man in der Gegenwart eigentlich recht selten findet: Er zieht nämlich die wirklichen Konsequenzen seines Forschens und Sinnens. Er sagt sich: Wenn nun die Seele durch die Pforte des Todes tritt, dann ist sie doch ein für sich bestehendes reales Wesen; dann steigt sie auf in die geistige Welt. Während sie vor der Geburt nicht ein besonderes Wesen war, bleibt sie nach dem Tode als ein individuelles, selbstständiges Wesen in der geistigen Welt vorhanden. Was kann sie nun nach dem Tode erleben? Erleben kann sie da nichts mehr, denn dann müsste sie mit einem Leibe umhüllt sein; sie hat als ihren Inhalt einzig die Rückschau auf ihr Erdenleben. In Ewigkeit lebt die menschliche Seele; sie blickt zurück auf ihr Erdenleben, auf das Gute oder Böse, das sie getan, sie lebt in diesem Bilde ihres eigenen Erdenlebens. - Hier haben wir eigentlich durch Aristoteles die Lehre von der Ewigkeit der Höllenstrafe begründet; von dieser Stelle aus hat sie sich hineingefunden in die katholische Lehre des Mittelalters. Es sei hier gleich gesagt, dass Aristoteles nicht anders konnte, als die Seele so gleichförmig zu lassen durch alle ewigen Zukünfte hindurch, in der Anschauung dessen, was sie im Erdenleben vollbracht hat.
Die moderne Geisteswissenschaft oder Theosophie erkennt nun, dass die Seele nach dem Tode in sich die Möglichkeit hat, zurückzuschauen auf das Erdenleben - wie in einem gedächtnismäßigen Erinnern -, aber sie muss nicht in diesem Zustand verbleiben; vielmehr nimmt der Mensch aus diesem Leben als schönste Frucht die Möglichkeit mit in die geistige Welt, dasjenige, was er hier an guten oder bösen Taten vollbracht hat, auszubauen oder umzuwandeln. So muss er nicht für alle Ewigkeit in der geistigen Welt bleiben, sondern er kann also, indem er in ein neues Leben tritt, wieder durch die Geburt ins Dasein tritt, im karmischen Ausgleich selber dasjenige überwinden, was er vorher in früheren Leben tat oder versäumte. Die Seele tritt also durch die Todespforte und nimmt mit sich die Impulse, immer wieder in das Dasein zu treten, um einen Ausgleich zu schaffen in folgenden Leben.
Aristoteles konnte eine solche Idee nicht annehmen, weil er von vorneherein sagte, die Seele werde jedes Mal vor der Geburt abgeschnürt aus der geistigen Substanz. Die Geisteswissenschaft muss dagegen sagen: Das jetzige Leben hat andere Leben zur Voraussetzung. Aristoteles hat seinem Erkennen gleichsam selbst die Kehle zugehalten. - Diese Idee der Wiederverkörperung war also nicht vorhanden bei Aristoteles, den die mittelalterlichen Weisen den «Vorläufer des Herrn in Bezug auf Naturerkenntnis» — den «praecursor domini in rebus naturalibus» - nannten. Wir sehen also, wie weit Aristoteles in der Unsterblichkeitsfrage kam und wie er die Frucht des Lebens in eine ewige Beschaulichkeit der Seele hineinverlegte. Dadurch ergab sich wie von selbst die Unmöglichkeit, hinaufzuschauen in die geistige Welt und die Natur des Christus zu erkennen. Dem mittelalterlichen Denken wird der Christus entrückt, in das Gebiet des Glaubens, wo das Erkennen nicht hineinragen kann. Die uralte Tradition der Gnosis war eben verloren gegangen; Aristoteles reichte nicht bis zum geistigen Erkennen des Christus. Daher machte man einen Strich zwischen dem, was erkannt werden kann, und dem, was nur geglaubt werden muss. Die eine Konsequenz der aristotelischen Idee blieb: Die Kirche betonte die Ewigkeit der Höllenstrafen.
Die Neuzeit machte einen dritten Schritt. Nach und nach kam die Hingabe an den Glauben den Menschen immer mehr abhanden. Sie warfen sich immer mehr auf das bloß Sinnlich-Greifbare. Wir sehen nun: Für die Christus-Idee war das Ergebnis, dass der Christus immer mehr in den Hintergrund trat und die Christus-Anschauung immer materialistischer wurde. An die Stelle des geistigen Prinzips der Gnostiker, an die Stelle des Christus des Mittelalters, der im reinsten Glaubensgefühl erlebt werden konnte, setzte die neuere Zeit nicht einen Menschen, der von etwas Kosmischem durchseelt war, an den Ausgangspunkt unserer Zeitrechnung, sondern immer mehr den «schlichten Mann von Nazareth» - einen Menschen, gleich den anderen Menschen. Es wurde nicht mehr gewusst, was die Gnostiker schon erfasst hatten. Materiell, wie jede andere gewöhnliche geschichtliche Erscheinung, wollte man den Christus begreifen. Und indem man ihn nur menschlich auffasste, war man ja auch genötigt, seine Erscheinung mit den Mitteln der gewöhnlichen Historie zu untersuchen. Dabei hätte man doch bedenken können: Die ganze Sache historisch zu nehmen ist nämlich das Leichteste, was es gibt, denn was kann leichter sein, als die Evangelien vorzunehmen und nachzuweisen, dass darinnen Widersprüche sind. Der Kern dieser Forschung ist das Elementarste, was es nur geben kann. Auch musste man eigentlich doch annehmen, dass alle, die früher gelebt haben, so große Tröpfe gewesen seien, dass sie nicht einmal die so auffälligen Widersprüche gesehen haben. Man fasste die Evangelien nicht auf als eine Erziehung der Seele, durch die sie sich hinaufschwingen kann zu der geistigen Anschauung des Christus. Kein Wunder also, dass man an die Evangelien den Maßstab der Historie anlegte, kein Wunder, dass eine Bewegung entstand, die sich in Deutschland an den Namen Drews knüpft und die zur völligen Leugnung des Christus gekommen ist. Das geschieht nun in derselben Zeit, in derselben Gegenwart, in der die Geisteswissenschaft auftritt! Und der Geisteswissenschaft zeigt sich eben, was schon charakterisiert worden ist, nämlich dass der Mensch mit demjenigen, was er in seinem Inneren trägt, nicht bloß in dem einen Leben lebt, sondern dass er dieses mitgebracht hat aus anderen Leben, die verflossen sind. Einstmals lebte der Mensch in einer geistigen Welt. Dann stieg er herunter aus dieser geistigen Welt, war aber nicht nur einmal in einem physischen Leibe, sondern stieg, nachdem er die Früchte des Einzellebens in einem geistigen Zwischenzustand verarbeitet hatte, immer wieder in das physische Dasein herunter. Dieses Gesetz ist schon öfters hier an diesem Orte angeführt worden. Es zeigt uns, wie der Mensch im ganzen geschichtlichen Werden der Welt lebt. Dann aber hat das Leben offenbar erst einen Sinn, wenn wir annehmen, dass wir alle auf der Erde gelebt haben, um uns anzueignen, was uns die Urzeit geben konnte, um uns weiterzuentwickeln in den späteren, vollkommeneren Zeitaltern. Wenn man dies genauer untersucht, dann ergibt sich etwas recht Eigentümliches, es ergibt sich nämlich geradezu das, was man nennen könnte: die Mission des Menschen auf der Erde.
Wie schon öfter muss ich auch heute darauf hinweisen, dass dasjenige, was herausgekommen ist als das gegenwärtige - [gewöhnliche] - Bewusstsein des Menschen, nicht etwas ist, was das alleinige Bewusstsein sein kann. Der Mensch kann sich eben wirklich entwickeln, er kann sich durch eine regelrechte geistige Schulung zum Hellsehen heraufschwingen - er kann das, wenn er auf seine Seele anwendet die [Methode der] Meditation. So wie wir, wenn wir einen hellglänzenden Gegenstand anschauen und dadurch in einen Zustand kommen können, der das ganze übrige Leben ausschließt - das sei aber nicht zur Nacheiferung gesagt -, so bringen wir uns in einen - allerdings nicht so unfreien - Zustand, wenn wir durch selbsteigenen Willen nur Geistig-Seelisches, das wir uns erworben haben, in den Mittelpunkt unseres Bewusstseins stellen und von allem übrigen absehen. Dann strahlen in unsere Seele Kräfte hinein, durch die für uns wirklich wird, was man etwa so ausdrücken kann: Der Mensch wird frei von seinem Leibe. Der Mensch erlebt wirklich, was sich so aussprechen lässt: Ich nehme nicht mehr wahr durch das Auge, denke nicht mehr durch das Gehirn, sondern erfahre als geistiges Wesen, das unabhängig ist von seinem Leibe; ich nehme wahr, was in einer geistigen Welt lebt und webt. Diese Erhebung zum Geistigen kann durch Schulung erlangt werden, und ihre strengen Gesetze findet man in einigen meiner Werke geschildert.
Derjenige bringt seine Seele leichter hinauf in die geistige Welt, der mit seinem Gefühl etwas durchgemacht hat, was sich etwa so beschreiben lässt: Wer leicht in Aufregung kommt, wer viel sich seinen Affekten und Empfindungen hingibt, der wird nicht leicht hinaufsteigen können in die geistige Welt; wer aber mit einem gewissen Gleichmaß von Ruhe und innerer Gelassenheit der äußeren Welt gegenübersteht, in dem lebt gleichsam eine Ersparnis, ein Reservoir von Empfindungen und Gefühlen - und gerade da hinein strahlt das Geisteslicht, das wir durch die Meditation in uns entzünden. Ein Mensch, der viel für sich in Anspruch nimmt, der kann nicht leicht zum geschulten Hellseher werden. Aber wer leicht mitfühlen kann mit den anderen, wer selbstlose Liebe entwickeln kann, wer nicht nur seinen Empfindungen lebt, ein solcher Mensch hat ein Mehr der Seele, das er durchdringen kann mit Kräften, die er durch die geistige Schulung erringt. Aus einem Gefühl, das nicht im Egoismus sich auslebt, leuchtet die hellseherische Kraft des Menschen auf.
Wenn der Mensch nun so weit gekommen ist, dass es ihm möglich ist, in der geistigen Welt zu leben, dann kann er nach und nach das, was er dort erlebt, herunterholen in die gewöhnlichen Begriffe und kann dies dann so mitteilen, dass es durch den gesunden Menschenverstand begriffen werden kann. Geradeso wie nicht alle Menschen in ein Laboratorium gehen müssen, um sich von dem, was die äußere Wissenschaft sagt, selbst zu überzeugen, so brauchen auch nicht alle Menschen Hellseher zu werden. Wer Ergebnisse aus seiner hellsichtigen Forschung mitzuteilen hat, der hat keine Furcht vor dem gesunden Menschenverstand. Wer [in diesem Sinne] nur recht gesund ist, der gibt dem Geistesforscher Recht; nicht Recht gibt ihm nur, wer vorurteilsvoll an die geistigen Wahrheiten herangeht. So verhält es sich mit der Geisteswissenschaft [und ihren Ergebnissen], die gewonnen werden durch hellsichtige Forschung, und auf diese Weise kann der Mensch hinaufkommen in eine Welt des geistigen Erlebens.
Das, was vom Geisteswissenschafter im Überbewusstsein heute erreicht wird, das wird in der Zukunft bis zu einem gewissen Grade von allen Menschen erreicht werden können. Und das eben steht dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert bevor: zu begreifen, dass die Seele sich entwickelt, im Verlaufe des Erdendaseins von Leben zu Leben geht und dasjenige auf sich wirken lässt, was aus der Zeitkultur auf sie wirken soll.
Betrachtet man nun mit einem weiten Blick den Menschen über die Erde hin, dann treten an ihm zwei Eigenschaften hervor, die in uralten Zeiten bei ihm nicht vorhanden waren. Man braucht nur zu prüfen, um zu sehen, dass sie nicht vorhanden waren. Diese zwei Eigenschaften sind das Mitleid und das Gewissen. Diese beiden Eigenschaften werden sich nach und nach immer mehr ausbilden, indem der Mensch eine Schulung des Seelenlebens durchmacht. Mitleid und Gewissen treten erst im Laufe der Entwicklung auf. Allerdings ist vieles, was man über das Mitleid hört, bloß Phrase. In Wahrheit ist Mitleid etwas, was der Mensch dann fühlt, wenn er von sich selbst loskommt, wenn er hinübertritt in ein anderes Wesen, wenn er dessen Leid mit dessen Gefühl wahrnimmt. Im Mitgefühl vergisst der Mensch sein eigenes Ich, lebt in dem anderen darinnen. Man stelle sich nur einmal vor, es wäre von der Natur so eingerichtet, dass der Mensch in dem Augenblick, wo er sich von seinem eigenen, engen Selbst lostrennt in moralischer Weise, dasselbe erlebte, was er jeden Tag erlebt im Schlafe: Wenn also der Mensch seine Glieder nicht mehr beherrschen kann, wenn das Gehirn nicht mehr Werkzeug der Seele bleiben kann, wenn der Mensch einschläft, dann verliert er sein Bewusstsein. Der Mensch kann ja tatsächlich auch im Gefühl sein Bewusstsein verlieren - da wird er ohnmächtig: Er kann dann sein Ich nicht hingeben an die Gefühle des anderen Wesens. Das ist höchster Egoismus, das ist ein sittlicher Defekt!
Das Mitleid ist eines von den zwei Dingen, durch die der Mensch aus sich herauskommt, ohne dass er das Bewusstsein verliert; das Gewissen ist das andere. Es spricht in uns hinein. Der Mensch unterwirft sich einer Stimme, die in sein Ich hineinspricht; da unterwirft er sein Selbst einem anderen, das weiter reicht als sein Selbst. Mitleid und Gewissen sind die Kräfte, die der Mensch entwickelt. Und das Bewusstsein wird auf der Grundlage der Formen, die Mitleid und Gewissen angenommen haben, dasjenige entwickeln, was sonst nur im abnormen Bewusstsein möglich war: die Hellsichtigkeit. Das ist keine Prophetie, das ist etwas, was aus strenger Wissenschaftlichkeit hervorgeht.
Der Mensch wird im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert durch die Erkenntnis dessen, was Mitleid und Gewissen in den Menschenseelen bewirken, schon in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewusstsein zu einem unmittelbaren [geistigen] Erlebnis kommen können. Er wird etwas ergreifen können, von dem er sich sagen wird: Wir sehen auf der einen Seite, wie der Mensch, wenn er durch die Geburt ins Dasein tritt, etwas erbt von seinen Vorfahren; er muss als geistiges Wesen hineingehen in eine Familie, wird umkleidet mit Eigenschaften, die vererbt sind. Von dieser Vererbung haben die Menschen lange vor unserer Naturwissenschaft gewusst, sie gaben ihr nur einen anderen Namen, nämlich «Erbsünde». Wer die [Bedeutung der] Erbsünde im Alten Testament kennt, der weiß, dass sie viel weiter gefasst werden muss, als es heute noch die Naturwissenschaft tut, dass sie nämlich auch auf die moralischen Eigenschaften angewendet werden muss. Derjenige aber, bei dem Mitleid und Gewissen Früchte getragen haben, wird sich sagen: Ebenso wie ich durch meine Geburt gebunden bin an Anlagen, aus denen ich nicht herauskomme, ebenso gibt es in mir etwas, wodurch ich nicht an die Materie gebunden bin, wodurch ich über mich selbst hinauskommen kann, in eine geistige Welt. - Auf einem Gebiete wird es ein unmittelbares Hellsehen geben: auf dem Gebiete der eigenen Seele. Der Mensch wird sich sagen: Wie mich etwas an die äußere Materie kettet, so geht mir auf der anderen Seite ein lichtvoller Helfer in der Seele auf, der mich über mich selbst erheben kann. Dieses Gefühl könnte man etwa mit Folgendem vergleichen: Glaubt jemand nicht, dass die Luft, die außen vorhanden ist, einströmen kann in einen leeren Raum, so braucht er janur den Raum leer zu machen: Es wird dann schon die Luft hineinfahren, sodass er es sehr wohl wissen kann. Durch Mitleid und Gewissen aber, die ja beide unser Ich von uns selbst trennen, wird in der Seele der leere Raum erzeugt, und da hinein strömt nun das Geistige, dasjenige, was wir nennen die Christuswesenheit. Dann wird der Mensch durch Eigenerlebnis wissen, dass er den Christus in sich aufnehmen kann, welcher in der geistigen Atmosphäre da ist, wie die Luft da ist in der physischen Atmosphäre und einströmt in alle leeren Räume, die sie findet.
Auf diesem hohen Gebiete kann also schon das normale Bewusstsein hellsichtig werden. Und der Mensch wird dann dieses Erlebnis nicht als ein bloß subjektives ansehen, sondern er wird erkennen, dass dieses als ein Wirkliches da sein muss. Er wird erkennen, dass dieses einmal nicht da war, dass es sich einmal der Menschheit einverleibt hat, das heißt, er wird wissen, dass dasjenige, was er erlebt, einmal herniedergestiegen ist auf die Erde und sich als Christus-Impuls mit ihr verbunden hat. Der Christus-Impuls wird für den Menschen des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts etwas werden müssen, was einst in die Erdenentwicklung eingetreten ist als ein wirkliches, historisches Ereignis. Dann wird die Zeit kommen, wo es keinen Sinn haben wird zu sagen, der Christus sei bloß eine Idee, sondern wo man sagen wird: Man könnte ja annehmen, dass dieses Erlebnis nur in der Seele des Einzelnen sich darlebte - wie gewisse Philosophen behaupten: ohne Auge keine Farbe. Aber nicht dadurch kann eine äußere Farbe da sein, weil Augen da sind, sondern das Auge ist aus der Lichtwelt geschaffen. Also müsste man sagen: Ohne Licht kein Auge, also ohne historischen Christus kein innerer Christus, keine innere Christuskraft im Menschen! — Deshalb wird der Mensch den Christus als geistiges Wesen erkennen; er wird wissen, dass dieses selbe Wesen einmal historisch auf der Erde war und sich durch sein Opfer mit ihr verbunden hat. Überhaupt wird man in die geistige Welt eindringen können und wird dann auch den Christus entdecken.
Wie Goethe oftmals das richtige Wort in einer Sache ausgesprochen hat, so könnte man jetzt an eines seiner Worte anknüpfen, indem man das, was er ausdrücken will, als ein Gleichnis nimmt für das, was wir heute ausdrücken wollten - ein Wort, das uns wie eine Direktive sein kann. Goethe hat gesagt: Das Auge hat sich am Licht für das Licht gebildet. - Aus ursprünglich gleichgültigen Organen habe das Licht das Auge hervorgezaubert. Und nun weist Goethe in einem anderen Worte hin auf den inneren Impuls, den Gott in sich zu sehen:
Wär nicht das Auge sonnenhaft,
Die Sonne könnt es nie erblicken;
Läg nicht in uns des Gottes eigne Kraft,
Wie könnt uns Göttliches entzücken?
Wie das Auge vom Lichte hervorgezaubert ist, so ist auch im Menschen die Kraft, den Gott zu schauen, von dem webenden und lebenden Gotte selbst hervorgezaubert worden. Wer in seinem inneren Christushaften den Christus wird erleben können aus den schönsten Empfindungen, Gefühlen und Erkenntnissen seiner Seele heraus, der wird wissen, dass dies nur sein kann, weil der Christus einmal herniedergestiegen ist auf die Erde, weil einmal der historische Christus gelebt hat. Wie die Sonne mit ihrem Lichte das Auge aus dem Menschenleibe hervorgezaubert hat, so hat der geschichtliche Christus aus den Menschenseelen das [innere] Christus-Leben hervorgezaubert. Wäre die Seele nicht «christushaft», wie könnte sie den Christus erleben! Hätte Christus nicht historisch gelebt, wie könnte die Seele diese schönste Empfindung, die Christus-Empfindung haben! - So wird man im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert sprechen. In der Zeit, in der die äußere Wissenschaft dahin gekommen ist, den historischen Christus zu leugnen, wird Geisteswissenschaft ohne Urkunden dazu kommen zu sagen: Weil der Mensch den Christus erleben kann, weiß er, dass er historisch gelebt hat als lebenspendende Kraft, als die Sonne im Geistesreich der Menschheitsentwicklung.
III. Christ and the Twentieth Century
Dearly beloved! Anyone who speaks about Christ today encounters a variety of views that are held [in one way or another]. These can mainly be classified under two points of view, which must be taken into account especially by those who speak about the Christ question in the sense that will be done this evening, who speak from the point of view that I have often been allowed to represent here in relation to other questions, to other problems of life — I mean the spiritual scientific or theosophical point of view.
First, we encounter the viewpoint that is firmly grounded in the Christ view, namely the viewpoint that Christ is a real, actual power in life. This is the religious viewpoint, the viewpoint of various religious denominations. When we consider this viewpoint, we find that, even when it is tolerant and liberal in a certain direction, it generally does not accept that Christ can be spoken of in any other way than it itself speaks of him. The religious viewpoint, in its various shades, simply does not admit that progress is possible in relation to thoughts about Christ.
The other point of view that one encounters is that which is also held by truly serious seekers of truth in the present day; it is the point of view which, starting from certain scientific principles, says: If one examines the Christ event, if one examines what is said to have happened in Palestine at the beginning of our era, using the same means of rigorous historical research as for other events, then the interpretation of the Christ event as it is represented cannot be upheld. We know that this viewpoint has been in preparation for a long time; we know that over the course of the last few centuries, people have increasingly come to compare the Gospels, believing that they must conclude from the contradictions [between the different Gospels] that these cannot be historical documents.
And after a long period of trying to distill something from the Gospels that could be seen as an image of Christ Jesus, there are now—not only in Germany, but also in other countries — many people who believe it is their scientific duty to admit that one should not actually speak of a historical Jesus, of a Christ event in the historical sense. When we consider the contemporary view of the Christ question, we are dealing with a process of stripping away the historical sediment in the Gospels to the point of completely denying the historical figure of Christ Jesus.
This has given rise to the view that Christ can now only be found among religious people who believe that their faith elevates them to Christ, but that the idea of Christ, the concept of Christ, must disappear in the face of ever-advancing science. And there are many today who already dream that what is Christ's power will certainly no longer play a role in the future. Yet they do not believe at all that religion could ever be lost to humanity.
Nevertheless, in view of certain facts of the present, this belief does not seem to be tenable. For we notice the peculiar phenomenon that in our time it is not only believers, not only those who have received the Gospels from their hearts as a means of edification and education, who speak of something that corresponds to the idea of Christ, but that serious, educated, [truth-seeking] people point with all their soul to something that can only be described with the name of Christ. After all, it remains characteristic that a contemporary freethinker, who is only one representative among many, the American Ferguson, is able to say:Christ has once again become the pioneer of a new era, who will connect America with Europe in the future, who is able to look deepest into the soul of every human being. He is truly the man of the present, like no other.
A man who otherwise spreads freethinking ideas speaks of Christ as if he were walking among people today, as if Christ were walking directly among us. Even freethinking people are beginning to feel the Christ consciousness as something that has a direct connection to human beings. Even if it is less noticed today, such a tendency toward power, such a search for power that can only be described by the name of Christ, will pave the way. The man who rendered the greatest service to the introduction of Darwinism in America, John Fiske, said:
All religions assert two truths. The first truth is that all things are connected—all religions proclaim this truth, which is undeniable to any thinking person. The second truth is that what we call good or evil is related in some way to a power outside the human mind.
I expressly quote statements by personalities who, with all their thinking and feeling, are completely grounded in the present, but who have worked their way through from an external view to the deeper forces of existence. These powers are not only physical and chemical forces, but also spiritual ones. Only like a dawn, like a kind of preparation for something completely different, does the idea of Christ, which has just been characterized, appear to those who stand on the ground of the theosophical worldview. I do not want to be misunderstood when I speak of the idea of Christ as it is likely to take shape in the twentieth century. Spiritual science should be as far removed as possible from all sectarianism, from everything that does not belong to our time. And the spiritual scientist feels no differently when he speaks of what is to come in human development than the natural scientist feels when he predicts a solar eclipse or a transit of Venus. The spiritual scientist does not assume the role of a prophet. There are forces at work in life that can be explored spiritually, just as the forces of nature can be explored in the physical world. However, we must take a brief look at the fate of the Christ idea in the past. Truly, this idea has changed enormously over the centuries. If we think back to the emergence of the Christ idea, we find a curious fact in the first centuries. We find that, on the one hand, popular Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, and one can say: While the ancient Roman culture developed primarily among the upper classes of the population and then fell into a kind of decadence, we see how, especially among those who were tested by life and had to suffer pain, a popular Christianity slowly and gradually became established and how the idealization of Jesus of Nazareth became increasingly prominent; this figure is elevated to divine heights. This popular Christianity contains more feelings and emotions than concepts and ideas in its creeds. But alongside this popular Christianity, we now see, on the other hand, how the most enlightened minds of the time, who are concerned with Christianity, use their highest ideas and their most significant concepts to answer the question: Who is this Christ? And from the wealth of answers given by these enlightened minds, only a few will be highlighted.
Thus, in Gnosticism — to which theosophy by no means wishes to return, but which it studies as a phenomenon of the past — we see, in various shades, the highest kind of thought approaches to the idea of Christ. Essentially, it could be characterized as follows: this Gnosticism, this longing to form the idea of Christ from the highest concepts, is a spiritual development of the most wonderful kind. However, for people who, based on the present, have formed the idea that everything in human beings has developed solely and gradually from subordinate creatures, from animals, from ever lower animals down to the most imperfect ones — for such people, Gnostic teaching is only a dream, a fantasy.
The Gnostic also traces development back, but further back than the present-day natural scientist. In ancient times, he says, we find an epoch when animal forms were already present on earth in such a way that, if humans had existed at that time, they would have been able to see the animal forms — up to the highest ones. The Gnostic thus refers to an epoch of development in which the human realm did not yet exist. But he does not conclude from this that the human kingdom developed from animals, but rather that it descended from the spiritual realm. Animals, plants, and minerals also once descended from the spiritual realm and condensed from the spiritual realm, so that we must assume that [for the Gnostic] animals, plants, and minerals also have their origin in the spirit.
[And the Gnostic goes on to say:] But there was a time when man had not yet taken physical form, but was waiting in the spiritual world until such time as other conditions of life would appear on earth. Not that man did not exist in those times: man did exist, but not as a visible being, but as a spiritual being. They lived in the spiritual environment of the earth; they had not descended to it because the conditions of ancient times were such that they would not have made human development possible. So the Gnostic considers the moment when humans descended to earth — later than the other kingdoms — to be the most important.
But now the Gnostic says to himself: if man had undergone physical embodiment in the same way as the other kingdoms of nature, then one thing could not have developed that had to develop, namely man's independent, free thinking — in fact, everything that we call the actual, inner self of man, which works from within and undergoes development between birth and death. The development of an animal is complete within certain limits. Through education and experience, human beings can progress in a completely different way than animals. The Gnostic now says: in order for human beings to be able to do this, they entered into a more intimate connection with the material world than they would have had to if they were to remain unfree, dependent on their [birth predispositions] like the other beings around them. Humans delved deeper into matter in order to become more independent of their predispositions.
And Gnosticism believed that this deeper entanglement [in matter] took place in primeval times, in ancient times, and that this was the moment recorded in the Bible in the image of the Fall. The Gnostic believed that this image referred precisely to this entanglement [in matter]. At that time, however, not everything connected with human nature had descended to earth, but something of a superhuman nature had been preserved in the spiritual world. And while humanity went through its history [on earth], something remained in the spiritual world that actually belonged to human beings but had been left behind because human beings had descended deeper into the physical world. Thus, something of what human beings once were as a whole in the spiritual world still existed in the spiritual world.
Now, based on these premises, the Gnostic turns his gaze to the appearance of Christ, and for him the moment described in the Bible as the baptism of John becomes particularly important. The Gnostic says that up to this moment [with Jesus], an extraordinary human being had developed, but only a human being. But when John's baptism was performed on him, something happened that is difficult to comprehend today. Consider the following: for some people, there is a moment when they must say to themselves: something has entered my soul that has changed my whole life. Many people can say to themselves: [When I look back on my life from birth to a certain moment, I find that at that moment] something entered my soul that caused me to be spiritually reborn. If one thinks of this, which can happen to every individual, as something unique, then one thinks what the Gnostics thought of John's baptism in the Jordan.
Precisely that which had remained in the spiritual world, which had been waiting, but which had belonged to human beings from the very beginning, descended from the spiritual world as a stream and descended into this unique human being, Jesus of Nazareth. And now, for three years, this Jesus of Nazareth is not a transformed human being, but a human being who carries within himself what had been left behind by the whole of humanity in the beginning and what now sank into this Jesus in order to permeate humanity in a fruitful way: for three years, Jesus of Nazareth became the bearer of the superhuman Christ. And now the Gnostic says: What had been in the spiritual world until then was once sunk into the human body, just as we sink the seed into the earth. And just as the seed perishes, so it was with this spiritual impulse; it had to sink into the earth, it had to perish in it in order to rise again a hundredfold and a thousandfold as a seed in the whole earthly process. This spiritual impulse had to go through death, just as the seed must go through death. And it did not remain barren, but poured into the spiritual currents of development on earth. It is there, it lives on in manifold fruit.
Thus, in the sense of Gnosis, there is a history of humanity that precedes Christ and a history that follows the event of Golgotha — a history of humanity in which the Christ impulse is alive in such a way that Christ enters into souls. For Gnostics, the Christ impulse has become the content of history, of historical becoming! Although this may sound strange to people today, it must be said that the scientific ideas of the present, which have only taken on a materialistic character at their starting point, will increasingly urge us to understand such a Gnostic idea and then to grasp it in its reality. To show that we are approaching what Gnosticism once offered, starting from the present, let us consider the following.
However, it must be said that this only appears to be elementary, like a first step. How long did natural science believe it was standing on solid ground? How long did it believe, on the basis of Darwinism, which can truly be described as great, that it had to claim that everything in humans had developed from animal origins, and that the real driving force was something like the struggle for existence? It was said that all possible beings were sent out into life, so to speak, but that the struggle for existence arose, and that it was no wonder that after a certain time the more perfect beings had overcome the less perfect ones. In this way, beings had become more and more perfect until finally the level of man had been reached. “Struggle for existence” became the watchword. Today, however, there is another idea that certain researchers feel compelled to accept out of a pure, honest sense of truth. They say: When we look at humans today and compare them with the most perfect animals, we cannot assume that humans developed directly from these animals. Rather, we must assume that humans go back to a primordial form that no longer exists today. And now these researchers assume that such a primordial form existed, from which humans developed on the one hand and animals on the other. And these eminent researchers add yet another fact. They ask: How could humans develop in this completely different way, while animals also developed? And strangely enough, they do not even mention the struggle for existence. They take the view that humans, in their form, were in a particularly protected place where they could maintain the conditions of the original form, while other beings declined. So today we already have the reduction of humans to an original form that is no longer visible, which could only develop because it was protected in a place where humans did not have to enter into the struggle for existence. These researchers are constrained by only one fiction, namely that they seek this protected place in the realm of sensory-real existence. Gnosticism also assumes a primordial form, but does not place it in the sensory world, but where it is actually best protected: in the spiritual world. And if one already has the idea that human beings entered life later, then one can also have the other idea, namely that if we observe the course of history, we see how the whole of humanity is, in a sense, divided into individual nations and races; we see how there are many religious denominations that are formed according to the different tribes. In the past, humanity could only develop what was implanted in a tribe, what was implanted in the individual human being through his or her tribal affiliation. But the spiritual power and essence that makes a person human in the first place, that causes a person to find the human being within themselves and not the [tribal] aspects that belong to them through genetic inheritance, this power had to be given back to humanity. Humanity could only take up this impulse when it was ready for it. So in the first centuries of Christianity we encounter ideas of development of a special, higher kind, so that we must say: what we see today in natural science as a beginning that must first shed its pupal shell was already anticipated in Gnosticism in grandiose conceptualizations. This could only be because evolution, development, is [actually there] in human history.
If we go back to the times, to the epochs when human beings descended into life, we come to a completely different soul life. If we want to compare it with today's soul life, we must say: this is dependent on perception with the senses; [it can only experience with the senses] what is bound to the brain. Wonderful insights have been handed down to us in images from ancient times. This is also an external image of what spiritual science recognizes with its means, namely that the human soul did not always perceive its surroundings as it does today, but that clairvoyance existed. Human beings did not yet feel so much inside their own selves; they still felt at one with things — dreamlike states of consciousness led them into the depths of things. Dreamlike clairvoyance was the kind of knowledge through which the secrets of things were revealed to primitive human beings. It was an experience similar to what we have today when we experience a dream. Thus, primitive man, who had descended from spiritual heights, experienced the secrets of the spiritual world as clairvoyant dreams. However, the progress of development was such that humans descended ever deeper into physical existence and thus increasingly lost their ancient clairvoyance. This need not be regarded as something sad, for if humans had not lost their ancient clairvoyance, they would never have attained free self-awareness. Only in this way was it possible for humans to become experiencers of their own lives. Slowly and gradually, the loss of this ancient clairvoyant knowledge, with which one had penetrated the secrets of the spiritual world, took place.
In times when humanity was already completely connected with the outside world, this clairvoyant knowledge was still preserved in places that originated from the discipleship of ancient mysteries. They had safeguarded this ancient wisdom, which was available as a tradition. And after the Christ event had entered into the development of the earth, the Gnostics still preserved that ancient wisdom handed down from the clairvoyant knowledge of humanity and formed the idea of Christ from these old insights. It is therefore a reminiscence from ancient times – a knowledge that was not acquired through free self-awareness. The Gnostics applied what the forefathers had known to the appearance of Christ and explained him on that basis. The time in which Gnosis lived was the twilight of the old clairvoyant knowledge. Thus it came about that in the following ages, in the Middle Ages, it was no longer possible for people to continue working with the ancient wisdom of Gnosis and thereby understand Christ. Something else then took the place of Gnosticism.
We now see how, in the centuries that followed, after Gnosticism had been lost to humanity, people still wanted to understand the appearance of Christ, but from the perspective of actual [external] human knowledge and understanding, from the perspective of human science. We see how the most enlightened minds of the Middle Ages applied the teachings of the ancient philosopher Aristotle instead of Gnosis in order to understand Christ. They came to the conclusion that if they took Aristotle's world structure, they could only reach a certain point; the real spiritual recognition of Christ lies beyond what human beings can recognize. — In one respect, however, the worldview of the Middle Ages is based on a key idea of Aristotle. It did not occur to Aristotle to go as far as the view of modern materialism. If we examine Aristotle's view of the interaction between the soul and the body, we see that he is far from believing that what human beings feel as their inner life is merely a result of heredity, instilled in them by their parents, grandparents, and so on. Rather, he comes to the idea that every human being who comes into existence through birth is, as it were, cut off from the general spiritual substance, from the deity, and unites with his physicality. Thus, at every birth, a spiritual-soul core from the general spiritual realm joins the [physical] human being.
But Aristotle takes this idea further. He has a quality that is actually quite rare in the present day: he draws the real consequences of his research and thinking. He says to himself: if the soul passes through the gate of death, then it is a real being in its own right; then it ascends into the spiritual world. While it was not a special being before birth, it remains in the spiritual world after death as an individual, independent being. What can it experience after death? It can no longer experience anything, because then it would have to be enveloped in a body; its only content is the review of its earthly life. The human soul lives in eternity; it looks back on its earthly life, on the good or evil it has done, and lives in this image of its own earthly life. Here, through Aristotle, we have actually established the doctrine of eternal punishment in hell; from this point on, it found its way into the Catholic doctrine of the Middle Ages. It should be said here that Aristotle could not help but leave the soul unchanged throughout all eternal futures, in the contemplation of what it has accomplished in earthly life.
Modern spiritual science or theosophy now recognizes that after death, the soul has the ability to look back on its earthly life—as in a memory—but it does not have to remain in this state. rather, the human being takes with them into the spiritual world the most beautiful fruit of this life, the possibility of developing or transforming what they have accomplished here in terms of good or evil deeds. Thus, they do not have to remain in the spiritual world for all eternity, but can, by entering a new life, re-enter existence through birth and, through karmic balance, overcome what they did or failed to do in previous lives. The soul thus passes through the gate of death and takes with it the impulses to enter existence again and again in order to create balance in subsequent lives.
Aristotle could not accept such an idea because he said from the outset that the soul is cut off from spiritual substance every time before birth. Spiritual science, on the other hand, must say: the present life is predicated on other lives. Aristotle, as it were, stifled his own insight. This idea of reincarnation was therefore not present in Aristotle, whom the medieval sages called the “precursor of the Lord in relation to knowledge of nature” — the “praecursor domini in rebus naturalibus.” We can see how far Aristotle got in the question of immortality and how he transferred the fruit of life into an eternal contemplation of the soul. This automatically resulted in the impossibility of looking up into the spiritual world and recognizing the nature of Christ. In medieval thinking, Christ is removed into the realm of faith, where knowledge cannot penetrate. The ancient tradition of Gnosis had been lost; Aristotle did not reach the spiritual recognition of Christ. Therefore, a line was drawn between what can be known and what must simply be believed. One consequence of the Aristotelian idea remained: the Church emphasized the eternity of hellish punishment.
The modern era took a third step. Gradually, people lost their devotion to faith. They threw themselves more and more into the merely sensual and tangible. We now see that the result for the idea of Christ was that Christ receded more and more into the background and the view of Christ became increasingly materialistic. In place of the spiritual principle of the Gnostics, in place of the Christ of the Middle Ages, who could be experienced in the purest sense of faith, modern times did not place a human being imbued with something cosmic at the beginning of our calendar, but increasingly the “simple man from Nazareth” – a human being like any other. What the Gnostics had already grasped was no longer known. People wanted to understand Christ in material terms, like any other ordinary historical phenomenon. And by conceiving of him as merely human, they were forced to examine his appearance with the means of ordinary history. Yet they could have considered that Taking the whole thing historically is the easiest thing there is, for what could be easier than to take the Gospels and prove that there are contradictions in them? The core of this research is the most elementary thing there can be. One would also have to assume that all those who lived earlier were so stupid that they did not even see the obvious contradictions. The Gospels were not understood as an education of the soul, through which it can rise to the spiritual perception of Christ. No wonder, then, that the Gospels were measured by the yardstick of history; no wonder that a movement arose in Germany associated with the name of Drews, which came to completely deny Christ. This is happening at the same time, in the same present, in which spiritual science is emerging! And spiritual science shows precisely what has already been characterized, namely that human beings do not live only in this one life with what they carry within them, but that they have brought this with them from other lives that have passed. Once upon a time, human beings lived in a spiritual world. Then they descended from this spiritual world, but did not enter a physical body just once; rather, after processing the fruits of their individual lives in a spiritual intermediate state, they descended again and again into physical existence. This law has already been mentioned here many times. It shows us how human beings live throughout the entire historical development of the world. But then life only seems to make sense if we assume that we have all lived on earth in order to acquire what primeval times could give us, so that we could develop further in later, more perfect ages. If we examine this more closely, something quite peculiar emerges, namely what could be called the mission of human beings on earth.
As I have often done before, I must point out today that what has emerged as the present – [ordinary] – consciousness of man is not something that can be the sole consciousness. Man can truly develop himself; he can rise to clairvoyance through proper spiritual training – he can do this if he applies the [method of] meditation. Just as when we look at a brightly shining object and thereby enter a state that excludes all other life — but this is not to be emulated — so we bring ourselves into a state — albeit not so unfree state when, through our own will, we place only the spiritual and soul aspects that we have acquired at the center of our consciousness and disregard everything else. Then forces radiate into our soul through which what can be expressed as follows becomes real for us: Man becomes free from his body. Man truly experiences what can be expressed as follows: I no longer perceive through the eye, no longer think through the brain, but experience as a spiritual being independent of his body; I perceive what lives and weaves in a spiritual world. This elevation to the spiritual can be attained through training, and its strict laws are described in some of my works.
Those who have gone through something with their feelings that can be described as follows will find it easier to lift their souls up into the spiritual world: Those who are easily excited, who give themselves over to their emotions and feelings, will not be able to ascend easily into the spiritual world; but those who face the outer world with a certain equanimity of calm and inner serenity have, as it were, a reserve, a reservoir of feelings and emotions – and it is precisely into this that the spiritual light shines, which we ignite within ourselves through meditation. A person who demands a lot for themselves cannot easily become a trained clairvoyant. But someone who can easily empathize with others, who can develop selfless love, who does not live only by their feelings, such a person has a surplus of soul that they can permeate with powers they gain through spiritual training. From a feeling that is not lived out in egoism, the clairvoyant power of the human being shines forth.
When a person has reached the point where they are able to live in the spiritual world, they can gradually bring down what they experience there into ordinary concepts and communicate it in such a way that it can be understood by common sense. Just as not all people need to go to a laboratory to convince themselves of what external science says, so not all people need to become clairvoyants. Those who have results from their clairvoyant research to communicate have no fear of common sense. Anyone who is [in this sense] truly healthy will agree with the spiritual researcher; only those who approach spiritual truths with prejudice will disagree with him. This is how it is with spiritual science [and its results], which are gained through clairvoyant research, and in this way human beings can ascend into a world of spiritual experience.
What spiritual scientists achieve in superconsciousness today will, to a certain extent, be achievable by all human beings in the future. And this is precisely what the twentieth century has in store: to understand that the soul develops, passes from life to life in the course of its earthly existence, and allows itself to be influenced by what is meant to influence it from the culture of the time.
If we take a broad view of human beings on Earth, two characteristics emerge that were not present in ancient times. One need only examine them to see that they were not present. These two characteristics are compassion and conscience. These two characteristics will gradually develop more and more as human beings undergo training of the soul life. Compassion and conscience only emerge in the course of development. However, much of what we hear about compassion is mere rhetoric. In truth, compassion is something that human beings feel when they detach themselves from themselves, when they enter into another being, when they perceive that being's suffering with its feelings. In compassion, human beings forget their own ego and live within the other. Just imagine if nature had arranged it so that the moment a person detached themselves from their own narrow self in a moral sense, they experienced the same thing they experience every day in sleep: when a person can no longer control their limbs, when the brain can no longer remain the tool of the soul, when a person falls asleep, they lose their consciousness. Humans can indeed lose their consciousness in their feelings – they become powerless: they cannot then surrender their ego to the feelings of another being. That is the highest form of egoism, it is a moral defect!
Compassion is one of the two things through which humans can step outside themselves without losing consciousness; conscience is the other. It speaks within us. Man submits to a voice that speaks into his ego; he submits his self to another that reaches further than his self. Compassion and conscience are the forces that man develops. And consciousness, on the basis of the forms that compassion and conscience have taken, will develop what was otherwise only possible in abnormal consciousness: clairvoyance. This is not prophecy, it is something that emerges from strict scientificity.
In the twentieth century, through the recognition of what compassion and conscience effect in human souls, man will be able to come to an immediate [spiritual] experience even in his ordinary consciousness. They will be able to grasp something of which they will say: On the one hand, we see how human beings, when they come into existence through birth, inherit something from their ancestors; as spiritual beings, they must enter into a family and are clothed with characteristics that are inherited. People knew about this inheritance long before our natural science; they just gave it a different name, namely “original sin.” Anyone who knows the [meaning of] original sin in the Old Testament knows that it must be understood in a much broader sense than natural science still does today, namely that it must also be applied to moral characteristics. But those in whom compassion and conscience have borne fruit will say to themselves: just as I am bound by my birth to predispositions from which I cannot escape, so there is something in me that is not bound to matter, that enables me to rise above myself into a spiritual world. There will be immediate clairvoyance in one area: in the area of one's own soul. People will say to themselves: Just as something chains me to external matter, so, on the other hand, a luminous helper arises in my soul who can lift me above myself. This feeling could be compared to the following: If someone does not believe that the air that is present outside can flow into an empty room, they need only empty the room: The air will then flow in, so that they can know this for themselves. Through compassion and conscience, both of which separate our ego from ourselves, an empty space is created in the soul, and into this space flows the spiritual, what we call the Christ being. Then, through personal experience, the person will know that they can take in the Christ within themselves, who is present in the spiritual atmosphere, just as air is present in the physical atmosphere and flows into all the empty spaces it finds.
In this high realm, normal consciousness can already become clairvoyant. And human beings will then no longer regard this experience as merely subjective, but will recognize that it must be real. They will recognize that this was not always there, that it once became part of humanity, that is, they will know that what they experience once descended to earth and connected with it as the Christ impulse. For people of the twentieth century, the Christ impulse will have to become something that once entered into the development of the earth as a real, historical event. Then the time will come when it will make no sense to say that Christ is merely an idea, but when people will say: One could assume that this experience only took place in the soul of the individual — as certain philosophers claim: without an eye, there is no color. But external color cannot exist because eyes exist; rather, the eye is created from the world of light. So one would have to say: without light there is no eye, so without the historical Christ there is no inner Christ, no inner Christ force in human beings! — That is why human beings will recognize Christ as a spiritual being; they will know that this same being was once historically on earth and connected himself to it through his sacrifice. In general, it will be possible to penetrate the spiritual world and then also discover Christ.
Just as Goethe often found the right words to express a concept, we can now draw on one of his statements, taking what he meant to say as a parable for what we want to express today — a statement that can serve as a guideline for us. Goethe said: The eye was formed by light for light. From originally indifferent organs, light conjured up the eye. And now, in another passage, Goethe points to the inner impulse to see God within ourselves:
Were not the eye sun-like,
It could never behold the sun;
Were not God's own power within us,
How could the divine delight us?
Just as the eye was conjured up by light, so too was the power to see God conjured up in man by the weaving and living God himself. Whoever is able to experience Christ in their inner Christhood through the most beautiful sensations, feelings, and insights of their soul will know that this is only possible because Christ once descended to earth, because the historical Christ once lived. Just as the sun conjured the eye out of the human body with its light, so the historical Christ conjured the [inner] Christ life out of human souls. If the soul were not “Christ-like,” how could it experience Christ? If Christ had not lived historically, how could the soul have this most beautiful feeling, the Christ feeling? This is how people will speak in the twentieth century. At a time when external science has come to deny the historical Christ, spiritual science will come to say, without documents: Because human beings can experience Christ, they know that he lived historically as a life-giving force, as the sun in the spiritual realm of human development.