The Christmas Conference
GA 260
Part II. The Proceedings of the Conference
31 December 1923 8.30 a.m., Dornach
XIV. Meeting of practising doctors
DR STEINER:
My dear friends!
Once again as before we begin with the verses we have taken into ourselves:
Soul of Man!
Thou livest in the limbs
Which bear thee through the world of space
In the spirit's ocean-being.
Practise spirit-recalling
In depths of soul,
Where in the wielding will
Of world-creating
Thine own I
Comes to being
Within God's I.
And thou wilt truly live
In the World-Being of Man.Soul of Man!
Thou livest in the beat of heart and lung
Which leads thee through the rhythm of time
Into the realm of thine own soul's feeling.
Practise spirit-awareness in balance of the soul,
Where the surging deeds
Of the world's becoming
Thine own I
Unite
With the World-I,
And thou wilt truly feel
In the Soul-Weaving of Man.Soul of Man !
Thou livest in the resting head
Which from the grounds of eternity
Opens to thee the world-thoughts.
Practise spirit-beholding
In stillness of thought,
Where the eternal aims of Gods
World-Being's Light
On thine own I
Bestow
For thy free willing.
And thou wilt truly think
In the Spirit-Foundations of Man.
And drawing all this together
in the remembrance of the Event of Golgotha which gives
meaning to the whole of earthly evolution:
At the turning of the time
The Spirit-Light of the world
Entered the stream of earthly being.
Darkness of night
Had held its sway,
Day-radiant light
Streamed into souls of men.
Light that gives warmth
To simple shepherds' hearts,
Light that enlightens
The wise heads of kings.Light Divine Christ-Sun
Warm thou our hearts,
Enlighten thou our heads,
That good may become
What we from our hearts would found
What we from our heads would direct
In light-filled
Willing.
And we imprint this into ourselves:
[Rudolf Steiner writes on the blackboard as he speaks. See Facsimile 4, Page XVI bottom.]
Light Divine,
Christ-Sun,
We imprint it in such a way that we especially relate to it the closing words, which will be spoken in their threefoldness once more tomorrow: how this Light Divine, this Sun of Christ shine forth so that like shining suns they can be heard from East, West, North, South. To this Light Divine and this Sun of Christ we relate especially the closing words which were spoken on the first day:
The
spirits of the elements hear it
from
East, West, North, South:
May human beings hear it!
[As shown on the blackboard]
Light
Divine
Chr.-Sun
The spirits of the elements hear it
from
E. W. N. S.
May human beings hear it!
DR STEINER: We come now, my dear friends, to the reports
announced yesterday. Would Herr Maier please give his report
first.
Dr Rudolf Maier, Stuttgart, speaks about ‘The Connection of Magnetism with Light’. [Note 66]
DR STEINER: It will be of the greatest importance that a truly anthroposophical method should be made customary in the different branches of scientific life by those individuals who are called to these branches within our anthroposophical circles. Indeed, seen from a certain point of view, this is of the utmost importance. If you seek the source of the great resistance of our time that has been appearing for decades against any kind of spiritual-scientific view, you will find that this resistance comes from the different branches of natural science. These different branches of natural science have developed in isolation, without any view of the world in general.
Round about the middle of the nineteenth century a general despair began to gain ground in connection with an overall view of the world. People said: All earlier overall views of the world contradict one another, and none of them has led anywhere; now it is time to develop the sciences purely on an exact foundation, without reference to any view of the world.
Half a century and more has passed since then, and now any inclination to unite a view of the world with science has disappeared from human minds. Even when scientific research itself urges an attempt to be made, it turns out to be quite impossible because there is insufficient depth in the spiritual-scientific realm.
If it should become possible for Anthroposophy to give to the different branches of science impulses of method which lead to certain research results, then one of the main obstacles to spiritual research existing in the world will have been removed. That is why it is so important for work of the right kind to be undertaken in the proper anthroposophical sense.
Today there is an abyss between art and science; but within science, too, there is an abyss between, for instance, physiology and physics. All these abysses will be bridged if scientific work is done in the right way in our circles. Therefore from a general anthroposophical point of view we must interest ourselves in these different things as much as our knowledge and capacities will allow. A scientific impulse will have to emanate from the Anthroposophical Society. This must be made evident at the moment when we want to take the Anthroposophical Society into entirely new channels.
Now, dear friends, since our stomach needs a very tiny interval between the courses of this feast of spirit and soul, we shall ask Frau Dr Kolisko to give her report in two or three minutes' time.
DR STEINER: May I now ask Frau Dr Kolisko to give her report on her special field.
Frau Dr Kolisko speaks about the biological work of the research institute in Stuttgart, ‘The Effects of Microorganisms’. [Note 67]
DR STEINER: Now, my dear friends, you have seen that quiet work is going on amongst us on scientific questions and that it is indeed possible to provide out of Anthroposophy a stimulus for science in a way that is truly needed today. But in the present situation of the Anthroposophical Movement such things are really only possible because there are people like Frau Dr Kolisko who take on the work in such a devoted and selfless way. If you think about it, you will come to realize what a tremendous amount of work is involved in ascertaining all these sequences of data which can then be amalgamated to form the curve in the graph which is the needed result.
These experiments are, from an anthroposophical point of view, details leading to a totality which is needed by science today more urgently than can be said. Yet if we continue to work as we have been doing at present in our research institute, then perhaps in fifty, or maybe seventy-five, years we shall come to the result that we need, which is that innumerable details go to make up a whole. This whole will then have a bearing not only on the life of knowledge but also on the whole of practical life as well.
People have no idea today how deeply all these things can affect practical daily life in such realms as the production of what human beings need in order to live or the development of methods of healing and so on.
Now you might say that the progress of mankind has always gone forward at a slow pace and that there is not likely to be any difference in this field. However, with civilization in its present brittle and easily destructible state, it could very well happen that in fifty or seventy-five years' time the chance will have been missed for achieving what so urgently needs to be achieved. In the face of the speed at which we are working and having to work, because we can only work if there are such devoted colleagues as Frau Dr Kolisko—a speed which might lead to results in fifty, or perhaps seventy-five years—in the face of this speed, let me therefore express not a wish, not even a possibility, but merely, perhaps, an illusion, which is that it would be possible to achieve the necessary results in five or ten years. And I am convinced that if it were possible for us to create the necessary equipment and the necessary institutes and to have the necessary colleagues, as many as possible to work out of this spirit, then we could succeed in achieving in five or ten years what will now take us fifty or seventy-five years. The only thing we would need for this work would be 50 to 75 million Francs. Then we would probably be able to do the work in a tenth of the time. As I said, I am not expressing this as a wish nor even as a possibility, but merely as an illusion, though a very realistic illusion. If we had 75 million Francs we could achieve what has to be achieved. This is something that we should at least think about.
In a few minutes I shall continue by starting to give a few indications about the idea of the future building in Dornach, indications which I shall continue tomorrow.
(A short interval follows, before Dr Steiner's lecture.)
Fortsetzung der Gründungsversammlung
Referate und Diskussionen, Medizin, Forschung usw.
Dr. Steiner:
Meine lieben Freunde!
Wiederum wie sonst beginnen wir mit dem von uns aufgenommenen Spruch:
Menschenseele!
Du lebest in den Gliedern,
Die dich durch die Raumeswelt
Im Geistesmeereswesen tragen:
Übe Geist-Erinnern
In Seelentiefen,
Wo in waltendem
Weltenschöpfer-Sein
Das eigne Ich
Im Gottes-Ich
Erweset;
Und du wirst wahrhaft leben
Im Menschen-Welten-Wesen.Menschenseele!
Du lebest in dem Herzens-Lungen-Schlage,
Der dich durch den Zeitenrhythmus
Ins eigne Seelenwesensfühlen leitet:
Übe Geist-Besinnen
Im Seelengleichgewichte,
Wo die wogenden
Welten-Werde-Taten
Das eigne Ich
Dem Welten-Ich
Vereinen;
Und du wirst wahrhaft fühlen
Im Menschen-Seelen-Wirken.Menschenseele!
Du lebest im ruhenden Haupte,
Das dir aus Ewigkeitsgründen
Die Weltgedanken erschließet:
Übe Geist-Erschauen
In Gedanken-Ruhe,
Wo die ew’gen Götterziele
Welten-Wesens-Licht
Dem eignen Ich
Zu freiem Wollen
Schenken;
Und du wirst wahrhaft denken
In Menschen-Geistes-Gründen.
Und das Ganze zusammenfassend in der Erinnerung an das Ereignis von Golgatha, das der ganzen Erdenentwickelung ihren Sinn gibt:
In der Zeiten Wende
Trat das Welten-Geistes-Licht
In den irdischen Wesensstrom;
Nacht-Dunkel
Hatte ausgewaltet;
Taghelles Licht
Erstrahlte in Menschenseelen;
Licht,
Das erwärmet
Die armen Hirtenherzen;
Licht,
Das erleuchtet
Die weisen Königshäupter.
Göttliches Licht,
Christus-Sonne,
Erwärme
Unsere Herzen;
Erleuchte
Unsere Häupter;
Daß gut werde,
Was wir aus Herzen
Gründen,
Aus Häuptern
Lichtvoll führen wollen.
Und wir prägen uns dieses:
[Es wird gesprochen und an die Tafel geschrieben. Faksimile siehe Beilage 4, Tafel VI]
Göttliches Licht,
Christus-Sonne
so ein, daß wir insbesondere die Schlußworte, die morgen wiederum dreigliedrig gesprochen werden sollen, darauf beziehen: wie dieses Göttliche Licht, diese Christus-Sonne leuchten, so daß sie wie die leuchtenden Sonnen gehört werden können von Osten, Westen, Norden, Süden. Wir beziehen insbesondere auf dieses Göttliche Licht, auf diese Christus-Sonne die Schlußworte, die am ersten Tage gesprochen worden sind:
[Tafelanschrift]Das hören die Elementar-Geister
Von Osten, Westen, Norden, Süden:
Menschen mögen es hören.
Göttliches Licht
Chr.-Sonne
Das hören die Elementargeister
von
O.W. N. S.
Menschen mögen es hören!
Dr. Steiner: Wir kommen nun, meine lieben Freunde, zu den angekündigten Referaten. Ich darf Herrn Dr. Maier bitten, zuerst sein Referat uns zu geben.
Dr. Rudolf Maier, Stuttgart, spricht über «Der Zusammenhang des Magnetismus mit dem Lichte».
Dr. Steiner: Meine lieben Freunde, es wird ja von ganz besonderer Bedeutung sein, daß in die einzelnen Zweige des wissenschaftlichen Lebens durch die Persönlichkeiten, die innerhalb unserer anthroposophischen Reihen berufen sind, eine wirkliche anthroposophische Methodik sich einbürgert. Das ist ganz gewiß von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus von der allergrößten Bedeutung. Denn, wenn Sie nachforschen, woher eigentlich der große Widerstand der Zeit schon seit Jahrzehnten gegen jegliche Art geisteswissenschaftlichen Anschauens kommt, dann werden Sie sehen: dieser Widerstand kommt aus den einzelnen naturwissenschaftlichen Gebieten. Diese einzelnen naturwissenschaftlichen Gebiete haben sich im ganzen entwickelt, ohne irgendeine Anschauung von der Welt im allgemeinen.
So um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts trat eine allgemeine Verzweiflung ein gegenüber einer Gesamtanschauung der Welt. Man sagte: Alle früheren Gesamtanschauungen widersprechen einander, haben doch zu nichts geführt. Man müsse jetzt einmal, abgesehen von jeglicher Weltanschauung, die Wissenschaften rein auf exakten Grundlagen bilden.
Und damit ist wiederum ein halbes Jahrhundert und mehr vergangen, und man möchte sagen: Aus dem Menschenkopf ist überhaupt jede Anlage verschwunden, Weltanschauung und Wissenschaft miteinander zu verbinden. Und wo man es heute unter dem Drängen der wissenschaftlichen Forschung selbst versucht, da zeigt sich eben, daß eine völlige Unfähigkeit vorliegt, weil man auf geisteswissenschaftlichem Gebiete nicht genügend tief gehen kann.
Wird es nun möglich, daß es auf den einzelnen Gebieten der Anthroposophie methodische Impulse gibt, die das in bestimmten Forschungsergebnissen aufzeigen, dann wird eines der Haupthindernisse hinweggeräumt, die gegen die geistige Forschung selbst heute in der Welt vorhanden sind. Deshalb ist es so wichtig, daß auf einzelnen Gebieten wirklich im rechten anthroposophischen Sinne gearbeitet wird.
Es besteht heute ein Abgrund zwischen der Kunst und der Wissenschaft, aber in der Wissenschaft selber wieder ein Abgrund zum Beispiel zwischen der Physiologie und der Physik. Alle diese Abgründe werden überbrückt werden, wenn im rechten Sinne die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten in unseren Reihen getan werden. Daher müssen wir uns schon von dem allgemeinen anthroposophischen Standpunkte aus für diese einzelnen Dinge, soweit es in unserer Erkenntnis und in unseren Fähigkeiten liegt, interessieren. Es wird von der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft aus ein wissenschaftlicher Impuls ausgehen müssen. Das muß eben zur Geltung kommen in dem Augenblicke, wo wir die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft sozusagen in ein ganz neues Fahrwasser bringen wollen.
Nun, meine lieben Freunde, da auch zwischen den Gängen des geistig-seelischen Essens für den Magen eine ganz kleine Zwischenzeit nötig sein wird, werde ich nach zwei bis drei Minuten Frau Dr. Kolisko bitten, dann ihr Referat uns zu erteilen.
Dr. Steiner: Darf ich nun Frau Dr. Kolisko bitten, das Referat über ihr Spezialgebiet zu halten.
Frau Dr. Kolisko spricht über die biologischen Arbeiten des Forschungsinstitutes in Stuttgart: «Über die Wirksamkeit kleinster Entitäten».
Dr. Steiner: Nun, meine lieben Freunde, Sie haben gesehen, daß im stillen an den wissenschaftlichen Problemen bei uns gearbeitet wird, und daß es schon möglich ist, aus der anthroposophischen Forschung heraus die Wissenschaft anzuregen in dem Sinne, in dem sie wirklich heute eine Anregung braucht. Allein, solche Dinge sind ja in der Gegenwart, ich meine in der Gegenwart der anthroposophischen Bewegung, wirklich nur möglich dadurch, daß so hingebungsvolle, auf die Sache in einer so selbstlosen Weise eingehende Mitarbeiter da sind, wie es zum Beispiel Frau Dr. Kolisko ist. Denn Sie werden sich vielleicht im Laufe der Zeit, wenn Sie nachdenken über die Sache, eine Vorstellung machen können, welche ungeheure Arbeit notwendig ist, um alle diese aufeinanderfolgenden einzelnen Daten festzustellen, die dann sich in der überschaulichen Kurve finden, die das Resultat, das man braucht, geben.
Aber diese Versuche alle, sie sind im Grunde genommen gerade vor dem anthroposophischen Blicke Einzelheiten zu einer Gesamtheit, zu einer Gesamtheit, die eigentlich heute wissenschaftlich so dringend wie möglich gebraucht wird. Und wenn unsere Arbeit so fortgeht, wie sie bisher geleistet worden ist in unserem Forschungsinstitut, dann werden wir vielleicht in fünfzig, fünfundsiebzig Jahren zu demjenigen kommen, zu dem eigentlich gekommen werden muß: daß sich viele Einzelheiten zu einer Gesamtheit verbinden. Diese Gesamtheit wird dann von einer großen Tragweite sein nicht nur für das Erkenntnisleben, sondern für das gesamte praktische Leben.
Man hat gar keine Vorstellung heute, wie tief in alles praktische Leben diese Dinge eingreifen können, eingreifen können in die Erzeugung von den Menschen notwendigen Produkten, eingreifen können aber namentlich in die Heilmethode und ähnliches.
Nun können Sie ja sagen: Die Fortschritte der Menschheit sind immer langsam vonstatten gegangen, und es wird ja auch auf diesem Gebiete nicht anders sein. — Es könnte aber sehr gut sein, daß bei der gegenwärtigen Bröckligkeit, Zerstörbarkeit der gegenwärtigen Zivilisation mit den fünfzig und fünfundsiebzig Jahren nicht der Anschluß gefunden würde, um noch dasjenige zu leisten, was unbedingt geleistet werden muß. Und da darf ich es vielleicht aussprechen, nicht als einen Wunsch, nicht einmal als eine Möglichkeit, sondern nur als, ich möchte sagen, eine Illusion möchte ich es aussprechen: daß es schon möglich wäre, dasjenige, was sich, wenn es in diesem Tempo weitergeht, in dem wir arbeiten müssen, in dem wir auch nur arbeiten können durch so hingebungsvolle Mitarbeiter, wie zum Beispiel Frau Dr. Kolisko ist, es wäre schon möglich, daß dasjenige, was unter diesem Tempo in fünfzig oder fünfundsiebzig Jahren erreicht wird, auch in fünf oder zehn Jahren sogar erreicht werden könnte. Und ich bin überzeugt: Wenn wir imstande wären, die nötigen Apparaturen, die nötigen Institute zu schaffen, Mitarbeiter zu haben, was immer möglich wäre, die aus diesem Geiste in größerer Zahl arbeiten würden, wir würden das leisten können, was sonst in fünfzig oder fünfundsiebzig Jahren vielleicht geleistet werden kann, in fünf oder zehn Jahren. Wir würden gar nichts anderes brauchen zu dieser Arbeit, als etwa 50 bis 75 Millionen Franken. Wir würden dann tatsächlich die Arbeit in einem Zehntel der Zeit vielleicht leisten können. Wie gesagt, ich stelle das nicht als einen Wunsch, nicht als eine Möglichkeit hin, sondern nur als eine Illusion, aber eine sehr reale Illusion. Hätten wir die 75 Millionen Franken, wir würden tatsächlich das leisten können, was unbedingt zu leisten notwendig ist. Das ist etwas, was vielleicht wenigstens bedacht werden kann.
Ich werde nun nach ein paar Minuten wieder fortsetzen und werde heute damit beginnen, ein paar Andeutungen zu geben über der künftigen Baugedanken von Dornach, welche Andeutungen ich dann morgen fortsetzen werde.
(Es folgt eine kurze Pause vor dem nachstehenden Vortrag von Dr. Steiner.)
Continuation of the Founding Meeting
Presentations and Discussions, Medicine, Research, etc.
Dr. Steiner:
My dear friends!
Once again, as usual, we begin with the saying we have adopted:
Human soul!
You live in the limbs
That carry you through the spatial world
In the sea of spirit:
Practice spiritual remembrance
In the depths of the soul,
Where in the ruling
Being of the Creator of Worlds
Your own self
In the God-Self
Exists;
And you will truly live
In the human-world-being.Human soul!
You live in the heart-lung beat,
Which guides you through the rhythm of time
Into your own soul-being-feeling:
Practice spiritual reflection
In the balance of the soul,
Where the surging
World-becoming-deeds
The self
Unite with the world-self;
And you will truly feel
In the workings of the human soul.Human soul!
You live in a resting mind,
Which, from the foundations of eternity,
Opens up the thoughts of the world to you:
Practice spiritual vision
In the tranquility of thought,
Where the eternal goals of the gods
Bestow the light of the essence of the worlds
To the self
For free will
Giving;
And you will truly think
In human-spirit reasons.
And summarizing the whole in the memory of the event of Golgotha, which gives meaning to the entire development of the earth:
At the turn of time
The light of the world spirit
Entered the earthly stream of beings;
The darkness of night
Had run its course;
Daylight
Shone in human souls;
Light,
Which warms
The poor shepherds' hearts;
Light,
That illuminates
The wise kings' heads.
Divine light,
Christ-sun,
Warm
Our hearts;
Illuminate
Our heads;
That good may come
What we want to do from our hearts
And minds,
With light-filled guidance.
And we engrave this upon our hearts:
[This is spoken and written on the board. See facsimile in Appendix 4, Plate VI]
Divine Light,
Christ Sun
so that we refer in particular to the closing words, which are to be spoken again tomorrow in three parts: how this Divine Light, this Christ Sun shines, so that it can be heard like the shining suns from the east, west, north, and south. We refer in particular to this Divine Light, to this Christ Sun, the closing words that were spoken on the first day:
The elemental spirits hear this
From the east, west, north, and south:
May human beings hear it.
[Blackboard inscription]
Divine Light
Chr.-Sun
The elemental spirits hear this
from
O.W. N. S.
May people hear it!
Dr. Steiner: We now come, my dear friends, to the announced presentations. I would like to ask Dr. Maier to give his presentation first.
Dr. Rudolf Maier, Stuttgart, speaks on “The Connection between Magnetism and Light.”
Dr. Steiner: My dear friends, it will be of very special importance that a genuine anthroposophical methodology becomes established in the individual branches of scientific life through the personalities who are called upon within our anthroposophical ranks. From a certain point of view, this is certainly of the utmost importance. For if you investigate where the great resistance to any kind of spiritual scientific view has been coming from for decades, you will see that this resistance comes from the individual fields of natural science. These individual fields of natural science have developed as a whole without any view of the world in general.
Around the middle of the 19th century, a general despair set in with regard to a comprehensive view of the world. People said: All previous comprehensive views contradict each other and have led to nothing. Now, apart from any worldview, the sciences must be built purely on exact foundations.
And so another half-century and more has passed, and one might say that any inclination to combine worldview and science has disappeared from the human mind altogether. And where attempts are being made today under the pressure of scientific research itself, it is becoming apparent that there is a complete inability to do so because it is not possible to go deep enough in the field of spiritual science.
If it is now possible for there to be methodological impulses in the individual fields of anthroposophy that demonstrate this in specific research results, then one of the main obstacles to spiritual research that exists in the world today will be removed. That is why it is so important that work in individual fields is carried out in the true anthroposophical sense.
Today there is a gulf between art and science, but within science itself there is also a gulf, for example, between physiology and physics. All these gulfs will be bridged if scientific work is done in our ranks in the right sense. Therefore, from the general anthroposophical point of view, we must take an interest in these individual things, as far as our knowledge and abilities allow. A scientific impulse will have to emanate from the Anthroposophical Society. This must come to fruition at the moment when we want to steer the Anthroposophical Society into entirely new waters, so to speak.
Now, my dear friends, since a short break will be necessary between the courses of this spiritual-soul meal for the stomach, I will ask Dr. Kolisko to give her presentation in two or three minutes.
Dr. Steiner: May I now ask Dr. Kolisko to give her presentation on her area of expertise?
Dr. Kolisko speaks about the biological work of the research institute in Stuttgart: “On the effectiveness of the smallest entities.”
Dr. Steiner: Well, my dear friends, you have seen that we are quietly working on scientific problems and that it is already possible to stimulate science from anthroposophical research in the sense that it really needs stimulation today. However, such things are really only possible in the present, I mean in the present of the anthroposophical movement, because there are such dedicated colleagues who are so selflessly committed to the cause, such as Dr. Kolisko, for example. For perhaps, as time goes by, when you think about the matter, you will be able to imagine the enormous amount of work that is necessary to establish all these successive individual data, which are then found in the clear curve that gives the result that is needed.
But all these experiments are, from an anthroposophical point of view, details that form a whole, a whole that is actually urgently needed by science today. And if our work continues as it has been done so far in our research institute, then perhaps in fifty or seventy-five years we will arrive at what must actually be arrived at: that many details combine to form a whole. This whole will then be of great significance not only for the life of knowledge, but for the whole of practical life.
Today, we have no idea how deeply these things can intervene in all practical life, how they can intervene in the production of products necessary for human beings, but also how they can intervene in healing methods and the like.
Now you may say: The progress of humanity has always been slow, and it will be no different in this area. — But it could very well be that, given the current fragility and destructibility of our civilization, in fifty or seventy-five years we will not be able to achieve what absolutely must be achieved. And here I would like to express, not as a wish, not even as a possibility, but only as, I would say, an illusion: that it would be possible to achieve in five or ten years what would be achieved in fifty or seventy-five years at the pace at which we have to work, at which we can only work thanks to such dedicated colleagues as Dr. Kolisko, for example. And I am convinced that if we were able to create the necessary equipment, the necessary institutes, and have employees, whatever would be possible, who would work in greater numbers in this spirit, we would be able to achieve in five or ten years what might otherwise be achieved in fifty or seventy-five years. We would need nothing more for this work than about 50 to 75 million francs. We would then actually be able to accomplish the work in perhaps a tenth of the time. As I said, I am not presenting this as a wish, not as a possibility, but only as an illusion, albeit a very real one. If we had the 75 million francs, we would actually be able to accomplish what is absolutely necessary. This is something that can at least be considered.
I will now continue after a few minutes and will begin today by giving a few hints about the future building plans for Dornach, which I will continue tomorrow.
(There is a short pause before Dr. Steiner's lecture below.)
