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Speech and Drama
GA 282

6 September 1924, Dornach

II. The Six Revelations of Speech

You will have seen from what was given in yesterday's lecture that when we are considering how we shall form our speech for recitation, we have to make a clear distinction between lyric, epic and drama. For we were able to observe that the vowel element in speech has a special relation to lyrical poetry, and the consonantal to narrative and drama. At the same time we must, as I said, not allow ourselves to forget that every consonant has in it something of the vowel element. It is, in fact, impossible to utter a consonant by itself; there must always be a vowel sounding with it to give it tone, and each consonant has its own individual inclination in this respect. The converse is moreover also true, that in every vowel an accompanying consonantal element may be heard. This will be familiar ground to you; we have spoken of it already.

I want now to draw your attention to an important fact concerning our present-day speech. It is a fact that you will need to keep well in mind if the practical demonstration that Frau Dr. Steiner will presently give is to be really helpful to you in connection with what I shall have to say in the lectures. I mean the following.

We belong, do we not, to the civilised peoples of mankind, and are moreover living in a highly advanced epoch of civilisation. But in this highly advanced epoch of ours, speech has lost connection with its beginnings, with its true origin. The languages of Europe today—with the possible exception of Russian and a few languages less widely spoken, which have not as yet come quite so far away as the rest—the European languages generally are by this time very far removed from their origin, and they are spoken in such a way that the words and even the intonation of the sounds have become nothing more than an external sign for the experiences that originally gave rise to them. I say expressly: a mere external sign. People are not, as a matter of fact, conscious of the ‘sign’ character of their speaking, for they have no idea that speech can ever be anything else than it is in the ordinary speaking of the modern European languages. But if an understanding is to arise again for speech as an art, if the artistic is to be once again alive and active in speech, there must first be the conscious realisation that speech has come away from its true character and nature and needs to be restored to it.

And this it is that I have endeavoured to achieve in my Mystery Plays. In certain passages at any rate, the immediate human experience that is finding its expression in speech has been brought back again into the sounds. The ordinary speaking of today has no longer any connection with the experience to which the speaking refers. But in parts of my Mystery Plays, the attempt has been made to lead back into sound the rhythmic, musical, plastic qualities which are generally found today only in the thought.

There are naturally many different ways in which this can be done; it depends on the task one has in hand. But I would like you now to listen to a part of the Seventh Scene in my first Mystery Play, where the scene is laid in the realm of the spirit. For I have tried there to bring right into the sound what has to be expressed, so that the very sound, if one goes no further, can direct one to the spiritual, can reveal the spiritual. And that is how it was with the old original languages.

The first thing to be borne in mind in regard to this scene was that one had here to do with happenings that are remote from the physical world and reach out towards the realm of the spirit. Hence the keynote of the scene suggests inwardness, takes us to the purely spiritual; this meant that the language had to be vocalic in character. And then there are the clearly marked transitions between the three soul forces,

Philia, Astrid and Luna; these transitions had to be given their place in the treatment of the scene. Philia lives purely in the vocalic-spiritual element; the consonantal appears in her only so far as to remind us that we are concerned with speech and not with song. Astrid builds the bridge between Philia and Luna. In Luna we encounter weight; we feel in her the direction towards the physical plane. Luna's language therefore, while still vocalic, begins to be consonantal.

We have then in this scene a good subject for artistic treatment. A hint of the consonantal element has had to be introduced, but the whole scene lives pre-eminently in the vocalic which leads one away from the physical world and takes one into the realm of the spirit. A situation of this kind can be most valuable for one who wants to find his way to a true forming of speech.

(Frau Dr. Steiner then read from the Seventh Scene of Die Pforte der Einweihung.)

In the realm of the spirit

MARIA

My sisters, who to me
so oft have helpers been,
now at this hour be so once again;
that I may move the cosmic ether
to tremble inwardly,
that it shall music make
and let its harmonies ring forth
to fill a human soul
with knowledge.
I can discern the signs
that point us to the task.
Your work shall now with mine
unite.
Johannes, the earnest seeker,
shall by our deed
be lifted to true being.
The Brothers in the Temple
have counsel held
how they shall bring him
out of the depths
and lead him to the heights.
And they await from us
that we call up within his soul
the power to soar aloft.

Do thou, my Philia, drink in
from widths of space
the essence clear of light.
Fill thee with music's stirring harmonies,
out of the soul's creative power born,
and so reach out to me
the gifts that thou dost gather
from spirit-depths.
These then can I enweave
into the rhythm of the dancing Spheres.

And thou too, Astrid,
of my spirit
beloved reflex,—
in flowing light
let darkness be engendered,
that colours may shine forth.
And member thou the being of sound,
that so the woven texture of the worlds
may become living tones.
Then can I grant
unto the seeking human mind
that he shall feel the spirit.

And thou, strong Luna,
sure and firm within,
as the vigour of life itself,
as the pith in the heart of the tree,—
join to thy sisters’ gifts
the stamp of thine own being,
that certainty of knowledge
may accrue to the seeking soul.

PHILIA

From the wide spaces of the worlds
I will enfill me
with purest being of light.
From ether distances
I will inbreathe
the life-giving power of sound;
that so thy work, dear sister,
may be fulfilled.

ASTRID

The radiant light
will I enweave
with darkening shade.
The flowing life of sound
will I congeal,
till its music flash and sparkle
as the play of glancing light;
that thou, beloved sister,
the rays of soul mayst guide.

LUNA

Soul-substance will I warm.
Life-ether will I forge.
They shall grow fast and firm
and, inly all aware,
be poised in silent being
to work creatively;
that thou, beloved sister,
beget in the seeking soul
the certainty of knowledge.

MARIA

From Philia's realm
shall pour a stream of joy;
the changing play of water-sprites
shall stir the soul
of the awakened one;
that it be quick to feel
the joy of worlds,
the woe of worlds.

From Astrid's weaving shall
the bliss of love be born.
The wafting life of sylphs
shall waken in the soul
the urge to sacrifice;
that, being dedicate,
he quicken may to life
those who are sorrow-laden
and yearning for relief.

Strong Luna's power
firm steadfastness shall give.
The might of fire-beings—
it can beget
assurance in the soul;
that, having knowledge,
he may find himself
in the weaving of human souls,
in the life of worlds.

PHILIA

I will entreat the Spirits of the World
that the light of their being
rejoice the seeing soul,
that the music of their Words
gladden the listening spirit;
that so the awakened one
may rise on paths of soul
to heavenly heights.

ASTRID

The rivers of love
that warm the world,
will I lead to the heart
of the dedicated one;
that he may bring
the bounty of heaven
to earth activity,
the mood of dedication
to the children of men.

LUNA

From ancient Powers primeval
courage and strength will I crave,
and plant them deep in the heart
of the seeking soul;
that self-reliance
his guide may be through life.
From moments of time shall he pluck
the ripened fruits,
and draw from them seeds
for all eternity.

MARIA

United, my sisters, with you
in the noble work,
I shall achieve
my heart's desire.
Into our world of light
resounds e'en now the call
of him who trials severe
hath undergone.1An apology is perhaps due for giving here a new rendering instead of that in the published translation. In cases where translation presents peculiar difficulties, alternative renderings may sometimes be helpful. The student will realise from what is said in the lecture that the advice given in the Translator's Note in regard to German Readings applies here a fortiori.

(Dr. Steiner): If we want to form speech in such a way that it can be plastic and at the same time also musical, then the first thing necessary is to know how to bring gesture into speech. In the actual voice itself slight indications of gesture can still be heard, but gesture as such has disappeared from speech in more modern times. In dramatic speaking we still use it, but there alone; you will at the most be able to observe little hints of it in other kinds of speaking. There is in fact today quite a chaos of uncertainty regarding the relation of word to gesture. We shall receive striking evidence of this when we pass on from our study of speech formation, and come to consider the art of the stage.

It will help you to a better understanding of this question of gesture if you recall what I said about the gymnastics of the Greeks, at the end of yesterday's lecture. I showed you how their five main gymnastic exercises—Running, Leaping, Wrestling, Discus-throwing, Spear-throwing—are founded upon the connection of man with the cosmos. Starting from this relationship he has to the cosmos, man is in these exercises perpetually forming as it were another relationship, a relationship of gesture; and in gesture the force, the dynamic of the human being himself is present.

Now we shall find that in the fundamental mime movements of the stage we have faint reflections of what came to revelation in these exercises. If therefore we set out to study these reflections of the five exercises of Greek gymnastics, we shall be on the right path for discovering how gesture can come to the help of the word in dramatic art; for there is, in fact, no justifiable gesture for the stage that is not a kind of shadow-picture of some one of the five exercises of Greek gymnastics. That is, however, the other pole. The one pole is speech itself, the forming of speech.

The very word ‘forming’ takes us at once to the plastic quality of speech. The actual visible form has of course disappeared from view, we can no longer see it in the word. It should nevertheless still be there, it should be present in the word intensively. We must therefore begin with the word. And our first question will be: What can speech do? What should it be able to do, when it is raised to the level of art, when it is ‘formed’ ?

Now, there are certain definite capacities, certain definite faculties that speech can and should have. Beginning from the most external aspect of the matter, speech can be effective. We do not as a rule speak merely for the purpose of opening our mouth and emitting a sound; we speak in order that our speaking may accomplish something. Thus we have for our first capacity of speech: it can produce some result, it can be effective.

Then there is also the fact that in sound and word and sentence inner processes of the soul can find their revelation. And so we have what I may call the thoughtful aspect of speech. Besides being effective, speech can be thoughtful, reflective.

1. Effective 2Where words are indented in this way in the center of the page, it is to indicate that they were written by the lecturer on the blackboard.
2. Thoughtful

It is easy enough today to study the effectiveness of speech. You have only to go to a political meeting, and you will find people making capital, quite instinctively, out of the effectiveness of speech. On the other hand, the study of thoughtfulness in speech presents considerable difficulty, since for the most part people talk for the sake of talking, not in order to express thoughts at all. It's the proper thing to do; of course we must talk! We are even brought up to regard this kind of talking as part of our equipment for social life. It is nevertheless essential, if you want to develop a right forming of speech, to recognise that speech can be thoughtful,—I should rather say, can reveal the thoughtful in man.

A further thing that speech can express is what we might call placing oneself tentatively into connection with the external world—proving, feeling, touching. It comes to expression in the question,—sometimes also in the wish. We lead our soul out into the world that is around us, but are all the time a little uncertain how we are going to enter it. This is a mood that can manifest in speech; one could call it a feeling forward, a cautious groping forward in face of whatever hindrances may be in the way.

3. A cautious feeling forward in face of hindrances.

The fourth thing to be observed is that speech can reveal antipathy to that which is approaching us. We experience a relation of antipathy to what is confronting us, and we bring the resultant feeling to expression in speech, either for the simple purpose of showing our antipathy, or with intent to criticise, or even perhaps in order to make a scene. And that gives a special nuance to the forming of our speech. So I will call the fourth capacity of speech: giving vent to antipathy.

4. Giving vent to antipathy.

Again, speech can declare or affirm sympathy, the opposite of the fourth.

5. Expressing sympathy.

And there is still a sixth thing that speech can reveal—namely, that we are drawing back into ourselves, withdrawing from our environment.

6. Drawing back on to one's own ground.

These are the six revelations of speech, which were known in the Greek Mysteries as the six shades or variations in the forming of speech, and were in those times the basis of all instruction in speech. Besides these, there are no others. Everything man can reveal in speech can be classed under e of these six. And if we want to raise our speaking to consciousness, we should try to study how these shades of feeling come to expression in speech.

It will, however, answer our purpose best if we do not at once proceed to a study of the spoken word, but first prepare the ground by a study of gesture, and then afterwards link the word on to the gesture. Proceeding in this way, we shall acquire a right feeling for the forming of speech, whereas by the reverse method, conclusions of an arbitrary nature would be constantly suggesting themselves—supposing, I mean, we were to start with the word (where the gesture has only now disappeared from view), with the idea of passing on thence to gesture. If, however, having recognised that the genius of speech works in these six ways, we then go on to study this genius of speech in gesture, we shall find that the way lies clear before us to go back afterwards to the word.

Suppose now we want to feel the ‘effective’ word in its right nuance. We can best express the feeling with a gesture of pointing. We have thus, first of all, the pointing gesture.

1. Effective: Pointing.

An interesting study can be made of the pointing gesture, by observing its use among the different peoples. England will be no place for such a study, for there no one cares to use gesture—not this gesture anyway; in England people speak with their hands in their pockets. Italy is the very best place in all Europe to study the pointing gesture in its connection with the word.

The ‘thoughtful’ quality in speech will find expression in e gesture or other of holding on to oneself, touching oneself. A man who is engaged in deep concentration will, for example, do this (finger on forehead), or perhaps this (finger on nose). Any such gesture will belong to a speaking that reveals thoughtfulness or reflection. You will even sometimes find this position (arms akimbo), and in some countries—I have come across it before now—when a person is contemplating giving another fellow a box on the ear, he will hold firmly on to himself like this (arms pressed against the side). And so we may say: Holding on to oneself is here the corresponding gesture.3‘I sat me down on a stone, put knee over knee and set my elbow thereon. Chin and cheek I nestled in my palm and narrowly I considered in what wise a man should live in this world.’ From Songs and Sayings of Walther von der Vogelweide, Minnesaenger, englished by Frank Betts.

2. Thoughtful: Holding on to oneself.

The ‘feeling forward in face of hindrances’ is something that can be experienced at once in gesture. You have only to ask yourself: What do I find myself doing, when I want to feel my way amid hindrances? I grope forward with my arms and hands in a sort of wavy, rolling movement.

3. Cautiously feeling one's way in face of hindrances: A rolling movement forward with arms and hands.

‘Antipathy’—no difficulty in feeling at once the gesture for this: a movement of rejection, flinging something away, ‘shaking the dust off one's feet’. If one is already a half-civilised human being, one makes the gesture so (slight movement of rejection with the hand); if one is uncivilised, then so (powerful movement with hand and foot).

4. Antipathy: Flinging out a limb.

To express ‘sympathy’ we make, or at least begin to make, a gesture that intimates we would like to touch or gently stroke the object of our sympathy. A hint of this at any rate must be implicit in the gesture. Thus, to assure another person of our sympathy, we reach out with our arm to touch him.

5. Sympathy: Putting out a hand or arm to touch the object of our sympathy.

And now for the ‘drawing back on to one's own ground', the withdrawal into oneself. This comes to expression in gesture when, for instance, we hold our arm first close to our body, and then thrust it out a little,—not quite in a horizontal direction, but slanting a little forward.

6. Drawing back on to one's own ground: Slanting a limb away from the body.

You will find it a good exercise to take what I have written here in the first column (see page 60), and feel each separate attribute of speech in the corresponding gesture that is given in the second column. For there is a natural and elementary connection between them. And to feel these connections is far more important for a right forming of speech than to undertake a systematic study of the holding of the breath, the position of the diaphragm, nasal resonance, and so on; that will all come of itself if we but live in the speech, beginning our study of it with a study of gesture in all its variations. If you once see clearly for yourselves that any particular one of these gestures in the second column has inherent within it the corresponding capacity of speech in the first column, then you will be rightly prepared for passing on to the artistic forming of the word, or of the sentence. And so now, having studied in each gesture the special nuance of soul that comes to expression in it, we must go on to consider how gesture can be led back again to the word.

If we have experienced how the gesture of ‘pointing’ reveals a condition of consciously directed activity in the soul, then that leads us on to perceive the connection between this pointing gesture and what I may call the incisive word, the forcible, decided way of speaking, of which we are aware that it is being powerfully impelled forward into the outgoing breath and the speaker's inner force is being driven into penetrating the word with a kind of metallic quality.

1. Incisive.

If, on the other hand, our word is to express what is inherent in the gesture of ‘holding on to oneself’, touching oneself, the gesture that reveals thoughtfulness, then it will have to be spoken with full tone. No question here of the word being thrust out and given a sharp, metallic ring! Rather shall we have to give to each vowel and each consonant the fullest tone of which it is capable: Und es wallet and woget and brauset and zischt.4Dr. Steiner explains elsewhere that when using this line from Schiller's Der Taucher with a therapeutic or educational end in view, he purposely changes ‘siedet’ into ‘woget’. There you have in each single vowel and consonant just as much tone as it can receive. When the sounds are uttered in this way to the full, then that always imbues the speaking with a reflective, thoughtful quality, giving it a mood that can be studied in all its variety in the gesture of holding on to oneself.

2. Full-toned.

The ‘cautious feeling forward in face of hindrances’, that is inherent in the gesture of a rolling, undulating movement with arms and hands—especially so (with the hands raised, palm-upwards)—comes to expression in speech when the voice trembles, or vibrates. It is helpful for the speaker if the poet uses here words that have as many r sounds as possible; for with r, the voice does naturally tremble.

So we have now three ways of forming speech: we can form it so that it becomes sharp, decided, or we can give fulness of tone to the sounds, or we can form it so that the sounds vibrate.

3. Trembling, or vibrating.

‘You tell me, I must reach that goal. But can I do it ?’ (the ‘can’ vibrating a little). ‘Can I do it ?’ You will feel the connection at once.

And now, when we come to antipathy, repudiation, where the gesture consists in flinging out the limbs, the word has to become hard. We must be able to feel its hardness. ‘I am busy. I don't want you here. Go away!’ There you have the word that is hard, spoken also in immediate connection with the flinging out of the hand.

4. Hard.

On account of this intimate connection between word and gesture, it is an excellent plan, if one wants to prepare oneself for recitation or for dramatic speaking, to begin by making a study of the whole scene in gesture alone, going right through it silently, while it is recited by someone else.

And now for the gesture of reaching out to touch the person or object. This gesture need not always be a declaration of sympathy; we can use it on the stage when we are describing something and are anxious to picture it accurately to the other person. It is thus also the gesture for description. And with this gesture, even if no human relationship is concerned, but all the more if a human relationship does enter in, the voice becomes soft and gentle. ‘And so you are bringing me this little child! I am always glad to see him. Come

5. Gentle.

Lastly, ‘drawing back on to one's own ground’, with the gesture of thrusting an arm or leg away from the body. If this gesture becomes real to us, we see at once that the corresponding word will be abrupt. ‘You think I ought to do my work; I want to go for a walk.’

6. Abrupt.

In the time of the ancient Mysteries, when men could still discern what was of real importance in life, this division of speech into its six modes or capacities was recognised. Later, when in every sphere of life people looked more to externalities, a further one was inserted after the second. The addition was somewhat arbitrary, for it was not altogether new, being really already contained in the ‘thoughtfulness’. We might describe it as the expression of a kind of ‘inability to come to a decision’—a particular nuance, as you see, of thoughtfulness or reflection. The gesture is that of holding the limbs quite still. And the corresponding formation of the word is that the words are spoken slowly. ‘Things have come to a bad pass; what am I to do?’—the ‘what am I to do?’ pronounced deliberately, with the words long drawn out. That gives the right nuance.

Speech (the character of its revelation)GestureGesture taken back into the word
1. EffectivePointingIncisive
2. ThoughtfulHolding on to oneselfFull-toned
7. Inability to come to a decisionLimbs held quite stillSlow and deliberate
3. Cautiously feeling forward in face
of hindrances
Rolling movement forward
with hands and arms
Vibrating, trembling
4. Antipathy, repudiationFlinging out an arm or legHard
5. Sympathy, recognitionReaching out to Gentle touch
the person or object
Gentle
6. Drawing back on to one's own groundSlanting an arm or Abrupt
leg away from the body
Abrupt

What I am anxious to impress upon you particularly is that if we are setting out to study the forming of words and sentences, we must take our start from gesture, and then go back to speech and see what qualities—fulness, vibration, and so forth—rightly belong to the speaking of word and sentence.

For it is essential that we should get to know speech objectively, that we should make ourselves acquainted with the activity of the genius of speech. We can only do this by looking first at gesture and then following gesture right into the intoning of the single sounds; but this will come more easily if we have accustomed ourselves first to following up gesture into the intonation of the words, in the way I have been showing you. The manner of intoning the word must of necessity be found in the moment of speaking; the intoning of single sounds has to become a matter of habit. When, for example, a pupil is preparing a particular scene in a play, he should not really have to concern himself with the single sounds. The intoning of sounds must be taken as a separate study by itself. And one can literally follow the gesture and see it slip into the sound and disappear within.

Think of the musical intoning that is produced by wind instruments. Say you blow a trumpet. The air is set moving and you feel quite clearly : There is gesture in that moving air! You have only to imagine that the moving air inside the trumpet were to freeze a little, first becoming fluid and then solid, and you would see a beautiful gesture drawn there for you in the frozen air. Wonderful gestures would come to view. When we are listening to wind instruments, we are hearing gestures; we hear them quite plainly. In other words, we perceive how the gesture slips into the blowing of the instrument.

But now we have among our consonants some that can most decidedly be described as ‘blown’ or ‘breath’ sounds, which goes to show that the human voice is in principle a trumpet, although Nature has mercifully mitigated its force a little,—for when the human organ emits a deep sound like a trumpet, it begins to be rather unpleasant. We have nevertheless sounds which point unmistakably to the trumpet ature, the wind instrument nature, of the human voice. These are the sounds: h, ch (as in ‘loch'), j (as y ‘yacht'), sch (sh), s, f, w (v). And they are all of them sounds in which, as one listens to them, one can still hear the gesture.

On the other hand, there are sounds where the gesture disappears into the tone in such a way that one feels a need, not merely to hear but to see what the sound would convey. A good example is d, where you want also to see that the finger is there, pointing.5See Lectures II and III in Eurhythmy as Visible Speech. These are the ‘impact’ or ‘thrust’ sounds; and with them you want, as it were, to get away from hearing, and fancy that you can see the sound. Well-defined sounds of impact are: d, t, b, p, g, k, m, n.

Then we have a sound where we can hardly say the gesture has ‘disappeared’ in the sound, for it is still perceptible. I mean r, the vibrating sound.

Again, we have a sound which gives you the feeling: how lovely it would be to become that sound! This is l, the wave sound. You swim in the element of life when you have the true, genuine feeling of l.

The disappearance of the gesture into these sounds is a thing that can definitely be felt. Take first the ‘blown' sounds. The experience one has with these is essentially an experience of tone. Listen to them. The gesture has completely disappeared within the sound, but you can hear it; yes, you hear the gesture. With the sounds of impact, one would somehow like to fancy one can see them. And in a sense that is so; in one's imagination one sees these sounds.

The vibrating sound r is felt; and a keenly sensitive person will feel the r in his arms and hands. If, while someone is pronouncing r and giving it its full value, you are obliged to hold your hands and arms quite still, it will be enough to make them itch. An itching of this kind is nothing else than the normal reaction of a sensitive person to the utterance—and especially to the frequently repeated utterance—of the sound r. R, then, is felt, in arms and hands.

L on the other hand will normally be felt in the legs. It is an actual fact that when someone is saying l, you feel it in your legs. Thus, l too is felt, but now in legs and feet.

Blown Sounds: h, ch, j, sch, s, f, w: We hear the intoning of the sound.
Impact Sounds: d, t, b, p, g, k, m, n: We see the sound. Vibrating Sound: r: We feel the sound in arms and hands
Wave Sound: l: We feel the sound in legs and feet.

As we saw, in the case of the ‘blown’ sounds, which more than any others become objective for man, the gesture has so completely disappeared within, that we want only to hear the sound. Test this for yourselves with some poet who has a fine feeling for sound. When he wants to express something that is entirely detached from man, you will find these sounds constantly occurring; quite instinctively, he makes:use of blown or breath sounds. But suppose he wants to describe how man is taking part in it all—butting in, perhaps defending himself, beating, laying about him. Then you will find the sounds of impact frequently turning up. Or again, if some passage in the poem is intended to stir your feelings, if in the very hearing of it you are to be deeply moved, then at the appropriate place you will find r or l. Thus, in the case of all sounds other than blown sounds we are referred perforce to man and his gestures. With the blown sounds there is no need for your attention to be drawn to man as he is in gesture, since the gesture has here completely disappeared into the sound, it is there within. Studying in this way the various kinds of sounds, we see again how gesture disappears into speech.

We have all this time been approaching a profound truth that we can receive from the Mysteries concerning speech, and that we shall do well to inscribe in our hearts. It has not been handed down as a tradition, for it was never explicitly stated; it comes to us none the less as a heritage from the time of the Mysteries. It is a truth upon which we should meditate deeply and often, if we are seriously wanting to practise the art of speech,—and then meditate also upon all that will reveal itself further as a result of the meditation. In gesture lives the human being; there, in the gesture, is man himself. The gesture disappears into the speaking. When the word is intoned, then in the word man appears again, gesture-making man. When man speaks, we find in his speaking the whole human being—that is, if he knows how to form his speaking. Let us then receive, as a heritage from those times when speech was still part of the content of the Mysteries, this truth: Man who has disappeared in the gesture, rises again in the spoken word.

The art of the stage, that employs gesture, does not let man altogether disappear from the gesture. Neither does it let him wholly ‘rise again’ in the word. And this is what makes a dramatic performance so fascinating. For since man does not altogether disappear in the gesture (for the actor stands there before you as man in the gesture), nor yet fully rise again in the word, a possibility is created for the onlooker to take a share in the experience. He has to add in his fancy, in his own enjoyment of the drama, what is not yet fully present in the word that is spoken on the stage. So there you have—as it were, ready to hand—a situation that constitutes an essential element in the art of drama.

To-morrow, at the same hour, we will continue.

2. Die sechs Offenbarungen der Sprache

Zunächst werden Sie gesehen haben, daß aus den gestrigen Darstellungen hervorgeht, wie Lyrisches, Episches und Dramatisches in bezug auf die Rezitationskunst, auf die Sprachgestaltung durchaus differenziert werden muß. Denn wir konnten sogar darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden, wie das Vokalische nach dem Lyrischen hin orientiert ist, wie das Konsonantische nach der Erzählung und dem Dramatischen hin orientiert ist.

Nun muß man sich aber das, was ich gesagt habe, ganz besonders klarmachen, daß in jedem Konsonanten etwas Vokalisches liegt. Ein Konsonant für sich kann ja überhaupt nicht ausgesprochen werden, sondern es muß, damit ein Konsonant intoniert werden kann, etwas Vokalisches mitklingen, und die einzelnen Konsonanten haben verschiedene Neigungen zu dem Vokal. Außerdem klingt in jedem Vokalischen ein Konsonantisches mit. Das alles ist etwas, worauf ich bereits aufmerksam gemacht habe.

Etwas anderes, was wir berücksichtigen müssen und worauf wir gleich unsere Aufmerksamkeit richten müssen, wenn wir die praktische Probe, die Frau Dr. Steiner geben wird, wirklich werden fruchtbar machen wollen für dasjenige, was über Sprachgestaltung zu sagen ist, etwas anderes ist dieses: Wir leben innerhalb der zivilisierten Menschheit in sehr vorgerückten Zivilisationsepochen. Das sind aber solche, in denen namentlich die Sprache ihren Zusammenhang mit ihren Anfängen, ihren eigentlichen Urgründen verloren hat. Die heutigen Sprachen Europas, vielleicht mit einer geringen Ausnahme ich meine nicht, daß die Ausnahme in bezug auf die Quantität gering ist, sondern in bezug auf die Qualität -, mit der geringen Ausnahme des Russischen und kleinerer Sprachen, sind sämtlich weit weg von ihren Ursprüngen, und sie reden eigentlich so, daß die Worte, aber auch die Intonierung des Lautlichen nur noch ein äußerliches Zeichen ist für dasjenige, was eigentlich zugrunde liegt; ein äußerliches Zeichen sage ich aus dem Grunde, weil man sich der Zeichennatur gar nicht mehr bewußt ist, weil man nicht einmal annimmt, daß die Sprache noch etwas anderes sein kann, als sie im gewöhnlichen Sprechen der heutigen europäischen Sprachen ist.

Daher muß, wenn das Künstlerische der Sprache nun wiederum verstanden, erfaßt, wirksam gemacht werden soll, etwas da sein, was ein Bewußtsein davon hat, wie die Sprache wiederum ihrer Wesenheit zurückgegeben werden muß.

Und das ist versucht worden, wenigstens in gewissen Partien meiner Mysteriendramen, dadurch, daß das heute vom Menschen Erlebte, das er durch die Sprache ausdrückt, und das eigentlich im Grunde genommen im gewöhnlichen Sprechen heute gar nichts mehr zu tun hat mit dem, worauf es sich bezieht, wiederum zurückgeführt worden ist zum Laut. So daß also in gewissen Partien meiner Mysteriendramen der Versuch gemacht worden ist, den heute ja nur noch bestehenden Gedankenrhythmus, das Gedankenmusikalische, das Gedankenbildliche zum Laut wiederum zurückzuführen.

Das kann man nun in der verschiedensten Weise, je nach den Aufgaben, die einem gesetzt sind. Und ich möchte als erstes eben hingestellt haben dasjenige, was versucht worden ist in einer Szene im Geistgebiet im siebenten Bilde meines ersten Mysteriendramas. Da ist versucht worden so weit dasjenige, was ausgesprochen werden soll, in den Laut hineinzubringen, daß der Laut selber, ohne daß man über ihn hinausgeht, eine Hinweisung, eine Offenbarung des Geistigen sein kann, wie das in den Ursprachen der Fall war. Und es ist in dieser Szene im siebenten Bilde erstens beachtet, daß man es zu tun hat mit etwas von der physischen Welt Abliegendem, also mit etwas, was gegen das geistige Reich hingeht. Daher ist der Grundton in diesem Bilde einer, der auf Innerlichkeit weist, auf Spirituelles weist, der darauf hinweist, daß vokalisiert werden muß. Aber auf der anderen Seite ist bei jenem Übergang, der deutlich hervortritt in den drei Seelenkräften, Philia, Astrid und Luna, der Gang der Handlung so, daß Philia noch rein lebt im vokalisch-spirituellen Elemente, wo das Konsonantische nur gewissermaßen dadurch hervortritt, daß man es mit Sprache und nicht mit Gesang zu tun haben muß; Astrid bildet dann den Übergang, und Luna, die schon zu tun hat mit der Schwere, also mit demjenigen, was nach dem physischen Plane hingeht, gerät im Vokalisieren bereits zum Konsonantisieren.

So kann man gerade an dieser Szene sehen, wie ein solches zu behandeln ist mit konsonantischer Andeutung und einem Leben votzugsweise im Vokalischen, was von der physischen Welt abführt nach dem Geistigen hin. Und solche Dinge sind fundamental für denjenigen, der in eine wirkliche Sprachgestaltung hinüberkommen will.

Es wird durch Frau Dr. Steiner rezitiert das siebente Bild aus der «Pforte der Einweihung»

Das Gebiet des Geistes

MARIA:
Ihr, meine Schwestern, die ihr
So oft mir Helferinnen wart,
Seid mir es auch in dieser Stunde,
Daß ich den Weltenäther
In sich erbeben lasse.
Er soll harmonisch klingen
Und klingend eine Seele
Durchdringen mit Erkenntnis.
Ich kann die Zeichen schauen,
Die uns zur Arbeit lenken.
Es soll sich euer Werk
Mit meinem Werke einen.
Johannes, der Strebende,
Er soll durch unser Schaffen
Zum wahren Sein erhoben werden.
Die Brüder in dem Tempel
Sie hielten Rat,
Wie sie ihn aus den Tiefen
In lichte Höhen führen sollen.
Von uns erwarten sie,
Daß wir in seiner Seele heben
Die Kraft zum Höhenfluge.
Du, meine Philia, so sauge
Des Lichtes klares Wesen
Aus Raumesweiten,
Erfülle dich mit Klangesreiz
Aus schaffender Seelenmacht,
Daß du mir reichen kannst
Die Gaben, die du sammelst
Aus Geistesgründen.
Ich kann sie weben dann
In den erregenden Sphärenreigen.
Und du auch, Astrid, meines Geistes
Geliebtes Spiegelbild,
Erzeuge Dunkelkraft
Im fließenden Licht,
Daß es in Farben scheine.
Und gliedre Klangeswesenheit;
Daß webender Weltenstoff
Ertönend lebe.
So kann ich Geistesfühlen
Vertrauen suchendem Menschensinn.
Und du, o starke Luna,
Die du gefestigt im Innern bist,
Dem Lebensmarke gleich,
Das in des Baumes Mitte wächst,
Vereine mit der Schwestern Gaben
Das Abbild deiner Eigenheit,
Daß Wissens Sicherheit
Dem Seelensucher werde.

PHILIA:
Ich will erfüllen mich
Mit klarstem Lichtessein
Aus Weltenweiten,
Ich will eratmen mir
Belebenden Klangesstoff
Aus Ätherfernen,
Daß dir, geliebte Schwester,
Das Werk gelingen kann.

ASTRID!
Ich will verweben
Erstrahlend Licht
Mit dämpfender Finsternis,
Ich will verdichten
Das Klangesleben.
Es soll erglitzernd klingen,
Es soll erklingend glitzern,
Daß du, geliebte Schwester,
Die Seelenstrahlen lenken kannst.

LUNA:
Ich will erwärmen Seelenstoff
Und will erhärten Lebensäther.
Sie sollen sich verdichten,
Sie sollen sich erfühlen,
Und in sich selber seiend
Sich schaffend halten,
Daß du, geliebte Schwester,
Der suchenden Menschenseele
Des Wissens Sicherheit erzeugen kannst.

MARIA:
Aus Philias Bereichen
Soll strömen Freudesinn;
Und Nixen-Wechselkräfte,
Sie mögen öffnen
Der Seele Reizbarkeit,
Daß der Erweckte Erleben kann
Der Welten Lust,
Der Welten Weh. —
Aus Astrids Weben
Soll werden Liebelust;
Der Sylphen wehend Leben,
Es soll erregen
Der Seele Opfertrieb,
Daß der Geweihte Erquicken kann
Die Leidbeladenen,
Die Glück Erflehenden.
Aus Lunas Kraft
Soll strömen Festigkeit.
Der Feuerwesen Macht,
Sie kann erschaffen
Der Seele Sicherheit;
Auf daß der Wissende
Sich finden kann
Im Seelenweben,
Im Weltenleben.

PHILIA: Ich will erbitten von Weltengeistern,
Daß ihres Wesens Licht
Entzücke Seelensinn,
Und ihrer Worte Klang
Beglücke Geistgehör;
Auf daß sich hebe
Der zu Erweckende
Auf Seelenwegen
In Himmelshöhen.

ASTRID:
Ich will die Liebesströme,
Die Welt erwarmenden,
Zu Herzen leiten
Dem Geweihten;
Auf daß er bringen kann
Des Himmels Güte
Dem Erdenwirken,
Und Weihestimmung
Den Menschenkindern.

LUNA:
Ich will von Urgewalten
Erflehen Mut und Koaft,
Und sie dem Suchenden
In Herzenstiefen legen;
Auf daß Vertrauen
Zum eignen Selbst
Ihn durch das Leben
Geleiten kann.
Er soll sich sicher
In sich dann selber fühlen.
Er soll von Augenblicken
Die reifen Früchte pflücken,
Und Saaten ihnen entlocken
Für Ewigkeiten.

MARIA:
Mit euch, ihr Schwestern,
Vereint zu edlem Werk,
Wird mir gelingen,
Was ich ersehne.
Es dringt der Ruf
Des schwer Geprüften
In unsre Lichteswelt.

Will man die Sprache so gestalten, daß sie plastisch sein kann auf der einen Seite und musikalisch auf der anderen Seite, so handelt es sich zunächst darum, daß man Gebärde in die Sprache bringen kann. Nun ist in der Sprache selbst die Gebärde zwar angedeutet durch das Stimmliche, aber als solche verschwunden. Im Dramatischen, oder höchstens andeutend auch in der übrigen Rede, bringen wir die Gebärde wieder hervor. Aber es besteht heute eine vollständig chaotische Unsicherheit mit Bezug auf das Verhältnis des Wortes zur Gebärde. Das wird uns namentlich auffallen, wenn wir von der Sprachgestaltung übergehen zur eigentlichen Bühnenkunst.

Um das zu durchdringen, bitte ich Sie, sich zu erinnern, daß ich gestern am Ende der Stunde vorgebracht habe, wie innerlich begründet die fünf gymnastischen Tätigkeiten der Griechen waren, indem sie tatsächlich aus der Beziehung des Menschen zum Kosmos folgten: Laufen, Springen, Ringen, Diskuswerfen, Speerwerfen.

Der Mensch bildet sozusagen aus seinem Verhältnis zum Kosmos heraus immer ein anderes Gebärdenverhältnis, wobei in der Gebärde zugleich das Dynamische, die menschliche Kraft liegt. Wir werden sehen, daß die wesentlichsten mimischen Bewegungen der Bühne Abschattungen desjenigen sind, was in dieser Weise in den fünf Tätigkeiten in der Gymnastik der Griechen zutage trat. Und wir werden dadurch, daß wir die Abschwächungen, Abschattungen dieser fünf Tätigkeiten studieren werden, dasjenige gewinnen, was in der Bühnenkunst dem Worte durch die faktische Gebärde zu Hilfe kommen muß. In Wahrheit gibt es eigentlich auf der Bühne keine berechtigte Gebärde, die nicht eine Abschwächung dieser fünf Tätigkeiten des griechischen gymnastischen Stiles ist. Aber das ist der andere Pol.

Der eine Pol ist der der Sprachgestaltung selber. Spricht man von Gestaltung, so wird man schon auf das Plastische verwiesen. Aber die eigentliche sichtbare Gestalt ist ja in dem Worte verschwunden. Instinktiv muß sie aber doch darinnen sein. Und so müssen wir zunächst die Sache beim anderen Pol, bei dem Worte anfassen. Wir müssen uns zunächst fragen: Was alles kann denn die Sprache, und was soll sie, ins Künstlerische erhoben, in der Sprachgestaltung können?

Nun, sehen Sie, es gibt im wesentlichen folgendes, was die Sprache kann und können soll. Das erste ist, wenn wir, ich möchte sagen, von dem Äußerlichsten ausgehen, daß die Sprache wirksam ist. Natürlich, wir sprechen nicht in der Regel dazu, daß wir nur den Mund aufmachen und einen Laut durch ihn schießen lassen, sondern wir sprechen dazu, daß die Sprache wirksam sei. Also erstens: wirksam.

Wirksam sein kann die Sprache zunächst; aber wenn wir auch niemals bloß sprechen, um den Mund aufzumachen und einen Laut durch ihn schießen zu lassen, so ist es doch wiederum so, daß im Laute, im Worte und im Satze dasjenige sich offenbaren kann, was auf die inneren Seelenvorgänge hinweist, die sich offenbaren wollen durch die Sprache. Das ist dasjenige, was ich nennen möchte das Bedächtige. Die Sprache kann außer dem, daß sie wirksam ist, bedächtig sein.

1. Wirksam
2. Bedächtig

Wirksamkeit der Sprache zu studieren, ist heute leicht. Man braucht nur in eine politische oder sonstige Versammlung zu gehen, in irgendeinen Reformverein, da wird instinktiv mit der Wirksamkeit der Sprache gearbeitet. Bedächtigkeit der Sprache ist heute etwas, was sich schwer studieren läßt, denn die meisten Menschen reden heute, um zu reden, nicht um Gedanken auszudrücken; nun ja, weil es konventionell schicklich ist selbstverständlich: man muß reden, nicht wahr. Und so hat man vielem Reden gegenüber das Gefühl, es wird geredet, um zu reden. Man wird auch dazu sogar erzogen. Aber ein Wesentliches in der Sprachgestaltung ist doch auch, daß sie bedächtig sein kann, beziehungsweise das Bedächtige offenbaren kann.

Ein weiteres in der Sprache ist das, was ich nennen möchte das probierende, tastende Sich-in-Beziehung-Setzen zur Außenwelt, was zum Ausdrucke kommt in der Frage, zuweilen auch im Wunsch. Dieses, was in der Sprache leben kann, die Seele in die Außenwelt zu führen, aber nicht ganz sicher sein, wie man in diese Außenwelt hineinkommt, das ist dasjenige, was man nennen könnte das Vorwätrtstasten der Sprache gegen Widerstände. Man kann es schon fühlen, daß so etwas da ist:

3. Vorwätrtstasten der Sprache gegen Widerstände

Das vierte, was in der Sprache in Betracht kommt, das ist, daß sie in ihrer Offenbarung zum Ausdruck der Antipathie wird für dasjenige, was an einen herantritt. Man hat als Seelenbeziehung Antipathie gegen dasjenige, was an einen herantritt, und man spricht dasjenige, was aus dieser Antipathie kommt, entweder mit Absicht oder ohne, um zu kritisieren, oder um etwas Furchtbares zu machen; man spricht es aus. Aber in der Sprache ist das eine ganz besondere Nuance für ihre Gestaltung. Also ich werde das nennen: Antipathie abfertigend.

4. Antipathie abfertigend

Fünftens kann die Sprache Sympathie bekräftigend sein, also das Gegenteil von dieser Vier.

5. Sympathie bekräftigend

Und noch ein sechstes ist möglich; das ist das, daß die Sprache ein Zurückziehen des Menschen in sich selber bedeutet, ein Sich-Herausziehen aus der Umgebung.

6. Zurückziehen des Menschen auf sich selber

Außer diesen sechs Offenbarungen der Sprache, die schon in den griechischen Mysterien als die sechs Nuancen der Sprachgestaltung genannt wurden, in deren Sinn gelehrt wurde, außer diesen sechs Nuancen der Sprachoffenbarung gibt es keine weiteren. Man kann alles, was in Sprachoffenbarung gebracht wird, unter eine dieser Nuancen fassen. Und derjenige, der das Sprechen zum Bewußtsein heraufheben will, muß versuchen, diese Nuancen mit Bezug auf die Sprachgestaltung zu studieren.

Nun ist es zweckmäßig, zunächst das Studium nicht zu beginnen mit dem Worte, sondern das Studium zunächst vorzubereiten durch die Gebärde, und dann erst das Wort an die Gebärde anzuknüpfen.

Geht man so vor, dann bekommt man durch solches Vorgehen den Sinn für Sprachgestaltung, während umgekehrt immer etwas Willkürliches herauskommt, wenn man vom Worte ausgeht, wo schon die Gebärde verschwunden ist, und dann erst zur Gebärde übergehen will.

Ist man sich aber klar, daß der Sprachgenius durch diese sechs Tätigkeiten wirkt, und studiert diesen Sprachgenius an der Gebärde, dann kann man von der Gebärde in eindeutiger Weise zum Worte zurückgehen.

Wenn wir das wirksame Wort in seiner Nuance fühlen wollen, so können wir dieses Gefühl am besten an der deutenden Gebärde ausbilden. Die deutende Gebärde, die also in ihren Andeutungen etwas ausdrücken soll.

1. Wirksam: deutend

Man kann an dem Volksidiom diese deutende Gebärde studieren. In England wird kein Ort sein für ein solches Studium, denn da liebt man die Gebärde, die deutende Gebärde überhaupt nicht, sondern man spricht mit den Händen in der Hosentasche oder in der Rocktasche. Dagegen ist Italien der beste Ort von Europa, gerade die deutende Gebärde im Zusammenhang mit dem Worte zu studieren.

Das Bedächtige wird sich immer offenbaren in dem, was in irgendeiner Weise an sich hält; also beim direkten Nachdenken, so zum Beispiel: Finger an der Stirn; so vielleicht sogar, wenn’s spaßig werden soll: Finger an der Nase. Aber jedes An-sich-Halten hängt zusammen mit der bedächtigen Art der Sprachoffenbarung. Selbst dieses ist noch bedächtig: Hände in die Seiten gestemmt; und wenn sich in manchen Gegenden - ich habe das erfahren - jemand dazu entschließen will, sich zu fassen, weil er dem anderen eine Ohrfeige geben will, dann hält er auch an sich: Arme in die Seiten gestemmt. Wir können also sagen: an sich halten und die entsprechende Gebärde.

2. Bedächtig: an sich halten

Das Vorwärtstasten gegen Hindernisse, das ist dasjenige, was in der Gebärde unmittelbar empfunden werden kann. Man frägt sich nur: Wann ist man in der Stimmung, sich gegen Hindernisse vorwärts tasten zu wollen? Ich kann also sagen, mit den Armen und Händen nach vorwärts in rollender Bewegung sein.

3. Vorwärtstasten der Sprache gegen Widerstände: mit Armen und Händen nach vorwärts in rollender Bewegung sein

Antipathie abfertigend — die Gebärde können Sie leicht fühlen: wegweisend, irgend etwas von den menschlichen Gliedern wegschleudernd. Ist man halbwegs ein zivilisierter Mensch, so macht man so: leichte abweisende Bewegung mit der Hand; wird man unzivilisiert, so macht man so: starke Bewegung mit Hand und Fuß.

4. Antipathie abfertigend: von sich Glieder abschleudern

Sympathie ausdrücken - jene Gebärde machen, welche wenigstens andeutet, daß man den Gegenstand der Sympathie in irgendeiner Weise berühren oder streicheln will; also wenigstens die Andeutung muß darinnen liegen. Sympathie bekräftigen bedeutet, die Glieder ausholen zum Berühren des Objektes.

5. Sympathie bekräftigend: Glieder ausholen zum Berühren des Objektes

Nun: das Zurückziehen des Menschen in sich selber, welches in der Gebärde so ausgedrückt wird, daß der Mensch in irgendeiner Weise hart am Körper das Glied ansetzt und dann nicht unmittelbar hori zontal, aber etwas schief nach vorn von dem eigenen Körper in der Gebärde die Glieder entfernt.

6. Zurückziehen des Menschen auf sich selber: abstoßen der Glieder vom eigenen Körper

Es ist nun gut, weil es ganz natürlich und elementar selbstverständlich ist, das, was ich hier im Schema (siehe Seite 87) in der ersten Kolonne geschrieben habe, richtig zu erfühlen an den Gebärden, die ich in der zweiten Kolonne geschrieben habe. Das ist viel wichtiger für die Sprachgestaltung als alles Studieren der Atemhaltung, alles Studieren der Zwerchfellstellung, der Nasenresonanz und so weiter; denn das alles folgt von selber, wenn man in der Sprache lebt und die Sprache zunächst an der Gebärde in ihren Nuancen studiert. Hat man ein deutliches Gefühl davon, daß in einer dieser Gebärden dasjenige liegt, was in der ersten Kolonne ist, dann ist man in der richtigen Weise vorbereitet, den Übergang zu finden zur Wort- respektive zur Satzgestaltung. Und wir werden jetzt darauf aufmerksam zu machen haben, wie, nachdem man die innerliche Seelennuance des Erlebens studiert hat an der Gebärde, nun die Gebärde zurückgeführt werden kann zum Worte.

Hat man also heraus, wie die deutende Gebärde das Wirksame in der Seele darstellt, dann kommt man dazu, den Zusammenhang zu finden zwischen dieser deutenden Gebärde und demjenigen, was ich jetzt nennen möchte - ich werde dann die Ausdrücke im einzelnen im Laufe der Zeit genauer erklären — das schneidende Wort, die schneidende Rede. Schneidend so, daß die Rede gesetzt wird in der Art, daß man weiß, es wird mit aller Kraft in das Ausatmen hinein nachgeholfen; daß also der inneren menschlichen Kraft in dem Durchdringen des Wortes mit etwas Metallenem nachgeholfen wird.

1. schneidend

Dagegen dasjenige, was in der an sich haltenden Gebärde liegt, welche das Bedächtige offenbart, das wird man auszudrücken haben in dem Worte, das voll gesprochen wird. So daß tatsächlich es jetzt nicht darauf ankommt, Metallenes in das Ausstoßen des Wortes zu legen, sondern daß es darauf ankommt, in den Vokal und in den Konsonanten voll hineinklingen zu lassen, hinein zu intonieren dasjenige, was der Konsonant aufnehmen kann an Intonation:

Und es wallet und woget und brauset und zischt.

2. voll

So liegt in jedem Vokal und in jedem Konsonanten dasjenige, was er aufnehmen kann. In dieser Weise voll gesprochen, liefert immer bedächtige Nuancen, die man studieren kann an dem An-sich-Halten.

Das Vorwärtstasten gegen Hindernisse, das darinnen liegt, daß man mit Armen und Händen rollt, namentlich in dieser Weise mit der Hand oben, mit der Innenhandfläche der nach oben gehaltenen Hand, das kommt dann zum Ausdruck, wenn die Stimme zitternd wird, wobei einem derjenige, der das Wort bildet, zu Hilfe kommen kann durch Worte, die möglichst viele r enthalten, wenn die Stimme zit ternd wird.

3. zitternd

So haben wir schneidende Gestaltung, volle Gestaltung, zitternde Gestaltung.

Du sagst mir, dies Ziel soll ich erreichen.

Kann ich denn das?

Kann = etwas zitternd. Kann ich denn das?

Sie werden fühlen, der Zusammenhang ist da.

Nun handelt es sich darum, Antipathie abfertigend, die Glieder von sich wegstoßen, daß das Wort hart werden muß. Man muß die Härte des Wortes fühlen.

4. hart

Ich habe zu tun. Du bist mir überflüssig. Geh! Geh!

Hier haben Sie die Härte des Wortes: Geh!, aber auch mit dem Abstoßen der Glieder in unmittelbarer Verbindung.

Es ist daher sehr gut für jemanden, der sich zu einer Rezitation oder zum dramatischen Sprechen vorbereiten will, daß er sich vorerst völlig in den typischen Gebärden die ganze Szene stumm einstudiert.

Nun die Gebärde: die Glieder ausholen zum Berühren des Objektes. Auch dann, wenn man etwas ganz genau beschreiben will, so daß man am liebsten das Objekt an den Menschen heranbringen will, macht man diese Gebärde - entsprechende Geste - im dramatischen Sprechen; also wenn man jemandem etwas zu beschreiben hat. Dann aber wird, selbst wenn es sich nicht um menschliche Verhältnisse handelt, dann aber ganz besonders, die Stimme sanft.

5. sanft

Sie bringen mir das Kind, das ich immer gern sehe: Komm!

Komm, sanft gesprochen.

Dieses «Komm» studieren an der Bewegung, an der Gebärde.

Zurückziehen des Menschen auf sich selber; abstoßen der Glieder vom eigenen Körper. Da haben wir, wenn wir diese Gebärde uns vergegenwärtigen, das entsprechende Wort, das kurz abgesetzt wird.

6. Kurz abgesetzt

Du machst mir den Vorschlag, jetzt das Geschäft zu besorgen; ich möchte jetzt spazieren gehen!

In kurz abgesetzten Worten: «ich möchte jetzt spazieren gehen.»

In der Zeit der älteren Mysterien, als man auf die Hauptsache gesehen hat, hat man diese Einteilung in diese sechs Glieder gehabt. Später, wo man bei allem mehr auf Äußerlichkeiten gesehen hat, hat man aber mit einer gewissen Willkür, weil das keine durchaus neue Nuance ist, sondern in der zweiten schon enthalten ist, hier noch eingeschaltet das, was nicht nur bedächtig ist, sondern was in einer gewissen Weise die Entschlußunfähigkeit darstellt. Es ist eine Nuance der Bedächtigkeit: die Entschlußunfähigkeit. Die Gebärde ist das Stillhalten der Glieder. Und das entsprechende Gestalten des Wortes sind die langsam gezogenen Worte. Zum Beispiel:

Jetzt sind wir in einer schlimmen Lage. Was soll ich tun?

Langsam gezogen «Was soll ich tun?» Das wäre eine siebente Nuance.

Wirksam deutend schneidend
Bedächtig Entschlußunfähigkeit an sich halten Stillhalten der Glieder voll langsam gezogen
Vorwärtstasten der Sprache gegen Widerstände mit Armen und Händen nach vorwärts in rollender Bewegung sein zitternd
Antipathie abfertigend von sich Glieder abschleudern hart
Sympathie bekräftigend Glieder ausholen zum Berühren des Objekts sanft
Zurückziehen des Menschen auf sich selber Abstoßen der Glieder vom eigenen Körper kurz abgesetzt

Worauf ich jetzt besonders aufmerksam machen möchte, das ist dieses, daß studiert werden sollte die Gestaltung des Wortes und des Satzes an der Gebärde, und daß man von der Gebärde zurückgehen sollte zu dem, was man dann finden kann als Volles, Zitterndes und so weiter in Sprache und Satz.

Sehen Sie, man hat nötig, das Objektive der Sprache, ich möchte sagen, die Tätigkeit des Sprachgenius wirklich kennenzulernen. Und man lernt die Sprache eigentlich nur dadurch kennen, daß man die Gebärde nun wiederum verfolgt bis hinein in das Intonieren der Laute. Hat man sich einmal gewöhnt, in dieser Weise die Gebärde hinein zu verfolgen in das Intonieren der Worte, dann hat man es leichter, die Gebärde hinein zu verfolgen in das Intonieren der Laute. Das Intonieren der Worte muß etwas Augenblickliches sein; das Intonieren der Laute aber muß beim Menschen etwas Habituelles werden, etwas, worauf er sich im einzelnen Studium nicht mehr, wenigstens im wesentlichen nicht mehr einzulassen hat, was er aber an sich selber zu lernen hat. Und man kann tatsächlich verfolgen, wie die Gebärde gewissermaßen in den Laut hineinschlüpft und darinnen verschwindet.

Nehmen Sie zunächst das musikalische Intonieren von Tönen dadurch, daß wir uns der Blasinstrumente bedienen. Wir blasen. Sie werden an der Bewegung der Luft, wenn Sie eine Trompete oder irgend etwas anderes blasen, doch ein deutliches Gefühl haben: da steckt die Gebärde darin. Sie brauchten nur einmal die Hypothese anzunehmen, diese in der Trompete oder Pfeife bewegte Luft, wenn sie drin gefröre, ginge durch das Flüssige zum Festen über, so hätten Sie ja eine wunderschöne Gebärde angedeutet in der gefrorenen Luft. Es wären sogar das die wunderbarsten Gebärden, die da herauskommen. Und so hören wir, wenn die Blasinstrumente ertönen, ganz deutlich eigentlich Gebärde. Wir sehen, wie in das Blasen hineinschlüpft die Gebärde.

Nun haben wir aber unter unseren Konsonanten ausgesprochene Blaselaute, solche Laute, die eigentlich bekräftigen, daß in gewissem Sinn das menschliche Stimmorgan eine Trompete ist, wenn auch selbstverständlich in anständige Form von der Natur abgeschwächt. Denn wenn grob brutal das menschliche Organ als Trompete erklingt, so wird es unangenehm. Aber wir haben ausgesprochene Blaselaute, welche auf die Trompetennatur, überhaupt die Blasinstrumentennatur des menschlichen Stimmorgans hinweisen. Blaselaute, das sind: h, ch, j, sch, s, f, w. Das sind durchaus Töne, welche sich anhören so, daß man im Hören das Gebärdenhafte in ihnen noch vernimmt.

Dagegen gibt es Laute, bei denen die Gebärde so in den Ton hinein verschwindet, daß man immer das Bedürfnis hat, die Geschichte zu sehen, nicht bloß zu hören. Beispielsweise d: da möchte man immer sehen, wie der Finger auch da ist. Das sind die Stoßlaute. Die Stoßlaute sind etwas, wo man vom Hören abgehen möchte und immer die Phantasie, daß man den Laut sieht, haben möchte. Ausgesprochene Stoßlaute sind: d, t, b, p, g, k, m, n.

Dann haben wir einen Laut, in dem wirklich die Gebärde nur so verschwindet, daß sie deutlich noch da ist. Das ist das r, der Zitterlaut r.

Dann haben wir einen Laut, bei dem man empfindet, es ginge einem gut, wenn man er selber würde, der Laut. Das ist das l, der Wellenlaut. Man schwimmt in dem Elemente des Lebens, wenn man das l richtig empfindet.

Man kann in diese Laute hinein das Verschwinden der Gebärde durchaus empfinden. Und so empfindet man die Blaselaute als eigentliches Tönen. Man hört hin auf diese Laute. Die Gebärde ist in ihnen stark verschwunden, aber man hört eigentlich die Gebärde. Dagegen bei den Stoßlauten möchte man das Phantasiebild haben, das gesehen werden kann bei allen Stoßlauten. Gewissermaßen sieht man die Stoßlaute in der Phantasie. Stoßlaute= Sehen.

Den Zitterlaut fühlt man, und zwar wer feines Gefühl hat, fühlt ihn in den Armen und Händen. Wenn man eben Arme und Hände, wenn einer r ordentlich ausspricht, ruhig halten soll, dann muß es einen jucken. Man soll das nicht gleich als eine Krankheit ansehen. Dieses Jucken soll durchaus so angesehen werden, daß es die normale Reaktion eines empfindenden Menschen ist auf den Gebrauch, namentlich den häufigen Gebrauch des r. Also r = Fühlen in Armen und Händen.

Dagegen das l fühlt der Mensch, der normal empfindet, in den Beinen. Das l ist etwas, das tatsächlich in den Beinen gefühlt werden kann, wenn es der andere ausspricht. Also l auch ein Fühlen, aber mit den Beinen und Füßen.

Blaselaute: h, ch, j, sch, s, f, w: Tönen
Stoßlaute: d, t, b, p, g, m, n: Sehen
Zitterlaut: r: Fühlen in Armen und Händen
Wellenlaut: l: Fühlen in Beinen und Füßen.

Daraus sehen Sie schon: bei den Blaselauten, die am allermeisten objektiv werden für den Menschen, ist die Gebärde so stark verschwunden, daß man die Laute nur noch hören will. Prüfen Sie einmal einen fein empfindenden Dichter daraufhin, ob er dasjenige zum Ausdrucke bringen will, was sich ganz absondert von dem Menschen, dann werden Sie bei ihm sehr häufig rein instinktiv die Blaselaute finden. Prüfen Sie aber einen Dichter daraufhin, ob er ausdrücken will, daß der Mensch beteiligt ist an den Dingen, sich stößt, sich wehrt, schlägt, fuchtelt, dann werden Sie bei ihm sehr häufig die Stoßlaute finden.

Und wenn Sie fühlen sollen, was in der Dichtung liegt, daß im Hören deutlich das Gefühl angedeutet werden soll, dann werden Sie an der richtigen Stelle das r oder l finden. Man ist also genötigt, auf den Menschen und seine Gebärden bei allem, was nicht Blaselaut ist, hinzuweisen.

Bei den Blaselauten ist es deshalb nicht der Fall, hinzudeuten auf den in Gebärde begriffenen Menschen, weil in die Blaselaute hinein die Gebärde schon ganz verschwunden ist. Daraus sehen Sie wieder, daß in die Sprache hinein die Gebärde verschwindet. Damit aber ist dasjenige gegeben, was wir uns, ich möchte sagen, nicht wie eine Tradition, denn es wurde niemals deutlich ausgesprochen, aber wie ein Vermächtnis der Mysterienzeit in bezug auf die Sprache in die Seele schreiben sollen, und über das wir, wenn wir die Kunst der Sprachgestaltung üben wollen, viel meditieren sollten, auch über alles das, was dann aus dem Meditieren darüber wird. In der Gebärde lebt der Mensch. Der Mensch selber ist da in der Gebärde. Die Gebärde verschwindet hinein in die Sprache. Wird das Wort intoniert, dann erscheint der Mensch wiederum; der gebärdenbildende Mensch erscheint im Worte wieder. Und in dem, was der Mensch spricht, finden wir den ganzen Menschen. Aber wir müssen die Sprache zu gestalten wissen. Und so haben wir, wie gesagt, etwas wie ein Vermächtnis derjenigen Zeiten, in denen die Sprache noch Mysterieninhalt war:

Im Sprechen ist die Auferstehung des in der Gebärde verschwundenen Menschen.

Die Bühnenkunst, die sich der Gebärde bedient, läßt den Menschen aus der Gebärde nicht völlig verschwinden; sie läßt auch den Menschen im Worte nicht völlig entstehen. Darauf beruht gerade das Anziehende der dramatischen Darstellung, weil dadurch, daß der Mensch in der Gebärde nicht völlig verschwindet, auf der Bühne noch der Darsteller als Mensch steht in der Gebärde, und dadurch, daß der Mensch nicht völlig noch ersteht in dem Worte, das Miterleben des Zuschauers möglich wird, indem er dasjenige hinzuzufügen hat in seiner Phantasie, in seinem Drama genießend, was noch nicht in dem Worte auf der Bühne vollständig ersteht.

Damit haben Sie sozusagen einen Meditations-Stoff für das Wesen der dramatischen Kunst. Morgen werden wir um dieselbe Zeit weiter fortsetzen.

Ich möchte nur um eines bitten, meine lieben Freunde. Die Dinge, die gesagt werden, werden so häufig mißverstanden. Ich habe doch gestern wahrhaftig angedeutet, was den Kursus dadurch variiert hat, daß er erweitert werden mußte. Aber daß gar keine Gründe da waren, um diejenigen Persönlichkeiten, die gestern dagesessen haben, zu dem Kursus zuzulassen, dies daraus zu schließen, das hätte ich nicht gedacht. Aber man hat es doch daraus geschlossen aus dem, was ich gestern gesagt habe. Man hat doch daraus geschlossen: Nun haben die also gar keine Gründe gehabt, sondern aus der Willkür heraus den Kursus erweitert.

Daß man das so aufgefaßt hat, als ob ich das zu den Kursteilnehmern gesagt hätte, das geht daraus hervor, daß nun die Folge war, daß zahlreiche von den hier Sitzenden zu anderen Leuten gesagt haben: Jetzt braucht man nicht mehr irgendwie Bedenken zu haben, zu dem Kursus zu kommen, denn der hat ja gesagt, es können alle kommen. — Aber das ist doch keine Motivierung. So kann man doch die Dinge nicht behandeln. Man kann doch wirklich nicht mit einem solchen Leichtsinn das, was ernst gemeint ist, auffassen, daß Menschen, die hier gesessen haben, zu anderen sagen: Jetzt überflutet ihr diesen Kursus, es kommt gar nicht darauf an, es kann darinnen sitzen, wer will.

Daher mußte ich außerordentlich sparsam sein in bezug auf diejenigen, die heute erst angesucht haben um Aufnahme. Ich möchte überhaupt bemerken, daß der Kursus als Ganzes genommen werden soll, nicht daß in der Mitte erst Leute hereinkommen, die nicht vom Anfange an da waren, da unsere Kurse nicht zum Spaß, sondern zum Ernst da sind. Und es ist auch so, daß man das Spätere nicht verstehen kann, wenn man das Vorhergehende nicht gehört hat. So daß also tatsächlich in äußerst seltenen Fällen davon abgegangen werden kann; nur wenn ganz zwingende Gründe vorliegen. Nicht nur für das Abweisen, sondern auch für das Zulassen ist es notwendig, daß man vom Anfange an an dem Kurse teilnimmt bis zum Ende. Nur dann nicht bis zum Ende, wenn er ihm so ekelhaft und unsympathisch ist, daß er wegreist.

2. The Six Revelations of Language

First of all, you will have seen from yesterday's presentations how lyric, epic, and dramatic must be differentiated in relation to the art of recitation and speech formation. For we were even made aware of how the vowels are oriented toward the lyric, and how the consonants are oriented toward the narrative and the dramatic.

Now, however, we must make it very clear that there is something vocal in every consonant. A consonant cannot be pronounced on its own; in order for a consonant to be intoned, something vocal must resonate with it, and the individual consonants have different inclinations toward the vowel. In addition, every vowel has a consonant sound in it. I have already drawn attention to all of this.

Another thing we must take into account and focus our attention on if we really want to make the practical demonstration that Dr. Steiner will give fruitful for what can be said about speech formation is this: We live within civilized humanity in very advanced civilizational epochs. However, these are epochs in which language in particular has lost its connection with its beginnings, its actual origins. The languages of Europe today, with perhaps one minor exception—I do not mean that the exception is minor in terms of quantity, but in terms of quality—with the minor exception of Russian and smaller languages, are all far removed from their origins, and they actually speak in such a way that the words, but also the intonation of the sounds, are only an external sign of what actually underlies them; I say an external sign because people are no longer aware of the nature of the sign, because they do not even assume that language can be anything other than what it is in the everyday speech of today's European languages.

Therefore, if the artistic nature of language is to be understood, grasped, and made effective again, there must be something that is conscious of how language must be restored to its essence.

And this has been attempted, at least in certain parts of my Mystery Dramas, by bringing back to sound what people experience today, what they express through language, and which, in fact, in everyday speech today has nothing to do with what it refers to. So in certain parts of my mystery dramas, an attempt has been made to bring back to sound the rhythm of thought, the musicality of thought, the imagery of thought, which is all that exists today.

This can be done in many different ways, depending on the tasks at hand. And I would like to begin by pointing out what was attempted in a scene in the spiritual realm in the seventh picture of my first mystery drama. There, an attempt was made to express what needed to be said in sound in such a way that the sound itself, without going beyond it, could be an indication, a revelation of the spiritual, as was the case in the original languages. And in this scene in the seventh picture, it is first noted that one is dealing with something that is separate from the physical world, that is, with something that goes toward the spiritual realm. Therefore, the basic tone in this picture is one that points to inwardness, to the spiritual, that points to the need for vocalization. But on the other hand, in that transition, which is clearly evident in the three soul forces, Philia, Astrid, and Luna, the course of the action is such that Philia still lives purely in the vocal-spiritual element, where the consonantal only emerges, so to speak, in that one has to deal with speech and not with singing; Astrid then forms the transition, and Luna, who already has to deal with heaviness, that is, with what belongs to the physical plane, already tends toward consonantization in her vocalization.

So, in this scene in particular, we can see how such a thing should be treated with consonantal suggestion and a life lived primarily in the vocal, which leads away from the physical world toward the spiritual. And such things are fundamental for those who want to move into real speech formation.

Frau Dr. Steiner recites the seventh scene from The Gate of Initiation.

The realm of the spirit

MARIA:
You, my sisters, who
So often were my helpers,
Be my helpers also in this hour,
That I may make the world ether
Vibrate within itself.
It shall sound harmoniously
And, sounding, a soul
Penetrate with knowledge.
I can see the signs
That guide us to our work.
Your work shall be one
Be one with my work.
Johannes, the Striver,
Through our work,
He shall be raised to true being.
The brothers in the temple
Held council,
How they should lead him from the depths
To light-filled heights.
They expect us
To lift up in his soul
The power to fly to the heights.
You, my Philia, soak up
The clear essence of light
From the vastness of space,
Fill yourself with the thrill of sound
From the creative power of the soul,
So that you can give me
The gifts you gather
From spiritual sources.
I can then weave them
Into the exciting dance of the spheres.
And you too, Astrid, beloved reflection
Of my spirit,
Create dark power
In the flowing light,
That it may shine in colors.
And structure sound essence;
That weaving world substance
May live resoundingly.
So I can weave spiritual feelings
Into human senses seeking trust.
And you, O strong Luna,
Who are steadfast within,
Like the mark of life,
That grows in the center of the tree,
Unite with your sister's gifts
The image of your uniqueness,
That the certainty of knowledge
May become the soul seeker.

PHILIA:
I want to fill myself
With the clearest light being
From worlds far away,
I want to breathe in
Invigorating sound matter
From distant ethers,
So that you, beloved sister,
May succeed in your work.

ASTRID!
I want to weave together
Radiant light
With dampening darkness,
I want to condense
The life of sound.
It should sound glittering,
It should glitter resoundingly,
So that you, beloved sister,
Can direct the rays of the soul.

LUNA:
I want to warm the substance of souls
And harden the ether of life.
They shall condense,
They shall feel,
And being within themselves
Keep themselves creating,
So that you, beloved sister,
Can create the certainty of knowledge
The certainty of knowledge.

MARIA:
From Philia's realms
May joy flow;
And the changing powers of the nymphs,
May they open
The soul's sensitivity,
So that the awakened one may experience
The joy of the worlds,
The sorrow of the worlds. —
From Astrid's weaving
There shall be love's delight;
The sylphs' fluttering life,
It shall arouse
The soul's sacrificial urge,
That the consecrated one may refresh
Those burdened with suffering,
Those who yearn for happiness.
From Luna's power
Shall flow steadfastness.
The power of the fire beings,
It can create
The soul's security;
So that the knowledgeable one
Can find himself
In the weaving of souls,
In the life of the world.
I want to ask the spirits of the world,
That the light of their being
May delight the soul's senses,
And the sound of their words
May gladden the spirit's hearing;
So that he who is to be awakened
May rise
On soul paths
To heavenly heights.

ASTRID:
I will guide the streams of love,
Warming the world,
To the heart
Of the consecrated one;
So that he may bring
The goodness of heaven
To earthly work,
And a spirit of consecration
To the children of man.

LUNA:
I want to implore the primal forces
For courage and strength,
And place them in the depths of the heart
Of the seeker;
So that trust
In his own self
May guide him through life.
He should feel secure
Within himself.
He should pick the ripe fruits
Within himself.
He shall pick
The ripe fruits of moments,
And coax seeds from them
For eternity.

MARIA:
With you, my sisters,
United in noble work,
I will succeed
What I long for.
The call
Of the severely tested
Penetrates our world of light.

If one wants to shape language so that it can be plastic on the one hand and musical on the other, the first thing to do is to bring gesture into language. Now, in language itself, gesture is implied by the voice, but as such it has disappeared. In drama, or at most suggestively in other speech, we bring gesture back to the fore. But today there is complete chaotic uncertainty regarding the relationship between the word and gesture. We will notice this particularly when we move from speech formation to the actual art of the stage.

To understand this, please remember that yesterday, at the end of the lesson, I pointed out how deeply rooted the five Greek gymnastic activities were, as they actually followed from the relationship between man and the cosmos: running, jumping, wrestling, discus throwing, and javelin throwing.

Human beings, so to speak, always form a different relationship of gesture out of their relationship to the cosmos, whereby the dynamic, the human power, lies in the gesture at the same time. We will see that the most essential mimetic movements of the stage are shadows of what came to light in this way in the five activities of Greek gymnastics. And by studying the attenuations and shadows of these five activities, we will gain what in the art of the stage must come to the aid of the word through the actual gesture. In truth, there is actually no justified gesture on the stage that is not an attenuation of these five activities of the Greek gymnastic style. But that is the other pole.

One pole is that of speech formation itself. When one speaks of formation, one is already referring to the plastic. But the actual visible form has disappeared in the word. Instinctively, however, it must still be there. And so we must first address the matter at the other pole, at the word. We must first ask ourselves: What can language do, and what should it be able to do, elevated to the artistic level, in speech formation?

Well, you see, there are essentially the following things that language can and should be able to do. The first is, if we start from the most external aspect, that language is effective. Of course, we do not usually speak just to open our mouths and let a sound come out, but we speak so that language is effective. So first of all: effective.

Language can be effective at first; but even though we never speak just to open our mouths and let a sound shoot out of them, it is nevertheless the case that the sound, the word, and the sentence can reveal what points to the inner soul processes that want to reveal themselves through language. This is what I would like to call deliberateness. In addition to being effective, language can also be deliberate.

1. Effective
2. Deliberate

Studying the effectiveness of language is easy today. One need only go to a political or other gathering, to any reform association, where the effectiveness of language is instinctively employed. Thoughtfulness in language is something that is difficult to study today, because most people today talk for the sake of talking, not to express thoughts; well, because it is conventionally proper, of course: one must talk, mustn't one? And so, when faced with a lot of talk, one has the feeling that people are talking for the sake of talking. We are even brought up to do so. But an essential aspect of language formation is that it can be deliberate, or rather, that it can reveal deliberateness.

Another aspect of language is what I would call the tentative, groping establishment of a relationship with the outside world, which is expressed in the question, sometimes also in the desire. This ability of language to lead the soul into the outside world, but without being entirely sure how to enter this outside world, is what could be called the tentative groping of language against resistance. One can already sense that something like this exists:

3. Language feeling its way forward against resistance

The fourth thing that comes into consideration in language is that, in its revelation, it becomes an expression of antipathy toward that which approaches us. As a relationship of the soul, we have antipathy toward that which approaches us, and we speak what comes from this antipathy, either intentionally or unintentionally, in order to criticize or to do something terrible; one expresses it. But in language, this is a very special nuance for its formation. So I will call this: dispatching antipathy.

4. Dispatching antipathy

Fifthly, language can be sympathy-affirming, i.e., the opposite of the fourth.

5. Sympathy-affirming

And a sixth is possible; that is, language can mean a withdrawal of the human being into themselves, a withdrawal from their surroundings.

6. Withdrawal of the human being into themselves

Apart from these six revelations of language, which were already mentioned in the Greek mysteries as the six nuances of speech formation, in the sense in which they were taught, apart from these six nuances of linguistic revelation, there are no others. Everything that is brought forth in linguistic revelation can be subsumed under one of these nuances. And those who want to raise speech to consciousness must try to study these nuances in relation to speech formation.

Now, it is advisable not to begin the study with the word, but to prepare for the study first through gesture, and only then to link the word to the gesture.

If one proceeds in this way, one gains a sense of speech formation, whereas, conversely, something arbitrary always emerges when one starts with the word, where the gesture has already disappeared, and only then wants to move on to the gesture.

However, if one is aware that the genius of language works through these six activities and studies this genius of language in the gesture, then one can return from the gesture to the word in an unambiguous way.

If we want to feel the effective word in its nuance, we can best develop this feeling through the interpretive gesture. The interpretive gesture, which is supposed to express something in its allusions.

1. Effective: interpretive

One can study this interpretive gesture in the vernacular. There is no place for such a study in England, because there they do not like gestures, interpretive gestures at all, but speak with their hands in their trouser pockets or coat pockets. Italy, on the other hand, is the best place in Europe to study interpretive gestures in connection with words.

The deliberate will always reveal itself in what holds itself back in some way; that is, in direct reflection, for example: fingers on the forehead; perhaps even, if it is meant to be funny: fingers on the nose. But every holding back is connected with the deliberate nature of linguistic expression. Even this is still deliberate: hands on hips; and if, in some regions—I have experienced this—someone wants to restrain themselves because they want to slap the other person, they also hold themselves back: arms on hips. So we can say: holding back and the corresponding gesture.

2. Deliberate: holding back

Groping forward against obstacles is what can be immediately sensed in the gesture. One only asks oneself: when is one in the mood to want to grope forward against obstacles? So I can say, with arms and hands forward in a rolling motion.

3. Feeling your way forward against resistance: moving your arms and hands forward in a rolling motion

Dismissing antipathy — you can easily feel the gesture: pointing away, flinging something away from the human limbs. If you are a reasonably civilized person, you do this: a slight dismissive movement with your hand; if you are uncivilized, you do this: a strong movement with your hand and foot.

4. Dispelling antipathy: flinging limbs away from oneself.

Expressing sympathy—make a gesture that at least suggests that you want to touch or caress the object of your sympathy in some way; at least the suggestion must be there. Reinforcing sympathy means reaching out with your limbs to touch the object.

5. Affirming sympathy: reaching out limbs to touch the object

Now: the withdrawal of the person into themselves, which is expressed in the gesture in such a way that the person places their limb close to their body in some way and then moves their limbs away from their own body in the gesture, not directly horizontally, but slightly diagonally forward.

6. Withdrawal of the person into themselves: pushing the limbs away from their own body

It is now good, because it is completely natural and elementary, to correctly feel what I have written here in the diagram (see page 87) in the first column in the gestures that I have written in the second column. This is much more important for speech formation than all the studying of breathing, all the studying of the position of the diaphragm, the nasal resonance, and so on; because all of that follows naturally when one lives in language and studies language first in its nuances through gestures. If one has a clear feeling that one of these gestures contains what is in the first column, then one is properly prepared to find the transition to word and sentence formation. And we will now have to draw attention to how, after studying the inner soul nuance of the experience in the gesture, the gesture can now be traced back to the word.

So once you have figured out how the interpretive gesture represents what is effective in the soul, you will be able to find the connection between this interpretive gesture and what I would now like to call — I will explain the expressions in more detail over time — the cutting word, the cutting speech. Cutting in such a way that the speech is delivered in such a way that one knows it is being helped along with all one's strength in the exhalation; that the inner human power is being helped along in the penetration of the word with something metallic.

1. cutting

On the other hand, that which lies in the gesture that holds itself back, which reveals deliberation, must be expressed in the word that is spoken fully. So that it is not actually a matter now of to put something metallic into the utterance of the word, but that it is important to let the vowel and the consonant resonate fully, to intonate into it what the consonant can absorb in intonation:

And it billows and surges and roars and hisses.

2. fully

Thus, in every vowel and every consonant lies that which it can absorb. Spoken fully in this way, it always yields thoughtful nuances that can be studied by holding on to them.

The forward movement against obstacles, which lies in rolling with the arms and hands, namely in this way with the hand above, with the palm of the hand held upwards, is expressed when the voice becomes tremulous, whereby the person forming the word can be helped by words that contain as many r's as possible when the voice becomes tremulous.

3. tremulous

Thus we have cutting formation, full formation, tremulous formation.

You tell me I should achieve this goal.

Can I do that?

Can = somewhat trembling. Can I do that?

You will feel that the connection is there.

Now it is a matter of dispatching antipathy, pushing the limbs away from oneself, so that the word must become hard. One must feel the hardness of the word.

4. hard

I have work to do. You are superfluous to me. Go! Go!

Here you have the harshness of the word: Go!, but also with the pushing away of the limbs in direct connection.

It is therefore very good for someone who wants to prepare for a recitation or dramatic speech to first rehearse the entire scene silently, using the typical gestures.

Now the gesture: reaching out with the limbs to touch the object. Even when you want to describe something very precisely, so that you would prefer to bring the object closer to the person, you make this gesture—the corresponding gesture—in dramatic speech; that is, when you have something to describe to someone. But then, even if it is not a human situation, the voice becomes particularly gentle.

5. gentle

They bring me the child I always love to see: Come!

Come, spoken gently.

Study this “Come” in the movement, in the gesture.

Withdrawal of the person into themselves; pushing away the limbs from their own body. When we visualize this gesture, we have the corresponding word, which is spoken briefly.

6. Spoken briefly

You suggest that I take care of business now; I would like to go for a walk now!

In short, “I would like to go for a walk now.”

In the time of the older mysteries, when people focused on the main thing, they had this division into six parts. Later, when people focused more on appearances, they added something that is not only deliberate, but also represents indecisiveness in a certain way, with a certain arbitrariness, because this is not a completely new nuance, but is already contained in the second. It is a nuance of deliberateness: indecisiveness. The gesture is the stillness of the limbs. And the corresponding form of the word is the slowly drawn words. For example:

Now we are in a bad situation. What should I do?

Slowly drawn “What should I do?” That would be a seventh nuance.

Effective Indicative Cutting
Deliberate indecisiveness Keeping still, keeping limbs still Drawn out very slowly
Moving forward with speech against resistance Moving forward with arms and hands in a rolling motion trembling
dispatching antipathy flinging limbs away from oneself hard
Reaffirming sympathy Reaching out limbs to touch the object Gently
Withdrawing the person into themselves Repelling limbs from one's own body Briefly paused

What I would like to draw particular attention to now is that the structure of the word and the sentence should be studied in relation to the gesture, and that one should go back from the gesture to what one can then find as full, trembling, and so on in language and sentence.

You see, it is necessary to really get to know the objective nature of language, I would say, the activity of the linguistic genius. And you can only really get to know language by tracing the gesture back to the intonation of the sounds. Once you have become accustomed to tracing the gesture in this way into the intonation of the words, it becomes easier to trace the gesture into the intonation of the sounds. The intonation of words must be something instantaneous; but the intonation of sounds must become something habitual for humans, something that they no longer have to engage with in detail, at least not essentially, but which they have to learn for themselves. And one can actually follow how the gesture slips into the sound, so to speak, and disappears within it.

First, consider the musical intonation of sounds by means of wind instruments. We blow. When you blow a trumpet or something else, you will have a clear sense of the movement of the air: the gesture is contained within it. You only need to assume the hypothesis that the air moving in the trumpet or pipe, if it froze inside, would change from a liquid to a solid state, and you would have a wonderful gesture indicated in the frozen air. In fact, the most wonderful gestures would come out of it. And so, when we hear wind instruments playing, we actually hear gestures very clearly. We see how the gesture slips into the blowing.

Now, however, we have pronounced wind sounds among our consonants, sounds that actually confirm that, in a certain sense, the human vocal organ is a trumpet, albeit naturally attenuated to a decent form by nature. For when the human organ sounds like a trumpet in a crude and brutal way, it becomes unpleasant. But we have pronounced blowing sounds that point to the trumpet nature, indeed the wind instrument nature, of the human vocal organ. Blowing sounds are: h, ch, j, sch, s, f, w. These are definitely sounds that, when heard, still convey their gestural nature.

On the other hand, there are sounds in which the gesture disappears into the sound to such an extent that one always feels the need to see the story, not just hear it. For example, d: you always want to see the finger there too. These are the plosive sounds. Plosive sounds are something where you want to move away from hearing and always want to have the imagination that you can see the sound. Pronounced plosive sounds are: d, t, b, p, g, k, m, n.

Then we have a sound in which the gesture really disappears, but is clearly still there. That is the r, the trilled r.

Then we have a sound where you feel that you would be fine if you became the sound yourself. That is the l, the wave sound. You swim in the elements of life when you feel the l correctly.

You can definitely feel the disappearance of the gesture in these sounds. And so one perceives the fricative sounds as actual tones. One listens to these sounds. The gesture has largely disappeared in them, but one actually hears the gesture. In contrast, with the plosive sounds, one wants to have the imaginary image that can be seen with all plosive sounds. In a sense, one sees the plosive sounds in one's imagination. Plosive sounds = seeing.

One feels the trill sound, and those who have a fine sense of feeling feel it in their arms and hands. If one is to keep one's arms and hands still when pronouncing r properly, then it must itch. This should not be regarded as a disease. This itching should be regarded as the normal reaction of a sensitive person to the use, namely the frequent use, of the r. So r = feeling in the arms and hands.

In contrast, a person with normal sensitivity feels the l in their legs. The l is something that can actually be felt in the legs when someone else pronounces it. So l is also a feeling, but with the legs and feet.

Blaselaute: h, ch, j, sch, s, f, w: Sounds
Plosives: d, t, b, p, g, m, n: Seeing
Trill: r: Feeling in the arms and hands
Wave sound: l: Feeling in legs and feet.

From this you can already see: with the blowing sounds, which are most objective for humans, the gesture has disappeared so completely that one only wants to hear the sounds. Test a sensitive poet to see whether he wants to express what is completely separate from the human being, and you will very often find the blowing sounds in his work purely instinctively. But if you test a poet to see whether he wants to express that the human being is involved in things, bumps into things, defends himself, strikes, gesticulates, then you will very often find the striking sounds in his work.

And if you are to feel what lies in poetry, that the feeling should be clearly indicated in hearing, then you will find the r or l in the right place. One is therefore compelled to point to the human being and his gestures in everything that is not a blowing sound.

In the case of wind instruments, it is therefore not necessary to point to the person understood in gesture, because gesture has already completely disappeared into the wind instruments. From this you can see again that gesture disappears into language. But this gives us what we should, I would say, not as a tradition, because it was never clearly articulated, but as a legacy of the mystery era in relation to language, write into our souls, and about which we should meditate a great deal if we want to practice the art of speech formation, including everything that comes out of meditating on it. The human being lives in gesture. The human being himself is there in gesture. Gesture disappears into language. When the word is intoned, the human being reappears; the gesture-forming human being reappears in the word. And in what the human being speaks, we find the whole human being. But we must know how to shape language. And so, as I said, we have something like a legacy from those times when language was still the content of mysteries:

In speech is the resurrection of the human being who has disappeared in gesture.

The art of the stage, which makes use of gesture, does not allow the human being to disappear completely from the gesture; nor does it allow the human being to emerge completely in the word. This is precisely what makes dramatic performance so appealing, because the fact that the human being does not disappear completely in the gesture means that the actor still stands on the stage as a human being in the gesture, and because the human being does not yet fully emerge in the word, the audience is able to share in the experience by adding to it in their imagination, enjoying the drama, what has not yet fully emerged in the words on stage.

This gives you, so to speak, material for meditation on the nature of dramatic art. Tomorrow we will continue at the same time.

I would like to ask just one thing, my dear friends. The things that are said are so often misunderstood. Yesterday I did indeed indicate what had changed the course in that it had to be extended. But I would never have thought that anyone would conclude from this that there were no reasons for admitting the personalities who were sitting there yesterday to the course. Yet that is what people concluded from what I said yesterday. They concluded: So they had no reasons at all, but expanded the course arbitrarily.

The fact that people understood it as if I had said this to the course participants is evident from the fact that the result was that many of those sitting here said to other people: Now there is no longer any need to have reservations about coming to the course, because he said that everyone can come. — But that is not a motivation. You cannot treat things that way. You really can't take something that is meant seriously so lightly that people who have been sitting here say to others: Now you are flooding this course, it doesn't matter, anyone who wants to can sit in.

Therefore, I had to be extremely sparing with regard to those who only applied for admission today. I would like to point out that the course should be taken as a whole, not that people who were not there from the beginning come in halfway through, because our courses are not for fun, but for serious study. And it is also the case that you cannot understand what comes later if you have not heard what came before. So that in fact, it can only be waived in extremely rare cases; only when there are very compelling reasons. Not only for rejection, but also for admission, it is necessary to participate in the course from the beginning to the end. Except in cases where the course is so disgusting and unsympathetic that the person leaves.