Discussions with Teachers
GA 295
29 August 1919, Stuttgart
Translated by Helen Fox
Discussion Eight
Speech Exercise:
In the vast unmeasured world-wide spaces,
In the endless stream of time,
In the depths of human soul-life,
In the world’s great revelations:
Seek the unfolding of life’s great mystery.
RUDOLF STEINER: The first four sentences have a ring of expectation, and the last line is a complete fulfillment of the first four. Now let’s return to the other speech exercise:
Proxy prized
bather broomstick
polka pushing
beady basket
prudent pertness
bearskin bristled
RUDOLF STEINER: You can learn a great deal from this. And now we will repeat the sentence:
Dart may these boats through darkening gloaming
RUDOLF STEINER: Also there is a similar exercise I would like to point out that has more feeling in it. It consists of four lines, which I will dictate to you later. The touch of feeling should be expressed more in the first line:
Lulling leader limply
liplessly laughing
loppety lumpety
lackety lout
RUDOLF STEINER: You must imagine that you have a green frog in front of you, and it is looking at you with lips apart, with its mouth wide open, and you speak to the frog in the words of the last three lines. In the first line, however, you tell it to lisp the lovely lyrics “Lulling leader limply.” This line must be spoken with humorous feeling; you really expect this of the frog.
And now I will read you a piece of prose, one of Lessing’s fables.1Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German dramatist, poet, critic, editor, and translator.
The Oak
One stormy night the raging north wind pitted its strength against a magnificent oak, which now lay on the ground. A number of low bushes lay shattered beneath it. A fox, whose lair was not far away, saw it next morning. “What a tree!” he cried, “I never would have thought it had been so big!”
RUDOLF STEINER: What is the moral of this fable?
Someone suggested: That it is not until someone is dead that we see how great that person was. Another suggested: That, until the great are overthrown, the small do not recognize what they were.
Rudolf Steiner: But why then choose the fox, who is so cunning?
Because the cunning of the fox cannot compare with the magnificence of the tree.
RUDOLF STEINER: In which sentence would you find the moral of the fable in relation to the cunning of the fox? “I never would have thought it was so big!” The point is, he had never even looked up; he had run round the bottom of the trunk, which was the only part of the tree he had noticed, and here the tree had only taken up a small space. Despite cunning, the fox had only seen what is visible around the foot of the tree.
Please notice that fables—which by their very nature are enacted in their own special world—can be read realistically, but poems never.
Now the problem I placed before you yesterday brings us something of tremendous importance, because now we must consider what measures to take when we notice that one group of children is less capable than another in one or another subject or lesson. I will ask you to choose from any part of the period between six and fourteen, and to think especially of, let’s say, a group of children who cannot learn to read and write properly, or those who cannot learn natural history or arithmetic, or geometry or singing. Consider what course you will pursue in the class, or in your general treatment of the children, both now and later on, so that you can correct such shortcomings as much as possible.
Several teachers contributed detailed suggestions.
RUDOLF STEINER: The examples you mention might arise partially from general incompetence. On the other hand, it could also be a question of a particular lack of talent. You could have children who are perhaps extraordinarily good at reading and writing, but as soon as they come to arithmetic they do not demonstrate any gift at all for it. Then there are those who are not so bad at arithmetic, but the moment you begin to call on their power of judgment, such as in natural science, their powers are at an end. Then again there are children who have no desire to learn history. It is important to notice these specific difficulties.
Perhaps you can find a remedy in this way: When you notice that a child, right from the beginning, has little talent for reading and writing, you would do well, anyway, to get in touch with the parents and ask them immediately to keep the child off eggs, puddings, and pastry as much as possible. The rest of the diet can remain more or less as it was. When the parents agree to try to provide the child with a really good wholesome diet, however—omitting the items of food mentioned above—they might even cut down on the meat for awhile and give the child plenty of vegetables and nourishing salads. You will then notice that, through a diet like this, the child will make considerable gains in ability. You must take advantage of this improvement, and keep the child very busy when the diet is first changed.
But if you notice that a mere change of diet doesn’t help much, then, after you have talked it over with the parents, try for a short while, perhaps a week, to keep the child entirely without food for the whole morning, or at least the first part of the morning when the child should be learning to read and write—to allow learning on an empty stomach—or maybe give the child the minimum of food. (You should not continue too long with this method; you must alternate it with normal eating.) You must make good use of this time, however, when the capacities will most certainly be revealed, and the child will show greater ability and be more receptive to what you are teaching. If you repeat a cure of this kind several times over the year, you will see that the powers of a fairly young child undergo a change. This applies to the first years of school life. I ask you to consider this very seriously.
Generally speaking, you should be very aware that the foolish ways many parents feed their young children contributes greatly to the lessening of their faculties, especially with phlegmatic and sanguine children. Perpetually overfeeding children—and this is somewhat different at the present time,2Due to the food shortages in Germany in 1919. but you should know these things—stuffing them with eggs, puddings, and starchy foods is one of the things that makes children unwilling to learn and incapable of doing so during the early years of their school life.
A teacher asked about cocoa.
RUDOLF STEINER: Why should children drink cocoa at all? It is not the least bit necessary except to regulate digestion. Things like this are needed sometimes for this purpose, and cocoa is better than other remedies for children whose digestion works too quickly, but it should not be included otherwise in children’s diet. These days children are given many things that are unsuitable for them.
You can experience some very strange things in regard to this. When I was a teacher in the eighties, there was a young child in the house; I did not actually teach him, since I had only the older children; he was a little cousin. He was really a nice lovable child with bright ideas. He could have become a gifted pupil. I saw him a good deal and could observe for myself how witty and gifted the child was. One day at table this little fellow—although he was scarcely two years old—had two little dumplings, and when someone said to him, “Look Hans, now you already have two dumplings,” he was clever enough to answer, “And the third will follow in a minute.” That’s what the little tyke said!
Then another thing: he was very fond of calling people bad names. This did not seem very important to me in a child of that age—he would soon grow out of it. He had gotten into the habit of being particularly abusive to me. One day as I was coming in the door (he was a little older by this time) he stood there and blocked the way. He couldn’t think of any name bad enough for me, so he said: “Here come two donkeys!” That was really very smart of him, wasn’t it?
But the boy was pale; he had very little appetite and was rather thin. So, on the advice of an otherwise excellent doctor, this child was given a small glass of red wine with every meal. I was not responsible for him and had no influence in this extraordinary way of treating a child’s health, but I was very concerned about it. Then in his thirty-second or thirty-third year I saw this individual again; he was a terribly nervous man. When he was not present I enquired what he had been like as a schoolboy. This restless man, although only in his thirties, had become very nervous, and demonstrated the lamentable results of that little glass of red wine given to him with his meals as a boy. He was a gifted child, for a child who says “Here come two donkeys” really shows talent.
Frau Steiner interjected, “What an impudent boy!”
RUDOLF STEINER: We needn’t bother with impudence, but how does this really come about? It’s amazing. He can find no word bad enough, and so he makes use of number to help him. That shows extraordinary talent. But he became a poor scholar and never wanted to learn properly. Thus, because of this method of treatment—giving him wine as a young child—he was completely ruined by the time he was seven years old.
This is what I want to impress upon you at the beginning of our talk today—that, in relation to a child’s gifts and abilities, it is not the least unimportant to consider how to regulate the diet. I would especially ask you, however, to see that the child’s digestion does not suffer. So when it strikes you that there is something wrong with a child’s capacities, you must in some tactful way find out from the parents whether or not the child’s digestion is working properly, and if not you should try to put it in order.
Someone spoke about the children who are not good at arithmetic.
Rudolf Steiner: When you discover a special weakness in arithmetic, it would be good to do this: generally, the other children will have two gymnastics lessons during the week, or one eurythmy lesson and one gymnastics lesson; you can take a group of the children who are not good at arithmetic, and allow them an extra hour or half-hour of eurythmy or gymnastics. This doesn’t have to mean a lot of extra work for you: you can take them with others who are doing the same kind of exercises, but you must try to improve these children’s capacities through gymnastics and eurythmy. First give them rod exercises. Say to them, “Hold the rod in your hand, first in front counting 1, 2, 3, and then behind 1, 2, 3, 4." Each time the child must change the position of the rod, moving it from front to back. A great effort will be made in some way to get the rod around behind at the count of 3. Then add walking: say, 3 steps forward, 5 steps back; 3 steps forward, 4 steps back; 5 steps forward, 3 steps back, and so on. In gymnastics, and also perhaps in eurythmy, try to combine numbers with the children’s movements, so they are required to count while moving. You will find this effective. I have frequently done this with pupils.
But now tell me, why does it have an effect? From what you have already learned, you should be able to form some ideas on this subject.
A teacher commented: Eurythmy movements must be a great help in teaching geometry.
RUDOLF STEINER: But I did not mean geometry. What I said applied to arithmetic, because at the root of arithmetic is consciously willed movement, the sense of movement. When you activate the sense of movement in this way, you quicken a child’s arithmetical powers. You bring something up out of the subconscious that, in such a child, is unwilling to be brought up. Generally speaking, when a child is bad both at arithmetic and geometry, this should be remedied by movement exercises. You can do a great deal for a child’s progress in geometry with varied and inventive eurythmy exercises, and also through rod exercises.
Comment: Where difficulties exist in pronunciation, the connection between speech and music should be considered.
RUDOLF STEINER: Most cases of poor pronunciation are due to defective hearing.
Comment: Sanguine students do not follow geography lessons very well because their ideas are vague. I recommend taking small portions of a map as subjects for drawing.
RUDOLF STEINER: When you make your geography lessons truly graphic, when you describe the countries clearly and show the distribution of vegetation, and describe the products of the earth in the different countries, making your lessons thoroughly alive in this way, you are not likely to find your students dull in this subject. And when you further enliven the geography lessons by first describing a country, then drawing it—allowing the children, to draw it on the board and sketch in the rivers, mountains, distribution of vegetation, forest, and meadow land, and then read travel books with your pupils—when you do all this you find that you usually have very few dull scholars; and what’s more, you can use your geography lessons to arouse the enthusiasm of your pupils and to stir up new capacities within them. If you can make geography itself interesting you will indeed notice that other capacities are aroused also in your pupils.
Comment: I have been thinking about this problem in relation to the first three grades. I would be strict with lazy children and try to awaken their ambition. In certain cases children must be told that they might have to go through the year’s work a second time. Emulation and ambition must be aroused.
RUDOLF STEINER: I wouldn’t recommend you to give much credit to ambition, which cannot generally be aroused in children. In the earliest school years you can make good use of the methods you suggest, but without overemphasizing ambition, because you would then later have to help the child to get rid of it again. But you must primarily consider food and diet, and I need to say this again and again.
Perhaps the friends who speak next will consider the fact that there are many children who in later life have no power of perceiving or remembering natural objects properly. A teacher may despair over some pupils who can never remember which among a number of minerals is a malachite or a hornblende, or even an emerald—who really have no idea of how to comprehend natural objects and recognize them again. The same is true also in relation to plants and animals. Please keep this in mind also.
Comment: I have noticed that with the youngest children you often find some who are backward in arithmetic. I like best to illustrate everything to them with the fingers, or pieces of paper, balls, or buttons. One can also divide the class without the children knowing anything about it; they are divided into two groups, the gifted ones and the weaker ones. We then take the weaker ones alone so that the gifted children are not kept back.
RUDOLF STEINER: In that case, Newton, Helmholtz, and Julius Robert Mayer would have been among the backward ones!
That doesn’t matter.
RUDOLF STEINER: You are right. It doesn’t matter at all. Even Schiller would have been among the weaker ones. And according to Robert Hamerling’s teaching certificate, he passed well in practically everything except German composition; his marks for that subject were below average!3Robert Hamerling (1830–1889) was a distinguished German poet and a personal friend of Rudolf Steiner.
We have heard how eurythmy can help, and now Miss F. will tell us how she thinks eurythmy can be developed for the obstinate children, for they too must learn eurythmy.
Miss F.: I think melancholic children would probably take little interest in rhythmic exercises and rod exercises, beating time or indeed any exercise that must be done freely, simply, and naturally. They like to be occupied with their own inner nature, and they easily tire because of their physical constitution. Perhaps, when the others are doing rod exercises these children could accompany them with singing, or reciting poems in rhythm. In this way they will be drawn into the rhythm without physical exertion.
But it is also possible that melancholic children may dislike these exercises, because they have the tendency to avoid entering wholeheartedly into anything, and always withhold a part of their being. It would be good, therefore, to have them accompany the tone gestures with jumps, because the whole child must then come into play, and at the same time such gestures are objective.
The teacher must never feel that the child cannot do this, but instead become conscious that eurythmy, in its entirety, is already in the child. Such assurance on the part of the teacher would also be communicated to the child.
RUDOLF STEINER: These suggestions are all very good. With regard to the children who resist doing eurythmy, there is still another way to get them to take pleasure in it. Besides allowing them to watch eurythmy frequently, try to take photographs of various eurythmy positions. These must be simplified so that the child will get visual images of the human being doing eurythmy forms. Pictures of this kind will make an impression on the children and kindle their abilities in eurythmy. That was why I asked Miss W. to take pictures of this kind (I don’t mean mere reproductions of eurythmy positions, but transformed into simple patterns of movement that have an artistic effect). These could be combined to show children the beauty of line. You would then discover an exceptionally interesting psychological fact—that children could perceive the beauty of line that they produced themselves in eurythmy, without becoming vain and coy. Although children are likely to become vain if their attention is drawn to what they have themselves done, this is not the case in eurythmy. In eurythmy, therefore, you can also cultivate a perception of line that can be used to enhance the feeling of self without awakening vanity and coquettishness.
Someone spoke of how he would explain the electric generator to children. He would try to emphasize in every possible way what would show the fundamental phenomenon most clearly.
RUDOLF STEINER: That is a very important principle, and it is also applicable to other subjects. It is a good principle for teaching, but to a certain extent it applies to all children in the physics lessons. It has no direct connection with the question of dealing with backward pupils. In physics the backward ones, especially the girls, are certain to put up a certain amount of opposition, even when you show them a process of this kind.
Question: Since food plays such a very important role, would Dr. Steiner tell us more about the effect of different foods on the body.
RUDOLF STEINER: I have already spoken of this, and you can also find many references in my lectures. It would perhaps lead us too far afield today to go into all the details of this subject, but most of all one should avoid giving children such things as tea and coffee.
The effect of tea on our thoughts is that they do not want to cohere; they flee from one another. For this reason tea is very good for diplomats, whose job in life is just to keep talking, with no desire to develop one thought logically out of another. You should avoid sending children’s thoughts into flight by allowing them to indulge in tea.
Neither is coffee good for children, because it disposes them to become too pedantic. Coffee is a well-known expedient for journalists, because with its help they can squeeze one thought out of another, as it were. This would not be the right thing for children, because their thoughts should arise naturally, one from another. Coffee and tea are among the things to be avoided. The green parts of a plant and also milk may be considered especially important food for children, and they should have white meat only, as far as possible.
Comment: When a child has difficulty in understanding, the teacher should offer a great deal of individual help, and should also inquire about how the child does in other subjects; but if too much time is spent with the duller children, the difficulty would arise that the others are left unoccupied.
RUDOLF STEINER: Please do not overestimate what the other children lose because of your work with the less gifted ones. As a rule, not much is lost provided that, while you present a subject properly for the duller children, you also succeed in getting the brighter ones to pay attention to it also. There is really then no serious loss for the more talented children. When you have a right feeling for the way in which a subject should be introduced for the weaker ones, then in one way or another the others will profit by it.
Comment: Whenever there is lack of interest, I would always have recourse to artistic impressions. I know of one child who cannot remember the forms of different minerals—in fact he finds it difficult to form a mental image of any type of formation. Such children cannot remember melodies either.
RUDOLF STEINER: You have discovered the particular difficulty found in children who have no perception of forms and no power of retaining them in memory. But you must distinguish between forms related to the organic world and those connected with minerals, which in fact run parallel to the forms of melodies. The important thing is that here we touch on a very, very radical defect, a great defect in the development of the child, and you must consider seriously how this defect can be fundamentally healed. There is an excellent way of helping these children to remember organic forms in nature—the forms of plants and animals; draw caricatures for them that emphasize the characteristics of a particular animal or plant. These drawings must not be ugly or in bad taste, but artistic and striking; now have the children try to remember these caricatures so that, in this roundabout way through caricature, they begin to find it easier to remember the actual forms. You could, for example, draw a mouse for them like this. Give it teeth and whiskers too if you like!

Then there is also another way of possibly helping children to grasp forms: have them understand from inside what they cannot grasp from outside. Let’s suppose, for example, that a child cannot understand a parallelepiped from outside.4A parallelepiped is a solid with six sides, all of which are parallelograms. The child cannot remember this form. You say to the child: imagine you are a tiny little elf, and that you could stand inside of this form as if it were a room. You allow the child to grasp from inside what cannot be understood from outside. This the child can do. But you must repeat this again and again.
With forms of this kind, which also appear in minerals, this is relatively easy to do, but it is not as easy when it comes to perceiving color or any other quality of the mineral. In that case you can help the child to understand merely by letting the imagination see that a small thing is very large indeed. Have the child repeatedly try to picture some little yellow crystal as a gigantic crystallized form.
When you are dealing with the element of time, however—in music, for example—it is not such an easy matter. Let us for the moment suppose that you have not yet made any progress in improving the children’s grasp of spatial forms. Now, however, if you want to use caricature in musical form, you will only succeed when you introduce an arithmetical process, making the intervals infinitely larger and drawing out each sound for a very long time; thus by greatly increasing the time between each sound, you can produce the melody on a much larger scale, which will have an astonishing effect on the children. In this way you will achieve something, but otherwise you will not be able to effect much improvement.
Questions for tomorrow:
1. How can I treat the higher plants from a natural-scientific viewpoint in the same spirit shown yesterday for the animals, for cuttlefish, mouse, and human beings?5See Practical Advice to Teachers, lecture 7.
2. How can I introduce mushrooms, mosses, and lichens into these lessons?
These two questions can perhaps be answered together. It is a case of applying the same methods for the plants as those I spoke of yesterday. It is not a question of object lessons, but of the proper teaching after the ninth year, when natural history is introduced into the curriculum.
Achte Seminarbesprechung
Sprechübungen:
In den unermeßlich weiten Räumen,
In den endenlosen Zeiten,
In der Menschenseele Tiefen,
In der Weltenoffenbarung:
Suche des großen Rätsels Lösung.
Rudolf Steiner: Die Sätze verhalten sich so, daß die vier ersten klingen wie eine Erwartung, und die letzte Zeile die Gesamterfüllung ist der vier ersten Zeilen.
Die ei nicht wie ai sprechen!
Jetzt gehen wir wiederum zurück zu der anderen Sprechübung:
Protzig preist
Bäder brünstig
Polternd putzig
Bieder bastelnd
Puder patzend
Bergig brüstend
Daran können Sie sehr viel lernen. Jetzt wiederholen wir den Satz:
Daß er dir log uns darf es nicht loben
Nun ein Ähnliches, aber dabei kommt eine Nuance nach dem Affektiven hin. Es sind vier Zeilen, auf die ich Sie aufmerksam machen möchte. Ich werde sie Ihnen nachher diktieren. Das Affektive soll mehr in der ersten Zeile zum Ausdruck kommen:
Lalle Lieder lieblich
Lipplicher Laffe
Lappiger lumpiger
Laichiger Lurch.
Also Sie stellen sich vor, daß sie einen grünen Frosch vor sich haben, der Sie anguckt mit offenem Mund, mit etwas aufgespannten Lippen, und den reden Sie an mit den drei letzten Zeilen. Aber Sie muten ihm in der ersten Zeile zu, er solle «liebliche Lieder lallen». Diese erste Zeile müssen Sie wie humoristisch-affektiv, wie eine Zumutung an ihn sagen.
Jetzt noch ein Prosastück, eine Fabel von Lessing:
Die Eiche
Der rasende Nordwind hatte seine Stärke in einer stürmischen Nacht an einer erhabenen Eiche bewiesen. Nun lag sie gestreckt und eine Menge niedriger Sträuche lagen unter ihr zerschmettert. Ein Fuchs, der seine Grube nicht weit davon hatte, sah sie des Morgens darauf. «Was für ein Baum!» rief er. «Hätte ich doch nimmermehr gedacht, daß er so groß gewesen wäre!»
Worin besteht denn die Fabelmoral?
T.: Daß man erst beim Tode bemerkt, wie groß ein Mensch war.
H.: Daß ein Kleiner erst merkt, wenn ein Großer gestürzt ist, was er war.
Rudolf Steiner: Aber warum wird gerade der Fuchs verwendet, der doch schlau ist?
H.: Weil die Fuchsschlauheit an die Erhabenheit des Baumes nicht herankommt.
Rudolf Steiner: In welchem Satz würde mit Bezug auf die Fuchsschlauheit die Fabelmoral stecken? — «Hätte ich doch niemals gedacht, daß er so groß gewesen wäre!»
Er hatte eben nie hinaufgeschaut. Er hatte ihn nur immer unten angeschaut, war nur unten um ihn herumgegangen, und da hatte der Baum einen kleinen Raum eingenommen. Er hatte nur das gesehen, trotz seiner Schlauheit, was man unten von dem Umfange sieht. Ich mache Sie darauf aufmerksam: Fabeln, die an sich in ihrer besonderen Welt, in einer Fabelwelt spielen, dürfen realistisch gelesen werden, niemals aber Gedichte.
Nun kommen wir heute nach der gestrigen Aufforderung an Sie zu etwas sehr Wichtigem, nämlich dazu, uns zu unterhalten über die Maßnahmen, die wir zu treffen haben, indem wir bemerken, daß die eine Schülergruppe weniger veranlagt ist zu diesem oder jenem Gegenstand oder diesem oder jenem Teil des Lehrstoffes, die andere Schülergruppe mehr. Und ich werde Sie bitten: Wählen Sie sich für die ganze Zeit vom siebenten bis zum fünfzehnten Jahr aus, worauf Sie heute in Gedanken Ihre Hauptaufmerksamkeit wenden wollen, ob auf die Schülergruppe, die nicht imstande ist, ordentlich Lesen oder Schreiben zu lernen, oder Naturgeschichte zu lernen, oder Rechnen oder Geometrie oder Singen zu lernen, und handeln Sie dann darüber ab, wie Sie sich in der Klasse oder überhaupt in der Behandlung der Schüler und im Aufstieg in der Zeit verhalten wollen, damit Sie das, was da auftritt, möglichst ins gleiche bringen.
Mehrere Seminarteilnehmer machen dazu längere Ausführungen.
Rudolf Steiner: Die Dinge, die da auftreten, können sich zum Teil beziehen auf eine allgemeine Unbegabtheit. Aber sie können sich auch beziehen auf eine spezielle, eine spezifische Unbegabtheit. Man hat Zöglinge, die vielleicht für Lesen und Schreiben außerordentlich gut begabt sind, aber die, sobald man ans Rechnen kommt, sich für dieses Rechnen als unbegabt erweisen. Man hat dann Zöglinge, bei denen es noch mit dem Rechnen geht, aber in dem Augenblick, wo man beginnt, ihre Urteilskraft anzurufen, wo sie Naturwissenschaftliches richtig begreifen sollen, geht es nicht mehr weiter. Dann gibt es solche Kinder, die nicht an Geschichte heran wollen. Diese spezifischen Unbegabtheiten, die sind das Wichtige, die sollte man gut berücksichtigen.
Darauf nehmen Sie vielleicht mit Folgendem Rücksicht: Wenn Sie bemerken, daß ein Kind im allgemeinen gleich von Anfang an auch für Lesen und Schreiben unbegabt ist, dann tun Sie unter allen Umständen schon einmal gut, sich mit den Eltern in Verbindung zu setzen und sie zu bitten, zunächst einmal dem Kinde möglichst wenig Eierspeisen zu geben und möglichst wenig Mehlspeisen. Das übrige kann im wesentlichen bleiben. Wenn die Eltern darauf eingehen, das Kind eine Zeitlang, trotzdem ihm ein Teil der Nahrung entzogen wird, gut zu ernähren, dann kann man es vielleicht sogar eine Zeitlang auf wenig Fleisch und sehr viel Gemüse und Blätter enthaltende Nahrung setzen. Man wird dann bemerken, daß das Kind durch diese Diätänderung im wesentlichen eine Erhöhung seiner Fähigkeit zeigt. Dies nütze man aus. Man beschäftige das Kind gerade sehr stark im Anfang, also wenn es anfängt, seine Diät zu ändern.
Wenn man bemerkt, daß diese bloße Diätänderung nicht viel nützt, dann versuche man, das Kind einen ganz kurzen Zeitraum hindurch — ich will sagen, acht Tage lang —, nachdem man sich mit den Eltern in Verbindung gesetzt hat, überhaupt bis zum Ablauf der Vormittagsschule oder wenigstens der ersten Stunden der Vormittagsschule, wo ihm Lesen und Schreiben beigebracht werden soll, nichts essen zu lassen, sondern es lernen zu lassen auf nüchternen Magen, oder wenigstens es nur ein Minimum essen zu lassen. Man setze diese Prozedur nicht allzulange fort, sondern lasse sie abwechseln mit normalem Ernährtwerden. Aber man nütze die Zeit, die Ihnen ganz gewiß das Kind mit bloßgelegten Fähigkeiten zeigen wird — mit stärkeren Fähigkeiten und mehr aufnahmefähig -, gut aus. Wiederholt man eine solche Diätkur mehrmals im Laufe eines Jahres, so wird man sehen, daß in etwas sich die Begabung eines mehr oder weniger jungen Kindes - das gilt also für die ersten Schuljahre - ändert. Das bitte ich Sie doch sehr zu berücksichtigen.
Und ich bitte Sie überhaupt zu berücksichtigen, daß die unsinnige Ernährungsweise in den ersten Kinderjahren, zu der manche Eltern hinneigen, namentlich bei phlegmatischen und sanguinischen Kindern, viel beiträgt zur Herabstimmung der Fähigkeiten. Das ewige Überernähren der Kinder - jetzt ist es ja etwas anders, aber man muß die Dinge doch wissen -, das Vollstopfen der Kinder mit Eierspeisen und Mehlspeisen, mit Mehlpampf, das ist etwas, was die Kinder ganz unlustig und unfähig zum Lernen macht in den ersten Jahren des Schulbesuches.
Es wird gefragt, wie es mit Kakao sei?
Rudolf Steiner: Warum sollen denn die Kinder überhaupt Kakao trinken? Es ist ja gar nicht notwendig, wenn man nicht Kakao braucht, um ihre Verdauung zu regulieren. Man braucht ja manchmal solche Dinge, um die Verdauung zu regulieren. Bei Kindern, die eine zu rasche Verdauung haben, ist es besser, Kakao zu verwenden als andere Heilmittel; aber wenn das nicht nötig ist, dann braucht ein Kind überhaupt nicht solche Dinge zu haben. Die Kinder bekommen heute viel, was nichts taugt für sie.
Man kann da merkwürdige Beobachtungen machen. Als ich Erzieher war in den achtziger Jahren, da war ein junges Kind da; das Kind konnte von mir nicht erzogen werden, ich hatte nur die größeren. Es war ein kleiner Cousin. Es war eigentlich ein nettes, liebes Kind mit guten Einfällen. Es hätte einmal ein gutbegabtes Schulkind werden können. Ich war oftmals anwesend und konnte Zeuge sein, wie das Kind witzig und begabt war. Er war noch ein kleiner Kerl, noch kaum an das zweite Jahr herangekommen, als er einmal bei Tisch folgendes sagte. Er hatte zwei kleine Klößchen, zwei Knödelchen, und war schon so gescheit, daß, als man sagte: «Hans, jetzt hast du schon zwei Knödelchen», er antwortete: «Und das dritte folgt sogleich.» Das sagte der kleine Knirps.
Dann schimpfte er auch sehr gern. Ich fand nicht, daß es schadet, wenn ein Kind in diesem Alter sich ausschimpft. Das legt sich später. Daher hatte er sich angeeignet, gerade mich ganz besonders zu beschimpfen. Einmal, als ich zur Türe hereinkam - da war er schon etwas älter -, stellt er sich breit auf. Da fiel ihm kein Schimpfwort ein, das ihm groß genug war, da sagte er: «Da kommen zwei Esel!» Er war also sehr geistreich, nicht wahr?
Aber der Knabe war ein Blaßling, hatte schlechten Appetit und war etwas mager. Auf den Rat eines sonst ausgezeichneten Arztes bekam deshalb dieses Kind zu jeder Mahlzeit ein kleines Gläschen Rotwein. Ich hatte ja keine Verantwortung noch Einfluß auf diese sonderbare hygienische Erziehungsmethode, aber ich hatte so meine Sorge. Dann sah ich dieses Individuum wieder in seinem zweiunddreißigsten, dreiunddreißigsten Jahre - ein furchtbar nervöser Mensch! Ich frug, als er nicht dabei war, wie er denn als Schulkind gewesen sei. Ja, dieser zappelige Mensch, der in den Dreißigerjahren schon ganz nervös war, zeigte, wieviel Jammervolles das kleine Gläschen Rotwein bei den Mahlzeiten angerichtet hatte. Es war ein begabtes Kind, denn ein Kind ist begabt, das sagt: «Da kommen zwei Esel!»
«Frech war er», ruft Frau Dr. Steiner dazwischen.
Rudolf Steiner: Von der Frechheit können wir ja dabei absehen. Was geht da voraus? Es ist erstaunlich. Er findet kein Schimpfwort, was groß genug ist, da nimmt er die Zahl zu Hilfe. Das ist eine außerordentlich große Begabung. Nun, er war ein schwacher Schüler geworden und wollte nicht ordentlich lernen. Er war also durch diese Erziehungsmethode, durch den Wein, bereits im siebenten Jahre vollständig verdorben.
Das ist etwas, was ich im Anfang unserer heutigen Besprechung Ihnen nahelegen möchte, daß es bei Begabungen nicht so unwesentlich ist, darauf zu sehen, wie man die Diät des Kindes einrichtet. Namentlich aber bitte ich Sie, darauf zu achten, daß die Verdauung des Kindes nicht leidet. Daher müssen Sie auf irgendeinem taktvollen Wege, wenn Ihnen an der Befähigung des Kindes etwas auffällt, sich durch die Eltern erkundigen, ob das Kind einen ordentlichen Verdauungsprozeß hat. Versuchen Sie darauf hinzuwirken, daß derselbe reguliert wird.
T. spricht über die für das Rechnen unbegabten Kinder.
Rudolf Steiner: Wenn Sie besonders schwache Begabungen zum Rechnen entdecken, so tun Sie gut, folgendes zu machen: die anderen Kinder werden in der Regel in der Woche zwei Turnstunden, das heißt eine Eurythmiestunde und eine Turnstunde haben. Diese Kinder, die nicht gut rechnen, spannen Sie zusammen, und lassen Sie ihnen eine Eurythmie- oder Turnstunde oder eine halbe Stunde anknüpfen. Sie brauchen sich dadurch nicht mehr zu belasten; nehmen Sie sie mit anderen zusammen, wo gerade solche Übungen gemacht werden. Man muß sorgen, daß solche Kinder gerade durch das Turnen und die Eurythmie in ihren Fähigkeiten gehoben werden.
Sie lassen solche Kinder zunächst Stabübungen machen. Den Stab in der Hand: nach vorne 1, 2, 3; nach hinten 1, 2, 3, 4. Also das Kind muß immer den Stab nach vorne und nach rückwärts nehmen. Es muß sich anstrengen, den Stab auf irgendeine Weise bei 3 nach rückwärts zu kriegen. - Dann muß auch Laufen darankommen: 3 Schritte vor, 5 Schritte zurück; 3 Schritte vor, 4 Schritte zurück; 5 Schritte vor, 3 Schritte zurück und so weiter. -— Versuchen Sie, turnend und auch vielleicht eurythmisch in die Bewegungen des Kindes die Zahl hineinzumischen, so daß es genötigt ist, sich selbst bewegend, zu zählen. Sie werden sehen, daß das einen Erfolg hat. Ich habe das bei Schülern wiederholt gemacht.
Und ich frage Sie nun: Warum hat das einen Erfolg? Nach dem, was Sie schon gelernt haben, können Sie sich darüber Vorstellungen bilden.
T.: Eurythmische Bewegungen müssen doch ein gutes Mittel sein für den Geometrieunterricht.
Rudolf Steiner: Den Geometrieunterricht meinte ich aber nicht. Was ich sagte, bezog sich auf das Rechnen, weil ja dem Rechnen willentliches Sich-Bewegen zugrunde liegt, der Bewegungssinn. Wenn man den in dieser Weise in Wirksamkeit bringt, so wirkt man anfeuernd auf diese Fähigkeit. Man holt etwas aus dem Unterbewußtsein herauf, was bei einem solchen Kinde nicht herauf will. Überhaupt sollte man durch Bewegungsübungen die mangelnden Fähigkeiten des Rechnens und auch der Geometrie anregen. Für Geometrie wird man viel tun können durch geistreiche Eurythmieübungen. Auch durch Stabübungen.
N.: Bei Schwierigkeiten in der Aussprache muß man Bedacht nehmen auf den Zusammenhang des Sprachlichen mit der Musik.
Rudolf Steiner: Die meisten Fälle einer schlechten Aussprache würden darauf beruhen, auf schlechtem Hören.
N.: Beim Geographieunterricht wird der sanguinische Schüler nicht recht mitkommen; er hat verschwommene Vorstellungen. Da würde ich Zeichenunterricht befürworten, Motive aus der Landkarte.
Rudolf Steiner: Wenn man den Geographieunterricht recht anschaulich gestalten würde, wenn man namentlich die Länder, die Verteilung der Vegetation in den Ländern, die Verteilung der Bodenprodukte in den Ländern, durch graphische Darstellungen zeigt, in dieser Weise also den Unterricht recht anschaulich gestaltet, wird man gerade da bemerken, daß man nicht leicht eine allgemeine Stumpfigkeit des Schülermaterials findet. Dadurch kann man leicht gegen eine allgemeine Stumpfheit ankämpfen. Wenn man das auch noch dadurch belebt, daß man gerade beim Geographieunterricht versucht, das Land zuerst zu beschreiben, es dann aufzeichnet, es aufzeichnen läßt auf die Tafel, hineinzeichnet Flüsse, Gebirge, Verteilung von Vegetation, von Wald und Wiese, und dann Reisebeschreibungen mit den Schülern liest, dann wird man sehen, daß man meistens sehr wenig für Geographie unbegabte Schüler findet, ja, daß man die Geographie benützen kann, um Schüler zur Lebhaftigkeit zu bewegen und zum Herauskitzeln anderer Fähigkeiten. Man wird geradezu bemerken, wenn man die Geographie als solche interessant machen kann, wie in den Schülern andere Fähigkeiten aufgeweckt werden.
G.: Ich dachte an die erste bis dritte Klasse. Bei Faulheit würde ich mit Strenge vorgehen und den Ehrgeiz zu wecken versuchen. Zuweilen muß man das Kind darauf hinweisen, daß es eventuell die Klasse wiederholen muß. Da muß man eben auch Eifer und Ehrgeiz wecken.
Rudolf Steiner: Auf den Ehrgeiz zu rechnen, würde ich nicht so sehr empfehlen. Der Ehrgeiz sollte nicht so sehr geweckt werden. In den ersten Unterrichtsjahren kann man solche Dinge, wie Sie sie vorschlagen, sehr gut brauchen, doch ohne zu starkes Betonen des Ehrgeizes, sonst muß man diesen Ehrgeiz später ja wieder wegerziehen, den man anerzogen hat. Man wird aber berücksichtigen müssen, das muß ich immer wiederum sagen, die Diät und Ernährung.
Vielleicht werden die Freunde, die jetzt diese Dinge noch behandeln werden, darauf Rücksicht nehmen, daß es doch zahlreiche Kinder gibt, die im späteren Leben keinen Sinn dafür haben, Naturobjekte ordentlich aufzufassen und sich zu merken. Es kann den Lehrer zur Verzweiflung bringen bei einzelnen Zöglingen, daß sie sich niemals merken können, was unter den Mineralien ein Malachit ist oder eine Pechblende oder selbst ein Smaragd; die also überhaupt keinen Sinn dafür haben, die Naturobjekte aufzufassen und sie wiederzuerkennen. Auch bei Pflanzen, sogar bei Tieren ist das der Fall. Das bitte ich auch zu berücksichtigen.
A.: Ich hatte mir gedacht, daß bei den Kleinsten im Rechnen Gruppen zurückbleiben. Am liebsten mache ich alles anschaulich an den Fingern, an Papierstückchen, an Kugeln oder Knöpfen. Man kann auch einen sogenannten Abteilungsunterricht einführen; ohne daß die Kinder es wissen, sind sie in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt, Begabte und Schwache. Man nimmt dann die Schwachen besonders vor, damit die Begabten nicht durch sie zurückbleiben.
Rudolf Steiner: Newton, Helmholtz, Julius Robert Mayer würden in einem solchen Falle immer unter den Schwachen gesessen haben.
A.: Das schadet ja nichts.
Rudolf Steiner: Gewiß, das schadet nichts. Sogar Schiller würde unter den Schwachen gesessen haben. Nach dem Lehrbefähigungszeugnis für Robert Hamerling war er verhältnismäßig überall mit guten Zensuren bedacht, nur nicht im deutschen Aufsatz. Da hatte er als Zensur eigentlich unter normal.
Fräulein F. wird uns jetzt sagen — wie man durch Eurythmie helfen kann, das haben wir gehört -, aber wie sie glaubt, wie der Eurythmie geholfen werden könnte, wenn sich Kinder widerspenstig zeigen. Es sollte die Eurythmie auch widerspenstigen Kindern beigebracht werden.
F.: Ich hatte mir gedacht, daß melancholische Kinder wenig Interesse haben werden für rhythmische Übungen, Stabübungen, Taktieren, also alle Übungen, die erfordern, daß man mit Unbefangenheit des Wesens sich hinstellt. Sie schauen lieber in sich hinein, und sie ermüden leicht bei ihrer körperlichen Beschaffenheit. Vielleicht könnte man, wenn die anderen Stabübungen machen, diese Kinder singend begleiten lassen, oder Gedichte taktierend sagen lassen. So werden sie in den Rhythmus gezogen ohne körperliche Anstrengung. — Es ist aber auch möglich, daß Kinder diesen Übungen abgeneigt sind, weil sie die Tendenz haben, sich nie ganz in die Dinge hineinzustellen, sondern einen Teil ihres Wesens in sich zurückzuhalten. Da müßte man sie Töne springen lassen, weil die eigentlich den ganzen Menschen in Anspruch nehmen. Zu gleicher Zeit sind sie objektiv.
Der Lehrer darf nicht in sich das Gefühl haben, das Kind könne etwas nicht. Man muß denken, daß die ganze vollkommene Eurythmie im Kinde liegt. Die eigene Sicherheit würde sich auch auf das Kind übertragen.
Rudolf Steiner: Alle diese Maßnahmen sind sehr gut. — Es würde sich noch empfehlen, bei Kindern, die nicht heran wollen an die Eurythmie, eine besondere Freude an der Eurythmie dadurch hervorzurufen, daß man sie nicht nur bei anderen das Eurythmisieren viel von außen anschauen läßt, sondern daß man auch versucht, verschiedene Stellungsaufnahmen zu machen, Photographien. Diese müßte man vereinfachen, so daß die Kinder Augenbilder bekommen von den eurythmischen Formen und Bewegungen, die der Mensch selbst macht. Solche Augenbilder vom Eurythmischen, die werden eingeprägt und werden befeuernd auf die eurythmischen Fähigkeiten wirken. Deshalb hatte ich Fräulein W. gebeten, solche Augenbilder zu machen, womit ich nicht meine bloße Wiedergaben von eurythmischen Stellungen, sondern diese umgesetzt in einfache schematische Bewegungsformen, die künstlerisch wirkend sind. Diese könnte man dann verwenden, um den Kiindern die Schönheit der Linie zu zeigen. Sie werden dann finden — was eine psychologisch außerordentlich interessante Tatsache ist —, daß das Kind wahrnehmen darf die Schönheit der Linie, die es selbst hervorbringt in der Eurythmie, ohne eitel und kokett zu werden. Während es sonst, wenn es aufmerksam wird auf das, was es selber macht, leicht eitel wird, wird das gerade bei der Eurythmie vermieden. Daher ist auch in der Eurythmie ein Parallelismus mit der Anschauung der eurythmischen Linie zu suchen, die zur Hebung des Selbstgefühls ohne Erweckung von Eitelkeit und von Koketterie benützt werden kann.
M. erzählt, wie er Kindern die Dynamomaschine erklären würde. Er würde trachten, überall das hervortreten zu lassen, woraus sich das Grundphänomen ergebe.
Rudolf Steiner: Das ist ein sehr wichtiges Prinzip, das ist in anderen Gegenständen auch anwendbar. Es ist ein gutes Unterrichtsprinzip, aber gewissermaßen für alle Schüler gut im physikalischen Unterricht. Es ist nicht direkt auf die Frage bezüglich: Was macht man mit den schwachen Schülern? Denn in der Physik schwache Schüler werden Ihnen auch bei einem solchen Vorgang einigen Widerstand entgegensetzen, besonders Mädchen.
O.: Da die Ernährung eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielt, würde ich Herrn Dr. Steiner bitten, uns doch noch etwas zu sagen über die Wirkung der verschiedenen Nahrungsmittel auf den Körper.
Rudolf Steiner: Zum Teil habe ich ja schon vorhin einiges gesagt, zum Teil können Sie auch manches an den verschiedenen Stellen meiner Vorträge finden. Es würde vielleicht heute zu weit führen, alle Einzelheiten nach dieser Richtung zu sagen. Namentlich aber sollte man vermeiden, bei Kindern solche Dinge wie Tee und Kaffee zu bieten.
Tee macht die Gedanken so, daß sie nicht beieinander bleiben wollen, daß sie sich fliehen. Daher ist Tee ganz gut für die Diplomaten, die immer schwätzen sollen, und die nicht einen Gedanken logisch aus dem anderen herausentwickeln wollen. Man sollte vermeiden, daß Kinder zu dieser Gedankenflucht veranlaßt werden durch den Teegenuß.
Aber auch Kaffee ist nicht gut für die Kinder, weil sie dadurch die Anlage in sich aufnehmen, zu pedantisch zu werden. Kaffee ist ja ein gewohntes Mittel der Journalisten, wodurch sie einen Gedanken aus dem anderen heraussaugen können. Das sollte man bei Kindern nicht kultivieren. Da sollte sich in der Gedankenentwickelung auf naturgemäße Weise immer eines aus dem anderen ergeben. Kaffee und Tee, das sind Dinge, die zu denen gehören, die man vermeiden soll.
Was man als besonders wichtig für Kinder ansehen kann, ist insbesondere alles dasjenige, was an der Pflanze grün ist; auch Milch. Womöglich wenig schwarzes Fleisch; nur helles Fleisch sollte man geben. Wenn Sie schon durchaus diese Dinge wissen wollen, die sich auf die Ernährung beziehen.
D.: Wenn das Kind schwer begreift, muß man sich viel mit ihm abgeben und auch sehen, ob es in anderen Lehrfächern mitkommt. Wenn man sich nun mit unbegabten Kindern zuviel abgibt, würde die Schwierigkeit entstehen, daß die andern Kinder in der Zeit nicht beschäftigt werden.
Rudolf Steiner: Ich bitte, das durchaus nicht zu überschätzen, was die übrigen Kinder dadurch verlieren, daß man sich mit etwas schwächer begabten abgibt. Es ist in der Regel gar nicht so furchtbar viel verloren, wenn man es nur dahin bringt, daß die begabten Kinder auf dasjenige, wofür einzelne unbegabter sind, auch Aufmerksamkeit verwenden, wenn man es in der Weise vorbringt, wie man es für unbegabte Kinder vorbringen soll. Es ist damit wirklich nicht so furchtbar viel verloren für die begabteren Kinder. Findet man den richtigen Takt, um den schwächeren Kindern die Dinge vorzuführen, so profitieren aus irgendeiner Ecke heraus auch die begabteren Kinder dadurch.
B.: Bei mangelndem Interesse würde ich immer künstlerische Eindrücke zu Hilfe nehmen. Bei mangelnder Fähigkeit, Steine zu behalten, ist mir ein Fall bekannt, bei dem das zusammengeht mit einer Schwierigkeit im Behalten von Formen überhaupt. Solche Kinder behalten auch Melodien nicht.
Rudolf Steiner: Sie haben besonders die Schwierigkeit herausgefunden, die da besteht mit Bezug auf solche Kinder, die keine Auffassung und kein Behaltvermögen für Formen haben. Nun muß man da unterscheiden, Formen, die mit dem Organischen in Verbindung stehen, und Formen, die mit Mineralischem in Verbindung stehen, denen wirklich parallelgehen Melodieformen. Nun handelt es sich darum, daß man es da doch zu tun hat mit einem sehr, sehr radikalen Fehler, einem großen Fehler in der Entwickelung des Menschen, und daß man schon darauf bedacht sein muß, diesen Fehler gründlich zu heilen.
Nun wird man sehr viel erreichen für das Behalten von organischen Naturformen, von Tier- und Pflanzenformen, wenn man versucht, die charakteristischen Dinge karikiert in der Zeichnung hervorzuheben, wenn man geradezu bei Tier- und Pflanzenformen - nicht geschmacklos, sondern geschmackvoll, aber doch auffällig - die Kinder Karikaturen behalten läßt, so daß sie auf diesem Umweg, Karikaturen zu behalten, das andere dann auch behalten. Also so könnte man eine Maus behalten lassen. Vielleicht noch die Zähne und die Schnurrhaare.

Dann gibt es noch eine Möglichkeit für das Formauffassen; Man lasse das, was die Kinder von außen nicht begreifen können, von innen begreifen. Sagen wir zum Beispiel, ein Kind kann ein Parallelepipedon, ein von sechs Parallelogrammen begrenzter Körper, nicht von außen verstehen. Es behält das nicht. Man sagt dem Kind: «Stelle dich dir einmal als einen ganz kleinen Zwerg vor, daß du da hereinkommst. Dann ständest du da drinnen wie in einem Zimmer.» Man läßt es von innen auffassen, was es von außen nicht auffassen kann. Das kann es. Aber das muß man furchtbar oft mit dem Kinde wiederholen.
Bei solchen Formen, die auch im Mineral auftreten, ist das verhältnismäßig leicht zu erreichen. Schwieriger ist es schon, wenn es sich um das Auffassen des Farbigen oder sonstiger Eigenschaften des Minerals handelt. Da kommt man dem Verständnis einfach dadurch bei, daß man das Kleine von dem Kind recht groß vorstellen läßt. Also irgendeinen kleinen gelben Kristall läßt man wie einen riesigen kristallisierten Körper oftmals vorstellen.
Wenn es sich aber nun um Zeitliches handelt, um die Musik, da ist die Sache nicht so leicht. Wenn Sie da karikierend eingreifen wollen, da können Sie nur dadurch etwas erreichen — wenn noch gar nichts erreicht wird dadurch, daß Sie die räumliche Formauffassung verbessern —, daß Sie es geradezu rechnerisch dahin bringen, die Intervalle furchtbar zu vergrößern, die Töne recht lang wirken zu lassen, und durch die zeitliche Vergrößerung der Verhältnisse zwischen den Tönen eben auch die Melodie recht groß, als eine große, mächtige Wirkung vorzuführen. Dann können Sie etwas erreichen. Sonst werden Sie da überhaupt nicht viel verbessernd einwirken können.
Nun bitte ich Sie, folgende Fragen für morgen aufzuschreiben.
Erstens: Wie kann ich die höheren Pflanzen naturgeschichtlich behandeln aus demselben Geiste heraus, wie ich das gestern für Tiere gezeigt habe, für Tintenfisch, Maus, Mensch?
Zweitens: Wie kann ich Moose, Schwämme, Flechten in diesen Unterricht einfügen?
Es werden sich diese beiden Fragen wahrscheinlich zusammen ergeben.
Also die Pflanzen behandeln von demselben Gesichtspunkte aus, den ich gestern angeführt habe, darüber bitte ich Sie nachzudenken. Also nicht um anschaulichen Unterricht handelt es sich, sondern um Uhnterricht nach dem neunten Jahr, wo der Naturunterricht eingreift.
Eighth Seminar Discussion
Speech exercises:
In the immeasurably vast spaces,
In the endless times,
In the depths of the human soul,
In the revelation of the world:
Seek the solution to the great mystery.
Rudolf Steiner: The sentences are structured in such a way that the first four sound like an expectation, and the last line is the fulfillment of the first four lines.
Do not pronounce the ei like ai!
Now let's go back to the other speech exercise:
Ostentatiously praising
Baths rutting
Noisy and cute
Boringly tinkering
Powdering and smearing
Mountainous boasting
You can learn a lot from this. Now let's repeat the sentence:
That he lied to you must not be praised
Now something similar, but with a nuance of emotion. There are four lines that I would like to draw your attention to. I will dictate them to you later. The affective should be expressed more in the first line:
Lalle Lieder lieblich
Lipplicher Laffe
Lappiger lumpiger
Laichiger Lurch.
So, in your mental image, imagine that you have a green frog in front of you, looking at you with its mouth open, its lips slightly parted, and you address it with the last three lines. But in the first line, you suggest that it should “babble sweet songs.” You have to say this first line in a humorous, affectionate way, as if you were making an unreasonable demand of it.
Now for a piece of prose, a fable by Lessing:
The Oak Tree
The raging north wind had proven its strength on a stormy night on a majestic oak tree. Now it lay stretched out, and a multitude of low bushes lay shattered beneath it. A fox, whose den was not far away, saw it the next morning. “What a tree!” he cried. “I would never have thought it was so big!”
What is the moral of the fable?
T.: That it is only at death that one realizes how great a person was.
H.: That only when a great person has fallen does a small person realize what he was.
Rudolf Steiner: But why is the fox used, since he is cunning?
H.: Because the fox's cunning cannot match the grandeur of the tree.
Rudolf Steiner: In which sentence would the moral of the fable be found with reference to the fox's cunning? — “I never would have thought that he was so great!”
He had never looked up. He had only ever looked at it from below, had only walked around it from below, and there the tree had taken up a small space. Despite his cunning, he had only seen what could be seen from below. I would like to point out that fables, which take place in their own special world, in a fable world, can be read realistically, but poems never can.
Now, following yesterday's request to you, we come to something very important today, namely to discuss the measures we need to take, noting that one group of students is less inclined toward this or that subject or this or that part of the curriculum, while the other group of students is more inclined. And I will ask you: for the entire period from the seventh to the fifteenth year, choose what you want to focus your attention on today, whether it be the group of students who are unable to learn to read or write properly, or to learn natural history, or arithmetic, or geometry, or singing, and then decide how you want to behave in class, or in general in your treatment of the pupils and in their progress over time, so that you can bring what is happening as far as possible into line with each other.
Several seminar participants make longer comments on this.
Rudolf Steiner: The things that occur may in part relate to a general lack of aptitude. But they may also relate to a special, specific lack of aptitude. There are pupils who may be exceptionally gifted at reading and writing, but who, as soon as it comes to arithmetic, prove to be unskilled at it. Then there are pupils who are still able to do arithmetic, but as soon as you start to call on their powers of judgment, when they are supposed to understand scientific concepts correctly, they can no longer cope. Then there are children who do not want to approach history. These specific lack of aptitude are important and should be taken into account.
You may want to consider the following: If you notice that a child is generally unskilled at reading and writing from the outset, then it is always a good idea to contact the parents and ask them to give the child as little egg dishes and as little pastries as possible for the time being. The rest can remain essentially the same. If the parents agree to feed the child well for a while, even though some of the food is being withdrawn, then it may even be possible to put the child on a diet of little meat and lots of vegetables and leafy greens for a while. You will then notice that this change in diet will significantly improve the child's abilities. Take advantage of this. Keep the child very busy at the beginning, i.e., when they start to change their diet.
If you notice that this mere change in diet is not very helpful, then try not to let the child eat anything for a very short period of time — I would say eight days — after consulting with the parents, not to let the child eat anything at all until the end of morning school or at least the first few hours of morning school, where he or she is to be taught reading and writing, but to let him or her learn on an empty stomach, or at least to let him or her eat only a minimum. Do not continue this procedure for too long, but alternate it with normal feeding. But make good use of the time that the child will certainly show you with their exposed abilities—with stronger abilities and more receptiveness. If you repeat such a diet several times in the course of a year, you will see that the aptitude of a more or less young child—that is, during the first years of school—changes somewhat. I kindly ask you to take this into consideration.
And I ask you to take into account that the nonsensical diet in the early years of childhood, which some parents tend to follow, especially with phlegmatic and sanguine children, contributes greatly to the decline in abilities. The constant overfeeding of children – things are a little different now, but it is important to be aware of this – stuffing children with egg dishes and pastries, with flour porridge, is something that makes children very unhappy and unable to learn in their first years of school.
The question is asked, what about cocoa?
Rudolf Steiner: Why should children drink cocoa at all? It is not necessary at all if cocoa is not needed to regulate their digestion. Sometimes you need things like that to regulate digestion. For children who have too rapid digestion, it is better to use cocoa than other remedies; but if it is not necessary, then a child does not need such things at all. Children today get a lot of things that are no good for them.
One can make strange observations there. When I was a teacher in the 1980s, there was a young child there; I couldn't teach that child, I only had the older ones. He was a little cousin. He was actually a nice, sweet child with good ideas. He could have become a gifted schoolchild. I was often present and could witness how funny and talented the child was. He was still a little guy, barely two years old, when he once said the following at the table. He had two little dumplings, two small balls of dough, and was already so clever that when someone said, “Hans, now you already have two dumplings,” he replied, “And the third will follow right away.” That's what the little guy said.
He also liked to swear a lot. I didn't think it was harmful for a child of that age to swear. It would stop later. So he had taken it upon himself to swear at me in particular. Once, when I came in the door—he was a little older by then—he stood up straight. He couldn't think of a swear word that was big enough, so he said, “Here come two donkeys!” He was very witty, wasn't he?
But the boy was pale, had a poor appetite, and was a little thin. On the advice of an otherwise excellent doctor, this child was therefore given a small glass of red wine with every meal. I had no responsibility or influence over this strange hygienic method of upbringing, but I was concerned. Then I saw this individual again in his thirty-second or thirty-third year—a terribly nervous person! When he wasn't there, I asked what he had been like as a schoolchild. Yes, this fidgety person, who was already very nervous in his thirties, showed how much misery the little glass of red wine with meals had caused. He was a gifted child, because a child who says, “There are two donkeys coming!” is gifted.
“He was cheeky,” Dr. Steiner interjects.
Rudolf Steiner: We can disregard the cheekiness. What precedes it? It's astonishing. He can't find a swear word that's big enough, so he resorts to numbers. That's an extraordinary talent. Well, he had become a weak student and did not want to learn properly. So he was already completely spoiled by this method of education, by the wine, at the age of seven.
This is something I would like to suggest to you at the beginning of our discussion today, that when it comes to gifted children, it is not insignificant to pay attention to how the child's diet is organized. In particular, I ask you to make sure that the child's digestion does not suffer. Therefore, if you notice something about the child's abilities, you must tactfully ask the parents whether the child has a proper digestive process. Try to work towards regulating it.
T. talks about children who are not gifted at arithmetic.
Rudolf Steiner: If you discover that some children are particularly weak at arithmetic, it is a good idea to do the following: the other children usually have two physical education lessons a week, i.e., one eurythmy lesson and one physical education lesson. Group together the children who are not good at arithmetic and give them an extra half hour of eurythmy or gymnastics. This will not place any additional burden on you; just join them with the others who are doing these exercises. Care must be taken to ensure that these children's abilities are enhanced through gymnastics and eurythmy.
First, have these children do stick exercises. With the stick in their hands: forward 1, 2, 3; backward 1, 2, 3, 4. So the child must always move the stick forward and backward. They must make an effort to get the stick backward at 3 in some way. - Then running must also be included: 3 steps forward, 5 steps backward; 3 steps forward, 4 steps backward; 5 steps forward, 3 steps backward, and so on. -— Try to incorporate numbers into the child's movements, perhaps through gymnastics or eurythmy, so that they are forced to count while moving. You will see that this is successful. I have done this repeatedly with students.
And now I ask you: Why is this successful? Based on what you have already learned, you can form mental images about this. Eurythmic movements must be a good tool for teaching geometry.Rudolf Steiner: But I wasn't referring to geometry lessons. What I said related to arithmetic, because arithmetic is based on voluntary movement, the sense of movement. If you activate this in this way, you stimulate this ability. You bring something up from the subconscious that does not want to come up in such a child. In general, movement exercises should be used to stimulate deficient abilities in arithmetic and also in geometry. Much can be done for geometry through imaginative eurythmy exercises. Also through stick exercises.
N.: When there are difficulties with pronunciation, one must pay attention to the connection between language and music.
Rudolf Steiner: Most cases of poor pronunciation are due to poor hearing.
N.: Sanguine students will not be able to keep up in geography lessons; they have vague mental images. I would recommend drawing lessons, using motifs from the map.
Rudolf Steiner: If geography lessons were made really vivid, if the countries, the distribution of vegetation in the countries, and the distribution of soil products in the countries were shown using graphic representations, in other words, if the lessons were made really vivid in this way, one would notice that it is not easy to find a general dullness in the students' material. This makes it easy to combat general dullness. If you also enliven this by trying, especially in geography lessons, to describe the country first, then drawing it, having it drawn on the blackboard, drawing in rivers, mountains, the distribution of vegetation, forests and meadows, and then reading travelogues with the pupils, one will see that there are very few pupils who are untalented in geography, and that geography can be used to stimulate pupils and bring out other abilities. You will notice how, when you make geography itself interesting, other abilities are awakened in the students.
G.: I was thinking of the first to third grades. In cases of laziness, I would take a strict approach and try to awaken ambition. Sometimes you have to point out to the child that they may have to repeat the grade. That's when you have to awaken zeal and ambition.
Rudolf Steiner: I would not recommend counting on ambition too much. Ambition should not be stimulated too much. In the first years of schooling, things like what you suggest can be very useful, but without placing too much emphasis on ambition, otherwise you will have to unlearn this ambition later on, which you have instilled. However, you will have to take into account, as I always say, diet and nutrition.
Perhaps the friends who are still dealing with these things will take into account that there are many children who, later in life, have no sense of properly understanding and remembering natural objects. It can drive teachers to despair when individual pupils are never able to remember what a malachite, a pitchblende, or even an emerald is among minerals; in other words, they have no sense at all for perceiving and recognizing natural objects. This is also the case with plants and even animals. I ask you to take this into account as well.
A.: I had thought that the youngest children would fall behind in arithmetic. I prefer to make everything clear using fingers, pieces of paper, balls, or buttons. You can also introduce so-called division of classes; without the children knowing, they are divided into two groups, the gifted and the weak. The weaker ones are then given special attention so that the gifted ones do not fall behind because of them.
Rudolf Steiner: Newton, Helmholtz, and Julius Robert Mayer would always have been among the weaker ones in such a case.
A.: That doesn't hurt.
Rudolf Steiner: Certainly, that does no harm. Even Schiller would have been among the weak. According to Robert Hamerling's teaching certificate, he received good grades in almost everything except German composition. There, his grade was actually below average.
Miss F. will now tell us how eurythmy can help, as we have heard, but also how she believes eurythmy could help when children are unruly. Eurythmy should also be taught to unruly children.
F.: I had thought that melancholic children would have little interest in rhythmic exercises, stick exercises, clapping exercises, in other words, all exercises that require one to stand with an open mind. They prefer to look inward, and they tire easily due to their physical constitution. Perhaps, while the others are doing stick exercises, these children could be allowed to accompany them by singing or reciting poems in time with the beat. In this way, they would be drawn into the rhythm without physical exertion. — However, it is also possible that children are averse to these exercises because they have a tendency never to put their whole selves into things, but to hold back part of their being. In that case, they should be allowed to jump to the sounds, because these actually engage the whole person. At the same time, they are objective.
The teacher must not feel that the child is incapable of doing something. One must believe that the whole of perfect eurythmy lies within the child. The teacher's own confidence will then be transferred to the child.
Rudolf Steiner: All these measures are very good. — It would also be advisable to awaken a special joy in eurythmy in children who do not want to approach it, not only by letting them watch others perform eurythmy from the outside, but also by trying to take different poses and photographs. These should be simplified so that the children get visual images of the eurythmic forms and movements that the human being himself makes. Such visual images of eurythmy will be imprinted and will have a stimulating effect on the eurythmic abilities. That is why I asked Miss W. to create such visual images, by which I do not mean mere reproductions of eurythmic positions, but rather these translated into simple schematic movement forms that have an artistic effect. These could then be used to show the children the beauty of the line. You will then find — and this is an extremely interesting psychological fact — that the child is able to perceive the beauty of the line that it itself produces in eurythmy without becoming vain or coquettish. Whereas otherwise, when it becomes attentive to what it is doing, it easily becomes vain, this is avoided in eurythmy. Therefore, in eurythmy, a parallelism can be sought with the perception of the eurythmic line, which can be used to raise self-esteem without arousing vanity and coquetry.
M. explains how he would explain the dynamo machine to children. He would try to highlight everywhere what gives rise to the basic phenomenon.
Rudolf Steiner: That is a very important principle, which can also be applied to other subjects. It is a good teaching principle, but in a sense it is good for all students in physics lessons. It does not directly address the question of what to do with weak students. Students who are weak in physics will also resist such an approach, especially girls.
O.: Since nutrition plays a very important role, I would like to ask Dr. Steiner to tell us a little more about the effect of different foods on the body.
Rudolf Steiner: I have already said something about this earlier, and you can also find some information in various places in my lectures. It would perhaps be going too far today to go into all the details in this regard. In particular, however, one should avoid offering children things like tea and coffee.
Tea makes thoughts so that they do not want to stay together, that they flee from each other. Therefore, tea is quite good for diplomats, who always have to talk and who do not want to develop one thought logically from another. One should avoid causing children to flee from their thoughts by drinking tea.
Coffee is also not good for children because it makes them prone to becoming pedantic. Coffee is a common tool used by journalists to extract one thought from another. This should not be cultivated in children. In the development of thought, one thing should always follow naturally from another. Coffee and tea are things that should be avoided.
What can be considered particularly important for children is everything that is green in plants, including milk. As little dark meat as possible; only light meat should be given. If you really want to know these things that relate to nutrition.
D.: If the child has difficulty understanding, you have to spend a lot of time with them and also see if they can keep up in other subjects. If you spend too much time with less gifted children, the problem arises that the other children are not occupied during that time.
Rudolf Steiner: I would ask you not to overestimate what the other children lose as a result of spending time with the less gifted ones. As a rule, not very much is lost if you can get the gifted children to pay attention to what the less gifted ones are doing, if you present it in the way you should present it to less gifted children. It really is not such a terrible loss for the more gifted children. If you find the right approach to presenting things to the weaker children, the more gifted children will also benefit from it in some way.
B.: If there is a lack of interest, I would always use artistic impressions to help. If there is a lack of ability to remember stones, I know of a case where this goes hand in hand with a difficulty in remembering shapes in general. Such children also do not remember melodies.
Rudolf Steiner: You have particularly identified the difficulty that exists with regard to children who have no understanding of or ability to retain forms. Now, a distinction must be made between forms that are connected with the organic and forms that are connected with the mineral, which really run parallel to melodic forms. Now, the point is that we are dealing here with a very, very radical error, a major error in human development, and that we must be careful to heal this error thoroughly.
Now, we can achieve a great deal in terms of retaining organic natural forms, animal and plant forms, if we try to emphasize the characteristic features in caricatured drawings, if we let children retain caricatures of animal and plant forms – not tastelessly, but tastefully, yet strikingly – so that by this indirect route, By retaining caricatures, they will then retain the other things as well. So, for example, one could let them retain a mouse. Perhaps even the teeth and whiskers.

Then there is another possibility for perceiving form; Let children understand from within what they cannot understand from without. Let's say, for example, that a child cannot understand a parallelepiped, a body bounded by six parallelograms, from without. They cannot retain it. You say to the child: “Form a mental image of yourself as a tiny dwarf entering it. Then you would be standing inside it as if in a room.” Let them understand from the inside what they cannot understand from the outside. They can do that. But you have to repeat it to the child over and over again.
With shapes like these, which also occur in minerals, this is relatively easy to achieve. It is more difficult when it comes to understanding the color or other properties of the mineral. You can help them understand this simply by letting the child mentally image the small thing as very large. So you let them mentally imagine a small yellow crystal as a giant crystallized body.
But when it comes to something temporal, such as music, it's not so easy. If you want to intervene in a caricatured way, you can only achieve something — if nothing is achieved by improving the spatial perception of form — by calculating the intervals to be enlarged tremendously, making the tones seem very long, and, by enlarging the temporal relationships between the tones, presenting the melody as very large, with a great, powerful effect. Then you can achieve something. Otherwise, you will not be able to improve things very much at all.
Now I ask you to write down the following questions for tomorrow.
First: How can I treat higher plants in natural history from the same spirit as I showed yesterday for animals, for squid, mice, and humans?
Second: How can I incorporate mosses, sponges, and lichens into this lesson?
These two questions will probably arise together.
So, treat the plants from the same point of view that I mentioned yesterday. I ask you to think about this. It is not a matter of vivid teaching, but of teaching after the ninth year, when nature studies come into play.