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Faculty Meetings with Rudolf Steiner
GA 300a

25 September 1919, Stuttgart

Second Meeting

Dr. Steiner: Today I want you to summarize all your experiences of the last ten days and then we will discuss what is necessary.

Stockmeyer (the school administrator) reports: We began instruction on September 16, and Mr. Molt gave a short speech to the students. We had to somewhat change the class schedule we had discussed because the Lutheran and Catholic religion teachers were not available at the times we had set. We also had to combine some classes. In addition, we needed to include a short recess of five minutes in the period from 8-10 a.m.

Dr. Steiner: Of course, we can do that, but what happens during that period must remain the free decision of the teacher.

A teacher: During the language classes in the upper grades, it became apparent that some children had absolutely no knowledge of foreign languages. For that reason, at least for now, we must give three hours of English and three hours of French instead of the 1½ hours of each that we had planned. We also had to create a beginners’ class as well as one for more advanced students.

Dr. Steiner: What are you teaching in the eighth grade?

A teacher: The computation of interest. I plan to go on to the computation of discounts and exchanges.

Dr. Steiner: The two seventh- and eighth-grade teachers must remain in constant contact so that when one teacher leaves the class, he brings things to a kind of conclusion. When he returns, he then leads the class through a repetition. In the past few days, have you been able to determine how much the students already know?

A teacher: I was able to make an approximation.

Dr. Steiner: With your small class that certainly would have been possible, but hardly for the other teachers. Certainly, we can try to make it possible for you to change classes an average of once a week, but we must be careful that the exchange takes place only when you finish a topic.

A teacher: The seventh grade knows very little history.

Dr. Steiner: You will probably need to begin something like history from the very beginning in each class, since none of the students will have a proper knowledge of history. The children have probably learned what is common knowledge, but, as I have mentioned in the past, it is unlikely that any of them have a genuine understanding of history. Therefore, you must begin from the beginning in each class.

A teacher: Many parents have been unable to decide whether they should send their children to the independent religious instruction or the Lutheran or Catholic. Many of them wrote both in the questionnaire, since they want their children confirmed for family reasons.

Dr. Steiner: Here we must be firm. It’s either the one or the other. We will need to speak about this question more at a later time. A teacher: An economic question has arisen: Should those students who are paying tuition also purchase their own books? The factory takes care of all of these things for its children, but it could happen that children sit next to one another and one has a book he or she must return and the other a book he or she can keep. This would emphasize class differences.

Dr. Steiner: Clearly we can’t do things in that way, that some children buy their books and then keep them. The only thing we can do is raise the tuition by the amount of the cost of books and supplies, but, in general, we should keep things as they are with the other children. Therefore, all children should return their books.

A teacher: Should we extend that to such things as notebooks? That is common practice here in Stuttgart. Also, how should we handle the question of atlases and compasses?

Dr. Steiner: Of course, the best thing would be to purchase a supply of notebooks and such for each class. The children would then need to go to the teacher when they fill one notebook in order to obtain a new one. We could thus keep track of the fact that one child uses more notebooks than others. We should therefore see that there is a supply of notebooks and that the teacher gives them to the children as needed.

For compasses and other such items, problems arise if we simply allow the children to decide what to buy. Those children with more money will, of course, buy better things, and that is a real calamity. It might be a good idea if all such tools, including things for handwork, belong to the school and the children only use them.

As for atlases, I would suggest the following. We should start a fund for such things and handle the atlases used during the year in much the same way as the other supplies. However, each child should receive an atlas upon graduation. It would certainly be very nice if the children received something at graduation. Perhaps we could even do these things as awards for good work. A larger more beautiful book for those who have done well, something smaller for those who have done less, and for those who were lazy, perhaps only a map. That is certainly something we could do; however, we shouldn’t let it get out of hand.

A teacher: How should we handle the question of books for religious instruction? Until now, instructional materials were provided, but according to the new Constitution, that will probably no longer be so. We thought the children would purchase those books themselves and would pay the ministers directly for their teaching.

Dr. Steiner: I have nothing against doing it that way. However, I think that we should investigate how other schools are handling that, so that everything can move smoothly, at least this year. In the future, we must find our own way of working, but at least for this year, we should do it like the other schools. We need to act in accordance with the public schools. If they do not require the purchase of religion books and separate payment for instruction, we must wait until they do. It would certainly be helpful if we could say we are doing what the public schools are doing.

A teacher: Should we use the secondary schools as our model? Dr. Steiner: No, we should pay more attention to the elementary schools.

A teacher: Nothing is settled there yet.

Dr. Steiner: True. However, I would do what is common in the elementary schools, since the socialist government will not change much at first, but will just leave everything the way it has been. The government will make laws, but allow everything to stay the same.

A teacher: It seems advisable to keep track of what we teach in each class. But, of course, we should not do it the normal way. We should make the entries so that each teacher can orient him- or herself with the work of the other teachers.

Dr. Steiner: Yes, but if we do that in an orderly manner, we will need time, and that will leave time for the children to simply play around. When you are with the children as a teacher, you should not be doing anything else. What I mean is that you are not really in the classroom if you are doing something not directly connected with the children. When you enter the classroom, you should be with the children until you leave, and you should not give the children any opportunity to chatter or misbehave by not being present, for instance, by making entries in a record book or such things.

It would be much better to take care of these things among ourselves. Of course, I am assuming that the class teachers do not get into arguments about that, but respect one another and discuss the subject. If a teacher works with one class, then that teacher will also discuss matters with the others who teach that class. Each teacher will make his or her entries outside of the instructional period. Nothing, absolutely nothing that does not directly interact with the children can occur during class time.

A teacher: Perhaps we could do that during the recesses. Dr. Steiner: Why do we actually need to enter things? First, we must enter them, then someone else must read them. That is time lost for interacting with the students.

A teacher: Shouldn’t we also record when a student is absent?

Dr. Steiner: No, that is actually something we also do not need.

A teacher: If a child is absent for a longer time, we will have to inquire as to what the problem is.

Dr. Steiner: In the context of our not very large classes, we can do that orally with the children. We can ask who is absent and simply take note of it in our journals. That is something that we can do. We will enter that into the children’s reports, namely, how many times a child was absent, but we certainly do not need a class journal for that.

A teacher: I had to stop the children from climbing the chestnut trees, but we want to have as few rules as possible.

Dr. Steiner: Well, we certainly need to be clear that we do not have a bunch of angels at this school, but that should not stop us from pursuing our ideas and ideals. Such things should not lead us to think that we cannot reach what we have set as our goals. We must always be clear that we are pursuing the intentions set forth in the seminar. Of course, how much we cannot achieve is another question that we must particularly address from time to time. Today, we have only just begun, and all we can do is take note of how strongly social climbing has broken out.

However, there is something else that I would ask you to be aware of. That is, that we, as the faculty—what others do with the children is a separate thing—do not attempt to bring out into the public things that really concern only our school. I have been back only a few hours, and I have heard so much gossip about who got a slap and so forth. All of that gossip is going beyond all bounds, and I really found it very disturbing. We do not really need to concern ourselves when things seep out the cracks. We certainly have thick enough skins for that. But on the other hand, we clearly do not need to help it along. We should be quiet about how we handle things in the school, that is, we should maintain a kind of school confidentiality. We should not speak to people outside the school, except for the parents who come to us with questions, and in that case, only about their children, so that gossip has no opportunity to arise. There are people who like to talk about such things because of their own desire for sensationalism. However, it poisons our entire undertaking for things to become mere gossip. This is something that is particularly true here in Stuttgart since there is so much gossip within anthroposophical circles. That gossip causes great harm, and I encounter it in the most disgusting forms. Those of us on the faculty should in no way support it.

A teacher: In some cases, we may need to put less capable children back a grade. Or should we recommend tutoring for these children? Dr. Steiner: Putting children back a grade is difficult in the lower grades. However, it is easier in the upper grades. If it is at all possible, we should not put children back at all in the first two grades.

Specific cases are discussed.

Dr. Steiner: We should actually never recommend tutoring. We can recommend tutoring only when the parents approach us when they have heard of bad results. As teachers, we will not offer tutoring. That is something we do not do. It would be better to place a child in a lower grade.

A teacher speaks about two children in the fourth grade who have difficulty learning.

Dr. Steiner: You should place these children at the front of the class, close to the teacher, without concern for their temperaments, so that the teacher can keep an eye on them. You can keep disruptive children under control only if you put them in a corner, or right up at the front, or way in the back of the class, so that they have few neighboring children, that is, no one in front or behind them.

A teacher: Sometimes children do not see well. I know of some children who are falling behind only because they are farsighted and no one has taken that into account.

Dr. Steiner: An attentive teacher will observe organic problems in children such as short-sightedness or deafness. It is difficult to have a medical examination for everything. Such examinations should occur only when the teachers recommend them.

When conventional school physicians perform the examinations, we easily come into problems of understanding. For now we want to avoid the visits of a school physician, since Dr. Noll is not presently here. It would be different if he were. Physicians unknown to the school would only cause us difficulties. The physician should, of course, act as an advisor to the teacher, and the teacher should be able to turn to the physician with trust when he or she notices something with the children.

With children who have learning difficulties, it often happens that suddenly something changes in them, and they show quite sudden improvement. I will visit the school tomorrow morning and will look at some of the children then, particularly those who are having difficulty.

A teacher: My fifth-grade class is very large, and the children are quite different from one another. It is very difficult to teach them all together and particularly difficult to keep them quiet.

Dr. Steiner: With a class as large as that, you must gradually attempt to treat the class as a choir and not allow anyone to be unoccupied. Thus, try to teach the class as a whole. That is why we did that whole long thing with the temperaments.

That children are more or less gifted often results from purely physical differences. Children often express only what they have within themselves, and it would be unjust not to allow the children who are at the proper age for that class (ten to eleven years old) to come along. There will always be some who are weak in one subject or another. That problem often stops suddenly. Children drag such problems along through childhood until a certain grade, and when the light goes on, they suddenly shed the problem. For that reason, we cannot simply leave children behind. We must certainly overcome particularly the difficulties with gifted and slow children.

Of course, if we become convinced that they have not achieved the goal of the previous grade, we must put them back. However, I certainly want you to take note that we should not treat such children as slow learners. If you have children who did not really achieve the goals set for the previous grade, then you need to put them back. However, you must do that very soon.

You can never see from one subject whether the child has reached the teaching goals or not. You may never judge the children according to one subject alone. Putting children back a grade must occur within the first quarter of the school year. The teachers must, of course, have seen the students’ earlier school reports. However, I would ask you to recognize that we may not return to the common teaching schedule simply in order to judge a student more quickly. We should always complete a block, even though it may take somewhat longer, before a judgment is possible.

In deciding to put a child back, we should always examine each individual case carefully. We dare not do something rash. We should certainly not do anything of that nature unthinkingly, but only after a thorough examination and, then, do only what we can justify.

Concerning the question of putting back a child who did not accomplish the goals of the previous school, I should also add that you should, of course, speak with the parents. The parents need to be in agreement. Naturally, you may not tell the parents that their child is stupid. You will need to be able to show them that their child did not achieve what he or she needed at the previous school, in spite of what the school report says. You must be able to prove that. You must show that it was a defect of the previous school, and not of the child.

A teacher: Can we also put children ahead a class? In the seventh grade I have two children who apparently would fit well in the eighth grade.

Dr. Steiner: I would look at their report cards. If you think it is responsible to do so, you can certainly do it. I have nothing against putting children ahead a grade. That can even have a positive effect upon the class into which the children come.

A teacher: That would certainly not be desirable in the seventh grade. Now we can educate them for two years, but if we put them ahead a grade, for only one.

Dr. Steiner: Just because we put the children ahead does not mean that we cannot educate them for two years. We will simply not graduate them, but instead keep them here and allow them to do the eighth grade again. When children reach the age of graduation in the seventh grade, the parents simply take them away. However, the education here is not as pedantic, so each year there is a considerable difference. Next year, we will have just as many bright children as this year, so it would actually be quite good if we were to have children who are in the last grade now, in next year’s last grade, also.

It is certainly clear that this first year will be difficult, especially for the faculty. That certainly weighs upon my soul. Everything depends upon the faculty. Whether we can realize our ideals depends upon you. It is really important that we learn.

A teacher: In the sixth grade I have a very untalented child. He does not disturb my teaching, and I have even seen that his presence in the class is advantageous for the other children. I would like to try to keep the him in the class.

Dr. Steiner: If the child does not disturb the others, and if you believe you can achieve something with him, then I certainly think you should keep him in your class. There is always a disturbance when we move children around, so it is better to keep them where they are. We can even make use of certain differences, as we discussed in detail.

A teacher: In the eighth grade, I have a boy who is melancholic and somewhat behind. I would like to put him in the seventh grade.

Dr. Steiner: You need to do that by working with the child so that he wants to be put back. You should speak with him so that you direct his will in that direction and he asks for it himself. Don’t simply put him back abruptly.

A teacher: There are large differences in the children in seventh grade.

Dr. Steiner: In the seventh and eighth grades, it will be very good if you can keep the children from losing their feeling for authority. That is what they need most. You can best achieve that by going into things with the children very cautiously, but under no circumstances giving in. Thus, you should not appear pedantic to the children, you should not appear as one who presents your own pet ideas. You must appear to give in to the children, but in reality don’t do that under any circumstance. The way you treat the children is particularly important in the seventh and eighth grades. You may never give in for even one minute, for the children can then go out and laugh at you. The children should, in a sense, be jealous (if I may use that expression, but I don’t mean that in the normal sense of jealousy), so that they defend their teacher and are happy they have that teacher. You can cultivate that even in the rowdiest children. You can slowly develop the children’s desire to defend their teacher simply because he or she is their teacher.

A teacher: Is it correct that we should refrain from presenting the written language in the foreign language classes, even when the children can already write, so that they first become accustomed to the pronunciation?

Dr. Steiner: In foreign languages, you should certainly put off writing as long as possible. That is quite important.

A teacher: We have only just begun and the children are already losing their desire for spoken exercises. Can we enliven our teaching through stories in the mother tongue [German]?

Dr. Steiner: That would certainly be good. However, if you need to use something from the mother tongue, then you certainly need to try to connect it to something in the foreign language, to bring the foreign language into it in some way. You can create material for teaching when you do something like that. That would be the proper thing to do. You could also bring short poems or songs in the foreign language, and little stories. In the language classes we need to pay less attention to the grades as such, but rather group the children more according to their ability.

A teacher: I think that an hour and a half of music and an hour and a half of eurythmy per week is too little.

Dr. Steiner: That is really a question of available space. Later, we will be able to do what is needed.

A teacher: The children in my sixth-grade class need to sing more, but I cannot sing with them because I am so unmusical. Could I select some of the more musical children to sing a song?

Dr. Steiner: That’s just what we should do. You can do that most easily if you give the children something they can handle independently. You certainly do not need to be very musical in order to allow children to sing. The children could learn the songs during singing class and then practice them by singing at the beginning or end of the period.

A teacher: I let the children sing, but they are quite awkward. I would like to gather the more musically gifted children into a special singing class where they can do more difficult things.

Dr. Steiner: It would certainly not violate the Constitution if we eventually formed choirs out of the four upper classes and the four lower classes, perhaps as Sunday choirs. Through something like that, we can bring the children together more than through other things. However, we should not promote any false ambitions. We want to keep that out of our teaching. Ambition may be connected only with the subject, not with the person. Taking the four upper classes together and the four lower classes would be good because the children’s voices are somewhat different. Otherwise, this is not a question of the classes themselves. When you teach them, you must treat them as one class. In teaching music, we must also strictly adhere to what we already know about the periods of life. We must strictly take into consideration the inner structure of the period that begins about age nine, and the one that begins at about age twelve. However, for the choirs we could eventually use for Sunday services, we can certainly combine the four younger classes and the four older classes.

A teacher: We have seen that eurythmy is moving forward only very slowly.

Dr. Steiner: At first, you should strongly connect everything with music. You should take care to develop the very first exercises out of music. Of course, you should not neglect the other part, either, particularly in the higher grades.

We now need to speak a little bit about the independent religious instruction. You need to tell the children that if they want the independent religious instruction, they must choose it. Thus, the independent religious instruction will simply be a third class alongside the other two. In any case, we may not have any unclear mixing of things. Those who are to have the independent religious instruction can certainly be put together according to grades, for instance, the lower four and the upper four grades. Any one of us could give that instruction. How many children want that instruction?

A teacher: Up to now, there are sixty, fifty-six of whom are children of anthroposophists. The numbers will certainly change since many people wanted to have both.

Dr. Steiner: We will not mix things together. We are not advocating that instruction, but only attempting to meet the desires. My advice would be for the child to take instruction in the family religion. We can leave those children who are not taking any religious instruction alone, but we can certainly inquire as to why they should not have any. We should attempt to determine that in each case. In doing so, we may be able to bring one or another to take instruction in the family religion or possibly to come to the anthroposophic instruction. We should certainly do something there, since we do not want to just allow children to grow up without any religious instruction at all.

A teacher: Should the class teacher give the independent religious instruction?

Dr. Steiner: Certainly, one of us can take it over, but it does not need to be the children’s own class teacher. We would not want someone unknown to us to do it. We should remain within the circle of our faculty.

With sixty children altogether, we would have approximately thirty children in each group if we take the four upper and four lower classes together. I will give you a lesson plan later. We need to do this instruction very carefully.

In the younger group, we must omit everything related to reincarnation and karma. We can deal with that only in the second group, but there we must address it. From ten years of age on, we should go through those things. It is particularly important in this instruction that we pay attention to the student’s own activity from the very beginning. We should not just speak of reincarnation and karma theoretically, but practically.

As the children approach age seven, they undergo a kind of retrospection of all the events that took place before their birth. They often tell of the most curious things, things that are quite pictorial, about that earlier state. For example, and this is something that is not unusual but rather is typical, the children come and say, “I came into the world through a funnel that expanded.” They describe how they came into the world. You can allow them to describe these things as you work with them and take care of them so that they can bring them into consciousness. That is very good, but we must avoid convincing the children of things. We need to bring out only what they say themselves, and we should do that. That is part of the instruction.

In the sense of yesterday’s public lecture, we can also enliven this instruction. It would certainly be very beautiful if we did not turn this into a school for a particular viewpoint, if we took the pure understanding of the human being as a basis and through it, enlivened our pedagogy at every moment. My essay that will appear in the next “Waldorf News” goes just in that direction. It is called “The Pedagogical Basis of the Waldorf School.” What I have written is, in general, a summary for the public of everything we learned in the seminar. I ask that you consider it an ideal.

For each group, an hour and a half of religious instruction per week, that is, two three-quarter hour classes, is sufficient. It would be particularly nice if we could do that on Sundays, but it is hardly possible. We could also make the children familiar with the weekly verses in this instruction.

A teacher: Aren’t they too difficult?

Dr. Steiner: We must never see anything as too difficult for children. Their importance lies not in understanding the thoughts, but in how the thoughts follow one another. I would certainly like to know what could be more difficult for children than the Lord’s Prayer. People only think it is easier than the verses in the Calendar of the Soul. Then there’s the Apostles’ Creed! The reason people are so against the Apostles’ Creed is only because no one really understands it, otherwise they would not oppose it. It contains only things that are obvious, but human beings are not so far developed before age twenty-seven that they can understand it, and afterward, they no longer learn anything from life. The discussions about the creed are childish. It contains nothing that people could not decide for themselves. You can take up the weekly verses with the children before class.

A teacher: Wouldn’t it be good if we had the children do a morning prayer?

Dr. Steiner: That is something we could do. I have already looked into it, and will have something to say about it tomorrow. We also need to speak about a prayer. I ask only one thing of you. You see, in such things everything depends upon the external appearances. Never call a verse a prayer, call it an opening verse before school. Avoid allowing anyone to hear you, as a faculty member, using the word “prayer.” In doing that, you will have overcome a good part of the prejudice that this is an anthroposophical thing. Most of our sins we bring about through words. People do not stop using words that damage us. You would not believe everything I had to endure to stop people from calling Towards Social Renewal, a pamphlet. It absolutely is a book, it only looks like a pamphlet. It is a book! I simply can’t get people to say, “the book.” They say, “the pamphlet,” and that has a certain meaning. The word is not unnecessary. Those are the things that are really important. Anthroposophists are, however, precisely the people who least allow themselves to be contained. You simply can’t get through to them. Other people simply believe in authority. That is what I meant when I said that the anthroposophists are obstinate, and you can’t get through to them, even when it is justified!

A teacher: My fifth-grade class is noisy and uncontrolled, particularly during the foreign language period. They think French sentences are jokes.

Dr. Steiner: The proper thing to do would be to look at the joke and learn from it. You should always take jokes into account, but with humor. However, the children must behave. They must be quiet at your command. You must be able to get them quiet with a look. You must seek to maintain contact from the beginning to the end of the period. Even though it is tiring, you must maintain the contact between the teacher and the student under all circumstances. We gain nothing through external discipline. All you can do is accept the problem and then work from that.

Your greatest difficulty is your thin voice. You need to train your voice a little and learn to speak in a lower tone and not squeal and shriek. It would be a shame if you were not to train your voice so that some bass also came into it. You need some deeper tones.

A teacher: Who should teach Latin?

Dr. Steiner: That is a question for the faculty. For the time, I would suggest that Pastor Geyer and Dr. Stein teach Latin. It is too much for one person.

A teacher: How should we begin history?

Dr. Steiner: In almost every class, you will need to begin history from the beginning. You should limit yourself to teaching only what is necessary. If, for example, in the eighth grade, you find it necessary to begin from the very beginning, then attempt to create a picture of the entire human development with only a few, short examples. In the eighth grade, you would need to go through the entire history of the world as we understand it.

That is also true for physics. In natural history, it is very much easier to allow the children to use what they have already learned and enliven it. This is one of those subjects affected by the deficiencies we discussed. These subjects are introduced after the age of twelve when the capacity for judgment begins. In the subjects just described, we can use much of what the children have learned, even if it is a nuisance.

A teacher: In Greek history, we could emphasize cultural history and the sagas and leave out the political portion, for instance, the Persian Wars.

Dr. Steiner: You can handle the Persian Wars by including them within the cultural history. In general, you can handle wars as a part of cultural history for the older periods, though they have become steadily more unpleasant. You can consider the Persian Wars a symptom of cultural history.

A teacher: What occurred nationally is less important?

Dr. Steiner: No, for example, the way money arose.

A teacher: Can we study the Constitution briefly?

Dr. Steiner: Yes, but you will need to explain the spirit of the Lycurgian Constitution, for example, and also the difference between the Athenians and the Spartans.

A teacher: Standard textbooks present Roman constitutionalism.

Dr. Steiner: Textbooks treat that in detail, but often incorrectly. The Romans did not have a constitution, but they knew not only the Twelve Laws by heart, but also a large number of books of law. The children will get an incorrect picture if you do not describe the Romans as a people of law who were aware of themselves as such. That is something textbooks present in a boring way, but we must awaken in the children the picture that in Rome all Romans were experts in law and could count the laws on their fingers. The Twelve Laws were taught at that time like multiplication is now.

A teacher: We would like to meet every week to discuss pedagogical questions so that what each of us achieves, the others can take advantage of.

Dr. Steiner: That would be very good and is something that I would joyfully greet, only you need to hold your meeting in a republican form.

A teacher: How far may we go with disciplining the children?

Dr. Steiner: That is something that is, of course, very individual. It would certainly be best if you had little need to discipline the children. You can avoid discipline. Under certain circumstances it may be necessary to spank a child, but you can certainly attempt to achieve the ideal of avoiding that. You should have the perspective that as the teacher, you are in control, not the child. In spite of that, I have to admit that there are rowdies, but also that punishment will not improve misbehavior. That will become better only when you slowly create a different tone in the classroom. The children who misbehave will slowly change if the tone in the classroom is good. In any event, you should try not to go too far with punishment.

A teacher: To alleviate the lack of educational material, would it be possible to form an organization and ask the anthroposophists to provide us with books and so forth that they have? We really should have everything available on the subject of anthroposophy.

Dr. Steiner: We are planning to do something in that direction by organizing the teachers who are members of the Society. We are planning to take everything available in anthroposophy and make it in some way available for public education and for education in general. Perhaps it would be possible to connect with the organization of teachers already within the Anthroposophical Society.

A teacher: We also need a living understanding about the various areas of economics. I thought that perhaps within the Waldorf School, we could lay a foundation for a future economic science.

Dr. Steiner: In that case, we would need to determine who would oversee the different areas. There are people who have a sense for such things and who are also really practical experts. That is, we would need to find people who do not simply lecture about it, but who are really practical and have a sense for what we want to do. Such people must exist, and they must bring the individual branches of social science together. I think we could achieve a great deal in that direction if we undertook it properly. However, you have a great deal to do during this first year, and you cannot spread yourselves too thin. That is something you will have to allow others to take care of, and we must create an organization for that. It must exclude all fanaticism and monkeying around and must be down to Earth. We need people who live in the practicalities of life.

A teacher: Mr. van Leer has already written that he is ready to undertake this.

Dr. Steiner: Yes, he could certainly help. A plan could be worked out about how to do this in general. People such as Mr. van Leer and Mr. Molt and also others who live in the practicalities of economic life know how to focus on such questions and how to work with them. The faculty would perhaps not be able to achieve as much as when we turn directly to experts. This is something that might be possible in connection with the efforts of the cultural committee. Yes, we should certainly discuss all of this.

A teacher: In geology class, how can we create a connection between geology and the Akasha Chronicle?

Dr. Steiner: Well, it would be good to teach the children about the formation of the geological strata by first giving them an understanding of how the Alps arose. You could then begin with the Alps and extend your instruction to the entire complex—the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Altai Mountains, and so forth—all of which are a wave. You should make the entirety of the wave clear to the children. Then there is another wave that goes from North to South America. Thus you would have one wave to the Altai Mountains, to the Asian mountains running from west to east and another in the western part of the Americas going from North to South America, that is, another wave from north to south. That second wave is perpendicular to the first.

Western Alps

We can begin with these elements and then add the vegetation and animals to them. We would then study only the western part of Europe and the American East Coast, the flora and fauna, and the strata there. From that we can go on to develop an idea about the connections between the eastern part of America and the western part of Europe, and that the basin of the Atlantic Ocean and the west coast of Europe are simply sunken land. From there, we can attempt to show the children in a natural way how that land rhythmically moves up and down, that is, we can begin with the idea of a rhythm. We can show that the British Isles have risen and sunk four times and thus follow the path of geology back to the concept of ancient Atlantis.

America and Europe

We can then continue by trying to have the children imagine how different it was when the one was below and the other above. We can begin with the idea that the British Isles rose and sank four times. That is something that is simple to determine from the geological strata. Thus, we attempt to connect all of these things, but we should not be afraid to speak about the Atlantean land with the children. We should not skip that. We can also connect all this to history. The only thing is, you will need to disavow normal geology since the Atlantean catastrophe occurred in the seventh or eighth millennium.

The Ice Age is the Atlantean catastrophe. The Early, Middle and Late Ice Ages are nothing more than what occurred in Europe while Atlantis sank. That all occurred at the same time, that is, in the seventh or eighth millennium.

A teacher: I found some articles about geology in Pierer’s Encyclopedia. We would like to know which articles are actually from you.

Dr. Steiner: I wrote these articles, but in putting together the encyclopedia there were actually two editors. It is possible that something else was stuck in, so I cannot guarantee anything specifically. The articles about basalt, alluvium, geological formations, and the Ice Age are all from me. I did not write the article about Darwinism, nor the one about alchemy. I only wrote about geology and mineralogy and that only to a particular letter. The entries up to and including ‘G’ are from me, but beginning with ‘H,’ I no longer had the time.

A teacher: It is difficult to find the connections before the Ice Age. How are we to bring what conventional science says into alignment with what spiritual science says?

Dr. Steiner: You can find points of connection in the cycles. In the Quaternary Period you will find the first and second mammals, and you simply need to add to that what is valid concerning human beings. You can certainly bring that into alignment. You can create a parallel between the Quaternary Period and Atlantis, and easily bring the Tertiary Period into parallel, but not pedantically, with what I have described as the Lemurian Period. That is how you can bring in the Tertiary Period. There, you have the older amphibians and reptiles. The human being was at that time only jelly-like in external form. Humans had an amphibian-like form.

A teacher: But there are still the fire breathers.

Dr. Steiner: Yes, those beasts, they did breathe fire, the Archaeopteryx, for example.

A teacher: You mean that animals whose bones we see today in museums still breathed fire?

Dr. Steiner: Yes, all of the dinosaurs belong to the end of the Tertiary Period. Those found in the Jura are actually their descendants. What I am referring to are the dinosaurs from the beginning of the Tertiary Period. The Jurassic formations are later, and everything is all mixed together. We should treat nothing pedantically. The Secondary Period lies before the Tertiary and the Jurassic belongs there as does the Archaeopteryx. However, that would actually be the Secondary Period. We may not pedantically connect one with the other.

[Remarks by the German editor: In the previous paragraphs, there appear to be stenographic errors. The text is in itself contradictory, and it is not consistent with the articles mentioned and the table in Pierer’s Encyclopedia nor with Dr. Steiner’s remarks made in the following faculty meeting (Sept. 26, 1919). The error appears explainable by the fact that Dr. Steiner referred to a table that the stenographer did not have. Therefore, the editor suggests the following changes in the text. The changes are underlined:

You can find points of connection in the cycles. In the Tertiary Period you will find the first and second mammals, and you simply need to add to that what is valid concerning human beings. You can certainly bring that into alignment. You can create a parallel between the Tertiary Period and Atlantis, and easily bring the Secondary Period into parallel, but not pedantically, with what I have described as the Lemurian Period. That is how you can bring in the Secondary Period. There, you have the older amphibians and reptiles. The human being was at that time only jelly-like in external form. Humans had an amphibian-like form.

Yes, all of the dinosaurs belong to the end of the Secondary Period. Those found in the Jura are actually their descendants. What I am referring to are the dinosaurs from the beginning of the Secondary Period. The Jurassic formations are later, and everything is all mixed together. We should treat nothing pedantically. The Secondary Period lies before the Tertiary and the Jurassic belongs there as does the Archaeopteryx. However, that would be actually the Secondary Period. We may not pedantically connect one with the other.]

A teacher: How do we take into account what we have learned about what occurred within the Earth? We can find almost nothing about that in conventional science.

Dr. Steiner: Conventional geology really concerns only the uppermost strata. Those strata that go to the center of the Earth have nothing to do with geology.

A teacher: Can we teach the children about those strata? We certainly need to mention the uppermost strata.

Dr. Steiner: Yes, focus upon those strata. You can do that with a chart of the strata, but certainly never without the children knowing something about the types of rocks. The children need to know about what kinds of rocks there are. In explaining that, you should begin from above and then go deeper, because then you can more easily explain what breaks through.

A teacher: I am having trouble with the law of conservation of energy in thermodynamics.

Dr. Steiner: Why are you having difficulties? You must endeavor to gradually bring these things into what Goethe called “archetypal phenomena.” That is, to treat them only as phenomena. You can certainly not treat the law of conservation of energy as was done previously: It is only a hypothesis, not a law. And there is another thing. You can teach about the spectrum. That is a phenomenon. But people treat the law of conservation of energy as a philosophical law. We should treat the mechanical equivalent of heat in a different way. It is a phenomenon. Now, why shouldn’t we remain strictly within phenomenology? Today, people create such laws about things that are actually phenomena. It is simply nonsense that people call something like the law of gravity, a law. Such things are phenomena, not laws. You will find that you can keep such so-called laws entirely out of physics by transforming them into phenomena and grouping them as primary and secondary phenomena. If you described the so-called laws of Atwood’s gravitational machine when you teach about gravity, they are actually phenomena and not laws.

A teacher: Then we would have to approach the subject without basing it upon the law of gravity. For example, we could begin from the constant of acceleration and then develop the law of gravity, but treat it as a fact, not a law.

Dr. Steiner: Simply draw it since you have no gravitational machine. In the first second, it drops so much, in the second, so much, in the third, and so on. From that you will find a numerical series and out of that you can develop what people call a law, but is actually only a phenomenon.

A teacher: Then we shouldn’t speak about gravity at all?

Dr. Steiner: It would be wonderful if you could stop speaking about gravity. You can certainly achieve speaking of it only as a phenomenon. The best would be if you considered gravity only as a word.

A teacher: Is that true also for electrical forces?

Dr. Steiner: Today, you can certainly speak about electricity without speaking about forces. You can remain strictly within the realm of phenomena. You can come as far as the theory of ions and electrons without speaking of anything other than phenomena. Pedagogically, that would be very important to do.

A teacher: It is very difficult to get along without forces when we discuss the systems of measurement, the CGS system (centimeter, gram, second), which we have to teach in the upper grades.

Dr. Steiner: What does that have to do with forces? If you compute the exchange of one for the other, you can do it.

A teacher: Then, perhaps, we would have to replace the word “force” with something else.

Dr. Steiner: As soon as it is clear to the students that force is nothing more than the product of mass and acceleration, that is, when they understand that it is not a metaphysical concept, and that we should always treat it phenomenologically, then you can speak of forces.

A teacher: Would you say something more about the planetary movements? You have often mentioned it, but we don’t really have a clear understanding about the true movement of the planets and the Sun.

Dr. Steiner: In reality, it is like this [Dr. Steiner demonstrates with a drawing]. Now you simply need to imagine how that continues in a helix. Everything else is only apparent movement. The helical line continues into cosmic space. Therefore, it is not that the planets move around the Sun, but that these three, Mercury, Venus, and the Earth, follow the Sun, and these three, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, precede it. Thus, when the Earth is here and this is the Sun, the Earth follows along. But we look at the Sun from here, and so it appears as though the Earth goes around it, whereas it is actually only following. The Earth follows the Sun. The incline is the same as what we normally call the angle of declination. If you take the angle you obtain when you measure the ecliptic angle, then you will see that. So it is not a spiral, but a helix. It does not exist in a plane, but in space.

A teacher: How does the axis of the Earth relate to this movement?

Dr. Steiner: If the Earth were here, the axis of the Earth would be a tangent. The angle is 23.5×. The angle that encloses the helix is the same as when you take the North Pole and make this lemniscate as the path of a star near the North Pole. That is something I had to assume, since you apparently obtain a lemniscate if you extend this line. It is actually not present because the North Pole remains fixed, that is the celestial North Pole.

The Solar System

A teacher: Wasn’t there a special configuration in 1413?

Dr. Steiner: I already mentioned that today. Namely, if you begin about seven thousand years before 1413, you will see that the angle of the Earth’s axis has shrunk, that is, it is the smallest angle. It then becomes larger, then again smaller. In this way, a lemniscate is formed, and thus the angle of the Earth was null for a time. That was the Atlantean catastrophe. At that time, there were no differences in the length of the day relative to the time of year.

A teacher: Why should the celestial pole, which is in reality nothing other than the point toward which the Earth’s axis is directed, remain constant? It should certainly change over the course of years.

Dr. Steiner: That happens because the movement of the Earth’s axis describes a cone, a double cone whose movement is continuously balanced by the movement of the Earth’s axis. If you always had the axis of the Earth parallel to you, then the celestial pole would describe a lemniscate, but it remains stationary. That is because the movement of the Earth’s axis in a double cone is balanced by the movement of the celestial pole in a lemniscate. Thus, it is balanced.

A teacher: I had changed my perspective to the one you described regarding the movement of the Earth’s axis. I said to myself, The point in the heavens that remains fixed must seem to move over the course of the centuries. It would be, I thought, a movement like a lemniscate, and, therefore, not simply a circle in the heavens during a Platonic year.

Dr. Steiner: It is modified because this line, the axis of the helix, is not really a straight line, but a curve. It only approximates a straight line. In reality, a circle is also described here. We are concerned with a helix that is connected with a circle.

A teacher: How is it possible to relate all this to the Galilean principle of relativity? That is, to the fact that we cannot determine any movement in space absolutely.

Dr. Steiner: What does that mean?

A teacher: That means that we cannot speak of any absolute movement in space. We cannot say that one body remains still in space, but instead must say that it moves. It is all only relative, so we can only know that one body changes its relationship to another.

Dr. Steiner: Actually, that is true only so long as we do not extend our observations into what occurs within the respective body. It’s true, isn’t it, that when you have two people moving relative to one another, and you observe things spatially from a perspective outside of the people (it is unimportant what occurs in an absolute sense), you will have only the relationships of the movement.

However, it does make a difference to the people: Running two meters is different from running three. That principle is, therefore, only valid for an outside observer. The moment the observer is within, as we are as earthly beings, that is, as soon as the observation includes inner changes, then all of that stops. The moment we observe in such a way that we can make an absolute determination of the changes in the different periods of the Earth, one following the other, then all of that stops. For that reason, I have strongly emphasized that the human being today is so different from the human being of the Greek period. We cannot speak of a principle of relativity there. The same is true of a railway train; the cars of an express train wear out faster than those on the milk run. If you look at the inner state, then the relativity principle ceases. Einstein’s principle of relativity arose out of unreal thinking. He asked what would occur if someone began to move away at the speed of light and then returned; this and that would occur. I would ask what would happen to a clock if it were to move away with the speed of light? That is unreal thinking. It has no connection to anything. It considers only spatial relationships, something possible since Galileo. Galileo himself did not distort things so much, but by overemphasizing the theory of relativity, we can now bring up such things.

A teacher: It is certainly curious in connection with light that at the speed of light you cannot determine your movement relative to the source of light.

Dr. Steiner: One of Lorentz’s experiments. Read about it; what Lorentz concludes is interesting, but theoretical. You do not have to accept that there are only relative differences. You can use absolute mechanics. Probably you did not take all of those compulsive ideas into account. The difference is simply nothing else than what occurs if you take a tube with very thin and elastic walls. If you had fluid within it at the top and the bottom and also in between, then there would exist between these two fluids the same relationship that Lorentz derives for light. You need to have those compulsive interpretations if you want to accept these things.

You certainly know the prime example: You are moving in a train faster than the speed of sound and shoot a cannon as the train moves. You hear the shot once in Freiburg, twice in Karlsruhe, and three times in Frankfurt. If you then move faster than the speed of sound, you would first hear the three shots in Frankfurt, then afterward, the two in Karlsruhe, then after that, one shot in Freiburg. You can speculate about such things, but they have no reality because you cannot move faster than the speed of sound.

A teacher: Could we demonstrate what you said about astronomy through the spiral movements of plants? Is there some means of proving that through plants?

Dr. Steiner: What means would you need? Plants themselves are that means. You need only connect the pistil to the movements of the Moon and the stigma to those of the Sun. As soon as you relate the pistil to the Moon’s movements and the stigma to those of the Sun, you will get the rest. You will find in the spiral movements of the plant an imitation of the relative relationship between the movements of the Sun and the movements of the Moon. You can then continue. It is complicated and you will need to construct it. At first, the pistil appears not to move. It moves inwardly in the spiral. You must turn these around, since that is relative. The pistil belongs to the line of the stem, and the stigma to the spiral movement. However, because it is so difficult to describe further, I think it is something you could not use in school. This is a question of further development of understanding.

A teacher: Can we derive the spiral movements of the Sun and the Earth from astronomically known facts?

Dr. Steiner: Why not? Just as you can teach people today about the Copernican theory. The whole thing is based upon the joke made concerning the three Copernican laws, when they teach only the first two and leave out the third. If you bring into consideration the third, then you will come to what I have spoken of, namely, that you will have a simple spiral around the Sun. Copernicus did that. You need only look at his third law. You need only take his book, De Revolutionibus Corporum Coelestium (On the orbits of heavenly bodies) and actually look at the three laws instead of only the first two. People take only the first two, but they do not coincide with the movements we actually see. Then people add to it Bessel’s so-called corrective functions. People don’t see the stars as Copernicus described them. You need to turn the telescope, but people turn it according to Bessel’s functions. If you exclude those functions, you will get what is right.

Today, you can’t do that, though, because you would be called crazy. It is really child’s play to learn it and to call what is taught today nonsense. You need only to throw out Bessel’s functions and take Copernicus’s third law into account.

A teacher: Couldn’t that be published?

Dr. Steiner: Johannes Schlaf began that by taking a point on Jupiter that did not coincide with the course of the Copernican system. People attacked him and said he was crazy.

There is nothing anyone can do against such brute force. If we can achieve the goals of the Cultural Commission, then we will have some free room. Things are worse than people think when a professor in Tübingen can make “true character” out of “commodity character.” The public simply refuses to recognize that our entire school system is corrupt. That recognition is something that must become common, that we must do away with our universities and the higher schools must go. We now must replace them with something very different. That is a real foundation.

It is impossible to do anything with those people. I spoke in Dresden at the college. I also spoke at the Dresden Schopenhauer Society. Afterward, the professors there just talked nonsense. They could not understand one single idea. One stood up and said that he had to state what the differences were between Schopenhauer’s philosophy and anthroposophy. I said I found that unnecessary. Anthroposophy has the same relationship to philosophy as the crown of a tree to its roots, and the difference between the root and the crown of a tree is obvious. Someone can come along and say he finds it necessary to state that there is a difference between the root and the crown, and I have nothing to say other than that. These people can’t keep any thoughts straight. Modern philosophy is all nonsense. In much of what it brings, there is some truth, but there is so much nonsense connected with it that, in the end, only nonsense results. You know of Richert’s “Theory of Value,” don’t you? The small amount that exists as the good core of philosophy at a university, you can find discussed in my book Riddles of Philosophy.

The thing with the “true character” reminds me of something else. I have found people in the Society who don’t know what a union is. As I have often said, such things occur. If we can work objectively in the Cultural Commission, then we could replace all of these terrible goings on with reason, and everything would be better. Then we could also teach astronomy reasonably. But now we are unable to do anything against that brute force. In the Cultural Commission, we can do what should have been done from the beginning, namely, undertake the cultural program and work toward bringing the whole school system under control. We created the Waldorf School as an example, but it can do nothing to counteract brute force. The Cultural Commission would have the task of reforming the entire system of education. If we only had ten million marks, we could extend the Waldorf School. That these ten million marks are missing is only a “small hindrance.”

It is very important to me that you do not allow the children’s behavior and such to upset you. You should not imagine that you will have angels in the school. You will be unable to do many things because you lack the school supplies you need. In spite of that, we want to strictly adhere to what we have set out to do and not allow ourselves to be deterred from doing it as well as possible in order to achieve our goals.

It is, therefore, very important that in practice you separate what is possible to do under the current circumstances from what will give you the strength to prevail. We must hold to our belief that we can achieve our ideals. You can do it, only it will not be immediately visible.

Zweite Konferenz

Rudolf Steiner kam am 24. September aus Dresden zurück nach Stuttgart und besuchte am nächsten Morgen die Schüler bei der Arbeit in den acht Klassen. Zehn Tage war in beengten Räumlichkeiten unterrichtet worden; für Lehrer und Schüler war alles neu: der Ort, der Unterricht und der Tagesablauf. Die Klassen hatten im Durchschnitt 32 Schüler.

Am 30. September reiste Rudolf Steiner zusammen mit Marie Steiner weiter nach Dornach.

Themen [der 2. und 3, Konferenz]: Temperamente berücksichtigen zur Bewältigung großer Klassen. Professionelle Verschwiegenheit der Lehrer. Nachhilfestunden. Der Geschichtsunterricht. Zur Geologie. Die Morgensprüche. Der Grundriss für den freien christlichen Religionsunterricht. Über die Evolution der menschlichen Gestalt. Über Elternabende.

Bemerkungen: Die Lehrer überhäuften Steiner mit Fragen und Alltagssorgen des Unterrichts. Es war schwierig für sie, das Können und vor allem das Nichtkönnen der Kinder richtig einzuschätzen. Daher kam es zu vielen pädagogischen Fragen, die die Unerfahrenheit der Kollegen zeigen.

Zwischen den pädagogischen Fragen und Sorgen kam es schon in dieser Konferenz zu einem Dialog der eigenen Art, indem die Kollegen Steiner gleichsam herausforderten, mit Fragen zur Geologie, Astronomie, Geschichte und Botanik. Steiner zeigte sich als überragender Kenner aller angeschlagenen Themen, ein Beispiel freier republikanischer Unterredungen.

Zum Schluss lenkte Steiner das Gespräch zurück zum Tagesgeschäft und bat die Lehrer, sich nicht von «Ungezogenheit und dergleichen» abschrecken zu lassen. «Sie dürfen nicht die Vorstellung haben, dass sie Engel in die Schule kriegen.» Wie sich zeigen sollte, waren das prophetische Worte.

Auch wenn Steiner nicht in Stuttgart war, hielten die Lehrer Konferenzen ab, um den Schulalltag zu ordnen. In unveröffentlichten Notizen von Stockmeyer wird festgehalten, dass der versetzte Hauptunterricht nicht im ursprünglichen Maße durchgeführt werden musste; es waren dank zweier Reservezimmer doch genügend Räumlichkeiten vorhanden. In diesen Notizen wird auch festgehalten, dass die Fachstunden von 60 auf 50 Minuten heruntergesetzt wurden. Auch in einer solchen Konferenz war kurzerhand beschlossen worden, den übernächsten Tag schulfrei zu geben, da Steiner die Schule besuchen würde. (Notiz vom 23.09.1919)

Beiden Ausführungen zu den Elternabenden muss bedacht werden, dass die Mehrheit der Eltern zu der Arbeiterschaft der Waldorf-Astoria-Zigarettenfabrik gehörte. Es waren mehrheitlich «proletarische» Elternhäuser: Von den 253 eingeschulten Kindern stammten 143 aus den Familien der Belegschaft der Zigarettenfabrik.

Vor seiner Abreise legte Rudolf Steiner den Lehrern ans Herz, immer den Kontakt zu den Schülern zu pflegen, dass «der Lehrer mit den Schülern eine richtige Einheit bildet».


RUDOLF STEINER: Meine lieben Freunde! Heute wird es sich darum handeln, dass Sie die in den letzten zehn Tagen gesammelten Erfahrungen vorbringen und wir das Nötige besprechen.

KARL STOCKMEYER berichtet: Wir haben den Unterricht am 16. September angefangen mit einer kurzen Ansprache an die Schüler durch Herrn Molt, und es zeigte sich dabei gleich, dass der Stundenplan nicht ganz so aufgestellt werden konnte, wie es hier verabredet wurde, weil verschiedene Klassen zusammengelegt wurden. Dann ergab sich noch eine andere Notwendigkeit der Abweichung vom Stundenplan dadurch, dass die [evangelischen und katholischen] Religionslehrer zu den von uns festgesetzten Stunden nicht Zeit haben.

Der eigentliche Klassenunterricht bleibt aber auf den Vormittag gelegt, daran wollte ich nicht rütteln.

Dann hat sich die Notwendigkeit ergeben, in den Unterricht von 8-10 eine kleine Pause von fünf Minuten einzuschieben.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das kann gemacht werden. Aber was in der Zeit geschieht, muss im freien Ermessen des Lehrers stehen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es ist versucht worden, ganz ohne Glocke auszukommen. Aber um am Schluss der Pause die Kinder wieder zusammenzurufen, muss doch eine Glocke angebracht werden, die besonders draußen hörbar ist.

Beim Sprachunterricht in den oberen Klassen stellte sich heraus, dass bei einzelnen Kindern noch gar keine Sprachkenntnisse vorhanden sind. Infolgedessen müssen am Anfang statt eineinhalb Stunden nun drei Stunden französischer und [drei Stunden] englischer Unterricht erteilt werden. Auch müsste ein Anfängerkurs gegeben werden und einer für die Fortgeschrittenen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Was unterrichten Sie in der 8. Klasse?

KARL STOCKMEYER: Mathematisches. Da in der 8. Klasse vom Buchstabenrechnen noch nichts gewusst wird, auch das Zinsrechnen noch nicht ausgebildet ist, habe ich mit Zinsrechnung in einer Art repetierender Weise angefangen und das so weit geführt, dass ich jetzt zu Diskont- und Wechselrechnung übergehen will.

Der Unterricht in der 7. und 8. Klasse wurde damals von zwei Klassenlehrern in der Weise gegeben, dass die beiden Lehrer miteinander abwechselten und der eine in beiden Klassen die humanistischen, der andere die realistischen [die naturwissenschaftlichen] Fächer unterrichtete.

RUDOLF STEINER: Sie [die beiden Lehrer der 7. und 8. Klasse] müssen sich eben fortlaufend miteinander verständigen, dass immer, wenn ein Lehrer oder [eine] Lehrerin die Klasse verlässt, ein gewisser Abschluss vorhanden ist. Wenn er dann in die Klasse zurückkommt, muss wiederholt werden.

Ist es Ihnen in den paar Tagen schon gelungen, genau zu wissen, wie viel die Schüler schon können?

KARL STOCKMEYER: Das konnte ich ungefähr schon feststellen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Bei Ihrer beschränkten Schülerzahl ist dies ja wohl möglich gewesen, aber die anderen werden es wohl nicht gekonnt haben. Man kann durchaus daran festhalten, dass Sie vielleicht ungefähr im Mittel acht Tage nehmen zum Wechseln, aber es muss dann speziell so eingerichtet werden, dass ein Kapitel abgeschlossen ist.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Ich habe gefunden, dass in der 7. Klasse die Geschichtskenntnisse sehr verschieden sind.

RUDOLF STEINER: Sie werden wahrscheinlich in so etwas wie in der Geschichte in jeder Klasse von vorne anfangen müssen, denn eine ordentliche Geschichte wird keiner kennen. Die Kinder werden sich vielleicht das Landläufige angeeignet haben, aber eine ordentliche Geschichte, wie wir sie hier angedeutet haben, werden Sie bei niemand finden. Sie werden sie in jeder Klasse von vorne anfangen müssen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wäre es angängig, den sogenannten freien Religionsunterricht zusammen zu haben mit einem evangelischen oder anderen konfessionellen Unterricht? Die Eltern konnten sich nicht entscheiden, ob sie den freien Religionsunterricht allein oder ob sie katholischen oder evangelischen [für ihre Kinder] geben lassen wollten. Sie wollten zum Teil die Möglichkeit haben, dass die Kinder beides mitnehmen. Viele Eltern haben auf den Fragebogen geschrieben: «beides». Viele Eltern wollten eben für die Tanten und Onkel nicht auf den Konfirmationsunterricht verzichten.

RUDOLF STEINER: Da dürfen wir nicht nachgeben; entweder - oder. Wir werden über die Frage später noch extra sprechen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wir wollen versuchen, die beiden Religionsstunden auf die gleiche Stunde zu verlegen.

Nun ist noch eine Sache zu besprechen, die durch Herrn Molt schon eine gewisse Entscheidung gefunden hat als rein wirtschaftliche Frage. Wir hatten uns die Frage vorgelegt, ob es angängig wäre, dass die Schüler, die Schulgeld bezahlen, [auch] ihre Bücher bezahlen müssen. [Für die Kinder aus der Waldorf-Astoria-Fabrik haben wir ja Lehrmittelfreiheit.] Es könnte vorkommen, dass Kinder nebeneinander sitzen, das eine hat ein Buch, von dem es weiß: Es muss es wieder abgeben, das andere darf es behalten. Das ist etwas, was die Klassengegensätze betont.

RUDOLF STEINER: In dieser Form kann es nicht gemacht werden, dass die Kinder die Bücher kaufen und behalten. Es kann nur so gemacht werden, dass man für die [Eltern], die das Schulgeld bezahlen, dieses Schulgeld um die Lehrmittelpreise erhöht; es im Übrigen aber so hält wie mit den anderen Kindern. Also die Bücher müssen zurückgegeben werden wie bei den anderen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wäre die Lehrmittelfreiheit auch auszudehnen auf Hefte und andere Dinge? Hier in Stuttgart ist das Usus geworden. Weniger erwünscht wäre es, wenn die Kinder Atlanten und Zirkel von der Schule gestellt bekommen. Das müssen wohl die Schüler anschaffen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Es würde natürlich das Beste sein bezüglich der Hefte und Ähnlichem, wenn für jede Klasse ein Vorrat angeschafft würde, und die Kinder gezwungen wären, wenn sie ein Heft ausgeschrieben haben, zum Lehrer zu kommen, um ein neues zu bekommen, damit Rechnung getragen werden könnte dem Umstand, dass das eine Kind mehr Hefte braucht als das andere. Es müsste also ein Vorrat von Heften vorhanden sein, und die Hefte nach Bedarf von dem Lehrer den Kindern gegeben werden.

Für Zirkel und dergleichen, da reißen natürlich auch Unsitten ein, wenn man es bloß in den Willen der Eltern oder der Kinder stellt, was sie sich kaufen oder nicht kaufen sollen. [Diejenigen], die mehr Geld haben, die kaufen dann bessere Sachen. Das ist auch eine Kalamität. Es wäre schon vielleicht nicht schlecht, wenn man es auch da so machen würde, dass das ganze Handwerkzeug der Schule gehört und die Kinder es nur zum Benützen bekommen.

Für den Atlas würde ich etwas anderes vorschlagen: dass eine Art Fonds gestiftet würde für solche Dinge und dass die Atlanten, die während des Jahres gebraucht werden, ebenso behandelt werden wie die anderen Lehrmittel. Dagegen sollte beim Abgang von der Schule jedes Kind einen Atlas bekommen. Das wäre außerdem eine sehr schöne Sache, wenn die Kinder beim Abgang das eine oder andere bekommen würden. Vielleicht könnte man diese Dinge sogar als Prämie für Fleiß geben: ein größeres, schöneres Buch dem, der mehr geleistet hat; ein kleineres dem, der weniger geleistet hat; und dem, der faul war, vielleicht nur eine Landkarte. Das ist etwas, was man tun könnte; es darf nur nicht zu weit führen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wie sollen wir es handhaben mit den Büchern für den [konfessionellen] Religionsunterricht? Die Pfarrer sind in Nöten. Sie sagen: Bisher gab es Lehrmittelfreiheit auch für den religiösen Unterricht. Nach der neuen Verfassung wird es, wenigstens voraussichtlich, nicht mehr so sein, weil die Gelder nicht mehr vom Staat oder von der Gemeinde in Anspruch genommen werden können. Dieselbe Frage ist hier bei uns. Herr Molt hat entschieden, dass die Kinder die Bücher für den Religionsunterricht selber anschaffen müssen und dass auch der Unterricht des Religionslehrers selbst bezahlt werden muss. Das müsste geteilt werden unter die Kinder.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ich habe nichts dagegen, dass es so gemacht wird. Ich würde nur meinen, dass wir zunächst für dieses Jahr, damit alles ohne Reibung abläuft, uns erkundigen sollten, wie es andere Schulen machen. In der Zukunft werden wir schon zu einem eigenen Modus kommen, aber in diesem Jahr sollten wir es so machen wie die anderen Schulen. Wir müssen uns nach den öffentlichen Schulen richten. Wenn diese noch nicht verlangen, dass die Religionsbücher bezahlt werden und der Unterricht bezahlt wird, dann müssen wir auch warten, bis die es verlangen.

EMIL MOLT: Das ist heute alles frei.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das würde uns schon viel helfen, wenn wir sagen würden, wir machen es genauso wie die anderen öffentlichen Schulen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es wird ein großer Unterschied bestehen zwischen Volks- und höheren Schulen. Wir müssen uns wohl nach den höheren Schulen richten?

RUDOLF Steiner: Nein, die Volksschule kommt für uns in Betracht.

EMIL MOLT: Es ist noch nichts geschehen, wir können noch alles so machen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, ich würde es machen nach dem Usus der Volksschule. Denn die sozialistische Regierung wird zunächst nichts tun, sondern alles beim Alten lassen. Sie wird Gesetze machen, aber alles beim Alten lassen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es wurde als eine Notwendigkeit empfunden, doch vielleicht eine Art Klassenbuch zu führen, damit die Klassen- und Fachlehrer besser Fühlung miteinander nehmen können. Es würde in freier Weise darin eingetragen, was gemacht worden ist. Natürlich nicht so, wie es bisher bei Klassenbüchern üblich war, sondern nur so, dass die einzelnen Lehrer sich über die Arbeit der anderen Lehrer ein wenig orientieren können.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, schreibt man etwas Ordentliches hinein, so braucht man Zeit. Das ist dann die Zeit, die zu den Allotrias der Kinder führt. In der Zeit, in der man als Lehrer mit den Kindern zusammen ist, sollte man nie irgendetwas anderes machen. Ich meine also, man ist nicht im Klassenzimmer drinnen, wenn man eine Tätigkeit ausübt, die sich nicht auf die Kinder bezieht. Wenn man das Zimmer betritt, ist man mit den Kindern, bis man weggeht, und man sollte ihnen nicht einen Augenblick Veranlassung geben, etwa durch Eintragung ins Klassenbuch oder dergleichen, untereinander zu schwätzen und abgezogen zu werden.

Viel besser ist es, diese Fragen unter sich zu erledigen. Wir setzen ja voraus, dass die Klassenlehrer keine Händel kriegen und sich sehr lieb haben und sich mündlich besprechen. Wer mit einer Klasse zu tun hat, bespricht sich mit den anderen, die auch damit zu tun haben. Und was sich die Einzelnen aufschreiben wollen, das machen sie außerhalb des Unterrichts. Nichts, gar nichts irgendwie machen in den Unterrichtsstunden, was vom unmittelbaren Verkehr mit den Kindern abzieht.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Vielleicht kann man das in der Pause machen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Wozu ist es denn nötig, immer einzutragen? Erstens muss es eingetragen werden, zweitens muss es der andere lesen. Das ist ein Zeitaufwand, der verloren geht für den Verkehr mit den Schülern.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wäre auch davon abzusehen, dass man einträgt, welche Schüler fehlen? Sollte man das auch nur im eigenen Tagebuch eintragen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist ja eigentlich auch etwas, was man nicht braucht.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Nur für den Fall, dass ein längeres Fehlen eintritt, müsste man sich erkundigen, was los ist.

RUDOLF Steiner: Das kann bei einer nicht allzu großen Klasse auch mündlich abgemacht werden im Verkehr mit den Schülern. Man kann ja fragen, wer fehlt, und es sich dann eintragen ins eigene Notizbüchelchen. Das ist etwas, was man tun kann. Es wird ja sonst in den Schulen in die Zeugnisse eingetragen, wie viel ein Kind gefehlt hat, aber wir brauchen dafür kein Klassenbuch.

KARL. STOCKMEYER: Es erwies sich als notwendig, weil gerade die Kastanien auf den Bäumen reifen, den Schülern das Klettern auf die Bäume zu verbieten, damit kein Schaden entsteht durch Herunterfallen. Da mussten wir schon manchmal mit Verboten anfangen, aber wir sind uns immer bewusst, dass solche Verbote möglichst beschränkt werden müssen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Es ist sehr notwendig, dass wir uns darüber klar sind, dass wir in die Schule herein nicht lauter Engel bekommen. Das darf uns in keinem Falle hindern, unseren Ideen und unseren Idealen nachzugehen. Diese Dinge dürfen uns nicht dazu führen, auch nur zu sagen: Wir können nicht erreichen, was wir uns vorgenommen haben. Wir müssen immer klar vor uns haben auf der einen Seite, dass wir das, was in den Intentionen liegt, die wir im Kursus durchgeführt haben und auch sonst, verfolgen. Wie viel wir davon nicht erreichen, ist eine andere Frage; die müssen wir für sich behandeln und von Zeit zu Zeit genau besprechen. Heute ist noch zu kurze Zeit vergangen. Sie werden nur sagen können, wie stark die Rangenhaftigkeit zum Ausbruch gekommen ist.

Aber eines möchte ich Sie doch bitten, dass Sie es recht berücksichtigen. Das wäre das, dass wir als Lehrerschaft selbst - was die anderen machen durch die Kinder, das ist eine Sache für sich -, dass wir als Lehrerschaft versuchen, möglichst nicht unsere Schulangelegenheiten in die Öffentlichkeit hinauszutragen. Ich bin jetzt erst [seit] Stunden wieder da, aber ich habe schon so viel Geschwätz gehört über die Art, wie die Kinder behandelt werden, wer eine Ohrfeige gekriegt hat und so weiter; es geht schon ins Grenzenlose, dieses Geschwätz durch die Leute hindurch, dass es mir schrecklich war. Nicht wahr, wir brauchen uns nicht zu kümmern, wenn es durch alle möglichen unrichtigen Fugen herauskommt. Da sind wir harthäutig dagegen; aber tragen wir nur ja nicht selber dazu bei. Schweigen wir über alles das, was wir handhaben in der Schule. Halten wir uns an eine Art Schulgeheimnis. Reden wir nicht zu den Außenstehenden, außer zu den Eltern, die mit Fragen zu uns kommen, und da wiederum immer nur über die eigenen Kinder, das nicht zu Geschwätzen Veranlassung gegeben wird. Es gibt Leute, die reden aus Sensationslust und mit Wollust über solche Dinge. Das ist Gift für unsere ganze Unternehmung, wenn sie in dieser Weise in Klatsch übergeht. Das ist ja leider besonders in Stuttgart, dass viel in anthroposophischen Kreisen geklatscht wird. Das ist auch, was uns viel schadet, dieser Klatsch, der mir in widerwärtiger Weise schon entgegengetreten ist, und der von uns Lehrern nicht in irgendeiner Weise unterstützt werden darf.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es sind einzelne Fälle zu besprechen, wo es vielleicht nötig sein wird, Kinder in niederere Klassen zurückzuversetzen. [Oder soll man empfehlen, diesen Kindern Nachhilfestunden geben zu lassen?]

RUDOLF STEINER: Das [Zurückversetzen] ist natürlich bei niedrigeren Klassen schwieriger; bei höheren wird es sich leichter machen lassen. In den ersten zwei Klassen sollte man möglichst nicht zurückversetzen.

Es werden einzelne Fälle besprochen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Nachhilfestunden sind technisch nie zu empfehlen. Nur in den Fällen, wo die Eltern selbst [an uns] herankommen, wenn sie von schlechten Erfolgen hören, kann man ihnen zu Nachhilfestunden raten. Wir selber als Lehrer werden nicht Nachhilfestunden geben. Das tun wir nicht. Da würde es dann noch besser sein, ein Kind herunterzuschieben in eine andere Klasse.

HANNAH Lang bespricht einen Fall, wo es lange dauert, bis der Schüler die Antwort herausbringt; die Antwort wird aber immer erwartet, auch wenn es lange dauert.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, cs ist wichtig, dass jedes Kind das herausbringt, das es machen soll.

HERTHA KOEGEL spricht über zwei Kinder in der 4. Klasse, die beschränkt sind.

RUDOLF Steiner: Diese Kinder müssen ganz [nach vorn] in die Nähe des Lehrers gesetzt werden, [unbeschadet des Temperaments], damit sie jeden Augenblick im Auge behalten werden.

[Rabiate Kinder kann man dadurch bei der Stange halten, dass man sie an die Ecken setzt oder ganz vorne oder ganz hinten hin, damit sie weniger Nachbarn haben, keine Vorder- und Hintermänner.]

DR. LUDWIG NOLL: Manchmal sehen Kinder nicht richtig. Eine Augenuntersuchung würde das ergeben. Ich kenne Kinder, die aus dem Grunde zurückgeblieben sind, weil sie weitsichtig waren und man [das] nicht beachtete.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das muss der aufmerksame Lehrer auch sehen, wo bei den Kindern Organfehler vorliegen [wie Kurzsichtigkeit oder Schwerhörigkeit]. Es ist schwierig, auf alles hin ärztliche Untersuchungen anzustellen. Nur wenn der Lehrer es angibt, sollte eine solche stattfinden.

Durch die schulärztlichen Untersuchungen, wie sie an den Schulen üblich sind, kommen wir zu stark in das Sachverständigensystem hinein. Wir wollen jetzt lieber von einem Schularzt absehen, da ja Herr Dr. Noll nicht hier sein wird; das würde etwas anderes sein. Jeder fremde Arzt würde uns Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Der Arzt sollte selbstverständlich der Berater der Lehrer sein, und der Lehrer sich vertrauensvoll an ihn wenden können, wenn er etwas bei seinen Kindern bemerkt.

Bei beschränkten Kindern ist es ja oftmals so, dass plötzlich etwas bei ihnen aufspringt; sie bessern sich oft ganz plötzlich. Ich werde morgen der Schule einen Besuch machen und werde mir dann die einzelnen Kinder, besonders die beschränkten, daraufhin ansehen.

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: Ich habe Kinder in der [5.] Klasse, die alles wissen, was man ihnen sagt, und noch viel mehr, und andere, aus denen man kein Wort ziehen kann. Es ist sehr schwer, sie miteinander zu unterrichten. Es ist eine sehr große Klasse, und es ist ganz besonders schwierig, die Kinder immer ruhig zu halten; besonders in den Sprachstunden beginnen die Kinder direkt zu toben.

RUDOLF STEINER: Bei dieser Stärke einer Klasse muss man nach und nach immer mehr versuchen, die Klasse als Chor zu behandeln und nicht Einzelne unbeschäftigt zu lassen. Also mehr die ganze Klasse zusammen behandeln. Deshalb haben wir ja die lange Geschichte mit den Temperamenten gemacht.

Das Begabtsein oder Unbegabtsein beruht ja manchmal auf einem rein psychischen Unterschied. Die Kinder bringen oft nur nicht heraus, was sie in sich haben, und es wäre sehr ungerecht, die Kinder, die in dem [richtigen] Alter sind für diese Klasse (zehn- bis elfjährig), nicht mitkommen zu lassen. Es wird ja immer darunter welche geben, die in dem einen oder anderen Fache schwach sind. Es sind das oft Fehler, die dann auf einmal aufhören. Solche Fehler schleppen sich fort durch das kindliche Alter bis zu einem gewissen Schuljahr, und dann, wenn das Pünktlein aufspringt, werfen die Kinder plötzlich die Fehler ab. Daher soll man die Kinder nicht zurücklassen. Gerade diese Schwierigkeit mit den Begabten und Unbegabten, die mi wir überwinden.

Wenn wir allerdings die Überzeugung haben, dass sie das Lehrziel der letzten Klasse nicht erreicht haben, dann müssen wir sie natürlich zurückschieben. Aber, das bitte ich Sie wohl zu unterscheiden, wir werden sie dann nicht als Unbegabte behandeln. Wenn Sie also solche haben, die das Lehrziel der letzten Klasse wirklich nicht erreicht haben, dann schieben Sie sie herunter. Sie müssen dies aber sehr bald tun.

Man sieht an einem Fach aber nie genau, ob das Lehrziel erreicht ist oder nicht; man darf da nie nach einzelnen Fächern gehen. Das Heruntersetzen müsste aber noch im ersten Vierteljahr erfolgen. Die Lehrer müssen die [früheren] Zeugnisse ihrer Schüler natürlich bekommen. Aber ich bitte, immer durchaus streng zu [beachten], dass wir nicht, [um einen Schüler rascher beurteilen zu können, nun] ein [übliches] Stundenplan[system] nehmen. Immer erst ein Kapitel fertig machen. Davon dürfen wir aber nicht abhängig machen das Zurückschieben, wenn es dann auch etwas länger dauert.

Beim Zurückversetzen werden die einzelnen Fälle genau geprüft werden müssen; man kann da nichts generaliter durchführen. Man darf da nichts leichtherzig tun, sondern nur nach strenger Prüfung, und was man wirklich verantworten kann.

KARL STOCKMEYER erwähnt noch einmal die Schularztfrage. Es werden die Namen von drei Stuttgarter Ärzten genannt. Dr. Paul Barchet, Dr. Ernst Steurer, Dr. Heinrich Meng.

RUDOLF STEINER: Man könnte die Sache vielleicht unter die drei Herren verteilen.

Zu der Frage der Zurückversetzung solcher Kinder, [bei denen] das Lehrziel der vorigen Schule nicht erreicht ist, wäre noch zu sagen, dass man selbstverständlich mit den Eltern sprechen muss. Die Eltern müssen einverstanden sein. Man darf natürlich den Eltern nicht sagen, dass ihre Kinder blöde sind, sondern man muss ihnen nur beweisen können, dass sie in der früheren Schule das Lehrziel der letzten Klasse nicht erreicht haben, trotz des Zeugnisses. Das muss beweisbar sein. Es muss aber ein Defekt der [früheren] Schule sein, nicht ein Defekt der Kinder, um die es sich handelt.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Kann man auch hinaufschieben in eine höhere Klasse? Ich habe [in der 7. Klasse] zwei Kinder, die, wie mir scheint, gut in die 8. Klasse übergehen könnten.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ich würde das am Zeugnis prüfen. Wenn Sie es aber verantworten können, kann es sehr gut gemacht werden.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es wäre doch wohl in der oberen [7.] Klasse nicht so sehr erwünscht. Wenn die Kinder in der 7. Klasse bleiben, hätten wir sie doch noch zwei Jahre, um auf sie einzuwirken. Das ist doch besser, als wenn wir sie nur ein Jahr haben.

RUDOLF STEINER: Dadurch, dass wir die Kinder hinaufschieben, können wir sie doch auch noch zwei Jahre haben. Wir entlassen sie nicht, sondern behalten sie auch das nächste Jahr nochmals in der 8. Klasse. Wenn sie das Alter in der 7. Klasse schon erreicht haben, nimmt man sie uns ja doch fort. Bei uns wird der Unterricht nicht so pedantisch sein, namentlich nicht in der Behandlung, [so]dass er [doch] jedes Jahr eine große Verschiedenheit aufweist. Und das nächste Jahr, da werden wir doch schon viel «erleuchteter» sein als dieses Jahr, sodass es ganz gut zu machen ist, dass wir Kinder, die wir jetzt in der letzten Klasse haben, auch das nächste Jahr noch in der letzten Klasse haben.

Es ist doch schon so: Dieses erste Jahr wird so ein Probejahr sein, namentlich für die Lehrerschaft. Das liegt mir sehr auf der Seele. Auf die Lehrerschaft kommt alles an! Von Ihnen, liebe Freunde, wird es abhängen, ob die Ideale verwirklicht werden können. Es kommt wirklich darauf an, dass wir selber am meisten lernen.

FRIEDRICH OEHLSCHLEGEL: Ich habe [in der 6. Klasse] ein Kind, das kam aus der 3. Klasse einer Nachhilfeschule und ist wirklich minderbegabt in sehr hohem Maße. Es stört aber den Unterricht nicht, im Gegenteil, es hat sich eigentlich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, [dass es da ist], weil man es gegen andere ausspielen kann. Ich möchte ehrgeizhalber das Kind behalten, um zu sehen, was ich mit ihm fertigbringen kann, aber es könnte sich doch [er]weisen, dass es zurückversetzt werden muss.

RUDOLF STEINER: Wenn das Kind die anderen nicht stört und wenn Sie glauben, doch noch etwas mit ihm erreichen zu können, dann würde ich meinen, dass Sie es in der Klasse behalten müssen. Es ist immer ein Ereignis, wenn wir jetzt umschieben. Lieber behalten! Gewisse Unterschiede können wir sogar benützen; wir haben ja darüber eingehend gesprochen.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: In meiner [7.] Klasse sind die Unterschiede auch sehr groß. Ich kann noch nicht ganz urteilen, weil ich bis jetzt einen Gegenstand erst betrieben habe, Geschichte, und weniger Deutsch und Geografie. Also ich habe noch kein abschließendes Urteil. Die Niveaus sind recht sehr verschieden, aber ein gewisses Niveau ist doch da, woran man appellieren kann.

RUDOLF STEINER: Wenn Sie in der 7. und 8. Klasse nur fertigkriegen, dass die Kinder das Autoritätsgefühl nicht verlieren! Das ist das Allernotwendigste. Das erreicht man aber am besten dadurch, dass man auf [die Art], wie die Kinder sind, in höchst vorsichtiger Weise eingeht und sich doch wiederum gar nichts vergibt. Also nicht bei den Kindern wie ein Pedant erscheinen, nicht wie einer, der Lieblingsmeinungen hat. Man muss den Kindern scheinbar nachgeben, in Wirklichkeit aber gar nichts nachgeben. Gerade in dem 7. und 8. Schuljahr handelt es sich sehr, sehr um die Art der Behandlung. Da darf man sich in keiner Minute etwas vergeben, sodass die Kinder nicht hinausgehen und über den Lehrer spotten. Die Kinder müssen immer ehrgeizig darauf sehen - wenn ich den Ausdruck brauchen darf, er betrifft nicht einen üblen Ehrgeiz -, dass sie ihren Lehrer verteidigen und glücklich sind, dass sie diesen Lehrer haben. Das kann man doch bei den stärksten Rangen entwickeln. Man kann nach und nach das entwickeln, dass die Kinder den Drang haben, ihren Lehrer zu verteidigen, weil das ihr Lehrer ist.

Gegen das Hinaufschieben in eine andere Klasse habe ich also nichts. Das kann sogar auf die andere Klasse wirken, in die die Kinder hineinkommen.

Bei dem Sprachkursus müssen wir selbstverständlich weniger auf Klassen sehen, sondern die Kinder zusammennehmen nach ihrem Können.

KARL STOCKMEYER: [Ich habe in der 8. Klasse] einen Knaben, R. F,, der melancholisch ist und zurückgeblieben, und möchte ihn in die 7. Klasse zurückschieben.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das müsste aber so gemacht werden, dass Sie das Kind dahin bringen, dass es sein eigener Wille ist, zurückversetzt zu werden. Sie müssten so mit ihm sprechen, dass Sie zuletzt seinen Willen dahin dirigieren, dass das Kind selber darum bittet. Nur nicht barsch zurückversetzen.

HERBERT HANN: Ist es richtig, [dass man im Sprachunterricht], selbst in der Klasse, wo die Kinder schon schreiben gelernt haben, zunächst doch [noch] davon Abstand nimmt, das Schriftbild vorzuführen, sodass die Kinder sich zunächst an das Aussprechen gewöhnen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, möglichst spät übergehen zum Schreiben [in den fremden Sprachen], das ist sehr wichtig.

HERBERT HANN: Dann empfand ich als wünschenswert, da die Kinder ja eben erst eingeführt werden und die Sprechübungen, namentlich, wenn sie längere Zeit gemacht werden, eine gewisse Ermüdung erzeugen, den Unterricht zu beleben mit einem Element durch Erzählungen aus der Muttersprache, weil noch keine andere Sprache da ist.

RuDOLF STEINER: Das ist sehr gut. Aber wenn Sie etwas aus der Muttersprache nehmen, müssen Sie doch möglichst sehen, es irgendwie mit der fremden Sprache zu verbinden, die fremde Sprache hineinzukriegen. Stoff schaffen können Sie dadurch, dass Sie so etwas im Unterricht machen. Das ist das Richtige. [Dann auch kleine Gedichte, Lieder der fremden Sprache, kleine Geschichten.]

PAUL BAUMANN [Musiklehrer]: [Ich finde] eineinhalb Stunden Musik und eineinhalb Stunden Eurythmie in der Woche zu wenig.

RUDOLF STEINER [vermutlich]: Da es sich um eine Frage der Verteilung in die Unterrichtsräume handelt, kann erst später das Nötige geschehen.

HERTHA KOEGEL: Bei meinen Kindern [in der 6. Klasse] ist ein groRes Bedürfnis, mehr zu singen. Ich bin unmusikalisch und [kann] nicht mit ihnen singen. Könnte man musikalische Kinder herausnehmen, um ein Liedchen zu singen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist dasjenige, was man tun sollte. Das richtet sich ja vielleicht in der einfachsten Weise ein, indem den Kindern einfach so etwas mit auf den Weg gegeben würde, was Sie frei behandeln können. Dazu brauchen Sie nicht sehr musikalisch zu sein, um die Kinder singen zu lassen. Die Kinder lernen die Lieder im Gesangsunterricht und üben sie, indem sie sie am Anfang oder am Ende der Stunde singen.

PAUL BAUMANN: Ich lasse die Kinder Lieder singen, sie sind aber recht schwerfällig. Das wird sich aber bessern dadurch, dass ich die kalisch Veranlagten, zusammennehmen will zu einer Guten, die mus besonderen Chorstunde, wo schwerere Sachen gesungen werden.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das würde der ganzen Konstitution nicht widersprechen, wenn nach und nach aus den vier oberen Klassen [5.-8.] und aus den vier unteren Klassen [1.-4.] Chöre zusammengestellt würden, vielleicht für Sonntagschöre. Durch so etwas schmiedet man die Kinder mehr zusammen als durch etwas anderes. Aber ja keinen falschen Ehrgeiz begründen; den schließen wir aus der Unterrichtsmethode aus. Der Ehrgeiz darf sich nur auf die Sache beziehen, nicht auf die Persönlichkeit. Die vier oberen Klassen zusammen und die vier unteren Klassen zusammen wäre deshalb gut, weil die Stimmen etwas anders sind. Sonst ist die Sache ja nicht an Klassen gebunden. Im Unterweisen muss man sie als eine Klasse behandeln; da müssen wir auch für die Musik streng einhalten, was wir für die Lebensepochen festgestellt haben. Die Epoche um das neunte Jahr und die Epoche um das zwölfte Jahr müssen wir streng beachten nach der inneren Struktur. Aber für die Chöre, mit denen man eventuell Sonntagsveranstaltungen machen kann, können wir die vier jüngeren und die vier älteren Klassen extra zusammenstellen.

ELISABETH BAUMANN [Eurythmielehrerin]: Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass wir in der Eurythmie sehr langsam vorwärtskommen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Zunächst im Anfang nehmen Sie doch alles sehr stark im Zusammenhang mit der Musik. Die allerersten Anfangsübungen ganz aus dem Musikalischen [heraus entwickeln], das würde besonders gepflegt werden müssen. Ohne das andere zu vernachlässigen, besonders in den späteren Jahrgängen.

[Jetzt wäre noch über den] freien Religionsunterricht [zu sprechen]. [Da] muss man den Kindern sagen: Wer freien Religionsunterricht haben will, muss ihn als solchen wählen, und es müsste dann einfach dieser freie Religionsunterricht als Dritter sein neben den beiden anderen. Ein unklares Miteinandervermischen darf absolut nicht sein. Dagegen können Sie ruhig diejenigen, die freien Religionsunterricht haben sollen, so nehmen, dass Sie sie klassenweise zusammenstellen. Sagen wir, die unteren vier Klassen und die oberen vier Klassen zusammen. Es kann ihn irgendjemand von uns geben. Wie viele sind denn da, die sich auf freien Unterricht einlassen?

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es sind bis jetzt 60; 56 Anthroposophenkinder sind dabei. Die Zahlen werden sich ja [noch] ändern dadurch, dass eben doch manche beides haben wollten.

RUDOLF STEINER: Vermischen tun wir also nicht. Agitieren für diesen Unterricht tun wir auch nicht. Wir kommen nur den Wünschen entgegen. Wir raten mehr, den konfessionellen Unterricht zu nehmen. Die Kinder, die gar keinen Religionsunterricht nehmen sollen, die lässt man, aber immerhin könnte man doch nachforschen nach den Gründen, warum sie keinen haben wollen. Das müsste in jedem einzelnen Falle festgestellt werden. Es lassen sich dann doch vielleicht die einen oder anderen dazu veranlassen, sich zum konfessionellen Unterricht zurückzuwenden oder zu dem anthroposophischen Unterricht zu kommen. Irgendetwas muss man da schon tun. Dass man die Kinder einfach aufwachsen lässt ohne Religionsunterricht, das wollen wir nicht einführen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Soll der freie Religionsunterricht vom Klassenlehrer gegeben werden?

RUDOLF STEINER: Es kann jemand von uns sein, der es übernimmt. Es muss nicht der betreffende Klassenlehrer sein.

EMIL MOLT: Wenn Pastor Geyer den Unterricht gäbe, könnte sogar die Konfirmation noch gemacht werden. Das trüge sicher zur Beruhigung bei.

RUDOLF STEINER: Gewiss, wenn Herr Pastor Geyer es tun will.

JOHANNES GEYER: Ich würde es sehr gerne tun. Ich bin berechtigt zu konfirmieren.

RUDOLF STEINER: Es ist nicht wünschenswert, dass jemand genommen wird, der unbekannt an uns herankommt. Wir sollten schon innerhalb des Kreises unserer Lehrer bleiben.

Bei sechzig Kindern würden wir ungefähr dreißig zu dreißig zusammennehmen; vielleicht die vier oberen und die vier unteren Klassen zusammen. Ich werde Ihnen dafür noch einen Lehrplan geben. Diesen Unterricht müssen wir sehr sorgfältig machen.

Bei der ersten Abteilung muss alles, was sich auf Reinkarnation und Karma bezieht, wegbleiben. Die müssen erst in der zweiten Gruppe besprochen werden. Aber da müssen sie auftreten. Vom zehnten Jahr ab müssen die Dinge durchgenommen werden. Gerade bei diesem Unterricht ist es außerordentlich notwendig, dass man von Anfang an auf die Selbsttätigkeit der Schüler sein Augenmerk richtet. Gerade nicht theoretisch soll von Reinkarnation und Karma gesprochen werden, aber praktisch.

Eine Art Rückschau auf allerlei Zustände, die da waren vor der Geburt, haben die Kinder noch, wenn sie dem siebenten Jahre nahekommen. Sie erzählen manchmal die kuriosesten Dinge, die bildhafte Dinge sind, von diesen früheren Zuständen; zum Beispiel, das ist nicht vereinzelt, sondern typisch, dass die Kinder kommen und sagen: Ich bin in diese Welt gekommen, das war durch einen Trichter, das hat sich immer weitergezogen. - Sie beschreiben, wie sie in die Welt gekommen sind. Diese Dinge lässt man beschreiben, lässt sie mitarbeiten und pflegt das, sodass es heraufgeholt wird ins Bewusstsein. Das ist sehr gut, nur ist zu vermeiden, dass den Kindern etwas eingeredet wird. Man müsste dasjenige herauskriegen, was sie selber sagen. Das [sollte] man tun. Das gehört zum Lehrplan.

Dieser Unterricht könnte so belebt werden im Sinne des gestrigen öffentlichen Vortrages. Das könnte das Schönste sein, was man macht, ohne dass man zur Weltanschauungsschule wird, wenn man reine Menschenerkenntnis zugrunde legte, und jede Minute die Pädagogik neu belebte. In dieser Richtung ist auch mein Aufsatz gehalten, der in der nächsten Waldorfzeitung steht. Er handelt über «Die pädagogische Grundlage der Waldorfschule». Das, was ich da angedeutet habe, das ist im Wesentlichen eine Art Zusammenfassung für das Publikum alles dessen, was wir im Kursus haben. Das bitte ich als Ideal zu betrachten, was dort stehen wird in dem Waldorfblatt.

Es genügt für jede Abteilung eineinhalb Stunden Religionsunterricht die Woche; zweimal dreiviertel Stunden. Es wäre besonders schön, wenn er sonntags sein könnte, aber das würde sich wohl schlecht machen lassen. Man könnte die Kinder auch an die Wochensprüche gewöhnen bei diesem Unterricht.

Jemand fragt dazwischen: Sind die nicht zu schwer?

RUDOLF STEINER: Es darf niemals für uns etwas geben, was zu schwer ist für die Kinder. Es handelt sich da nicht um das Aufnehmen des Gedankens, sondern wie die Gedanken aufeinander folgen und so weiter. Ich möchte wissen, was für die Kinder schwerer sein könnte als das Vaterunser! Das bildet man sich nur ein, dass das leichter ist als die Wochensprüche im «Seelenkalender». Und das «Credo»! Dass die Leute sich gegen das «Credo» auflehnen, rührt nur davon her, dass es kein Mensch versteht, sonst würden sich die Menschen nicht auflehnen. Das enthält nur dasjenige, was im Grunde selbstverständlich ist, aber die Menschen kommen bis zum siebenundzwanzigsten Jahr nicht so weit, dass sie es verstehen können, und nachher lernen sie nichts mehr vom Leben. Die Verhandlungen über das «Credo» sind kindisch. Es steht nichts darin, was man von sich aus entscheiden kann. - Die Wochensprüche kann man auch mit den Kindern vor der Stunde sprechen.

JOHANNES GEYER: Würde es nicht gut sein, die Kinder eine Art Morgengebet vor der Stunde sprechen zu lassen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist etwas, was gemacht werden könnte. Ich hatte auch schon die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gewendet. Ich werde Ihnen morgen noch etwas darüber sagen; auch wegen eines Gebetes bitten. Se werden wir noch sprechen. Da würde ich nur Sie um eines hen Sie, bei diesen Dingen kommt es wahrhaftig auf Äußerlichkeiten an. Nennen Sie den Spruch niemals «Gebet», sondern «Eröffnungsspruch der Schule». Vermeiden Sie es, dass man aus Lehrermund den Ausdruck «Gebet» hört. Dann haben Sie das Vorurteil, dass es eine änthroposophische Sacheisei, schon für.ein gut Stück überwunden. Das meiste, was bei uns gesündigt wird, wird durch Worte gesündigt. Die Leute gewöhnen sich nicht ab, Worte zu gebrauchen, die uns schädlich sind. Was glauben Sie, was ich hier ausgestanden habe, dass ich den Leuten abgewöhnt habe, zu den «Kernpunkten der sozialen Frage» Broschüre zu sagen. Es ist ein Buch, es schaut nur aus wie eine Broschüre. Es ist ein Buch! Das kriegt man nicht fertig, dass alle Leute sagen «das Buch»; sie sagen «die Broschüre». Es hat eine gewisse Bedeutung. Das Wort ist nicht unnötig. Das sind Dinge, um die es sich wirklich handelt. Anthroposophen sind aber diejenigen Menschen, die sich am wenigsten in etwas fügen. Denen gegenüber kann man gar nichts durchbringen. Die anderen Menschen sind so autoritätsgläubig. Und damit hat das zu tun, was ich gesagt habe: Die Anthroposophen sind störrig, und es kann gar nichts bei ihnen durchgesetzt werden; auch nichts, was berechtigt ist!

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: [Meine 5.] Klasse brüllt und tobt, besonders in den Sprachstunden. Die [französischen] Sätze empfindet sie als Witze [und so weiter].

RUDOLF STEINER: Das Richtige wäre, auf den Witz einzugehen und aus dem Witz heraus zu lernen. [Auf Witz sollte man immer eingehen, und zwar mit Humor.] Aber die Kinder müssten gehorchen. Sie müssten auf Befehl wieder schweigen. Sie müssten sie mit der Gebärde ruhig kriegen.

Von Anfang bis Ende der Stunde muss man suchen, den Kontakt zu behalten. Wenn es auch ermüdet, es muss unter allen Umständen das Band zwischen Lehrer und Schüler bestehen bleiben. Durch äußere Disziplin ist in solchen Fällen nichts zu regeln, sondern nur dadurch, dass man zunächst eingeht auf die Sache und dann aus der Sache heraus wirkt. Die größte Schwierigkeit ist wohl, dass Sie das feine Stimmchen haben. Sie müssen Ihr Stimmchen ein bisschen schulen. Sie müssen «unten» reden lernen, nicht piepsen beim Schreien. Es wäre schade, wenn Sie nicht Ihre Stimme behandelten, sodass etwas Bass hineinkäme. Also Tiefe muss hineinkommen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wer soll den lateinischen Unterricht erteilen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist eine Frage des Lehrerkollegiums. Vorläufig würde ich die Frage so regeln, dass Herr Pastor Geyer und Herr Dr. Stein den Lateinunterricht erteilen. Es ist zu viel für einen.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN [vermutlich]: Wo soll man anfangen mit der Geschichte?

RUDOLF STEINER: Sie werden fast bei jeder Klasse mit der Geschichte von vorne anfangen müssen. Beschränken Sie einfach den Unterricht nach Bedarf. Wenn Sie zum Beispiel im 8. Schuljahr genötigt sind, von Anfang an anzufangen, dann nehmen Sie eben wenig, aber versuchen doch, ein Gesamtbild zu geben über die ganze Entwicklung der Menschheit, nur kürzer. Also man müsste schon im 8. Schuljahr die ganze Weltgeschichte durchmachen in unserem Sinn.

Das trifft auch zu für die Physik. In der Naturgeschichte wird es sich sehr leicht machen lassen, dass die Kinder das, was sie gelernt haben, benützen und beleben. Es sind nur diejenigen Fächer, die diesem Mangel unterliegen werden, von denen wir gesagt haben, dass sie nach dem zwölften Jahr anfangen, wo die Urteilskraft beginnt. In den beschreibenden Disziplinen wird man manches benützen können, was die Kinder, wenn auch vertrackt, gelernt haben.

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: In der griechischen Geschichte kann man wohl mehr auf die Kulturgeschichte und [die] Sagen eingehen und das Politische weglassen; die Perserkriege zum Beispiel, wenigstens bei den Kleinen?

RUDOLF STEINER: Die Perserkriege kann man schon so [behandeln], dass man sie kulturgeschichtlich gestaltet. In älteren Zeiten kann man die Kriege noch kulturgeschichtlich behandeln; bis zu unserer Gegenwart sind sie ja immer unerfreulicher geworden. Man kann die Perserkriege schon wie ein Symptom betrachten der kulturgeschichtlichen Züge.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Aber das Innenpolitische ist doch weniger wichtig?

RUDOLF STEINER: Doch, zum Beispiel, wie das Geld entstanden ist.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Die Verfassungen sind doch nur kurz zu behandeln.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, aber den Geist der Lykurgischen Verfassung muss man schon schildern, zum Beispiel auch den Unterschied zwischen dem Athenertum und dem Spartanertum.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Aber bei den Römern ist [das Verfassungswesen] so breit dargestellt in den Lehrbüchern.

RUDOLF STEINER: In den Lehrbüchern ist es breit und oftmals sehr falsch behandelt. Der Römer kannte keine Verfassung, aber er wusste auswendig nicht nur die Zwölf-Tafel-Gesetze, [sondern] eine große Anzahl von Rechtsbüchern. Man bekommt eine falsche Vorstellung vom Römertum, wenn man nicht durchnimmt mit den Kindern, dass der Römer ein Rechtsmensch war, und dass das gewusst worden ist. In den Lehrbüchern ist das langweilig dargestellt, aber man muss schon für das Römertum die Vorstellung erwecken, dass jeder Römer ein Rechtsknüppel war und die Gesetze an den Fingern herzählen konnte. Die Zwölf-Tafel-Gesetze sind dort so gelehrt worden wie bei uns das Einmaleins.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wir haben beschlossen, wöchentlich einmal zusammenzukommen zur Erörterung pädagogischer Fragen, besonders soll alles behandelt werden, was im Seminarkursus behandelt worden ist. Es ist so gedacht, dass der Kontakt zwischen der Lehrerschaft gefördert werden soll. Jeder soll über das, was ihn besonders beschäftigt, der anderen Lehrerschaft vortragen, sodass [das], was der Einzelne sich erarbeitet hat, den anderen zugutekommt.

RUDOLF Steiner: Das kann sehr gut geschehen. Das ist etwas, was mit Freude zu begrüßen wäre. Recht republikanisch müsste es gehalten werden.

JOHANNES GEYER: Wie weit geht man mit der Bestrafung der Kinder?

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist natürlich ganz individuell. Am besten wäre es ja, wenn man so wenig wie möglich zu bestrafen brauchte. Man kann es vermeiden, Strafen herbeizuführen. Aber unter Umständen kann es auch einmal notwendig sein, dass man selbst ein bisschen prügelt. Aber man soll doch das Ideal befolgen, es zu vermeiden. Eigentlich sollte man die Ansicht haben, dass man die Dinge selber als Lehrer herbeiführt, dass weniger die Zöglinge sie herbeiführen als der Lehrer. Trotzdem gebe ich Ihnen zu, dass Rangen da sind, aber die Rangenhaftigkeit wird durch Strafe nicht besser. Das kann nur dadurch besser werden, dass man allmählich einen anderen Ton in die Klasse hineinkriegt. Dann werden die Rangen nach und nach auch wirklich verwandelt, wenn der Ton in der Klasse ein guter wird. Jedenfalls versuchen Sie, in der Bestrafung nicht zu weit zu gehen.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Um dem Mangel an Lehrmitteln abzuhelfen, möchte ich vorschlagen, eine Organisation ins Leben zu rufen, die es uns möglich macht, zu Lehrmitteln zu kommen ohne zu große Kosten. Man könnte vielleicht die Anthroposophen bitten, uns zur Verfügung zu stellen, was sie selbst an Lehrmitteln haben. Wir sollten alles bekommen, was an anthroposophischen Facharbeiten schon da ist. Dann wäre es notwendig, dass wir Detailarbeiten bekommen. Der Lehrer kann nicht alles einzeln durcharbeiten, was an anthroposophischer Geistesarbeit schon da ist. Wir könnten dies vielleicht beim Kulturrat besprechen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Es ist projektiert gewesen, nach dieser Richtung hin dadurch etwas zu tun, dass man die Lehrer, die in der Gesellschaft sind, einmal als solche organisiert. Diese Sache hat Herr Schenkel in die Hand genommen. Erst hatte sie der Herr Dr. Kändler in Greiz, der hat sie abgegeben. Jetzt hat sie der Herr Schenkel in Tübingen. Es besteht also der Plan, alles, was anthroposophisch vorliegt, in irgendeiner Weise fruchtbar zu machen für den öffentlichen Unterricht oder [für] den Unterricht überhaupt. Vielleicht könnte man anknüpfen an diese bestehende Organisation der Lehrerschaft in der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Wir brauchen auch Lebenskunde über die verschiedenen Wirtschaftsgebiete. Da dachte ich, dass in der Waldorfschule der Grund gelegt werden könnte für eine künftige Wirtschaftswissenschaft.

RUDOLF STEINER: Da muss man dann feststellen, wer für die einzelnen Punkte Gewährsmenschen sind. Das sind Leute, die Sinn haben, so etwas zu machen, die aber richtig praktische Fachmänner sind. Also es müssten sich nicht Leute finden, wie sie heute als Referenten angegeben werden, sondern richtig praktische Leute, die aber Sinn für unsere Sache haben. Solche Menschen müssten sich finden. Die müssten die einzelnen Zweige der Lebenskunde zusammenstellen. Ich glaube, wenn man es nur richtig machen würde, könnte nach dieser Richtung viel geleistet werden. Aber Sie haben als Lehrer im ersten Jahr viel zu tun und können sich nicht zersplittern. Das müssten Sie schon durch andere besorgen lassen. Es müsste eine solche Organisation ernsthaft gemacht werden, wie diese Kändlerische ist. Ich weiß nicht, wie weit Schenkel dieser Sache gewachsen ist. Es darf keine Art von Fatzkerei und von Vereinsmeierei hineinkommen, sondern es muss in großem Umfang sachlich gemacht werden. Da müsste man Menschen aufrufen, die im praktischen Leben drinnenstehen.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Herr van Leer hat schon geschrieben, dass er bereit wäre, das Nötige zu tun in dieser Richtung.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, der könnte schon helfen nach dieser Richtung.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Er möchte noch Anleitung haben, damit er weiß, wie er die Sache auszugestalten habe.

RUDOLF STEINER: Es könnte da einmal eine Art Plan ausgearbeitet werden, wie das im Wesentlichen zu machen wäre. Herr Schenkel ist wohl nicht über das Theoretische hinausgegangen.

Solche Herren wie Herr van Leer und Herr Molt und auch andere Herren, [die im praktischen Wirtschaftsleben drinstehen, die] wissen, wie sie sich auf solche Fragen zu konzentrieren haben, wenn sie so etwas ausarbeiten. Da würde vielleicht die Lehrerschaft weniger leisten; das wird am besten geleistet werden, wenn man sich direkt an die Fachleute wendet. Das lässt sich vielleicht in Zusammenhang bringen mit den Kulturratsbestrebungen.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Ich habe einen Aufruf verfasst gerade über diese Sache. Aber vielleicht ist es besser, dass Herr Molt das in Angriff nimmt.

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, das müsste alles noch besprochen werden.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wie kann man für den geologischen Unterricht einen Zusammenhang herstellen, oder wie kann man ein Bewusstsein davon geben, über den Zusammenhang der wirklichen Geologie mit der Akasha-Chronik?

RUDOLF STEINER: Da wäre es natürlich gut, wenn Sie es so machen würden, dass Sie den Kindern zunächst die Schichtenbildung zum Bewusstsein bringen, [dass Sie] den Kindern einen Begriff beibringen, wie die Alpen entstanden sind. Und [dass Sie dann] den ganzen von den Alpen ausgehenden Komplex behandeln: Pyrenäen, Alpen, Karpaten, Altai [und so weiter], was ja [die] eine Welle ist; [dass Sie] die ganze Welle den Kindern klarmachen. Dann die andere Welle, die von Nordamerika über Südamerika geht. Dann kriegt man [also] heraus diese eine Welle bis zum Altai, [bis zu] den asiatischen Bergen. Das ist eine Welle, die geht von Westen nach Osten. Dann haben wir [im Westen Amerikas] oben die nordamerikanischen und [unten] die südamerikanischen Gebirge. [Das ist die andere Welle, von Nord nach Süd. Die steht auf der ersten senkrecht darauf.)

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Von dieser Schichtung [und Gliederung] gehen wir aus, und da reihen wir dann die Vegetation und die Fauna an. Dann versuchen wir einfach die Westküste von Europa und die Ostküste von Amerika, die Fauna und Flora und die Schichtung zu studieren. Dann gehen wir dazu über, den Begriff davon hervorzurufen, wie der Osten von Amerika [Lücke in der Mitschrift] und bekommen, dass der Atlantische Ozean und der Westen von Europa zusammenhängen, [und] dass das [Becken des Atlantischen Ozeans und die Westküste von Europa] einfach Senkungsland ist. Von diesen Begriffen aus versuchen wir dann auf naturgemäße Weise klarzumachen, dass sich das [im Rhythmus] auf und ab bewegt. Von dem Begriff des Rhythmus gehen wir aus. Wir zeigen, dass die britischen Inseln viermal auf- und abgestiegen sind. Da kommen wir zurück zu dem Begriff der alten Atlantis, auf geologischem Wege.

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Dann können wir übergehen, indem wir versuchen, in den Kindern die Vorstellung hervorzurufen, wie es anders war, als das [eine] da unten war und das [andere] da oben. Wir gehen davon aus, dass die britischen Inseln viermal auf- und abgestiegen sind. Das ist einfach geologisch festzustellen an den Schichten. Wir versuchen also, diese Dinge in Zusammenhang zu stellen, aber wir dürfen nicht davor zurückschrecken, bei den Kindern von dem alten atlantischen Land zu sprechen. Wir dürfen das nicht überspringen. Auch im geschichtlichen Zusammenhang können wir daran anknüpfen. Nur werden Sie dann die gewöhnliche Geologie desavouieren müssen. Denn die atlantische Katastrophe muss ja im 7. bis 8. Jahrtausend angesetzt werden.

Die Eiszeit, das ist die atlantische Katastrophe. Die ältere, mittlere und neuere Eiszeit, das ist nichts anderes als das, was vorgeht in Europa, während die Atlantis untersinkt. Das ist gleichzeitig, also im 7., 8. Jahrtausend.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: In Pierers Konversationslexikon fand ich die Artikel [über Geologisches]: Geologische Formationen, Basalt, Alluvium und Eiszeit, Darwinismus, Alchemie. Wir möchten gerne wissen, welche Artikel wirklich von Ihnen sind. Es wäre für uns wesentlich, das zu wissen, weil wir dann wissen: Wir können uns an das halten, was dort steht.

RUDOLF STEINER: Diese Artikel sind von mir geschrieben, aber die Redaktion bei dem Zustandekommen des Lexikons war so, dass da zwei Redakteure waren. Es kann unter Umständen etwas hineingepatzt sein; ich kann nicht für die Einzelheiten garantieren. Der Artikel Basalt, Alluvium, Geologische Formationen, Eiszeit, das ist alles von mir. Der Artikel über Darwinismus ist nicht von mir. Der Artikel über Alchemie auch nicht. Nur streng die geologischen und mineralogischen, bis zu einem gewissen Buchstaben. G ist noch von mir; H nicht mehr, weil ich keine Zeit hatte.

WALTER JOHANNES Stein: Der Anschluss ist sehr schwer zu finden hinter der Eiszeit. Man fragt sich: Wie ist da das, was die Wissenschaft sagt, in Parallele zu bringen mit dem, was die Geisteswissenschaft vertritt?

RUDOLF STEINER: Da finden Sie aber in den Zyklen Anhaltspunkte. [Sie haben in der Tertiärzeit] die erste und zweite Säugetierfauna, und Sie brauchen bloß das zu ergänzen, was über den Menschen gilt. Sie können das schon parallelisieren. Die [Tertiär]zeit können Sie gut mit der Atlantis parallelisieren, und die [Sekundär]zeit können Sie parallelisieren im Wesentlichen, nicht pedantisch, mit dem, was ich schildere als die lemurische Zeit. Da würde also die [Sekundär]zeit hineinkommen. Da haben Sie die älteren Amphibien und Reptilien. Da ist auch der Mensch noch in der äußeren Gestalt nur quallig da in der Substanz; er ist nur amphibienhaft gestaltet. [Siehe Hinweise.]

WALTER JOHANNES Stein: Da ist noch Feueratmung!

RUDOLF STEINER: Aber diese Biester, die atmen ja auch Feuer, der Archäopteryx zum Beispiel.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Also die Tiere, deren Knochen man heute im Museum sieht, die atmeten noch Feuer?

RUDOLF STEINER: Ja, alle die zu den Sauriern gehören, die gehören in das Ende der [Sekundär]zeit. Die im Jura gefundenen, das sind schon die Nachkommen. Ich meine die Saurier, die im Anfang der [Sekundär]zeit da waren. Die Juraformation erstreckt sich weiter fort. Es schiebt sich da alles ineinander. Nichts ist pedantisch zu behandeln. Vor dem tertiären [liegt] das Sekundärzeitalter; da gehört der Jura hinein. Da gehört der Archäopteryx hinein. Aber das würde bei uns schon die zweite Periode werden. Man muss nicht pedantisch das eine dem anderen zuordnen. [Siehe Hinweise.]

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Wie ordnet sich ein, was wir über das Erdinnere gelernt haben? Darüber findet man fast nichts in der äußeren Wissenschaft.

RUDOLF Steiner: Das, worüber die äußere geologische Wissenschaft überhaupt handelt, [bezieht sich] ja nur [auf] die allerobersten Schichten. Diese Schichten, die bis zum Mittelpunkt der Erde gehen, die haben ja mit der Geologie nichts zu tun.

HERTHA KOEGEL: Kann man diese Schichten den Kindern beibringen? Man muss doch die oben aufliegenden Schichten erwähnen? RuDoLr STEINER: Ja, möglichst die Schichten angeben. Man kann es nach einer Schichtenkarte machen, aber niemals ohne dass die Kinder etwas wissen von den Gesteinsarten. Die Kinder müssen die Anschauung bekommen, was das für Steine sind. Bei der Erklärung fängt man an von oben herunter, weil man da leichter vermitteln kann, was da durchbricht.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Auch der Satz von der Erhaltung der [Energie] und die Wärmelehre bereiten Schwierigkeiten.

RUDOLF STEINER: Warum gibt es da Schwierigkeiten? Das Bestreben müsste sein, diese Dinge allmählich hinüberzuführen zu dem, was Goethe das Urphänomen nennt, also nur Phänomene zu behandeln. Der Satz von der Erhaltung der Energie dürfte nicht behandelt wer den wie bisher. Er ist ein Postulat, kein Satz. Und zweitens ist hier etwas ganz anderes: Das Spektrum kann man behandeln, das ist das Phänomen; aber der Satz von der Erhaltung der Energie wird als philosophischer Satz behandelt. Etwas anders ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent zu behandeln. Das ist das Phänomen. Warum nun nicht streng innerhalb der Phänomenologie stehen bleiben? Zum Beispiel, ich will sagen, man arbeitet [heute] solche Gesetze heraus, die eigentlich Phänomene sind. Da ist es ein Unfug, dass man das «Gesetz» nennt, wie zum Beispiel das Fallgesetz. Das sind Phänomene, das sind keine Gesetze. Und man wird finden, dass man die ganze Physik von sogenannten Gesetzen freihalten kann, sie in Phänomene verwandeln und in sekundäre [und] Urphänomene gruppieren kann. Die ganze Fall-Lehre, zum Beispiel, wenn man anfängt, die sogenannten Gesetze der Atwood’schen Fallmaschine zu beschreiben, so sind das Phänomene und keine Gesetze.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Da müsste man wohl so vorgehen, dass man das Phänomen behandelt bei der Atwood’schen Fallmaschine und was rechnerisch damit zu machen ist, dass eben in neuem Sinne eine rechnerische Beschreibung gemacht wird. Also dürfte man nicht so vorgehen, dass man das Fallgesetz zugrunde legt, zum Beispiel die Konstanz der Beschleunigung - die kriegt man ja heraus -, und daraus das Fallgesetz entwickelt, sondern [dass man] es als Tatsache behandelt.

RUDOLF STEINER: Zeichnen Sie es doch einfach auf, wenn Sie keine Fallmaschine haben. In der ersten Sekunde fällt es so, in der zweiten so, in der dritten so. Da kriegen Sie einfach die Zahlenreihen, und aus denen machen Sie das, was man das Gesetz nennt, was aber nur ein Phänomen ist.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Über die Schwerkraft sollte man also gar nicht reden?

RupoLr STEINER: Das würde ja wunderbar sein, wenn Sie es dahin brächten, sich ganz abzugewöhnen, von der Schwerkraft zu reden. Man kann es dahin bringen, wenn man nur Phänomene vorbringt. Das wäre das Schönste, denn die Schwerkraft ist ja nur eine Phrase.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Gilt das auch von der elektrischen Kraft?

RUDOLF STEINER: Heute können Sie ja über Elektrizität ganz reden, ohne von Kräften zu reden. Sie können streng in Phänomenen drinnen stehen bleiben. Bis zur Ionen- und Elektronentheorie können Sie herunterkommen, ohne von etwas anderem als von Phänomenen zu reden. Das würde pädagogisch ungeheuer wichtig sein, das zu machen.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Es ist sehr schwer, ohne Kräfte auszukommen, wenn man das Maßsystem behandelt, das C-G-S-System, das man zum Beispiel in den oberen Klassen haben muss.

RUDOLF STEINER: Was haben denn die Kräfte damit zu tun? Wenn Sie Rechnungen haben, wo Sie eines mit dem anderen vertauschen können, können Sie es ja haben.

KARL STOcKMEYER: Dann würde man vielleicht für das Wort Kraft etwas anderes setzen müssen.

RUDOLF STEINER: Sobald der Zögling sich klar ist darüber, dass Kraft nichts weiter ist als das Produkt von Masse und Beschleunigung, sobald er keinen metaphysischen Begriff damit verbindet, sie also immer phänomenologisch behandelt, kann man ja von Kraft reden.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Könnten wir etwas Näheres über Planetenbewegung hören? Es ist vieles angedeutet worden, aber es gibt keine klare Vorstellung über die wahre Bewegung der Planeten und der Sonne.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das [wohl auf eine herkömmliche Zeichnung des Sonnensystems weisend] ist etwas, was in das Statuarische gehört. Das ist eigentlich so in Wirklichkeit:

Rudolf Steiner demonstriert an der Zeichnung.

AltName

Jetzt muss man einfach sich vorstellen, das schraubt sich fort. Das andere ist scheinbare Bewegung. Die Schraubenlinie setzt sich im Weltenraum fort. Also nicht, dass sich die [Planeten] um die Sonne bewegen, sondern diese drei: Merkur, Venus, Erde, ziehen der Sonne nach, und diese drei: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, gehen voraus. Dadurch wird hervorgerufen, wenn also die Erde da steht, das hier ist die Sonne, da zieht die Erde nach. Da sieht man so hin auf die Sonne von hier aus, und das bewirkt, dass es ausschaut, als wenn die Erde herumgehe, während sie nur nachzieht. Die Erde zieht der Sonne nach. Die Steigung ist gleich dem, was man den Deklinationswinkel nennt; wenn Sie den Winkel, den Sie herausbekommen, wenn Sie den Ekliptikwinkel nehmen, den sie einschließt mit dem Äquator, dann kriegen Sie das heraus. Also nicht eine Spirale, sondern eine Schraubenlinie. Es ist nicht eben, sondern räumlich.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Wie steht jetzt die Erdachse in dieser Bewegung?

RUDOLF STEINER: Wenn die Erde hier sein würde, würde die Erdachse eine Tangente sein. Der Winkel ist 23% Grad. Der Winkel, der mit der Schraube eingeschlossen wird, ist derselbe, den Sie herauskriegen, wenn Sie den Nordpol nehmen, und da diese Lemniskate machen als Bahn eines der Sterne in der Nähe des Nordpols. Das müsste ich konstatieren. Da bekommt man eine scheinbare Lemniskate heraus, wenn man diese Linie verlängert. Sie ist nicht vorhanden, weil der Nordpol fix bleibt, der Himmelsnordpol.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: 1413 passierte doch eine besondere Konstellation?

RUDOLF STEINER: Ich habe heute darauf hingedeutet. Es ist das so, dass Sie nehmen können etwa 7000 Jahre vor 1413. Da bekommen Sie heraus ein Zusammenfallen der Erdachse, also den kleinsten Winkel. Dann wird er größer, und dann jetzt wiederum kleiner zunächst; dadurch entsteht die Lemniskate. Also zeitweilig ist der Erdwinkel null. Also dann war die atlantische Katastrophe. Da waren nicht diese Jahreszeitenunterschiede. Da war immer Tagundnachtgleiche.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wie kommt es, dass der Himmelspol, der nichts anderes ist als der Punkt, auf den sich die Erdachse hinrichtet, gleich bleiben soll? Er ändert sich doch im Laufe der Jahre.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das ist eben dadurch bewirkt, dass die Erdachse einen Kegel beschreibt, einen Doppelkegel. Dadurch wird fortwährend seine Bewegung ausgeglichen durch die Bewegung der Erdachse. Wenn Sie die Erdachse immerfort parallel zu sich hätten, dann würde der Himmelspol eine Lemniskate beschreiben, aber er bleibt, wo er ist. Das geschieht dadurch, dass durch die Bewegung der Erdachse im Doppelkegel aufgehoben wird diese Bewegung, die dadurch herauskommt, dass der Himmelspol eine Lemniskate beschreiben würde; die wird dadurch aufgehoben.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Ich hatte mich eingestellt auf eine Bewegung der Erdachse, die Sie beschrieben haben. Ich sagte mir, es muss sich am Himmel scheinbar der Punkt, der am Himmel fix bleibt, im Laufe der Jahrhunderte ändern. Das würde sein, glaubte ich, im Sinne der Lemniskate, also nicht etwa ein Kreis am Himmel im platonischen Jahr.

RUDOLF STEINER: Das wird dadurch aufgehoben, dass diese Linie, die Achse der Schraube, nicht eine wirkliche Gerade ist, sondern eine Kurve. Das ist nur annähernd eine Gerade. In Wirklichkeit wird hier auch ein Kreis beschrieben. Man hat es zu tun mit einer Schraube, die eigentlich zu ihrem Gewinde einen Kreis hat.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Wie ist es möglich, das in Zusammenhang zu bringen mit dem Galilei’schen Relativitätsprinzip? Mit der Tatsache, dass wir keine absolute Raumbewegung feststellen können?

RUDOLF STEINER: Was heißt das?

KARL STOCKMEYER: [Dass wir] nicht von der absoluten Bewegung im Raum sprechen können. Wir können nicht sagen: Dieser Körper steht im Raum still, sondern er bewegt sich. Es ist nur relativ. Wir können nur wissen, dass ein Körper sich zum anderen hinbewegt.

RUDOLF STEINER: Dies gilt eigentlich nur, solange man die Untersuchung nicht ausdehnt auf das Innere des betreffenden Körpers. Also, nicht wahr, wenn Sie zwei Menschen haben, die zueinander relativ in Bewegung sind, so können Sie, solange Sie rein mathematisch räumlich untersuchen und den Untersuchungspunkt außerhalb der betreffenden Menschen nehmen - es kann Ihnen gleichgültig sein, was absolut vorgeht -, Sie werden nur die Relativität der Bewegung bekommen. Aber dem Menschen ist es nicht gleichgültig. Zwei Meter zu laufen, ist ein anderes, als drei Meter zu laufen. Das Prinzip gilt also nur für den Beobachter, der außerhalb steht. In dem Augenblick, wo er drinnen steht, wie wir [es tun] als Erdenmenschen - sobald die Untersuchung beginnt, die innere Veränderung einzubeziehen, dann hört die Sache auf. In dem Augenblick, wo wir Untersuchungen so machen, dass wir absolute Veränderungen feststellen in den aufeinanderfolgenden Erdenepochen, hört die Sache auf.

Deshalb betone ich so scharf, dass der Mensch heute ganz anders ist als in der Griechenzeit. Da kann man nicht vom Relativitätsprinzip sprechen. Bei dem Eisenbahnzug auch nicht; beim Schnellzug werden die Wagen mehr abgenützt als beim Bummelzug. Wenn man beim inneren Zustand ankommt, hört das Relativitätsprinzip auf. [Das Relativitätsprinzip Einsteins ist aus unrealem Denken entsprungen. Er fragte, was geschieht], wenn eine Uhr anfängt, fortzufliegen mit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit und wieder zurückkommt; dann geschieht das und das. Nun möchte ich fragen, was mit einer Uhr überhaupt geschehen würde, wenn sie mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit fortflöge. Das ist doch unreal gedacht. Das ist aus dem Zusammenhang. Es sind bloß die Raumverhältnisse gedacht. Das ist seit Galilei möglich geworden. Galilei selber hat die Sache noch nicht so verzerrt, aber heute ist schon durch diese Überspannung der Relativitätstheorie möglich geworden, dass man solche Sachen vorbringt. KARL STOCKMEYER: Es ist eine Merkwürdigkeit beim Licht, dass man bei der Lichtgeschwindigkeit nicht feststellen kann, in welcher Bewegungsbeziehung man sich zur Lichtquelle befindet.

RUDOLF STEINER: Lorentz’scher «Versuch». Lesen Sie die Sache durch - sie ist interessant, aber theoretisch behandelt, was Lorentz daraus schließt. Es ist nicht nötig, dass Sie es annehmen, dass da bloß Relativitätsunterschiede sind. Da kommt man aus mit der absoluten Mechanik. Sie haben wahrscheinlich nicht alle diese Zwangsvorstellungen berücksichtigt. Es ist kein Unterschied als ein solcher, der hervortreten würde, wenn Sie eine Röhre nehmen würden (Zeichnung) und Sie würden also hier in dieser Röhre eine schr feine Wandung haben, eine elastische Wandung. Und Sie würden oben und unten eine Flüssigkeit haben und dazwischen auch. Da würden sich zwischen diesen zwei Flüssigkeiten dieselben Verhältnisse ergeben, wie sie sich bei Lorentz für das Licht ergeben. Da muss man mit der Zwangsinterpretation auftreten, wenn man diese Dinge so nehmen will.

Sie kennen ja wohl das Prachtstück: Sie bewegen sich in einem Eisenbahnzug zunächst mit der Geschwindigkeit eines Eisenbahnzuges und lassen eine Kanone losschießen, so hören Sie sie einmal in Freiburg, zweimal in Karlsruhe, dreimal in Frankfurt. Wenn Sie sich schneller bewegen, als die Schallbewegung ist, so hören Sie zuerst die drei Schüsse in Frankfurt, nachher erst die zwei Schüsse in Karlsruhe und nachher einen Schuss in Freiburg. Solche Sachen kann man ausspekulieren, aber sie haben keine Realität, weil Sie sich eben nicht schneller bewegen können als die Schallgeschwindigkeit.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Wie könnte man das Astronomische herausarbeiten durch die Spiralbewegung der Pflanzen? Ist eine solche Vorrichtung möglich, dass man das herausbeweisen kann aus der Pflanze?

RUDOLF STEINER: Was brauchen Sie eine Vorrichtung? Die Pflanzen sind doch selbst diese Vorrichtung. Sie haben nur nötig, das Pistill, den Stempel der Mondenbewegung zuzuordnen, und die Narbe der Sonnenbewegung. In dem Augenblick, wo Sie zuordnen das Pistill der Mondenbewegung und die Narbe der Sonnenbewegung, kriegen Sie das Übrige heraus. Dann haben Sie in der Spiralbewegung der Pflanze nachgeahmt das relative Verhältnis zwischen dem, was Sonnenbewegung ist, und dem, was Mondenbewegung ist. Dann können Sie weitergehen. Das ist kompliziert. Sie müssen es konstruieren. Zunächst bewegt sich scheinbar das Pistill nicht. Es bewegt sich innerhalb, in der Spirale. Das müssen Sie umkehren; das ist relativ. Der Stempel gehört in die Stängellinie, die Narbe in die Spiralbewegung. Ich glaube aber - man kann das schwer weiter andeuten -, das können Sie in der Schule nicht brauchen. Das ist eine Sache der weiteren Erkenntnisentwicklung.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Gibt es keine Möglichkeit, diese Spiralbewegung der Sonne und der Erde aus astronomisch bekannten Tatsachen herzuleiten?

RUDOLF STEINER: Warum nicht? Genau wie sie die kopernikanische Lehre heute lehren. Das Ganze beruht auf dem Witz, der gemacht wird, dass von den drei kopernikanischen Gesetzen bloß die beiden ersten gelehrt werden; das dritte wird weggelassen. Fügen Sie das dritte hinzu, dann kommen Sie zu dieser Sache, dass Sie eine einfache Spirale um die Sonne bekommen. Kopernikus hat sie gemacht. Sie brauchen bloß sein drittes Gesetz zu nehmen. Sie brauchen bloß das Buch «De revolutionibus corporum coelestium» wirklich richtig zu nehmen, und brauchen drei Gesetze statt der zwei zu nehmen. Man hat nur die zwei genommen, das stimmt aber nicht mit den Bewegungen, die man sieht. Da fügt man die sogenannten Bessel’schen Korrekturgleichungen ein. Man sieht die Sterne nicht, wie sie von Kopernikus angegeben werden. Da muss man das Fernrohr drehen; da dreht man nach Bessel’schen Gleichungen. Sie brauchen das nur auszuschalten, dann kriegen Sie das Richtige heraus.

Das dürfen Sie aber heute nicht machen, sonst werden Sie ganz vertrackt genannt. Es ist aber kinderleicht, es zu lernen, und das, was heute gelehrt wird, als Humbug zu erklären. Man braucht bloß die Bessel’schen Taggleichungen herauszuwerfen und das dritte kopernikanische Gesetz zu berücksichtigen.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Könnte man das nicht veröffentlichen, dann würden die Leute doch sehen, was sie für Idioten sind!

RUDOLF STEINER: Johannes Schlaf hat damit angefangen, indem er die Punkte am Jupiter konstatiert hat, die stimmen nicht im Verlauf mit dem kopernikanischen System. Die Leute sind über ihn hergefallen und sagten: Das ist ein verrückter Kerl.

Gegen die brutale Gewalt ist eben nichts zu machen. Realisieren Sie die Bestrebungen des Kulturrates, dass es Luft gibt. Die Sachen sind schlimmer, als man denkt. Wenn ein Professor in Tübingen aus dem Warencharakter einen «wahren Charakter» machen kann! Das Publikum will sich nicht dazu entschließen, anzuerkennen, dass unser ganzes Schulsystem korrupt ist. Das ist etwas, was zunächst einmal gang und gäbe werden muss, dass unsere Universitäten weg müssen, dass die höheren Schulen weg müssen. Die müssen ersetzt werden durch etwas ganz anderes. Das ist die eigentliche Grundlage.

Es ist ganz unmöglich, mit den Kerlen etwas zu machen. Ich sprach in der Volkshochschule in Dresden. Ich sprach dann auch in der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft in Dresden. Da haben nachher die Professoren richtiges Blech geredet. Nicht einen Gedanken konnten sie festhalten. Einer stand auf und sagte, er müsse die Unterschiede angeben, die zwischen der Schopenhauer’schen Philosophie und der Anthroposophie bestehen. Ich sagte, ich fände das unnötig. Anthroposophie verhalte sich zur Philosophie wie die Krone zur Wurzel eines Baumes. Dass zwischen der Wurzel und der Krone ein Unterschied besteht, ist selbstverständlich. Da kann sich einer hinstellen und sagen: Er ist genötigt, den Unterschied zwischen Wurzel und Krone festzustellen, und ich habe doch nichts anderes behauptet. Die Kerle können keinen geraden Gedanken fassen. Die heutige Universitätsphilosophie ist geradezu Unsinn. Es ist ja in vielem, was sie bringt, ein richtiger Kern, aber mit so viel Humbug verknüpft, dass doch Unsinn herauskommt. Die «Wertlehre» von Rickert kennen Sie doch? Das bisschen, was darinnen steckt als guter Kern in der Universitätsphilosophie, Sie finden es angeführt in meinen «Rätseln der Philosophie».

Mit dem «wahren Charakter», das kommt mir gerade so vor wie etwas anderes: Ich habe Leute in der Gesellschaft gefunden, die wussten nicht, was Gewerkschaften sind. Ich habe es oftmals betont: Diese Dinge kommen vor. Wenn man im Kulturrat sachgemäß wirken würde, würde man die Vernunft anstelle dieser schrecklichen Betriebe setzen, dann würde alles besser werden. Dann könnten Sie auch vernünftige Astronomie lehren. Sie können aber der brutalen Macht gegenüber nicht aufkommen. Im Kulturrat könnte das geschehen, was von Anfang an geschehen sollte: dass er sein Programm wirklich aufnehme und dahin arbeite, das ganze Schulwesen in die Hand zu nehmen. Die Waldorfschule ist eingerichtet als Musterbeispiel. Sie kann aber auch nichts machen der brutalen Gewalt gegenüber. Der Kulturrat hätte die Aufgabe, das ganze Unterrichtswesen umzugestalten. Wenn wir zehn Millionen hätten, könnten wir die Waldorfschule ausbauen. Das sind ja nur «kleine Hindernisse», dieses Fehlen von zehn Millionen.

Mir liegt es ungeheuer auf der Seele, dass Sie sich nicht abschrecken lassen durch etwas, was Ihnen als Objektivität entgegentritt durch Ungezogenheit der Kinder und dergleichen. Sie dürfen nicht die Vorstellung haben, dass Sie Engel in die Schule kriegen. [Auch] kann Ihnen viel, viel danebengelingen dadurch, dass Sie das Schulmaterial nicht so haben, wie es sein muss. Trotzdem wollen wir aber streng an dem festhalten, was wir uns vorgesetzt haben, und wollen uns durch nichts abhalten lassen, so gut es geht, es zu erreichen.

Das ist also sehr wichtig, dass Sie praktisch auseinanderhalten das, was möglich ist nach den äußeren Bedingungen, die vorhanden sind, und das, was die Stoßkraft geben soll. Wir dürfen nichts anderes glauben, als dass unsere Ideale verwirklicht werden können. Sie können es auch, es zeigt sich nur nicht gleich.

Second Conference

Rudolf Steiner returned to Stuttgart from Dresden on September 24 and visited the students at work in the eight classes the next morning. Ten days of teaching had taken place in cramped conditions; everything was new for teachers and students alike: the location, the lessons, and the daily routine. The classes had an average of 32 students.

On September 30, Rudolf Steiner traveled on to Dornach together with Marie Steiner.

Topics [of the 2nd and 3rd conferences]: Taking temperaments into account when dealing with large classes. Professional discretion on the part of teachers. Private lessons. History lessons. Geology. Morning verses. The outline for free Christian religious education. On the evolution of the human form. On parents' evenings.

Comments: The teachers bombarded Steiner with questions and everyday concerns about teaching. It was difficult for them to correctly assess the abilities and, above all, the inabilities of the children. This led to many pedagogical questions that revealed the inexperience of his colleagues.

Amidst the pedagogical questions and concerns, a dialogue of its own kind developed during this conference, with colleagues challenging Steiner with questions about geology, astronomy, history, and botany. Steiner proved to be an outstanding expert on all the topics raised, an example of free republican discourse.

Finally, Steiner steered the conversation back to day-to-day business and asked the teachers not to be put off by “misbehavior and the like.” “You mustn't imagine that you're getting angels into school.” As it turned out, these were prophetic words.

Even when Steiner was not in Stuttgart, the teachers held conferences to organize the daily school routine. In unpublished notes by Stockmeyer, it is recorded that the staggered main lessons did not have to be carried out to the original extent; thanks to two spare rooms, there was sufficient space available. These notes also state that the subject lessons were reduced from 60 to 50 minutes. At one such conference, it was decided without further ado to give the next day off school, as Steiner would be visiting the school. (Note dated September 23, 1919)

When considering both statements about the parents' evenings, it must be borne in mind that the majority of the parents belonged to the workforce of the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory. Most of the parents' homes were “proletarian”: of the 253 children enrolled in school, 143 came from families employed at the cigarette factory.

Before his departure, Rudolf Steiner urged the teachers to always maintain contact with the students so that “the teacher forms a true unity with the students.”


RUDOLF STEINER: My dear friends! Today we will discuss the experiences you have gathered over the last ten days and talk about what needs to be done.

KARL STOCKMEYER reports: We began the lessons on September 16 with a short address to the students by Mr. Molt, and it immediately became apparent that the timetable could not be set up quite as agreed here because different classes had been combined. Then there was another reason for deviating from the timetable, namely that the [Protestant and Catholic] religious education teachers did not have time for the lessons we had scheduled.

However, the actual class lessons will remain in the morning; I did not want to change that.

Then it became necessary to insert a short five-minute break into the lessons from 8 to 10.

RUDOLF STEINER: That can be done. But what happens during that time must be left to the teacher's discretion.

KARL STOCKMEYER: An attempt has been made to do without a bell altogether. But in order to call the children back together at the end of the break, a bell must be installed that can be heard especially outside.

During language lessons in the upper grades, it became apparent that some children had no language skills at all. As a result, instead of one and a half hours, three hours of French and [three hours] of English lessons must now be given at the beginning. A beginner's course and an advanced course would also have to be offered.

RUDOLF STEINER: What do you teach in the 8th grade?

KARL STOCKMEYER: Mathematics. Since the 8th grade students do not yet know anything about letter calculations and have not yet learned how to calculate interest, I started with interest calculations in a kind of repetitive manner and have now progressed to the point where I want to move on to discount and bill of exchange calculations.

At that time, lessons in the 7th and 8th grades were taught by two class teachers who alternated with each other, with one teaching the humanities and the other teaching the sciences in both classes.

RUDOLF STEINER: They [the two teachers of the 7th and 8th grades] must communicate with each other on an ongoing basis so that whenever a teacher leaves the class, there is a certain conclusion. When he or she returns to the class, it must be repeated.

Have you already managed to determine exactly how much the students already know in the few days you have been there?

KARL STOCKMEYER: I have been able to determine that to some extent.

RUDOLF STEINER: With your limited number of students, this was probably possible, but the others will not have been able to do so. It is safe to say that you will probably need about eight days on average to make the change, but it must then be arranged in such a way that a chapter is completed.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: I have found that in 7th grade, knowledge of history varies greatly.

RUDOLF STEINER: You will probably have to start from scratch in every class, because no one will know the proper history. The children may have picked up the common knowledge, but you will not find anyone who knows the proper history as we have outlined it here. You will have to start from scratch in every class.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Would it be possible to combine so-called free religious education with Protestant or other denominational instruction? The parents could not decide whether they wanted their children to have free religious education alone or Catholic or Protestant instruction as well. Some of them wanted their children to have the opportunity to have both. Many parents wrote “both” on the questionnaire. Many parents did not want to forego confirmation classes for their aunts and uncles.

RUDOLF STEINER: We must not give in on this; it's either one or the other. We will discuss this question separately later.

KARL STOCKMEYER: We want to try to move the two religion classes to the same hour.

Now there is one more thing to discuss, which Mr. Molt has already decided on as a purely economic issue. We had asked ourselves whether it would be reasonable for students who pay school fees to [also] have to pay for their books. [For the children from the Waldorf Astoria factory, we have free teaching materials.] It could happen that children sit next to each other, one has a book that they know they have to return, the other is allowed to keep it. This is something that emphasizes class differences.

RUDOLF STEINER: It cannot be done in this way, with the children buying and keeping the books. The only way to do it is to increase the school fees paid by the [parents] by the cost of the teaching materials, but otherwise keep it the same as for the other children. So the books must be returned, as with the others.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Should the provision of free teaching materials also be extended to notebooks and other items? Here in Stuttgart, this has become common practice. It would be less desirable for children to be provided with atlases and compasses by the school. The pupils would have to purchase these themselves.

RUDOLF STEINER: Of course, the best thing would be to purchase a supply of notebooks and similar items for each class, and to require the children to come to the teacher to get a new one when they have filled up a notebook, so that account could be taken of the fact that one child needs more notebooks than another. So there would have to be a supply of notebooks available, and the notebooks would be given to the children by the teacher as needed.

When it comes to compasses and the like, bad habits naturally arise if it is left to the parents or children to decide what they should or should not buy. Those who have more money buy better things. That is also a calamity. It might not be a bad idea to do it that way, too, so that all the hand tools belong to the school and the children only get them to use.

I would suggest something else for the atlas: that a kind of fund be set up for such things and that the atlases needed during the year be treated in the same way as other teaching materials. On the other hand, every child should receive an atlas when they leave school. It would also be a very nice thing if the children were given one or two things when they left. Perhaps these things could even be given as a reward for diligence: a larger, more beautiful book to those who have achieved more; a smaller one to those who have achieved less; and perhaps only a map to those who have been lazy. That is something that could be done; it just must not be taken too far.

KARL STOCKMEYER: How should we deal with the books for [denominational] religious instruction? The pastors are in distress. They say: Until now, there has been freedom of teaching materials for religious instruction as well. Under the new constitution, this will no longer be the case, at least in all likelihood, because the funds can no longer be claimed by the state or the municipality. We have the same question here. Mr. Molt has decided that the children must purchase the books for religious education themselves and that the religious education teacher's lessons must also be paid for by the children. This would have to be divided among the children.

RUDOLF STEINER: I have no objection to this being done. I would only suggest that, for this year at least, so that everything runs smoothly, we should find out how other schools are doing it. In the future, we will develop our own approach, but this year we should do it the same way as the other schools. We must follow the example of the public schools. If they do not yet require payment for religious books and lessons, then we must also wait until they do.

EMIL MOLT: Today, everything is free.

RUDOLF STEINER: It would help us a lot if we said we would do it the same way as the other public schools.

KARL STOCKMEYER: There will be a big difference between elementary schools and secondary schools. We will probably have to follow the secondary schools?

RUDOLF Steiner: No, elementary school is what we are considering.

EMIL MOLT: Nothing has happened yet, we can still do everything this way.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, I would do it according to the custom of the elementary school. Because the socialist government will not do anything at first, but will leave everything as it is. It will make laws, but leave everything as it is.

KARL STOCKMEYER: It was felt to be necessary to keep a kind of class register so that class and subject teachers could communicate better with each other. It would be filled in freely with what had been done. Of course, not in the way that class registers have been used up to now, but only so that the individual teachers could get a little idea of the work of the other teachers.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, if you write something proper in it, you need time. That is the time that leads to the children's distractions. When you are with the children as a teacher, you should never do anything else. So I mean, you are not in the classroom if you are doing something that does not relate to the children. When you enter the room, you are with the children until you leave, and you should not give them any reason, for example by writing in the class register or similar, to chat among themselves and be distracted.

It is much better to deal with these issues among yourselves. We assume that the class teachers do not get into arguments, that they are very fond of each other and that they discuss things verbally. Those who are involved with a class discuss things with the others who are also involved. And whatever individuals want to write down, they do outside of class. Do nothing, absolutely nothing during class that distracts from direct interaction with the children.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Perhaps this could be done during the break?

RUDOLF STEINER: Why is it necessary to always make a note? First, it has to be written down, and second, the other person has to read it. That takes time that is lost for interacting with the students.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Should we also refrain from recording which students are absent? Should we only record this in our own diaries?

RUDOLF STEINER: That is actually something that is not necessary.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Only in the event of a prolonged absence would it be necessary to inquire what is going on.

RUDOLF Steiner: In a class that is not too large, this can be done verbally in conversation with the students. You can ask who is absent and then make a note of it in your own notebook. That is something you can do. Otherwise, schools enter the number of days a child has been absent in their report cards, but we don't need a class register for that.

KARL. STOCKMEYER: It proved necessary, because the chestnuts are ripening on the trees, to forbid the pupils from climbing the trees so that no damage is caused by falling. We have had to start with prohibitions sometimes, but we are always aware that such prohibitions must be kept to a minimum.

RUDOLF STEINER: It is very important that we realize that we do not get only angels in school. This must not prevent us from pursuing our ideas and ideals. These things must not lead us to say: We cannot achieve what we have set out to do. We must always keep in mind, on the one hand, that we are pursuing the intentions we have carried out in the course and elsewhere. How much of this we achieve is another question; we must deal with that separately and discuss it in detail from time to time. Too little time has passed since today. You will only be able to say how strongly the tendency to break out has manifested itself.

But there is one thing I would like to ask you to take into consideration. That is that we as teachers ourselves—what others do through the children is a separate issue—that we as teachers try as much as possible not to make our school affairs public. I have only been back for back for a few hours, but I have already heard so much gossip about the way the children are treated, who got a slap in the face and so on; this gossip among the people is already reaching such extremes that I found it terrible. We don't need to worry if it comes out through all kinds of incorrect channels. We are strongly opposed to that; but let us not contribute to it ourselves. Let us remain silent about everything we do at school. Let us maintain a kind of school secrecy. Let us not talk to outsiders, except to parents who come to us with questions, and then only about their own children, so that there is no cause for gossip. There are people who talk about such things out of a desire for sensation and with relish. It is poison for our entire enterprise if it turns into gossip in this way. Unfortunately, this is particularly true in Stuttgart, where there is a lot of gossip in anthroposophical circles. This gossip, which I have encountered in a repulsive way, is also very damaging to us and must not be supported in any way by us teachers.

KARL STOCKMEYER: There are individual cases to be discussed where it may be necessary to move children back to lower classes. [Or should we recommend that these children be given extra lessons?]

RUDOLF STEINER: This [re-enrollment] is of course more difficult in lower classes; it will be easier in higher classes. In the first two classes, re-enrollment should be avoided if possible.

Individual cases will be discussed.

RUDOLF STEINER: Tutoring is never recommended from a technical point of view. Only in cases where the parents themselves approach us when they hear about poor results can we advise them to seek tutoring. We ourselves as teachers will not give tutoring. We do not do that. In such cases, it would be better to move the child down to another class.

HANNAH Lang discusses a case where it takes a long time for the student to come up with the answer; however, the answer is always expected, even if it takes a long time.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, it is important that every child comes up with what they are supposed to do.

HERTHA KOEGEL talks about two children in the 4th grade who are limited.

RUDOLF Steiner: These children must be seated right at the front, close to the teacher, [regardless of their temperament], so that they can be kept an eye on at all times.

[You can keep rowdy children in line by seating them in the corners or at the very front or very back, so that they have fewer neighbors, no people in front or behind them.]

DR. LUDWIG NOLL: Sometimes children don't see properly. An eye exam would reveal this. I know children who have fallen behind because they were farsighted and no one noticed.

RUDOLF STEINER: An attentive teacher must also be able to see when children have physical defects [such as nearsightedness or hearing loss]. It is difficult to conduct medical examinations for everything. Such examinations should only take place if the teacher indicates that they are necessary.

School medical examinations, as are customary in schools, bring us too deeply into the expert system. We would now prefer to dispense with a school doctor, since Dr. Noll will not be here; that would be something else. Any outside doctor would cause us difficulties. The doctor should, of course, be the teacher's advisor, and the teacher should be able to turn to him in confidence if he notices something in his children.

With limited children, it is often the case that something suddenly clicks for them; they often improve quite suddenly. I will visit the school tomorrow and take a look at the individual children, especially the limited ones, to see if this is the case.

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: I have children in the [5th] grade who know everything you tell them and much more, and others from whom you can't get a word out. It is very difficult to teach them together. It is a very large class, and it is particularly difficult to keep the children quiet; especially in language lessons, the children immediately start to run riot.

RUDOLF STEINER: With a class this size, you have to gradually try more and more to treat the class as a choir and not leave individuals unoccupied. In other words, treat the whole class together. That's why we went into such detail about temperaments.

Talent or lack of talent is sometimes based on a purely psychological difference. Children often simply do not express what they have inside them, and it would be very unfair not to allow children who are the [right] age for this class (ten to eleven years old) to keep up. There will always be some who are weak in one subject or another. These are often mistakes that suddenly stop. Such mistakes drag on throughout childhood until a certain school year, and then, when the penny drops, the children suddenly stop making the mistakes. Therefore, children should not be left behind. It is precisely this difficulty with the gifted and the ungifted that we must overcome.

However, if we are convinced that they have not achieved the learning objectives of the last grade, then we must of course hold them back. But, please understand that we will not treat them as untalented. So if you have students who really have not achieved the learning objectives of the last grade, then hold them back. But you must do this very soon.

However, it is impossible to tell from a single subject whether the learning objective has been achieved or not; one must never judge based on individual subjects. The downgrading would have to take place in the first quarter of the year. Teachers must, of course, receive their students' [previous] report cards. But I ask that you always [take] strict care to ensure that we do not [in order to be able to assess a student more quickly] adopt a [standard] timetable [system]. Always finish one chapter first. However, we must not make this a prerequisite for postponing, even if it takes a little longer.

In the case of demotion, each individual case will have to be examined carefully; nothing can be done in a general manner. Nothing should be done lightly, but only after careful consideration and only if it can really be justified.

KARL STOCKMEYER mentions the school doctor issue again. The names of three doctors from Stuttgart are mentioned: Dr. Paul Barchet, Dr. Ernst Steurer, and Dr. Heinrich Meng.

RUDOLF STEINER: Perhaps the matter could be divided among the three gentlemen.

On the question of repeating a year for children who have not achieved the learning objectives of the previous school, it should be noted that it is, of course, necessary to talk to the parents. The parents must agree. Of course, one must not tell the parents that their children are stupid, but one must be able to prove to them that, despite their report cards, they did not achieve the educational goals of the last grade at their previous school. This must be provable. However, it must be a defect of the [previous] school, not a defect of the children in question.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: Is it also possible to move them up to a higher grade? I have two children [in 7th grade] who, in my opinion, could easily move up to 8th grade.

RUDOLF STEINER: I would check the report card. But if you can justify it, it can be done very well.

KARL STOCKMEYER: It would probably not be so desirable in the upper [7th] grade. If the children remain in the 7th grade, we would still have two years to influence them. That is better than if we only have them for one year.

RUDOLF STEINER: By moving the children up, we can still have them for two years. We don't dismiss them, but keep them in the 8th grade again next year. Once they have reached the age for the 7th grade, they are taken away from us anyway. Our teaching will not be so pedantic, especially in terms of treatment, [so] that it [still] varies greatly from year to year. And next year, we will already be much more “enlightened” than this year, so that it is quite feasible for us to keep the children who are now in the last grade in the last grade next year as well.

It is already the case that this first year will be a trial year, especially for the teaching staff. This is very important to me. Everything depends on the teaching staff! It will depend on you, dear friends, whether the ideals can be realized. It really depends on us learning as much as possible ourselves.

FRIEDRICH OEHLSCHLEGEL: I have a child [in the 6th grade] who came from the 3rd grade of a remedial school and is really very gifted. But it doesn't disrupt the class; on the contrary, it has actually proved to be advantageous [that he is there] because you can play him off against the others. I would like to keep the child for the sake of ambition, to see what I can achieve with him, but it may turn out that he has to be sent back.

RUDOLF STEINER: If the child does not disturb the others and if you believe you can still achieve something with him, then I would say that you should keep him in the class. It is always a big deal when we make changes now. Better to keep him! We can even make use of certain differences; we have discussed this in detail.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: In my [7th] grade, the differences are also very great. I can't quite judge yet, because so far I have only taught one subject, history, and less German and geography. So I don't have a final opinion yet. The levels are quite different, but there is a certain level that can be appealed to.

RUDOLF STEINER: If you can just manage to ensure that the children do not lose their sense of authority in the 7th and 8th grades! That is the most important thing. But the best way to achieve this is to respond to the children in a very careful manner, while at the same time not forgiving anything. In other words, don't appear pedantic to the children, don't appear to have favorite opinions. You have to appear to give in to the children, but in reality you must not give in at all. Especially in the 7th and 8th school year, the way you treat them is very, very important. You must not let anything slip for a minute, so that the children do not go out and mock the teacher. The children must always be ambitious – if I may use the expression, it does not refer to a bad kind of ambition – to defend their teacher and be happy that they have this teacher. This can be developed in the strongest ranks. Gradually, the children can be encouraged to defend their teacher because he or she is their teacher.

So I have nothing against moving up to another class. This can even have an effect on the other class that the children enter.

In language courses, we must of course focus less on classes and more on grouping children according to their abilities.

KARL STOCKMEYER: [I have a boy in 8th grade], R. F., who is melancholic and behind, and I would like to move him back to 7th grade.

RUDOLF STEINER: But this should be done in such a way that you bring the child to the point where it is his own will to be sent back. You should talk to him in such a way that you ultimately direct his will so that the child himself asks for it. Just don't send him back harshly.

HERBERT HANN: Is it correct [that in language lessons], even in classes where the children have already learned to write, one should initially refrain from introducing the written form so that the children can first get used to pronouncing the words?

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, it is very important to delay the introduction of writing [in foreign languages] for as long as possible.

HERBERT HANN: Then I thought it would be desirable, since the children are just being introduced to the language and the speaking exercises, especially when done for a long time, cause a certain amount of fatigue, to liven up the lessons with an element from the mother tongue, because no other language is there yet.

RuDOLF STEINER: That is very good. But when you take something from the mother tongue, you must try as far as possible to connect it somehow with the foreign language, to incorporate the foreign language. You can create material by doing something like this in class. That is the right thing to do. [Then also little poems, songs in the foreign language, little stories.]

PAUL BAUMANN [music teacher]: [I think] one and a half hours of music and one and a half hours of eurythmy per week is not enough.

RUDOLF STEINER [presumably]: Since this is a question of distribution among the classrooms, the necessary steps can only be taken later.

HERTHA KOEGEL: My children [in 6th grade] have a great need to sing more. I am not musical and [cannot] sing with them. Could musical children be taken out to sing a little song?

RUDOLF STEINER: That is what should be done. Perhaps the simplest way to do this would be to simply give the children something they can use freely. You don't need to be very musical to get the children to sing. The children learn the songs in singing lessons and practice them by singing them at the beginning or end of the lesson.

PAUL BAUMANN: I let the children sing songs, but they are quite slow. However, this will improve because I want to bring together those who are musically gifted for a special choir lesson where more difficult pieces are sung.

RUDOLF STEINER: It would not contradict the overall constitution if choirs were gradually formed from the four upper classes [5th-8th] and the four lower classes [1st-4th], perhaps for Sunday choirs. This kind of thing brings the children closer together more than anything else. But don't encourage false ambition; we exclude that from our teaching method. Ambition should only relate to the matter at hand, not to the personality. It would be good to have the four upper classes together and the four lower classes together because the voices are slightly different. Otherwise, the matter is not tied to classes. In teaching, we must treat them as one class; we must also strictly adhere to what we have established for the stages of life when it comes to music. We must strictly observe the inner structure of the epoch around the ninth year and the epoch around the twelfth year. But for the choirs, with which we may be able to hold Sunday events, we can put the four younger and four older classes together separately.

ELISABETH BAUMANN [Eurythmy teacher]: It has turned out that we are progressing very slowly in eurythmy.

RUDOLF STEINER: At the beginning, you take everything very much in connection with music. The very first exercises should be developed entirely from music, and this should be given special attention. Without neglecting the other aspects, especially in the later years.

[Now we should talk about] free religious education [to talk about]. [There] you have to tell the children: if you want to have free religious instruction, you have to choose it as such, and then this free religious instruction would simply have to be the third option alongside the other two. There must be absolutely no unclear mixing. On the other hand, you can easily take those who are to have free religious instruction and put them together in classes. Let's say the lower four classes and the upper four classes together. Any one of us can teach it. How many are there who are willing to take part in free instruction?

KARL STOCKMEYER: There are 60 so far; 56 anthroposophical children are among them. The numbers will [still] change because some wanted both.

RUDOLF STEINER: So we do not mix them. Nor do we campaign for this instruction. We are simply responding to their wishes. We advise them to take denominational instruction. Children who are not to take any religious instruction at all are left alone, but at least one could investigate the reasons why they do not want any. This would have to be determined in each individual case. Then perhaps one or the other could be persuaded to return to denominational instruction or to come to anthroposophical instruction. Something must be done. We do not want to introduce a system where children are simply allowed to grow up without religious education.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Should free religious education be given by the class teacher?

RUDOLF STEINER: It could be one of us who takes it on. It doesn't have to be the class teacher in question.

EMIL MOLT: If Pastor Geyer gave the lessons, confirmation could even still be done. That would certainly help to calm things down.

RUDOLF STEINER: Certainly, if Pastor Geyer is willing to do it.

JOHANNES GEYER: I would be very happy to do it. I am authorized to confirm.

RUDOLF STEINER: It is not desirable to take someone who is unknown to us. We should remain within the circle of our teachers.

With sixty children, we would take about thirty together; perhaps the four upper and four lower classes together. I will give you a curriculum for this. We must be very careful with this teaching.

In the first section, everything related to reincarnation and karma must be left out. These must first be discussed in the second group. But they must be addressed there. From the tenth year onwards, these things must be covered. In this lesson in particular, it is extremely important to focus on the students' independence from the very beginning. Reincarnation and karma should not be discussed theoretically, but practically.

Children still have a kind of retrospective view of all kinds of conditions that existed before birth when they approach the age of seven. They sometimes tell the most curious things, which are pictorial things, about these earlier conditions; for example, it is not isolated, but typical, that children come and say: I came into this world through a funnel, it just kept going on and on. They describe how they came into the world. You let them describe these things, let them participate and nurture it so that it is brought up into consciousness. That is very good, but you must avoid persuading the children of anything. You have to find out what they themselves say. That is what one should do. It is part of the curriculum.

This teaching could be enlivened in the spirit of yesterday's public lecture. That could be the most beautiful thing one could do, without becoming a worldview school, if one based it on pure human knowledge and revitalized pedagogy every minute. My essay, which will appear in the next Waldorf newspaper, is also along these lines. It deals with “The Pedagogical Basis of the Waldorf School.” What I have indicated there is essentially a kind of summary for the audience of everything we have in the course. I ask you to consider what will be written in the Waldorf newspaper as an ideal.

One and a half hours of religious instruction per week is sufficient for each grade; twice three-quarters of an hour. It would be particularly nice if it could be on Sundays, but that would probably be difficult to arrange. The children could also be introduced to the weekly verses in this lesson.

Someone asks in between: Aren't they too difficult?

RUDOLF STEINER: There must never be anything for us that is too difficult for the children. It is not a question of absorbing the idea, but of how the ideas follow one another and so on. I would like to know what could be more difficult for children than the Lord's Prayer! It is only imagined that it is easier than the weekly verses in the “Seelenkalender” (Soul Calendar). And the ‘Credo’! The fact that people rebel against the “Credo” is only because no one understands it, otherwise people would not rebel. It contains only what is basically self-evident, but people do not reach the point where they can understand it until they are twenty-seven, and after that they learn nothing more from life. The discussions about the “Creed” are childish. There is nothing in it that one can decide for oneself. - The weekly verses can also be recited with the children before the lesson.

JOHANNES GEYER: Wouldn't it be good to have the children recite a kind of morning prayer before the lesson?

RUDOLF STEINER: That is something that could be done. I had already turned my attention to it. I will tell you more about it tomorrow; also about a prayer. We will talk about that later. I would just ask you one thing: in these matters, appearances really do matter. Never call the verse a “prayer,” but rather the “opening verse of the school.” Avoid having teachers use the word “prayer.” Then you will have already overcome the prejudice that this is an anthroposophical thing to a large extent. Most of the sins we commit are committed through words. People do not stop using words that are harmful to us. What do you think I have endured here to wean people off saying “brochure” when referring to the “Key Points of the Social Question”? It is a book, it just looks like a brochure. It is a book! It is impossible to get everyone to say “the book”; they say “the brochure.” It has a certain meaning. The word is not unnecessary. These are things that really matter. But anthroposophists are the people who are least willing to conform to anything. You can't get anything past them. Other people are so trusting of authority. And that has to do with what I said: anthroposophists are stubborn, and you can't get anything past them, not even things that are justified!

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: My fifth grade class shouts and rages, especially in language lessons. They perceive the [French] sentences as jokes [and so on].

RUDOLF STEINER: The right thing to do would be to respond to the joke and learn from it. [You should always respond to jokes, and with humor.] But the children must obey. They must be quiet when told to be quiet. You must calm them down with a gesture.

From the beginning to the end of the lesson, you have to try to maintain contact. Even if it is tiring, the bond between teacher and student must remain intact under all circumstances. In such cases, nothing can be regulated by external discipline, but only by first responding to the issue and then working from it. The greatest difficulty is probably that you have a high-pitched voice. You need to train your voice a little. You need to learn to speak “from below,” not to squeak when you shout. It would be a shame if you didn't work on your voice so that it had a little bass in it. So you need to add depth.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Who should teach Latin?

RUDOLF STEINER: That is a matter for the teaching staff. For the time being, I would settle the question by having Pastor Geyer and Dr. Stein teach Latin. It is too much for one person.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN [presumably]: Where should one start with history?

RUDOLF STEINER: You will have to start from the beginning with history in almost every class. Just limit the lessons as necessary. For example, if you are forced to start from the beginning in the 8th grade, then take a little, but try to give an overall picture of the entire development of humanity, only in a shorter form. So, in the 8th grade, you would have to go through the entire history of the world in our sense.

This also applies to physics. In natural history, it will be very easy for children to use and bring to life what they have learned. Only those subjects that are subject to this deficiency, which we have said begin after the twelfth year, when the power of judgment begins, will be affected. In the descriptive disciplines, it will be possible to use some of what the children have learned, even if it is complicated.

CAROLINE VON HEYDEBRAND: In Greek history, it is probably possible to focus more on cultural history and legends and leave out the political aspects; the Persian Wars, for example, at least for the younger children?

RUDOLF STEINER: The Persian Wars can be [treated] in such a way that they are presented in terms of cultural history. In earlier times, wars can still be treated in terms of cultural history; up to the present day, they have become increasingly unpleasant. The Persian Wars can be regarded as a symptom of cultural-historical trends.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: But domestic politics are less important, aren't they?

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, for example, how money came into being.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: The constitutions should only be dealt with briefly.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, but the spirit of the Lycurgus constitution must be described, for example, as well as the difference between Athenianism and Spartanism.

RUDOLF TREICHLER: But with the Romans, [the constitutional system] is presented so broadly in the textbooks.

RUDOLF STEINER: It is covered extensively in textbooks, and often very incorrectly. The Romans had no constitution, but they knew not only the Twelve Tables by heart, [but also] a large number of law books. You get a false impression of Roman culture if you don't teach children that the Romans were a law-abiding people, and that this was well known. Textbooks present this in a boring way, but you have to give children the impression that every Roman was a stickler for the law and could recite the laws from memory. The Twelve Tables were taught there in the same way as we teach the multiplication tables.

KARL STOCKMEYER: We have decided to meet once a week to discuss educational issues, in particular everything that has been covered in the seminar course. The idea is to promote contact between the teaching staff. Everyone should present what particularly concerns them to the other teachers, so that what each individual has worked out benefits the others.

RUDOLF Steiner: That can happen very well. It is something that should be welcomed with joy. It should be kept quite republican.

JOHANNES GEYER: How far should one go with punishing children?

RUDOLF STEINER: That is, of course, entirely individual. It would be best if one had to punish as little as possible. One can avoid imposing punishments. But under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to administer a little corporal punishment oneself. But one should still strive to avoid it. Actually, one should take the view that, as a teacher, one brings things about oneself, that it is less the pupils who bring them about than the teacher. Nevertheless, I agree with you that there are ranks, but punishment does not improve the rank system. The only way to improve this is to gradually introduce a different tone into the classroom. Then, little by little, the ranks will really be transformed if the tone in the classroom becomes a good one. In any case, try not to go too far with punishment.

To remedy the lack of teaching materials, I would like to suggest setting up an organization that would enable us to obtain teaching materials without incurring excessive costs. Perhaps we could ask the anthroposophists to make their own teaching materials available to us. We should receive all the anthroposophical specialist works that already exist. Then it would be necessary for us to obtain detailed works. The teacher cannot work through everything that already exists in terms of anthroposophical intellectual work individually. We could perhaps discuss this with the Cultural Council.

RUDOLF STEINER: There was a plan to do something in this direction by organizing the teachers who are in the society as such. Mr. Schenkel took this matter in hand. Dr. Kändler in Greiz had it first, but he gave it up. Now Mr. Schenkel in Tübingen has it. So the plan is to make everything that is available in anthroposophy fruitful in some way for public education or [for] education in general. Perhaps we could build on this existing organization of teachers in the Anthroposophical Society.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: We also need life skills education about the various economic sectors. I thought that the foundation for a future economic science could be laid in Waldorf schools.

RUDOLF STEINER: Then we would have to determine who are the right people for the individual points. These are people who have a sense for doing something like this, but who are also really practical experts. So we would not need to find people like those who are listed as speakers today, but really practical people who also have a sense for our cause. We would need to find such people. They would have to compile the individual branches of life studies. I believe that if it were done properly, a lot could be achieved in this direction. But as a teacher in your first year, you have a lot to do and cannot spread yourself too thin. You would have to get others to do that. Such an organization would have to be taken seriously, like the Kändlerische organization. I don't know how far Schenkel is up to this task. There must be no room for frivolity or club mentality; it must be done on a large scale and in a businesslike manner. People who are involved in practical life would have to be called upon.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Mr. van Leer has already written that he would be willing to do what is necessary in this direction.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, he could certainly help in this direction.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: He would like some guidance so that he knows how to proceed.

RUDOLF STEINER: A kind of plan could be worked out as to how this could essentially be done. Mr. Schenkel has probably not gone beyond the theoretical stage.

Gentlemen such as Mr. van Leer and Mr. Molt, and also other gentlemen [who are involved in practical economic life, who] know how to concentrate on such questions when they work out something like this. The teaching profession would perhaps be less effective in this regard; it would be best to turn directly to the experts. This could perhaps be linked to the efforts of the Cultural Council.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: I have written an appeal on this very matter. But perhaps it would be better for Mr. Molt to take this on.

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, all of that would still need to be discussed.

KARL STOCKMEYER: How can we establish a connection for geological lessons, or how can we raise awareness of the connection between real geology and the Akashic Records?

RUDOLF STEINER: It would of course be good if you could first make the children aware of stratification, [if you could] teach them how the Alps were formed. And [then] cover the whole complex extending from the Alps: the Pyrenees, the Alps, Carpathians, Altai [and so on], which is [the] one wave; [that you] make the whole wave clear to the children. Then the other wave, which goes from North America to South America. Then you get [so] this one wave up to the Altai, [up to] the Asian mountains. That is a wave that goes from west to east. Then we have [in the west of America] the North American mountains at the top and [at the bottom] the South American mountains. [That is the other wave, from north to south. It stands perpendicular to the first one.)

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We start from this stratification [and structure], and then we add the vegetation and fauna. Then we simply try to study the west coast of Europe and the east coast of America, the fauna and flora and the stratification. Then we move on to evoking the concept of how the east of America [gap in the transcript] and understand that the Atlantic Ocean and the west of Europe are connected, [and] that the [Atlantic Ocean basin and the west coast of Europe] is simply subsidence land. From these concepts, we then try to explain in a natural way that it moves up and down [in rhythm]. We start from the concept of rhythm. We show that the British Isles have risen and fallen four times. This brings us back to the concept of ancient Atlantis, in a geological way.

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Then we can move on by trying to evoke in the children the idea of how it was different when [one] was down there and [the other] was up there. We assume that the British Isles rose and fell four times. This can be easily determined geologically from the layers. So we try to put these things into context, but we must not shy away from talking to the children about the ancient Atlantic land. We must not skip over this. We can also tie in with the historical context. Only then will you have to disavow conventional geology. For the Atlantic catastrophe must be dated to the 7th to 8th millennium.

The Ice Age is the Atlantean catastrophe. The older, middle, and newer Ice Ages are nothing other than what is happening in Europe while Atlantis is sinking. This is happening at the same time, i.e., in the 7th and 8th millennia.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: In Pierer's Conversational Lexicon, I found the articles [on geology]: Geological Formations, Basalt, Alluvium and Ice Age, Darwinism, Alchemy. We would like to know which articles are really yours. It would be essential for us to know this, because then we would know that we can rely on what is written there.

RUDOLF STEINER: These articles were written by me, but the editorial process for the encyclopedia involved two editors. Something may have slipped in; I cannot guarantee the details. The articles on basalt, alluvium, geological formations, and the Ice Age are all mine. The article on Darwinism is not mine. Neither is the article on alchemy. Only strictly the geological and mineralogical ones, up to a certain letter. G is still mine; H is no longer mine because I didn't have time.

WALTER JOHANNES Stein: It is very difficult to find the connection behind the Ice Age. One wonders: How can what science says be brought into parallel with what spiritual science represents?

RUDOLF STEINER: But you will find clues in the cycles. [In the Tertiary period] you have the first and second mammalian fauna, and you only need to add what applies to humans. You can already draw parallels. You can easily parallel the [Tertiary] period with Atlantis, and you can parallel the [Secondary] period, essentially, not pedantically, with what I describe as the Lemurian period. So that would be the [Secondary] period. There you have the older amphibians and reptiles. Humans are also still only jellyfish-like in their outer form; they are only amphibian-like in shape. [See notes.]

WALTER JOHANNES Stein: There is still fire breathing!

RUDOLF STEINER: But these beasts also breathe fire, the Archaeopteryx for example.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: So the animals whose bones you see in museums today still breathed fire?

RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, all those that belong to the dinosaurs belong to the end of the [secondary] period. Those found in the Jurassic are already the descendants. I mean the dinosaurs that were there at the beginning of the [secondary] period. The Jurassic formation extends further. Everything pushes into each other there. Nothing should be treated pedantically. The Tertiary period [precedes] the Secondary period, which includes the Jurassic period. The Archaeopteryx belongs there. But that would already be the second period for us. One does not have to pedantically assign one thing to another. [See notes.]

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: How does what we have learned about the interior of the Earth fit in? You can find almost nothing about this in external science.

RUDOLF Steiner: What external geological science deals with [refers] only [to] the uppermost layers. These layers, which go down to the center of the Earth, have nothing to do with geology.

HERTHA KOEGEL: Can these layers be taught to children? Surely the upper layers must be mentioned? RUDOLF STEINER: Yes, indicate the layers if possible. You can do it using a layer map, but never without the children knowing anything about the types of rock. The children need to get an idea of what these rocks are. When explaining, you start from the top down, because it's easier to convey what breaks through there.

KARL STOCKMEYER: The law of conservation of [energy] and thermodynamics also cause difficulties.

RUDOLF STEINER: Why are there difficulties? The aim should be to gradually transfer these things to what Goethe calls the primordial phenomenon, i.e., to deal only with phenomena. The law of conservation of energy should not be treated as it has been up to now. It is a postulate, not a law. And secondly, there is something else entirely here: the spectrum can be treated, that is the phenomenon; but the law of conservation of energy is treated as a philosophical proposition. The mechanical heat equivalent must be treated somewhat differently. That is the phenomenon. Why not remain strictly within phenomenology? For example, I want to say that [today] we are working out laws that are actually phenomena. It is nonsense to call them “laws,” such as the law of falling bodies. These are phenomena, not laws. And one will find that one can keep the whole of physics free of so-called laws, transform them into phenomena and group them into secondary [and] primary phenomena. The whole theory of falling bodies, for example, when one begins to describe the so-called laws of Atwood's falling body machine, these are phenomena and not laws.

KARL STOCKMEYER: One would probably have to proceed by treating the phenomenon in Atwood's falling machine and what can be done with it mathematically, so that a mathematical description is made in a new sense. So one should not proceed by taking the law of falling bodies as a basis, for example the constancy of acceleration – which can be determined – and developing the law of falling bodies from this, but rather treat it as a fact.

RUDOLF STEINER: Just record it if you don't have a falling machine. In the first second it falls like this, in the second like that, in the third like that. Then you simply get the series of numbers, and from them you make what is called the law, but which is only a phenomenon.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: So we shouldn't talk about gravity at all?

RUDOLF STEINER: It would be wonderful if you could manage to completely stop talking about gravity. You can achieve this if you only present phenomena. That would be the best thing, because gravity is just a phrase.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Does that also apply to electrical force?

RUDOLF STEINER: Today, you can talk about electricity without mentioning forces. You can strictly stick to phenomena. You can go as far as ion and electron theory without talking about anything other than phenomena. It would be enormously important from an educational point of view to do that.

KARL STOCKMEYER: It is very difficult to do without forces when dealing with the C-G-S system of measurement, which is required in the upper grades, for example.

RUDOLF STEINER: What do forces have to do with it? If you have calculations where you can swap one for the other, then you can have it.

KARL STOcKMEYER: Then perhaps you would have to use something else for the word force.

RUDOLF STEINER: As soon as the pupil is clear that force is nothing more than the product of mass and acceleration, as soon as he does not associate any metaphysical concept with it, i.e., treats it always phenomenologically, then one can talk about force.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Could we hear something more specific about planetary motion? Much has been hinted at, but there is no clear idea about the true motion of the planets and the sun.

RUDOLF STEINER: That [probably referring to a conventional drawing of the solar system] is something that belongs in the realm of statuary. This is actually how it is in reality:

Rudolf Steiner demonstrates using the drawing.

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Now you just have to imagine that it spirals away. The other is apparent movement. The spiral line continues in space. So it is not that the [planets] move around the sun, but rather that these three: Mercury, Venus, Earth, follow the sun, and these three: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, go ahead. This causes, when the Earth is there, this is the sun, the Earth follows. When you look at the sun from here, it makes it look as if the Earth is moving around, when in fact it is only following. The Earth follows the sun. The slope is equal to what is called the angle of declination; if you take the angle that you get when you take the angle of the ecliptic that it encloses with the equator, then you get that. So it's not a spiral, but a helical line. It's not flat, but spatial.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: How does the Earth's axis stand in this movement?

RUDOLF STEINER: If the Earth were here, the Earth's axis would be a tangent. The angle is 23% degrees. The angle enclosed by the helix is the same as the one you get when you take the North Pole, and since these lemniscates form the orbit of one of the stars near the North Pole. I would have to state that. You get an apparent lemniscate when you extend this line. It does not exist because the North Pole remains fixed, the celestial North Pole.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: Didn't a special constellation occur in 1413?

RUDOLF STEINER: I pointed this out today. The fact is that you can take about 7000 years before 1413. Then you get a collapse of the Earth's axis, i.e., the smallest angle. Then it becomes larger, and then smaller again at first; this creates the lemniscate. So temporarily, the Earth's angle is zero. That was when the Atlantic catastrophe occurred. There were no seasonal differences. There was always the equinox.

KARL STOCKMEYER: How is it that the celestial pole, which is nothing more than the point toward which the Earth's axis is directed, is supposed to remain the same? It changes over the years.

RUDOLF STEINER: This is caused by the fact that the Earth's axis describes a cone, a double cone. As a result, its movement is constantly balanced by the movement of the Earth's axis. If the Earth's axis were always parallel to itself, the celestial pole would describe a lemniscate, but it remains where it is. This happens because the movement of the Earth's axis in the double cone cancels out the movement that would result from the celestial pole describing a lemniscate; it is canceled out by this.

KARL STOCKMEYER: I had prepared myself for the movement of the Earth's axis that you described. I said to myself that the point in the sky that remains fixed must apparently change over the centuries. I believed that this would be in the sense of the lemniscate, i.e., not a circle in the sky in the Platonic year.

RUDOLF STEINER: This is negated by the fact that this line, the axis of the screw, is not a real straight line, but a curve. It is only approximately a straight line. In reality, a circle is also described here. We are dealing with a screw that actually has a circle for its thread.

KARL STOCKMEYER: How is it possible to relate this to Galileo's principle of relativity? To the fact that we cannot determine any absolute movement in space?

RUDOLF STEINER: What does that mean?

KARL STOCKMEYER: [That we] cannot speak of absolute movement in space. We cannot say: this body is standing still in space, but rather that it is moving. It is only relative. We can only know that one body is moving toward another.

RUDOLF STEINER: This actually only applies as long as the investigation is not extended to the interior of the body in question. So, if you have two people who are in relative motion to each other, as long as you examine them purely mathematically in space and take the point of examination outside the people in question—it can be irrelevant to you what is happening absolutely—you will only get the relativity of the movement. But it is not irrelevant to the human being. Walking two meters is different from walking three meters. The principle therefore only applies to the observer who stands outside. The moment he stands inside, as we do as human beings on Earth — as soon as the investigation begins to include the inner change, then the matter ceases. The moment we conduct investigations in such a way that we determine absolute changes in successive Earth epochs, the matter ceases.

That is why I emphasize so strongly that people today are completely different from those in Greek times. One cannot speak of the principle of relativity in this case. Nor can one do so with regard to trains; the cars of an express train wear out more than those of a slow train. When one arrives at the inner state, the principle of relativity ceases to apply. [Einstein's principle of relativity arose from unreal thinking. He asked what happens] when a clock starts to fly away at the speed of light and comes back again; then this and that happens. Now I would like to ask what would happen to a clock at all if it flew away at the speed of light. That is unreal thinking. It is out of context. Only the spatial conditions are considered. This has been possible since Galileo. Galileo himself did not distort the matter to such an extent, but today, due to this exaggeration of the theory of relativity, it has become possible to put forward such ideas.

KARL STOCKMEYER: It is a peculiarity of light that, at the speed of light, it is impossible to determine one's relationship to the light source in terms of movement.

RUDOLF STEINER: Lorentz's “experiment.” Read through it—it's interesting, but Lorentz's conclusions are theoretical. You don't have to accept that there are only differences in relativity. Absolute mechanics is sufficient. You probably haven't taken all these obsessions into account. There is no difference as such that would become apparent if you took a tube (drawing) and you had a very thin wall here in this tube, an elastic wall. And you would have a liquid at the top and bottom and in between. The same conditions would arise between these two liquids as arise for Lorentz with light. You have to come up with a forced interpretation if you want to take these things at face value.

You are probably familiar with this gem: you are traveling in a train at the speed of a train and fire a cannon, so you hear it once in Freiburg, twice in Karlsruhe, and three times in Frankfurt. If you move faster than the speed of sound, you will first hear the three shots in Frankfurt, then the two shots in Karlsruhe, and finally one shot in Freiburg. You can speculate about such things, but they have no reality because you cannot move faster than the speed of sound.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: How could one work out the astronomical through the spiral movement of plants? Is such a device possible that one can prove this from the plant?

RUDOLF STEINER: Why do you need a device? The plants themselves are the device. You only need to assign the pistil to the movement of the moon and the stigma to the movement of the sun. The moment you assign the pistil to the lunar movement and the stigma to the solar movement, you will discover the rest. Then you will have imitated in the spiral movement of the plant the relative relationship between what is solar movement and what is lunar movement. Then you can continue. It is complicated. You have to construct it. At first, the pistil does not appear to move. It moves within, in the spiral. You have to reverse that; it is relative. The pistil belongs in the stem line, the stigma in the spiral movement. But I believe – it is difficult to explain further – that you cannot use this in school. It is a matter of further development of knowledge.

KARL STOCKMEYER: Is there no way to derive this spiral movement of the sun and the earth from astronomically known facts?

RUDOLF STEINER: Why not? Just as you teach the Copernican doctrine today. The whole thing is based on the joke that of the three Copernican laws, only the first two are taught; the third is omitted. Add the third, and you arrive at the conclusion that you get a simple spiral around the sun. Copernicus did this. You just need to take his third law. You just need to take the book “De revolutionibus corporum coelestium” really correctly, and take three laws instead of two. Only the two have been taken, but that does not correspond to the movements that can be seen. So the so-called Bessel correction equations are inserted. The stars are not seen as indicated by Copernicus. The telescope has to be turned; it is turned according to Bessel's equations. You only need to switch that off, and you will get the right result.

But you can't do that today, otherwise you'll be called completely crazy. But it's child's play to learn it and to declare what is taught today to be humbug. You just need to throw out Bessel's equations and take the third Copernican law into account.

WALTER JOHANNES STEIN: If you could publish that, people would see what idiots they are!

RUDOLF STEINER: Johannes Schlaf started by noting the points on Jupiter that do not correspond to the Copernican system. People attacked him and said, “He's a crazy guy.”

There is nothing that can be done against brutal violence. Realize the aspirations of the Cultural Council that there is room to breathe. Things are worse than you think. When a professor in Tübingen can turn the commodity character into a “true character”! The public does not want to acknowledge that our entire school system is corrupt. This is something that must first become common knowledge: that our universities must go, that our high schools must go. They must be replaced by something completely different. That is the real basis.

It is completely impossible to do anything with these guys. I spoke at the adult education center in Dresden. I also spoke at the Schopenhauer Society in Dresden. Afterwards, the professors talked complete nonsense. They couldn't grasp a single thought. One stood up and said he had to point out the differences between Schopenhauer's philosophy and anthroposophy. I said I thought that was unnecessary. Anthroposophy is to philosophy as the crown is to the root of a tree. It goes without saying that there is a difference between the root and the crown. Someone could stand up and say: He is compelled to point out the difference between the root and the crown, and I have not claimed anything else. These guys can't grasp a single coherent thought. Today's university philosophy is utter nonsense. There is a kernel of truth in much of what it produces, but it is linked to so much humbug that the result is nonsense. You are familiar with Rickert's “theory of values,” aren't you? The little bit of good that is contained in university philosophy can be found in my “Riddles of Philosophy.”

The “true character” strikes me as something else: I have found people in society who did not know what trade unions are. I have often emphasized that these things happen. If the Cultural Council were to act appropriately and replace these terrible institutions with reason, then everything would be better. Then you could also teach reasonable astronomy. But you cannot stand up to brutal power. The Cultural Council could do what it should have done from the beginning: really take up its program and work toward taking control of the entire school system. The Waldorf School is set up as a model example. But it can't do anything against brutal force either. The Cultural Council would have the task of reorganizing the entire education system. If we had ten million, we could expand the Waldorf school. This lack of ten million is only a “minor obstacle.”

It weighs heavily on my mind that you should not be deterred by something that appears to you as objectivity, such as the misbehavior of children and the like. You must not imagine that you will get angels into the school. [Also] you can go very, very wrong by not having the school materials as they should be. Nevertheless, we want to stick strictly to what we have set ourselves and not let anything prevent us from achieving it as best we can.

It is therefore very important that you make a practical distinction between what is possible given the external conditions that exist and what should provide the impetus. We must believe that our ideals can be realized. You can do it too, it just doesn't show up right away.