The Rudolf Steiner Archive

If we consider only the human physical body, it is very difficult to arrive at insights such as those we discussed last time. This applies particularly to the peoples who are the peoples of the new world, of Europe and America.

In these areas, the physical body is formed from within to a much lesser extent than in Asia and Africa, for example. In the case of the peoples of Asia and Africa, the physical body is more formed from within, from the forces lying in the etheric body. In the case of the peoples of Europe and America, the greater influence in the formative forces of the physical body comes from external influences.

We can say something like this: as soon as we look for the forces that form and shape the physical body of a person, we must find etheric forces. These etheric forces lie more in the interior of the etheric body for the inhabitants of Africa and Asia. For the inhabitants of Europe and America, they lie more in the etheric world that surrounds people from the outside.

The people of Africa and Asia are therefore more connected with the inner etheric forces, and the people of Europe and America more with the outer etheric forces, and thus more with the nature spirits.

If I want to express myself in a primitive way, paying less attention to what has become clear to us through spiritual scientific observation, I would have to say: the physical body of African and Asian peoples is more shaped from the inside out, more through internal formative forces. The body of the peoples of Europe and America is more shaped by the way they relate to the conditions of the outside world. The external forces are more impressed in the plastic forms and therefore shape the forms of the physical body more.

In the book Threshold of the Spiritual World, I pointed out that when we consider a human being's etheric body, we find that they are connected to the Earth's whole organism to a greater extent than one might think if one focuses only on the physical body. The Earth itself is a kind of living being. But while the human being, as a living being, appears to us, as it were, as a closed unit, so that we must also perceive him as a unit, we must consider the earth as a living organism in such a way that we see in it a multitude of natural beings interacting with each other.

The Earth includes, first of all, the solid Earth itself, which forms the continents. But what we perceive as this material, solid Earth is nothing other than Maja. The reality is a great multitude of nature spirits, which in turn are led by spirits of higher hierarchies. That this mass of spirits coalesces and functions as solid Earth is Maja. The Earth is spirit through and through. This has often been emphasized.

Now the earth is not only the solid earth, but also what permeates the earth as water, and insofar as the matter of the earth lives out in the liquid, we are again dealing with the water as the maja. In reality, however, we are dealing with a large number of nature spirits. It is the same with the air and the warmth that permeates and washes around the earth. All this is a sum of nature spirits, and the material is only the outer Maja.

More than that in Asia and Africa is the case with the European human being - let us limit ourselves to this for the time being - there is, as it were, a constant exchange of impulses between the inner etheric forces and the elemental beings contained in fire, water, air and earth. These elemental beings act from the outside in on the human etheric body, and thereby they receive the formative and educational forces, which then appear in the appearance and the activities of the physical body, right down to speech. For speech is also an activity of the physical body. But of course the impulses for speech lie in the etheric body.

Now, you see, if we consider the human being as he lives on earth, as he is an earthly being via the etheric body, and as he belongs to the earth, we must take into account the different ways in which the individual essences of earth, water, air and so on affect the human etheric body. For the elemental and etheric entities of the earth are of a very different nature, the etheric and elemental entities of water are of a very different nature, so that we can say: simply by the fact that any person lives as a physical being in the mountains or on the seashore, other entities have a greater influence on his etheric body. In the case of the person living on the seashore, the elemental entities that have their Maya expression in water have a much greater influence than in the case of the person living in the mountains. In the case of a person living in the mountains, the beings that live in the earth have a greater influence than the entities that have their Maya expression in water.

Now that which is formed, made, out of man is influenced by this interaction – I am now speaking mainly of the European human being – I say influenced, and in the way these elementary spirits of nature work, there is something of what forms man out of the spiritual world, insofar as this man is an earthly being.

Last time I spoke to you about the fact that Eastern culture preceded European culture, let us say, a layer of culture whose people were so constituted that they still had something in their souls of what is more pushed back into the subconscious in today's people, that they had something in their ordinary lives of a division of the soul into the soul of feeling, mind or emotion and consciousness. I have pointed out to you that the Finnish people, the great Finnish people of old — the present-day people are only a remnant of the once widespread Finnish people — had such a soul that the souls of these people, in their direct experience of the day, had something of a division of the soul into a soul of feeling, a soul of mind or emotion, and a soul of consciousness, in a certain ancient clairvoyance that was developed in them.

I have told you that in the great epic Kalewala, the three figures of Wäinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen express the way in which this threefold soul is determined, as it were, by the cosmos.

Now, how could something like this come about at all? How could a great nation develop at a certain point in Europe - so we ask ourselves - that had a soul like the one I have described?

Now, you see, how the human being develops his actual self, the gift of the earth, comes from the spirits of the earth working on him from below, through the maya of earthly matter. From below, as it were through the firm earth, the spirits of the earth work, and in our cycle it is so that these spirits of the earth are essentially used to evoke the I-nature in man.

Should something arise in the soul of a people, such as the ancient Finnish people, that lies beneath the nature of the I, that is more spiritual than the nature of the I, that is more closely connected to the divine forces (for when the soul feels that it is split three ways, it is more with the divine powers than when it does not. If something like this were to arise, then not only the earthly with its elementary spirits from below was allowed to radiate into the earthly of man, but something else had to radiate into this earthly, another elementary influence.

In the same way that a person's physical existence is intimately connected with the spirits of the earth — physical existence, insofar as it is an earthly existence and one develops one's self in it — with the spirits that work from the earth itself, from below upwards, then the soul life of the human being, which manifests itself as natural, temperamental, character-shaped soul life, is connected with everything that lives on the earth as a watery element, as a liquid element. So the spirits of the watery, liquid element must have an effect on these souls, which are thus split into three.

Now, for our time cycle, the earthly element is the ego-forming element, that is, the one that matters. If another element intrudes, such as the watery element, for example, it intrudes more from the spiritual world. It is not contained in the human being itself. It must, as it were, sink into the human being as a spiritual being, so that he can receive into his earthly nature something that leads him into the spiritual world.

Let us assume that the surface of the blackboard is where the elementary forces of the earth come out. If a spiritual element wants to sink into this, it must come from the organism of the earth itself, from something that is spiritual in itself. There must be a being, a real being, which is not the human being himself, which, as it were, inspires the human being to the threefold nature of the soul. There must therefore be a Being that acts on the soul in such a way, acting from natural spirituality, that the sentient soul, the soul of mind or feeling, and the consciousness soul separate, so that the souls can truly say: For my sentient soul, something like Wäinämöinen is at work from nature, something that flows towards me like a nature being, that gives me the powers of the sentient soul.

But there is also something like Ilmarinen, something that gives me the powers of the intellectual or mind soul, and there is also something like Lemminkäinen, something that gives me the powers of the consciousness soul. If there is a being that extends its feelers into nature as if through a kind of neck, if a being that has its main body here and extends its feelers here, so that we have one of the feelers with the sentient soul here, and the second feeler the second feeler horn and here the third feeler horn, so the nature being has a body and stretches its soul into it, as it were, like soul feelers, to inspire, and there the ether bodies can form, which give the soul the ability to feel divided into three.

The ancient Finns, the population of old Finland, said: We live here, but we feel something like three mighty beings that are not beings of the physical plane, that are nature beings. They reveal themselves from the west, they are three parts, as it were, organs of a great being that has its body over there, but it extends its feelers towards us here: Wäinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen. A mighty sea creature is spreading out from west to east, stretching out its feel-horns and endowing this tribe with that which is the three-part soul.

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The nations that still felt this, felt it this way and also spoke it, also in Kalewala, as I have explained it. The modern man, who today lives only on the physical plane, says that the western sea extends into this; that is the Bothnian, that is the Finnish and that is the Rigaian Gulf. But we take all of this together, wanting to see through the spiritual of the outer physical, that which appears to us as a cross-section of nature, we take the following together. There is still a lot of water down there, over there is the air, human beings breathe air, and the world of the sea is a great, mighty being, which is only formed differently than we are accustomed to. It is a mighty being that extends over it, and with this being the human being of the earlier race was in a very distinct, definitely configured connection. And when we now speak of folk spirits, these folk spirits have in the elemental beings, who live in numerous such soul expressions, the tools to work. They organize themselves, as it were, into an army to work, to work their way into the etheric body and, from the etheric body, to make the human being in such a way that his physical body is a tool for what he is supposed to be for his specific mission on earth.

Only when we can see the forms that appear to us in nature as expressions of the spiritual can we understand nature itself in its connection with the human being. We can understand nature when we do not simply look thoughtlessly at the sea and land borders, but understand what is expressed in these forms. After all, someone might think when looking at a person's face: Yes, there are such forms. There the flesh and the air border each other. — If someone says this, however, little will have been understood of it. It is only understood when it is grasped as an expression of the human being, as a face. Here, too, it is only understood when it is seen as the physiognomy, as it were, of a mighty being that extends certain parts of its main body out of the ocean, that extends this part of its physiognomy.

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Much really does go on below the threshold of consciousness, and the Spirits of Form have not placed the forms in nature for nothing. These forms can be understood. They are the expression of inner essence. And when we become disciples of the Spirits of Form, we ourselves form shapes that express what lives in the inner essence of the natural and the spiritual.

Thus, for example, in our architraves, in what is above the columns, forms should be formed that are truly the expression of the spirituality that is to be associated with what is to take place within the building. Man is a being that emerges from a sea, as it were, from a sea of reality, of hidden reality, in which he is immersed.

You see, this is another example of how we actually have to penetrate behind the Maja if we really want to understand what is in the world, namely if we want to understand the human being with all his expressions. We often have to go down into what lives in the human being without him knowing it, or what he only gradually learns through the mediation of knowledge.

We cannot help but look at the outer Maya first, and then we must be clear about the fact that something extraordinarily complicated lies behind this outer Maya.

If we were inclined to enter into what lies behind the maya everywhere, then there could be infinite harmony, a consonance in the whole human being, because, to a certain extent, this human being is infinite underground impulses with a harmonious unity being, and everything that exists in the world can only be understood if it is examined in relation to what lies beneath the surface of existence.

It is always one-sided to look at anything only in relation to Maya. I want to interject something here. It is true that we can only fully understand the things we have discussed now, little by little. I want to show how difficult it is, even in ordinary life, to really go into everything that lies in the things that come to us. For example, perhaps very few of our dear friends have noticed that I once spoke at length about Switzerland in a recent lecture, about something that is closely related to Swiss nature. I don't know how many of you are actually aware of what I am talking about. But perhaps you remember that I followed the four lectures I gave on occult reading and hearing with a lecture in which I spoke a great deal about Herman Grimm from a purely external, historical point of view. That was a lecture in which an extraordinary amount was actually said about Switzerland, but one has to go back to the essence of the matter, to what lies beneath the surface. Why is that?

You see, the human being – I repeat something very elementary – consists, as we know, of his physical body, his etheric body, his astral body and his ego nature. We know that the I-nature and the astral body leave the physical and etheric body during sleep and, as it were, dwell in the spiritual world, in a world of which we can say: At night we are in this world, where the elemental, etheric beings are also. But there are also those spiritual elemental beings in it that are connected with the whole structure of our physical being. They are all there and at work. A number of elemental beings are connected with the whole structure of our physical being. In a lecture series I once gave in Kassel on the connection between the Gospel of John and the other gospels, I pointed out how man is connected to the entities of elementary nature through his ancestors. I pointed out – you can read about it in this lecture cycle – that if we arrange the four parts of the human being in this way, we have the physical body, the I, the etheric body and the astral body, and that what lives more in the physical body and the I is inherited from the paternal side.

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Those who have read the lecture cycle carefully will remember that what lives more in the etheric body and in the astral body is inherited from the maternal side. When we sleep, we have the physical and etheric bodies in bed, so we have something paternal and something maternal. But we have the I and the astral body outside. The astral body contains that which is imprinted on our feelings, on our entire temperament, that which gives us our soul character. And in this, which gives us our soul character, in turn, in the succession of time, elemental beings have an effect, beings that carry the forces from the ancestors to the descendants, so that these descendants become, in a certain way.

In the case of a personality such as Herman Grimm's, something very peculiar takes effect. One has an after-effect with Herman Grimm from what his immediate ancestors were. His immediate ancestors, his father and his uncle, were the collectors of the Children's and House Tales, and they heard these Children's and House Tales told. They simply listened when they were told and then wrote them down. But you don't do something like that unless you have a specially tuned astral body that is predisposed to it. Such things must be deeply rooted in the whole course of events.

Who was this mother? Dorothea Grimm, née Wild, was from an old Bernese family. She herself was still a citizen of that city. Her ancestors had fought in the Battle of Murten. All the feelings that she had gained there, with all the elemental spirits, were then carried up into Hessian, because the father, who had emigrated from Bern – Herman Grimm's grandfather – had learned the apothecary's trade, then moved to Kassel and founded the Sonnenapotheke (Sun Pharmacy). So if we look for what the elemental spirits were doing in Herman Grimm, what was making the particular configuration of this spirit, so to speak, because these spirits were working in him while he slept, then we have to think of Switzerland, and we are actually talking about the characteristic of Herman Grimm when we speak of the characteristically Bernese-Swiss.

And so, sometimes, outwardly completely overshadowed by Maja, we encounter the essential. If we consider the peculiar structure of his mind, we listen attentively to what the essence is in the mind of Herman Grimm's mother, so that I actually said something directly Swiss in the spiritual, in what I emphasized as lying below the threshold of consciousness, and spoke of the Swiss, especially the Bernese, when I spoke of Herman Grimm. Therefore, it was to be assumed that precisely this kind of thing, of which hints had been made, would evoke quite familiar, homely feelings among some of our friends.

So it does not just depend on what, so to speak, appears externally to us, but on what lives in what appears externally to us. The earth with all that is on it is actually intimately connected, the earth as a unified being is actually intimately connected with what the human being can be on it, with what is formed around the human being through the etheric body.

Now that I have made it clear through the present example how we have to go through the Maja if we want to understand what is there, let us go back to the sea dragon, which is, so to speak, the inspirer of European humanity, which pushed its way across from the Atlantic Ocean to be the inspirer of European humanity. If we consider the totality of its elemental-etheric beings, it contains everything that is spiritual in European humanity. If we could understand it completely, this dragon, if we could give ourselves completely to it, then we would all be clairvoyants. But it is not the task of European humanity to be merely clairvoyant; rather, it has the task of developing precisely that part of the soul that rises above clairvoyance like islands rise above the sea. That which now had to develop particularly as, I might say, the basic types of the fifth post-Atlantean cultural period, had to have the basic character to stand out as a nature of consciousness, to stand out from the merely soul-like. It had to be inspired by the nature spirits working through the earth. It had to have the possibility of being connected everywhere, of being connected with this inspiring being through countless flowing impulses, as it were. But it had to be set apart, it had to send the earthy into the watery. And this happened through the British Isles rising out of the inspiring sea with the sum total of all their nature spirits.

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When there is a real spiritual science, then it will be known that on such a continental area of the human soul-bearer, his physical and etheric bodies, must form in the same way as the relationship between sea and land requires. Just as the elevation above the sea, the elevation of the land above the sea, determines this, so it is that the human being, in his nature, must fill certain spaces by not letting them be muscles, but letting them become bones, so that the soft and the hard have a certain relationship to each other.

This is also how it is formed outside in the great Earth Mother, and in such a way that the solid element emerges from the liquid element. One can say: the Earth sends up from its depths the elemental spirits that form the Earth in a certain configuration, at a certain point of spiritual inspiration, so that such soil can arise on which such bodies can dwell, in which the consciousness soul develops.

The solid land in the sea is really like a skeletal structure in the elementary being. Just as our skeletal system sits within the soft muscle system, so the solid land of the earth sits within the sea, configured within it. And the countries do not arise so randomly as geology presents them, but arise in their forms just as regularly as our bone system arises regularly in us, although not through cells, as the bones form. We just have to learn to understand why the individual continents are formed in this or that form. I would like to use another comparison, which should just not lead you to misunderstand. I would like to say: In order for the view we have been talking about to arise here among this ancient Finnish people, it was necessary for such a land configuration to arise in the gulf.

Just as human lungs let in air, so in this land configuration are outlined – as if drawn in – the tentacles of that great being that is connected with the entire configuration of Europe.

We have now spoken for the last time about the bodies that are given to the Russian soul when this soul incarnates in a Russian body. We have shown, last time and also in the course of other considerations, that in a Russian body the Russian soul forms itself expectantly, that it forms in itself that which a future being can once receive. For this it is necessary that this soul should in a certain way remain in relation to the spiritual. Otherwise the spiritual self could never be formed. But on the other hand this soul must be prevented from developing too early into those regions which are actually pictured for it.

Let us assume that here - where the Baltic Sea is now - there would be land and that here - where Russia is - would be sea. Only peninsular formations like Italy and so on would stretch out. The Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland and Riga would extend as far as the Caspian Sea, instead of us having Russian land here. Then we would have a seafaring people here, sailing these seas. But then the bodies would not be able to form here as they should. The being that stretches its tentacles over here would breathe out what these seafarers would receive, and they would develop their abilities prematurely, that is, at too early a time. They would develop too early that which should have waited for a later time. The spirit self must wait a certain time and must not be developed too soon. Therefore, there must not be a sea here, but the land must emerge to such an extent that the spirit self is not developed too early, but that there is still the possibility of receiving the inspirations of this great being. There must not be high mountains like the Alps, nor flat lands, only such elevations that the spiritual self is not received too early. There must be just enough land to produce the spiritual self: extensive, more flat land areas. If there were a seafaring people here, they would have developed the spiritual self long ago. But that would be immature, and development would occur at the wrong time.

And now we come to the cosmic mind of the earth. The earth has cosmic mind, which conditions its form, conditions its form in such a way that it raises the land everywhere as far as is necessary for the right elemental spirits to come into contact with the beings on the earth, and on the other hand allows the water to exist as far as is necessary for the inspiring genii to work.

We get the impression that we are literally looking at our earth and that we can see something similar in such an elevation of land, as when we form this or that expression in the face, where the soul also appears in the expression in this or that configuration of expression. The soul of the earth meets us in the configuration of the earth. In fact, as soon as we touch on the human ether body, this essence of the human ether body expands, as it were, over the entire organization of the earth, and the human ether body is connected with the earth organism everywhere. Everywhere we find that what is actually earthly — the Maja for the earth spirits — is connected for the present human being with his I-nature, with the outer physical nature. Everything that is water and air – spiritually speaking – is connected with what he develops in contradiction to the nature of the I. For the whole earth exists to form the earthly human being. The other thing is to nuance this earthly human being. This nuancing is achieved through the mutual relationship of land and water and air through the earth.

If we look at southern Europe, and in particular at the Greek and Italian peninsulas, we find that the way in which land and water are distributed here prepares the earth for such bodies, which could carry the fourth post-Atlantic culture, in which the mind or soul soul is so particularly expressed.

If the countries in southern Europe had been larger and the sea inlets smaller, something should have arisen in Greece and Italy that was only to arise later. That is to say, something would have arisen for evolution in an unusable way. In order for the Greek character to find its counterpart in the Romanic character, as I have described it, there had to be a broader land mass stretching out towards the sea than is the case with Greece. But that is the case in France. And in the relationship that I have said exists between France and Greece, you can find it expressed precisely in the physiognomy of Greece, how it is cut into by the sea everywhere, and in the physiognomy of France, how it extends its projections towards the sea more on a large scale.

I wanted to give you a few pointers today for all kinds of things that need to be done during our time together. We will then build on these pointers tomorrow.

My dear friends,

When people encounter the world conception of Spiritual Science their chief desire is to have an answer to their questions, a solution of their problems. That is quite natural and understandable, one might even say justifiable. But something else must be added if the spiritual scientific-movement is really to become the living thing it must be, in accordance with the general course of evolution of earth and humanity. Above all, a certain feeling must be added, a certain perception that the more one strives to enter the spiritual world, the more the riddles increase. These riddles actually become more numerous for the human soul than they were before, and in a certain respect they become also more sacred. When we come into the spiritual scientific world concept, great life problems, the existence of which we hardly guessed before, first appear as the riddles they are.

Now, one of the greatest riddles connected with the evolution of the earth and mankind is the Christ-riddle, the riddle of Christ-Jesus. And with regard to this, we can only hope to advance slowly towards its actual depth and sanctity. That is to say, we can expect in our future incarnations gradually to have an enhanced feeling in what a lofty sense, in what an extraordinary sense this Christ-riddle is a riddle. We must not expect just that regarding this Christ-riddle much will be solved for us, but also that much of what we have hitherto found full of riddles concerning the entry of the Christ-Being into humanity's evolution, becomes still more difficult. Other things will emerge that bring new riddles into the question of the Mystery of Golgotha, or if one prefers, new aspects of this great riddle.

There is no question here of ever claiming to do more than throw some light from one or other aspect of this great problem. And I beg you to be entirely clear that only single rays of light can ever be thrown from the circuit of human conception upon this greatest riddle of man's earthly existence, nor do these rays attempt to exhaust the problem, but only to illumine it from various aspects. And so something shall here be added to what has already been said that may bring us again some understanding of one aspect of the Mystery of Golgotha.

You remember the pronouncement of the God Jahve, radiating from the far distance, which stands at the beginning of the Bible, after the Fall had come about. The words announced that now men had eaten of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil they must be banished from their present abode, so that they might not eat also of the Tree of Life. The Tree of Life was to be protected, as it were, from being partaken of by men who had already tasted of the Tree of Knowledge.

Now behind this primordial two-foldness of the eating of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil on the one hand and the eating of the Tree of Life on the other hand, there lies concealed something which cuts deep into life. Today we will turn our attention to one of the many applications to life of this pronouncement: we will bring to mind what we have long known: i.e., that the Mystery of Golgotha, in so far as it was accomplished within the evolution of earthly history, fell in the Fourth Post-Atlantean epoch, in the Graeco-Latin age.

We know indeed that the Mystery of Golgotha lies approximately at the conclusion of the first third of the Graeco-Latin age and that two-thirds of this age follow, having as their task the first incorporation of the secrets of the Mystery of Golgotha into human evolution.

Now we must distinguish two things in regard to the Mystery of Golgotha. The first is what took place as purely objective fact: in short, what happened as the entry of the Cosmic Being ‘Christus’ in the sphere of earthly evolution. It would be-hypothetically possible, one might say, it would be conceivable, for the Mystery of Golgotha, that is, the entry of the Impulse of Christ into earthly evolution, to have been enacted without any of the men on earth having understood or perhaps even known what had taken place there. It might quite well have happened that the Mystery of Golgotha had taken place, but had remained unknown to men, that no single person would have been able to think about solving the riddle of what had actually occurred there.

This was not to be. Earthly humanity was gradually to reach an understanding of what had happened through the Mystery of Golgotha. But none the less we must realise that there are two aspects: that which man receives as knowledge, as inner working in his soul, and that which has happened objectively within the human race, and which is independent of this human race—that is to say, of its knowledge. Now, men endeavoured to grasp what had taken place through the Mystery of Golgotha. We are aware that not only did the Evangelists, out of a certain clairvoyance, give those records of the Mystery of Golgotha which we find in the Gospels; an attempt was also made to grasp it by means of the knowledge which men had before the Mystery of Golgotha. We know that since the Mystery of Golgotha not only have its tidings been given out, but there has also arisen a New Testament theology, in its various branches. This New Testament theology, as is only natural, has made use of already existing ideas in asking itself: What has actually come about with the Mystery of Golgotha, what has been accomplished in it?

We have often considered how, in particular, Greek philosophy that which was developed for instance as Greek philosophy in the teachings of Plato and Aristotle—how the ideas of Greek philosophy endeavoured to grasp what had taken place in the Mystery of Golgotha, just as they took pains to understand Nature around them. And so we can say that on the one hand the Mystery of Golgotha entered as objective fact, and on the other hand, confronting it, are the different world-conceptions which had been developed since antiquity, and which reach a certain perfection at the time in which the Mystery of Golgotha took place, and then go on evolving.

Whence were these concepts derived? We know indeed that all these concepts, including those which live in Greek philosophy and which approached the Mystery of Golgotha from the earth, are derived from a primeval knowledge, from a knowledge which could not have been at man's disposal if, let us say, an original revelation had not taken place. For it is not only amaterialistic, but an entirely nonsensical idea that the attenuated philosophy which existed at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha could at its starting point have been formed by human beings themselves. It is primeval revelation, which as we know was founded in an age when men still had the remains of ancient clairvoyance; primeval revelation which in ancient times had been given to man for the most part in imaginative form and which had been attenuated to concepts in the age when the Mystery of Golgotha entered, the Graeco-Latin age. Thus one could see an intensive stream of primeval revelation arise in ancient times, which could be given to men because they still had the final relics of the old clairvoyance that spoke to their understanding and which then gradually dried up and withered into philosophy.

Thus a philosophy, a world-conception existed in many, many shades and nuances, and these sought in their own way to comprehend the Mystery of Golgotha. If we would find the last stragglers of what was diluted at that time to a world-concept of a more philosophic character; then we come to what lived in the old Roman age.

By this Roman age I mean the time that begins approximately with the Mystery of Golgotha, with the reign of the Emperor Augustus, and flows on through the time of the Roman Empire until the migration of nations that gave such a different countenance to the European world. And what we see flare up in this Roman age like a last great light from the stream flowing from revelation—that is the Latin-Roman poetry, which plays so great a role in the education of youth even up to our own day. It is all that developed as continuation of this Latin-Roman poetry till the decline of ancient Rome. Every possible shade of world-conception had taken refuge in Rome. This Roman element was no unity. It was extended over numberless sects, numberless religious opinions, and could only evolve a certain common ground from the multiplicity by withdrawing, as it were, into external abstractions.

Through this, however, we can recognise how something withered comes to expression in the far-spread Roman element in which Christianity was stirring as a new impulse. We see how Roman thought is at great pains to seize with its ideas what lay behind the Mystery of Golgotha. We see how endeavour was made in every possible way to draw ideas from the whole range of world conception in order to understand what hid behind this Mystery of Golgotha. And one can say, if one observes closely: it was a despairing struggle towards an understanding, a real understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha. And this struggle as a matter of fact continued in a certain current throughout the whole of the first millennium.

One should see, for instance, how Augustine first accepts all the elements of the old withered world-conception, and how he tries through all that he so accepts to grasp what was flowing in as living soul-blood, for he now feels Christianity flow like a living impulse into his soul. Augustine is a great and significant personality—but one sees in every page of his writings how he is struggling to bring into his understanding what is flowing to him from the Christ Impulse. And so it goes on, and this is the whole endeavour of Rome: to obtain in the western world of idea, in this world of world-conception, the living substance of what comes to expression in the Mystery of Golgotha.

What is it, then, that makes such efforts, that so struggles, that in the Roman-Latin element overflows the whole civilised world? What is it that struggles despairingly in the Latin impulse, in the concepts pulsating in the Latin language, to include the Mystery of Golgotha? What is that? That is also a part of what men have eaten in Paradise. It is a part of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. We can see in the primeval revelations when the old clairvoyant perceptions could still speak to men, how vividly alive concepts were in this ancient time, concepts which were still imaginations, and how they more and more dry up and die and become thin and poor. They are so thin that in the middle of the Middle Ages, when Scholasticism flourished, the greatest efforts of the soul were necessary to sharpen these attenuated concepts sufficiently to grasp in them the living life existing in the Mystery of Golgotha. What remained in these concepts was the most distilled form of the old Roman language with its marvellously structured logic, but with its almost entirely lost life-element. This Latin speech was preserved with its fixed and rigid logic, but with its inner life almost dead, as a realisation of the primeval divine utterance: Men shall not eat of the Tree of Life.

If it had been possible for what had evolved from the old Latin heritage to comprehend in full what had been accomplished in the Mystery of Golgotha, had it been possible for this Latin heritage, simply as if through a thrust, to gain an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha, then this would have been an eating of the Tree of Life. But this was forbidden, after the expulsion from Paradise. The knowledge which had entered humanity in the sense of the ancient revelation was not to serve as a means of ever working in a living way. Hence it could only grasp the mystery of Golgotha with dead concepts.

‘Ye shall not eat of the Tree of Life’: this is a saying which also holds good through all aeons of earthly evolution with regard to certain phenomena. And one fulfilment of this saying was likewise the addition: ‘The Tree of Life will also draw near in its other form as the Cross erected on Golgotha—and life will stream out from it. But this older knowledge shall not eat of the Tree of Life.’

And so we see a dying knowledge struggling with life, we see how desperately it strives to incorporate the life of Golgotha in its concepts.¹

Now there is a peculiar fact, a fact which indicates that in Europe, confronting as it were the starting point of the East, a kind of primordial opposition was made. There is something like a sort of archetypal opposition set against the primeval-revelation² decreed to mankind. Here, to be sure, we touch upon the outer rim of a very deep-lying secret, and one can really only speak in pictures of much that is to

There exists in Europe a legend concerning the origin of man which is quite different from the one contained in the Bible. It has gone through later transformations no doubt, but its essentials are still to be recognised. Now the characteristic feature is not that this legend exists, but that it has been preserved longer in Europe than in other parts of the earth. But the important thing is that even while over in the Orient the Mystery of Golgotha had been accomplished, this different legend was still alive in the feelings of the inhabitants of Europe. Here, too, we are led to a tree, or rather to trees, which were found on the shore of the sea by the gods Wotan, Wile and We. And men were formed from two trees, the Ash and the Elm. Thus men were created by the trinity of the gods, (although this was Christianised later, it yet points to the European original revelation) by fashioning the two trees into men: Wotan gives men spirit and life; Wile gives men movement and intelligence, and We gives them the outer figure, speech, the power of sight and of hearing.

The very great difference that exists between this story of creation and that of the Bible is not usually observed—but you need only read the Bible—which is always a useful thing to do—and already in the first chapters you will remark the very great difference that exists between the two Creation legends. I should like but to point to one thing, and that is, according to the saga, a threefold divine nature flowed into man. It must be something of a soul-nature that the Gods have laid within him, which expresses itself in his form and which in fact is derived from the Gods. In Europe, therefore, man was conscious that inasmuch as one moves about on earth, one bears something divine within; in the Orient, on the contrary, one is conscious that one bears something Luciferic within one. Something is bound up with the eating of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil which has even brought men death, something that has turned all men away from the Gods and for which they have earned divine punishment. In Europe man is aware that in the human soul a threefold nature lives, that the Gods have sunk a force into the human soul. That is very significant.

One touches with this, as I have said, the edge of a great secret, a deep mystery. But it will be readily understood: it looks as if in this ancient Europe a number of human beings had been preserved who had not been taken away from sharing in the Tree of Life, in whom there lived on, so to say, the tree or the trees of Life; ash and elm. And with this the following fact stands in intimate harmony. European humanity (and if one goes back to the original European peoples this would be seen with great clarity in all details) actually had nothing of the higher, more far-reaching knowledge that men possessed in the Orient and in the Graeco-Latin world.

One should imagine for once the immense, the incisive contrast between the naive conceptions of European humanity, who still saw everything in pictures, and the highly evolved, refined philosophical ideas of the Graeco-Latin world. In Europe all was ‘Life’; over there all was ‘Knowledge of Good and Evil.’ In Europe something was left over, as it were, like a treasured remnant of the original forces of life; but it could only remain if this humanity were, in a way, protected from understanding anything that was contained in such marvellously finely wrought Latin concepts. To speak of a science of the ancient European population would be nonsense. One can only speak of them as living with all that germinated in their inner soul nature, that filled it through and through with life. What they believed they knew was something that was direct experience. This soul nature was destined to be radically different from the mood that was transmitted in the Latin influence. And it belongs to the great, the wonderful secrets of historical evolution, that the Mystery of Golgotha was to arise out from the perfected culture of wisdom and knowledge, but that the depths of the Mystery of Golgotha should not be grasped through wisdom; they were to be grasped through direct life.

It was therefore like a predetermined karma that—while in Europe up to a definite point life was grasped—the ego-culture appeared purely naively, vitally and full of life where the deepest darkness was; whereas over there where was the profoundest wisdom, the Mystery of Golgotha arose. That is like a predestined harmony. Out of the civilisation based on knowledge which was beginning to dry up and wither ascends this Mystery of Golgotha: but it is to be understood by those who, through their whole nature and being, have not been able to attain to the fine crystallisation of the Latin knowledge. And so we see in the history of human evolution the meeting between a nearly lifeless, more and more dying knowledge, and a life still devoid of knowledge, a life unfilled with knowledge, but one which inwardly feels the continued working of the divinity animating the world.

These two streams had to meet, had to work upon one another in the evolving humanity. What would have happened if only the Latin knowledge had developed further? Well, this Latin knowledge would have been able to pour itself out over the successors of the primitive European population: up to a certain time it has even done so. It is hypothetically conceivable, but it could not really have happened, that the original European population should have experienced the after-working of the dried up, fading knowledge.

For then, what these souls would have received through this knowledge would gradually have led to men's becoming more and more decadent; this drying, parching knowledge would not have been able to unite with the forces which kept mankind living. It would have dried men up. Under the influence of the after effects of Latin culture, European humanity would in a sense have been parched and withered. People would have come to have increasingly refined concepts, to have reasoned more subtly and have given themselves up more and more to thought, but the human heart, the whole human life would have remained cold under these fine spun, refined concepts and ideas.

I say that that would be hypothetically conceivable, but it could not really have taken place. What really happened is something very different. What really happened is that the part of humanity that had life but not knowledge streamed in among those people who were, so to say, threatened with receiving only the remains of the Latin heritage. Let us envisage the question from another side. At a definite period we find distributed over Europe, in the Italian peninsula, in the Spanish peninsula, in the region of present France, in the region of the present British Isles, certain remains of an original European population; in the North the descendants of the old Celtic peoples, in the South the descendants of the Etruscan and ancient Roman peoples. We meet with these there, and in the first place there flows into them what we have now characterised as the Latin stream. Then at a definite time, distributed over various territories of Europe, we meet with the Ostrogoths, the Visigoths, the Lombardi, the Suevi, the Vandals, etc. There is an age when we find the Ostrogoths in the south of present Russia, the Visigoths in eastern Hungary, the Langobardi or Lombard's where today the Elbe has its lower course, the Suevi in the region where today Silesia and Moravia lie, etc. There we meet with various of those tribes of whom one can say: they have ‘life’ but no ’knowledge.’

Now we can put the question: Where have these peoples gone to? We know that for the most part they have disappeared from the actual evolution of European humanity. Where have the Ostrogoths, the Visigoths, the Langobardi, etc. gone? We can ask this. In a certain respect they no longer exist as nations, but what they possessed as life exists, exists somewhat in the following way. My dear friends, let us consider first the Italian peninsula, let us consider it still occupied by the descendants of the old Roman population. Let us further imagine that on this old Italian peninsula there had been spread abroad what I have designated Latin knowledge, Latin culture; then the whole population would have dried up.

If exact research were made, it would be impossible not to admit that only incredible dilettantism could believe that anything still persists today of a blood relationship with the ancient Romans. Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Lombardi, marched in, and over these there streamed the Latin heritage—though merely mentally as seed of knowledge—it streamed over-the life-without-knowledge, and this gave it substance for continuing. Into the more southern regions there came a more Norman-Germanic element. Thus there streamed into the Italian peninsula from the European centre and the East a life-bearing population. Into Spain there streamed the Visigoths and the Suevi in order later to unite with the purely intellectual element of the Arabs, the Moors. Into the region of France there streamed the Franks and into the region of the British Isles, the Anglo-Saxon element.

The following statement expresses the truth. If the southern regions had remained populated by descendants of the old Romans, and the Latin culture had gone on working in them, they would have faced the danger of completely losing the power of developing an ego-consciousness. Hence the descendants of ancient Rome were displaced and there was poured into this region where Latinism was to spread, what came from the element of the Ostrogoths and Lombardi. The blood of Ostrogoths and Lombardi as well as Norman blood absorbed the withering Latin culture. If the population had remained Romans they would have faced the danger of never being able to develop the element of the Consciousness-soul. Thus there went to the south in the Langobardi and the Ostrogoths what we can call the Wotan-Element, Spirit and Life. The Wotan-Element was, so to say, carried in the blood of the Langobardi and Ostrogoths and this made the further evolution and unfoldment of this southern civilisation possible.

With the Franks towards the West went the Wile-element, Intelligence and Movement, which again would have been lost if the descendants of the primitive European population who had settled in these regions had merely developed further under the influence of Rome. Towards the British Isles went We, what one can call: Configuration and Speech, and in particular the faculty to see and to hear. This has later experienced in English empiricism its later development as: Physiognomics, Speech, Sight, Hearing.

So we see that while in the new Italian element we have the expression of the Folk Soul in the Sentient-soul, we could express this differently by saying: The Wotan-element streams into the Italian peninsula. And we can speak of the journeying of the Franks to the West by saying: the Wile-element streams West, towards France. And so in respect of the British Isles we can express it by saying: the We-element streams in there.

In the Italian peninsula, therefore, nothing at all is left of the blood of the original European peoples, it has been entirely replaced. In the West, in the region of modern France, somewhat more of the original population exists, approximately there is a balance between the Frankish element and the original peoples. The greatest part of the original population is still in the British Isles.

But all this that I am now saying is fundamentally only another way of pointing to the understanding of what came out of the South through Europe, pointing to the fact that the Mystery of Golgotha was ensheathed in a dying wisdom and was absorbed through a living element still devoid of wisdom.

One cannot understand Europe if one does not bear this connection in mind; one can, however, understand Europe in all details if one grasps European life as a continuous process. For much of what I have said is still fulfilling itself in our own times. So, for instance, it would be interesting to consider the philosophy of Kant, from these two original polarities of European life, and show how Kant on the one hand desires to dethrone Knowledge, take all power from Knowledge, in order on the other hand to give place to Faith. That is only a continuation of the dim hidden consciousness that one can really do nothing with knowledge that has come up from below—one can only do something with what comes down from above as original life-without-knowledge. The whole contrast in pure and practical reason lies in this: I had to discard knowledge to make way for Faith. Faith, for which protestant theology fights, is a last relic of the life-without-knowledge, for life will have nothing to do with an analysed abstract wisdom.³

But one can also consider older phenomena. One can observe how an endeavour appears among the most important leading personalities to create a harmony, as it were, between the two streams to which we have referred. For the modern physiognomy of Europe shows that up to our own day there is an after-working of the Latin knowledge in the European life, and that one can immediately envisage the map of Europe with the Latin knowledge raying out to south and west, and the Life still preserved in the centre. One can then see, for instance, how pains were taken at one time to overcome this dying knowledge. I should like to give an example. To be sure, this dying knowledge appears in the different spheres of life in different degrees, but already in the 8th-9th Century European evolution had so progressed that those who were the descendants of the European peoples with the Life could get no further with certain designations for cosmic or earthly relations which had been created in old Roman times. So even in the 8th-9th Centuries one could see that it had no special meaning for the original life of the soul when one said: January, February, March, April, May, etc. The Romans could make something of it, but the Northern European peoples could not do much with it; poured itself over these peoples in such a way as not to enter the soul, but rather to flow merely into the language, and it was therefore dying and withering. So an endeavour was made, especially towards Middle and Western Europe (over the whole stretch from the Elbe to the Atlantic Ocean and to the Apennines) to find designations for the months which could enter the feelings of European humanity. Such month-names were to be:

1. Wintarmanoth
2. Hornung
3. Lenzinmanoth
4. Ostarmanoth
5. Winnemanoth (also Nannamanoth)
6. Brachmanoth
7. Henimanoth (using the word Hay)
8. Aranmanoth (Aran = harvest)
9. Widumanoth (Wide = what is left when one has gone over the field)
10. Windumemanoth (vintage)
11. Herbistmanoth
12. Heiligmanoth

He who was at pains to make these names general was Charlemagne.

It shows how significant was the spirit of Charlemagne, for he sought to introduce something which has not up to now found entrance. We still have in the names of the months the last relics of the drying-up Latin cultural knowledge. Charlemagne was altogether a personality who aimed at many things which went beyond the possibility of being realised. Directly after his time, in the 9th Century, the wave of Latinism drew completely over Europe. It would be interesting to consider what Charlemagne desired to do in wishing to bring the radiation of the Wile-element towards the West. For the Latinising only appeared there later on.

Thus we can say that the part of mankind which has been race, which, as race, was the successor of the old Europe,—of the Europe from which the Roman influence proceeded and which itself became the successor of Rome, wholly for the south, largely for the north—has simply died out. Their blood no longer persists. Into the empty space left, there has poured in what came from Central Europe and the European East. One can therefore say: the racial element both of the European South and West is the Germanic element which is present in various shadings in the British Isles, in France, in Spain and in the Italian peninsula, though in this last completely inundated by the Latin influence.

The racial element therefore moves from East to the West and South, whereas the knowledge-element moves from South to North. It is the race-element which moves from the East to the West and South and along the West of Europe to the North, and gradually flows away towards the North. If one would speak correctly, one can talk of a Germanic race-element,-but not a Latin race. To speak of a Latin race is just as sensible as to speak of wooden iron; because Latinism is nothing that belongs to race, but something that has poured itself as bloodless knowledge over a part of the original European people. Only materialism can speak of a Latin race, for Latinism has nothing to do with race.

So we see how, as it were, the Bible saying works on in this part of European history, how the destiny of Latinism is the fulfilment of the words: ‘Ye shall not eat of the Tree of Life.’ We see how the Life given to the earth with the Mystery of Golgotha cannot come to full harmony with the old knowledge; but rather how into what remained of the ebbing original wisdom, new life had to enter. If we are to give a concrete answer to the question: Where does that remain, which from such new life has not been preserved in its own special character, but has disappeared in history, the element of the Visigoths, the Suevi, the Langobardi, the Ostrogoths, etc.? we must give as answer: It lives on as life within the Latin culture. That is the true state of affairs. That is what must be known regarding the primeval Bible two-fold utterance and its working in early times in the development of Europe, if we are to understand this European evolution.

I had to give you this historical analysis today because I shall have things to say which assume that one does not hold the false ideas of modern materialism and formalism with regard to historical evolution.

• 1. See ‘The Christmas Thought and the Mystery of the Ego. The Tree of the Cross and the Golden Legend’—Rudolf Steiner.
• 2. See Genesis 3:3—The creation of man
• 3. Gap left between these sentences

I have just been informed that some confusion has arisen because I spoke about mercury treatment on the one hand and about the preparation that I mentioned yesterday on the other. What is really at issue is that the mercury treatment has only been mentioned as a specifically effective treatment, but as one that is actually dangerous and can be avoided. So yesterday I meant to have given a complete replacement of the mercury treatment with the given preparation of tragacanth root.

I will start with the questions that are still on the old list, as we have another hour tomorrow. I believe there is something else among the newly arrived questions that is related: “How can we understand the success of Salvarsan therapy in the case of Lues?”

First of all, it would be a matter of describing this success in more detail. With such a therapy, it is always the case that a certain success can be achieved, but harmful side effects are present. And with Salvarsan therapy, it is completely unthinkable that one can even speak of rational therapeutic treatment, because the preparation, at least as it is described, is such that it tears apart the human body, that it tears the person apart. Nothing fits together. You can add whatever you want to the body, it can always be a success, but what then becomes of it, that is precisely what is unquestionably incalculable with salvarsan, because the things contradict each other. Therefore, one can only say: Salvarsan therapy is truly a child of the current way of thinking. And basically, the fact of the matter is that you can't seriously go into something like that. Does anyone perhaps wish to say something further about this?

Dr. Rascher: Does that then apply to all modern metal therapy in general, including bismuth therapy?

Not true, bismuth therapy can be overlooked from our point of view. What I mean is that in my courses themselves, bismuth therapy is discussed. But the preparation Salvarsan is impossible to overlook. It tears the body apart. Of course, there may be bismuth preparations that do the same when combined with other preparations. But our courses of treatment can show how bismuth itself acts.

Dr. Noll: Can an antimony preparation be effective against Lues?

Antimony is most effective between the sexual and respiratory tracts. Thus, anything in the human organism between these two tracts can be treated with antimony; the rest only insofar as the effect of one tract radiates into the whole organism. But it is not really possible to treat the sexual tract specifically with antimony for anything that is wrong with it. So, of course, the sequelae of syphilis can very well be treated with antimony, but to treat syphilis itself with antimony will certainly not lead to a complete cure. Antimony affects the pronounced middle organization of the human being, the entire digestive tract, the transition from the digestive tract to the circulatory tract and, of course, that part of the circulation that then passes into the sexual organs. But it is distinctly limited to this tract.

Dr. Kater: The deaths are enough confirmation of the bad effects of Salvarsan.

The most likely scenario is the following: Salvarsan has been used, not too long ago. The worst effects in their culmination will emerge in the patient after about five to ten years, maybe even in a seven-year period. Unfortunately, these case histories are not kept today. It is much more important for medical knowledge that the case history be continued beyond the healing process. Much more can be gained by this than by studying the internal make-up of the organism before the onset of the disease. Of course, this may be quite important in certain circumstances, but in most cases external factors are of particular importance.

Here I must again mention such cases: our friend Dr. Haakenson brought me a patient in Christiania. He had inexplicable symptoms of a rash. He was about forty-five years old when he was brought, and the whole picture presented itself to conventional medicine as an impossible-to-define complex of symptoms. You see, if you proceed purely from the organism, you cannot possibly arrive at a plausible cause. Of course, the doctor is usually dependent on what the patient tells him. I was able to say the following to this patient: I said, leaving out the intermediate links, “You must have been poisoned sometime between the ages of nine and 11 or 12.

Now it gradually came out that the man, who was about forty-five years old at the time, was thirsty as a boy at school. There happened to be a laboratory next to the schoolroom, with a weak hydrochloric acid solution on the window, which he drank to quench his thirst. And it was this poisoning that was still evident at the age of forty-five.

So you have to look at this external cause as the most important thing if you want to understand an illness. But afterwards, you actually have to carefully observe the organism after the healing to see what the healing does in the organism.

And that would be of particular importance in salvarsan therapy. In the case of salvarsan therapy, you certainly cannot apply what I said yesterday for the treatment of syphilis in general. I gave you a kind of meditative treatment afterwards, that is, with abstract concepts that have to be carried out conscientiously at different speeds, increasing speed, then decreasing speed again. This will enable you to make use of a psychic after-care, which admittedly takes years, especially with syphilis, if it is cured in the way I described yesterday. Even with mercury treatment, although I do not recommend it, such a psychic after-treatment would be beneficial. With salvarsan treatment, if you undergo such follow-up treatment, you will probably develop, at a later age, something that cannot be called dementia praecox, but is very similar to dementia praecox in later life. While with mercury treatment, if there is no follow-up treatment for mental health issues, psychiatric symptoms will develop due to the reasons I mentioned yesterday. But with Salvarsan treatment, it will turn out, precisely because of the disruption, that a kind of schizophrenia will actually occur, especially if you try a follow-up cure in the mental sense.

Dr. Palmer: It would be very interesting if you would share with us your opinion on so-called tertiary syphilis and iodine therapy.

From what can be said about it, it is essential to realize that when dealing with a very generalized disease such as syphilis, one is dealing, firstly, with the actual focus of the disease and its radiations, but then, because syphilis affects the whole person, reaching up into the ego organization, one is dealing with the counter-image in the nerve-sense man. It is quite possible to say schematically: the disease is located in the metabolic-limb-human being, but has its counter-image in the nerve-sense-human being, to which, for example, the larynx tract also belongs, everything that is connected with the differentiating upper breathing. These two things are intimately connected. What one accomplishes with mercury refers to the actual source and its radiation. What one accomplishes with the iodine preparation relates to the upper part. So that the polarizing effects in the nerve-sense apparatus can be paralyzed again by iodine when mercury treatment is applied. So that is the connection.

Now, as you will recall, yesterday I essentially indicated two parts to the entire syphilis treatment. The first is the injection with the preparation, the second is a bath treatment that expels. This corresponds to each other in a much more natural, rational sense, just as mercury and iodine do here. That is how it is intended. In most cases, therapy leads us to a balancing treatment of the two polar opposite organizations.

Dr. Palmer: So the gummata are to be considered as a consequence of too strong mercury therapy?

Yes, that is absolutely the case. Is there anything else to ask that is directly related to this?

Dr. Kater: What is the effect of arsenic?

The effect of arsenic in general is that arsenic essentially energizes the human astral body. That is the archetypal phenomenon of the effect of arsenic. Arsenic, even in its compounds, has such a strong effect on humans that one can say: arsenic energizes the astral body. Therefore, if you use arsenic, especially in liquid form, simply as Roncegno and Levis water in the appropriate dosage, you will always be able to act when it is necessary to stimulate the astral body to develop its natural impulses, so to speak.

Now, in every such disease, by the way, in syphilis as well as in other venereal diseases, a defect in the astral body is either the cause or the consequence. Therefore it is quite natural that arsenic also has an observable effect on it; but it need not heal. It does not go deep enough to be able to speak of healing. Dr....: Are the conditions in a child with congenital syphilis different from those in an adult?

You mean with hereditary syphilis? With syphilis in children, the conditions are of course completely different. And with children, if you can diagnose in time, you will achieve something with the arsenic cure, but not with the Salvarsan cure, but with the arsenic cure, in which you use the arsenic in its stronger dilution and, if possible, by adding lactic acid or something similar, you can have it work far enough in the body. In this way, you can achieve very favorable results, especially with children. For hereditary Lues is not actually syphilis, but hereditary Lues differs from syphilis in that syphilis, among the human organs, especially in adults, when it has occurred through infection, has its essential effect in the etheric body. The hereditary passes only into the physical body and is then not in the etheric body. And so you can, if you strongly stimulate the astral body with arsenic, transfer it to the etheric body, and then you really fight it rationally in the physical body. The difficulty with hereditary syphilis lies precisely in the fact that what is so difficult to access by earthly means has been thoroughly ruined.

What I described in the general lecture as being subject to the peripheral forces comes into consideration here. If you want to have any influence at all on such deformations and degenerations, on damage that is connected to the peripheral forces, then you have to set etheric forces in motion somehow.

Now this wolfberry, which I mentioned yesterday, has the peculiarity that it hardens, becomes horny, and is therefore not actually continuously surrounded by etheric forces. If you then obtain these etheric forces through the sap of its own flowers and leaves, you will end up with a preparation like the one I described yesterday. This then leads to rational thinking about the matter. Dr. Palmer: There is another question about tertiary syphilis.

One can only say about tertiary syphilis: the only truly rational thing to do is to not let it get close, to strive to catch syphilis in its first stage. Because once syphilis has become secondary or tertiary, then, especially for an occult observation, there is such a complicated complex of symptoms that does not need to be the same in two patients. It only appears so on the outside; on the inside, it does not need to be the same. So it is very difficult to get to the bottom of it, because you are really curing at one end and at the other end it breaks out in the opposite sense. Therefore, one can only say, when one has to take a position on it: secondary syphilis must, of course, be treated as I said yesterday, and in the case of tertiary syphilis, the aim will be to achieve a cure under certain circumstances, but it will always remain problematic.

Dr. Palmer: Regarding the glaucoma process and the ear process: the glaucoma process is seen as a kind of tumor process; ear processes are pus processes, inflammatory processes. Now, the eye in its entire development is to be understood as an inflammation process, and in the development of the ear we see a tumor formation process. Is it precisely this polar opposite that is the clinical picture of glaucoma on the one hand and ear suppuration on the other?

Isn't that obvious? If in the eye, under normal conditions, there is an inflammatory process, and if in the ear, under normal conditions, there is a tumor process, then the disease process in the eye must be an inflammatory process and in the ear an inflammatory process, namely that which occurs as the opposite. It is obvious, so to speak, that it must be so.

Now, on this occasion, it is perhaps possible to speak immediately of these polar processes of inflammation of the ear, especially of the middle ear. In the case of inflammation of the ear, one is dealing with an overgrowth of the etheric organization in this local tract. That this is so is evident not only from occult observation but also from the simple sight of a final state, final stage of inflammation of the middle ear with the adhesion of the organs and so on.

One can already see from the physical organism that this is an activity of the etheric body getting out of hand. Now it must be clear that this excessive ether organization in this tract immediately leads to a strengthening of the ego organization for this tract, which goes down into the subconscious.

We therefore have a physical formation that should not be there and that is dependent on the ego organization. We can best deal with this by, as it were, getting the breathing process going again. Internally, the respiratory process can be stimulated so that exhalation becomes more lively by using levisticum internally in an appropriate dosage. This stimulates the respiratory process in the opposite sense to that mentioned yesterday for the formation of glaucoma. One breathes more so that the strengthening of breathing goes inwards, whereas in the levisticum process it must go outwards. So the strengthening of the breathing process goes more inwards. And then, as strange as it seems, it will prove to be particularly beneficial for the ear infection if eurythmy is also used for the ear infection, eurythmy therapy. And it will be extremely beneficial to practise eurythmy therapy with the L, M and S in particular. That is to say, everything that relates to the ear is really only a localized process for a process in the whole human etheric body. Therefore, everything that is localized in the ear can be treated by promoting breathing in such a way that one also promotes only breathing - by having the letters listed performed in eurythmy therapy.

Now I would like to talk about a few more things.

Dr...: Would the eurythmy be different for ear infections and sclerosis?

If it is a case of sclerosis, then vowel eurythmy therapy will be used. This would involve vocalizing in eurythmy therapy. In inflammatory processes, it would be a matter of consonanting, and in particular L, M, S and such sounds.

Now other questions have been raised, which I would like to address in turn. The case that was asked about here and about which we already have some experience is particularly interesting. The question has been raised here:

Is therapeutic intervention still possible in cases of chronic arthritis deformans? We are currently trying one percent phosphoric oil and stannum. Is consonantal eurythmy indicated here as well?

Perhaps I could ask Dr. Palmer to briefly report on our Stuttgart case of arthritis deformans.

Dr. Palmer: The case we treated back then, and whose therapy has become widely known, was a very fresh case of arthritis deformans. It was Mrs. X., who, after four to five weeks of treatment with one percent phosphorus oil and four to five percent stannum trituration, had all symptoms that had previously been treated elsewhere in clinics. At that time, too, the patient underwent eurythmy therapy in addition to the medicinal treatment. Of course, we did not have the same success with the cases that came to our clinic and where we used the same therapy as we did with this fresh case. A small boy who had already developed the disease at the age of three or four was also treated with phosphorus oil and stannum, but we also had to give injections of levicowater to intensify the effect. At that time, this boy had a very acute inflammatory stage of arthritis deformans in his hip, and all the symptoms there also subsided, becoming completely painless. Of course, the destruction in the joints and the destruction of the cartilage was already so extensive that in this case, restoration of joint mobility was no longer possible.

That is, of course, the difficulty in general. Let us now first consider the two cases, because that will be very instructive. How old was our female patient, Mrs. X?

Dr. Palmer: Maybe in her late twenties, and the boy would have been twelve or thirteen years old, he was the American boy.

Dr. Kater says that her patient is twenty-seven years old and has been suffering from the condition since the age of twelve, a second patient is forty-five years old and has been suffering for three years, and a female patient is around seventy years old.

Now the question is whether you have achieved a cure. Have you used the same treatment here?

Dr. Kater says that she has only just applied the treatment.

The matter is extremely important because, with this disease, an enormous amount really does depend on the person with whom one is dealing. And it can be said that with this disease, with deforming arthritis, it is really the case that in all cases one must actually individualize to a certain extent, because the origin of this disease is closely related to the overall development of the person. Sometimes, when a disease occurs in middle age, as in the case I first asked Dr. Palmer to interpret, you have to ask yourself: does the cause lie very far back in childhood, or does it lie in later years?

The peculiar thing is precisely this: that with the appropriate physical disposition, namely with a constitutional weakness of the etheric body, in most cases the cause of arthritis deformans lies in psychological processes, namely in people who into a weak etheric body on waking, so that the astral body becomes stronger than it should be because of the weakness of the etheric body, because it is not sufficiently weakened when it penetrates into the etheric body. Grief, worry, shocks and consuming misery that arise in the soul actually act as the cause of this illness.

But now comes the strange thing: if you have a child, let us take an imaginary case, a child of ten years of age has, let us say, due to a previous measles disease or something similar, an etheric body that is only temporarily weakened; the astral body is too strong. Therefore, in this life-time of the child — I do not want to say ten, but twelve years, you will soon see why — if it has a grumpy educator who brings it into all sorts of states, so that it causes discord within itself, such childish sorrows initially predominate. And now let the fourteenth year approach, approximately of course, then you have two years from the twelfth year to the fourteenth year, and then two years to the sixteenth year, and in the sixteenth year there is again a possibility that the period of completion of completion of the period after sexual maturation, as the insult occurred before sexual maturation, that the matter is repeated rhythmically, but that then, of course, no new sorrow occurs, which would have to come from outside, but that the organic counter-image of sorrow occurs. Then the question is: how long does this process take to become properly peripheral, according to the periods that develop? At twenty-one years of age there is another period, that is, at nineteen, two years before this period, and two years after, at twenty-three years of age, there is again the possibility for this child that somehow the matter will progress. Now it is only a matter of how long this process takes to become properly peripheral, that it appears as a deformation? This may, under certain circumstances, range from the age of twelve, when the first causes lie, to the age of thirty, or even to the beginning of the age of forty. Then one has a completely different picture than when, for example, someone experiences the psychic cause only after the age of fifty or at the end of the age of forty, when it can also be experienced. Then these deformations occur from a completely different depth of the organism. And so we can say, let us assume that we are dealing with a patient who, for my sake, is in his late thirties or early forties and has severe deforming arthritis, which shows us that the causes actually lie quite far back. Then, under certain circumstances, we can suggest the following treatment based on this fact. In answer to your question, I have therefore constructed an ideal case, and the idea would now be to use arsenic injections, stannum and so on to evoke in such a case what has been discussed here, by giving hydrogen sulfide baths, thus initially acting on the nerve-sense system, on which the corresponding baths always act, and thereby affecting the peripheral human being from the outside. Then give, say, highly potentized arnica substance, arnica tincture or equisetum, from the inside, which in this case would be the same, so you work from the inside out in the same way, and you will probably achieve a cure for even long-standing arthritis deformans.

It is quite true that one can say: This would be a case that might be treated like this. While cases like the first one, as interpreted by Dr. Palmer, which certainly did not have its cause far back, can be treated with stannum and phosphorus oil. I was very happy to mention this case because it is instructive to see, especially in such a very deep-seated disease, how one must individualize.

A case is described in which the patient underwent something similar in her youth. In her twenties, she then suffered from a gonorrheal infection, followed immediately by very severe chronic arthritis. She is now about forty-five years old and in a very desolate condition.

It's almost as if I had constructed this case ideationally earlier! Hydrogen sulfide baths and internally Equisetum or Arnica, possibly, if it is not directly attacking, injections.

Dr. Kater: The case you mentioned is exactly the same as that of the 27-year-old woman among my patients. You have outlined it precisely without knowing it.

Now we also have an interesting question here: diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of shock. Well, these can occur as a result of shock, but I also believe they can occur as a result of other psychological effects, for example, from prolonged grief and the like, which is always rekindled; this will be the case especially in female personalities. Very painful colicky conditions can occur. There may also be a lethargy of the entire gastrointestinal tract, and even a complete failure may occur under certain circumstances, but a failure that is very often associated with pain at the same time. Isn't the clinical picture something like this? (Answer: Yes!) — This is now a very common illness, and it is very interesting to observe what actually happened. In each such case, the following has happened: The human astral body is a very differentiated organism. When you get to know this human astral body, you will find that the organs behind the sexual organs towards the renal tract and bounded at the top by the pulmonary and cardiac tracts, in other words in this part, the astral body adapts very strongly to the etheric body. So much so that one can actually say: the etheric body is the decisive one for this tract. The astral body takes on in its movements, in its forms, what the etheric body does. This is quite different in the sexual tract. In the sexual tract, the astral body is very active in itself, suppressing the activity of the etheric body to a certain extent. If a shock effect occurs here, then the activity that the astral body develops in the sexual tract forces its way into the digestive tract, so that one has a displacement of the astral activity, and all the symptoms are then the ones mentioned above. And one has to really initiate that process that brings the astral body back to its proper place in such a case.

One must really understand this connection, which actually takes place entirely within the higher members of the human organism. The other things that take place in the physical body are merely consequences, merely external symptoms. What takes place takes place between the etheric body and the astral body, and that is partially in the particular region of the body.

You will achieve something in all cases if you apply either compresses or rubbings with oxalic acid, i.e. simply oxalic acid, which you can best obtain by squeezing clover. You squeeze the clover to obtain the oxalic acid. This is where it is most effective. And of course it is best used by rubbing it in. It is extraordinarily effective in energizing the etheric system in the digestive tract. This results in a particularly strong activity. And now you have to try to get this astral sexual system, which has gone in there, back again. You get this back either through a silver preparation per os in the appropriate dosage, or through a silver injection used in the fifth or sixth decimal place. Silver, when introduced into either the circulatory or digestive system, always tends to restore deformations to the higher limbs of organization.

You see, if you apply these two processes one after the other, you will achieve very good results, especially with shock effects. Shock effects are extremely interesting. And if you have cured a shock effect, if, let's say, there is a typical shock effect as we have just described it, then you will notice the following when you continue to follow the patient. If you know how to ask the right questions, you will get answers from the patient that go something like this: It is very strange, but since I got well back then, my heart has been working quite differently; since then, when I perceive something startling, a cannon shot or something like that, my heart acts as if it wanted to calm me down, as if I had a being on it that wanted to calm me down.

In this you see how truly polarizing processes are present in every regulatory intervention, not only in a healing intervention, in the human organism. This heart effect, of which the patient speaks, which also essentially takes place in the etheric and the astral, is the polarizing counteraction to what you actually did to establish the correct relationship between the sexual tract and the digestive tract. That is what needs to be said with regard to this shock effect.

Now tomorrow I will talk in more detail about an interesting question, namely nervous diseases, in particular spinal cord diseases, which is written down as the first question, so to speak. We will meet again tomorrow at half past eight. I just want to say something now, because it seems to me that there really is a very topical question here, which is also on the note, namely about children wetting the bed. It seems to be occurring in a very intensified form.

When children wet the bed, it is a typical weakness of the astral body. The astral body simply does not have the strength it should have. But if you use arsenic in the case of bedwetting, even in the healthy form of Levicowasser or Roncegnowasser, then you will usually achieve a strong but extraordinarily short action, especially in the case of bedwetters, through their overall organization. The children will still wet their beds; but you will definitely achieve good results if you use the substance that you can obtain by squeezing the leaves and flowers of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum. I don't know if you know that this is the only plant that has three sets of stamens. It belongs to the 18th Linne class, it has yellow petals and leaves that look as if there were holes in them when you look through them. If you squeeze this plant, you get a juice. It is essentially due to this bitter extractive contained in this plant, also a substance that has a very strong and lasting effect on the inner mobility of the astral body and strengthens it. And as a result, it may lead to healing if you then still have a moral effect on the child by simply saying that he is obliged to pay attention to his functions. This moral influence should actually take place precisely in the case of such things, which, don't you think, are on the border between naughtiness and disease. Please don't misunderstand me, I know, of course, that it is a disease, but it is on the border between naughtiness and disease. And because moral will does indeed have a great influence, it should not be disregarded. If you cure such a thing in a child – of course you can cure it with Hypericum – you weaken the child's will if you do not at the same time encourage it, give it an impulse in the moral sense. That would be said with regard to bedwetting.

Then tomorrow we will talk about neuropathic children, especially children with various forms of dementia praecox. Then we will discuss some other questions, and I will try to take all of these questions into account.

Dr...: The question is asked as to how old the juice may be.

It should not be allowed to become too old; but if you prepare it by squeezing it as well as possible to a certain quantity, say one gram of leaf and flower mixture, half and half, then you will be able to supply a glass of water with it, and you can then portion it out and use it in this way for half a year.

Let us once again recall the deeply significant fact that the knowledge and truths contained in the Mysteries of Hibernia gradually lost force and influence as they moved from the West towards Central Europe and the East; and in place of a knowledge of the Spiritual—even in matters pertaining to religion—physical perception, or at any rate a tradition based upon physical perception, made its appearance.

You will remember the picture to which we came at the end of the last lecture. We spoke of the time when the Mystery of Golgotha took place. Over in Hibernia were the Initiates with their pupils; and there, without any means for physical perception of the Mystery of Golgotha and without any possibility of receiving information of the Event, the Mystery was none the less celebrated with all solemnity, because the Initiates knew from their own insight that the Mystery of Golgotha was happening—externally—at that very time.

These Initiates and their pupils in the Mysteries of Hibernia were thus under the necessity of experiencing an actual physical reality, an event in the world of the senses, in a spiritual way. But for their peculiar disposition of soul and for the orientation of knowledge then customary in Hibernia, there was no need to have anything more in the physical world than the Spiritual alone. In Hibernia the Spiritual was always predominant.

By all manner of secret streams in the spiritual life, what had been begun in Hibernia was carried over to the British Isles and to Brittany, to the lands that are now Holland and Belgium, and finally by way of the present Alsace to Central Europe. Though not recognisable in the general civilisation of the first centuries of Christian evolution it can nevertheless be discovered in all these regions; here and there we find single individuals who are able to understand what had come over from the Mysteries of Hibernia. In order to find these individuals we must set out with a deep and intimate longing for knowledge. In the first Christian centuries they are still fairly numerous, but later on, from the eighth and ninth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they become very rare. Yet in these centuries too, individuals are still to be found who gather around them, in silent places far removed from the great world and its civilisation, little groups of pupils through whom what had been begun in Hibernia in the West of Europe could be fostered and continued.

In general, we find instead all over Europe that for which spiritual perception is not required; people receive readily the historical tradition of the physical events which took place in Palestine at the beginning of our era. From this stream proceeded that element in human history which takes account only of what happens in physical life. Humanity in general was less and less able to perceive the contradiction which lies in the fact that the Mystery of Golgotha, an Event that is comprehensible only by means of the deepest spiritual activity, should be referred to an external phenomenon, perceptible to the physical senses. This line of development became necessary for a time. Fundamentally speaking, it had been gradually prepared over a long period, but it could be realised only because a very great deal of the old Mystery knowledge, even such as still existed in Greece, had been forgotten.

Now these Mysteries of Greece were divided into two kinds. One kind was engaged in directing man’s senses towards the spiritual world, towards the actual guidance and ordering of the world in the spirit; while the other investigated the secrets of Nature, all that rules in Nature, and especially the forces and beings connected with the powers of the Earth. Many of the candidates for the Mysteries were initiated into both kinds. Of these candidates it was said that they had knowledge on the one hand of the Mysteries of the Father, the Mysteries of Zeus, and had been initiated into them, and that on the other hand they had also been admitted into the Mysteries of the Mother, the Mysteries of Demeter. When we look back into those times we find a spiritual perception which though somewhat abstract can extend into the highest regions, and side by side with this, a conception of Nature capable of descending into the depths. And as has been said, we also find what is of special significance—the union of the two.

Now in this union of the heights and the depths a fact was perceived that today is but little noticed. It is the fact that man has certain external substances of Nature within him, but not certain others. This fact was observed and studied in its deepest meaning in the Chthonic Mysteries in ancient Greece. You know that iron is part of man’s make-up. There are also other metals in him, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and so on; but there are many more metals which are not in him. If we were to try to find these other metals in man by the use of ordinary scientific methods, that is to say, by analysing the substances in him, then by means of this external investigation we should find in him no lead, no quicksilver, no tin, no silver and no gold.

That was the great riddle which occupied the Initiates in the Greek Mysteries, eventually finding expression in the question: How does it come about that man carries iron in him, that he carries sodium, magnesium and other substances which can also be found in outer Nature, but does not, for instance, carry lead or tin in him? They were deeply convinced that man is a ‘little world’, a microcosm, and yet it would appear that man does not carry in his make-up these other metals—lead, tin, copper and so on.

Now we may truly say that the older students and Initiates in Greece were of the opinion that this was only apparently the case; for they were steeped in the knowledge that man is a real microcosm, which means that everything which reveals itself in the Cosmos, man must also carry in himself.

Let us consider for a moment the mood of a man about to be initiated in Greece. He would be instructed somewhat as follows—and here I must, of course, gather together into a few sentences an instruction that extended over long periods. He would be told the following.—Observe how the Earth today carries everywhere in it the iron which is also in man. Once upon a time, when the Earth had not yet become Earth, when it existed in a previous planetary condition, when it was Moon, or perhaps even Sun, and also contained in itself lead, tin, and so on, all the Beings who partook in this earlier form of the Earth shared in these metals and their forces, even as man today shares in the forces of iron. But after the various changes which the ancient form of the Earth underwent, the iron alone persisted in such strength and density that man could permeate his being with it. The other metals named are also still contained in the Earth, but they are no longer of such a nature that man can directly permeate himself with them. They are however also to be found, in an infinitely rarefied condition, in the whole cosmic space which surrounds man.—

If I examine a small piece of lead, I see before me the well-known greyish-white metal, which has a definite density. I can take hold of it. But this same lead which appears in the lead ores of the Earth exists in infinitely fine rarity in the whole cosmic space surrounding man, and it has significance there. For it radiates its forces everywhere, even where there is apparently no lead, and man comes into contact with these forces of the lead, not through his physical body, but through his ether body; because outside the lead ores of the Earth lead exists in a rarefied, fine condition such as can work on the ether body of man. And so in this condition of rarity, and spread out over the whole of cosmic space, lead works upon man’s ether body.

The pupil of those ancient Chthonic Mysteries in Greece learned that, just as today the Earth is rich in iron—for it is a planet concerning which the inhabitants of another planet could say: that planet is rich in iron, the only other planet rich in iron being Mars—just as the Earth is rich in iron, so Saturn is rich in lead. What iron is for the Earth, lead is for Saturn; and we have to imagine that once upon a time, when Saturn separated from the common planetary body of the Earth (as described in my book, Occult Science), this fine division of lead took place. One can say that Saturn took the lead out with him, as it were, and through his own planetary life-force, through his own planetary warmth, retained it in such a condition that he is able to permeate the whole planetary system to which our Earth also belongs, with this finely divided lead.

You must therefore imagine the Earth and in the distance Saturn filling the whole planetary system with finely distributed lead; and then imagine this fine lead substance working in upon man. You can still find evidence that this was taught to those who were to be initiated in ancient Greece, and that they learned to understand how this lead worked. They knew that without it the sense organs, especially the eye, would claim the whole of man’s being, and not allow him to come to self-dependence. Man would be able only to see, and not to think about what he had seen. He would be unable to detach himself from what he saw and say: ‘I see’. He would, as it were, be overpowered with seeing, unless this lead influence were present in the Cosmos. It is this working of lead which makes it possible for man to be independent in himself, placing him as Ego over against that sensitiveness to the outer world which is in him. It is these lead forces which, entering first the ether body of man, and then from the ether body impregnating also, in a sense, the physical body, bestow upon him the faculty and power of memory.

It was a great moment for a pupil of the Chthonic Mysteries in Greece, when after having learned all this, he was led on to know what follows. With deep solemnity and ceremony he was shewn the substance of lead, and then his senses were directed towards Saturn. The relationship of Saturn with the lead of the Earth was brought before his soul, and he was told: ‘The lead which you see is concealed in the Earth, for in its present state the Earth is not in a condition to give the lead a form in which it can work in man; but Saturn, with his very different condition of warmth, with his inner life-forces, is able to scatter this lead out into the planetary spaces, and make you an independent human being, possessing the power of memory. For you are a human being only through the fact that today you can recollect what you knew ten or twenty years ago. Think how the human part of you would suffer if you did not carry within you what you experienced ten or twenty years ago. Your Ego-force would be shattered unless this power of memory were present in full measure. The power of memory is due to what streams to you from distant Saturn. It is the force which has come to rest in the Earth in lead, and in this state of rest cannot now work upon you. The Saturn lead-forces enable you to fix your thoughts, so that after a time these thoughts can arise again out of the depths of the soul and you can have continuity in your life in the external world, and not merely live in a transitory way. You owe it to the Saturn lead-forces that you do not merely look around you today and then forget the objects you behold, but retain the memory of them in your soul. You can retain in your soul what you experienced twenty years ago, and can cause this so to live again that your inner life is transformed and becomes again as it was at that time.

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It was a deep and powerful impression that the pupil received. With great and solemn ceremony this knowledge was brought before him. And now he learned also to understand that if these Saturn forces alone were active— giving him the power of the Ego, the power of memory—he would be completely estranged from the Cosmos. Inspired by Saturn with the power of memory, he would become, as it were, a hermit. And then he was told that over against the Saturn force another force must be placed—the force of the Moon. Let us suppose that these two forces act in such a way that the force of Saturn and the force of the Moon approach from opposite sides, and flowing into each other, descend to the Earth and to man upon the Earth. Then what Saturn takes from man, the Moon gives to him. And what Saturn gives to man, the Moon takes from him. And just as in iron the Earth has a force which man can inwardly transmute, and just as Saturn has a corresponding force in lead, so the same force is possessed by the Moon in silver.

Now silver, as it exists in the Earth, has arrived at a condition in which it cannot enter directly into man, but the whole sphere that is embraced by the Moon is actually permeated by finely divided silver; and the Moon, especially when its light comes from the direction of the constellation of Leo, works in such a way that man receives through these silver-forces of the Moon the opposite influence to the lead-forces from Saturn, and he is therefore not estranged from the Cosmos, in spite of the fact that he is endowed by the Cosmos with forces of memory. It was a deeply solemn moment when the Greek pupil was led to see this opposition of Saturn and the Moon. In the holy solemnity of night he was told: ‘Look up to Saturn surrounded by his rings. To him you owe the fact that you are an independent being. Look to the other side, to the Moon streaming out her rays of silver. To her you owe it that you are able to bear the Saturn forces without being cut off from the rest of the Cosmos.’

In this way, with direct reference to the connection between man and the Cosmos, teaching was given in Greece which we find caricatured later on in Astrology. In those days it was a true wisdom, for men saw in the stars not merely the points of specks of light above them in the sky; in the stars they beheld living spiritual Beings. And the human being of the Earth they saw to be in union with these living spiritual Beings. Thus they had a natural science which reached up into the heavens and extended right out into cosmic space. Then, when the pupil had received such an insight, when this vision of light had been deeply inscribed into Iris soul, he was led into the real Mysteries of Eleusinia. (You have heard how these things took place in my description of other Mysteries— for instance, the Mysteries of Hibernia.) The pupil was led before two statues. The first of these two statues represented to him a Father Godhead—the Father God surrounded by the signs of the planets and the Sun. It showed Saturn, for example, raying out in such a way that the pupil remembered: Yes, that is the lead radiation of the Cosmos; and the Moon so that he was reminded: Yes, that is the silver radiation of the Moon. And so on with each single planet. Thus in the statue which represented the Father nature, there appeared all the secrets which stream down to Earth from the planetary environment and are connected with the several metals of the Earth, of which man is now no longer able to make use in his inner make-up.

Then the pupil was told the following.—‘The Father of the whole World stands there before you. In Saturn He carries lead, in Jupiter tin, in Mars iron—iron which is closely connected also with the Earth, but in a quite different condition; in the Sun He carries radiant gold, in Venus the radiantly streaming copper, in Mercury the radiant quicksilver, and in the Moon the radiant silver. You yourself bear within you only so much of the metals as you were able to assimilate from the planetary conditions through which the the Earth passed in earlier times. In its present condition you can assimilate only the iron. But as an earthly human being you are not complete. The Father who stands before you shows you in the metals that which today cannot exist within you as coming from the Earth but which you have to receive from the Cosmos; and in this you have another part of your being. For only when you look upon yourself as a human being who has lived through the planetary transformations of the Earth—only then are you really a complete human being. You stand here on Earth as a part only of man. The other part of you the Father carries around His head and in His arms; he bears it for you. That which stands here on Earth together with that which He carries forms the real ‘you’. You stand on the Earth, but the Earth was not always as it is today. If the Earth had always been as it is today, you could not be on it as a human being. For the Earth today carries within it, even though in a dead condition, the lead of Saturn, the tin of Jupiter, the iron of Mars (in that other state), the gold of Sun, the silver of Moon, the copper of Venus, and the quicksilver of Mercury. It carries all these things within it. But the condition in which the Earth carries these metals within it today is no more than a memory of the condition in which, once upon a time, silver lived during the Old Moon-existence of the Earth, or gold during the Sun-existence of the Earth, or lead during the Saturn-existence of the Earth. That which you see today in the dense metallic ores of lead, tin, iron, copper, silver, quicksilver— with the exception of the iron as you know it, which is not essentially earthly but belongs to Mars—all these metals, which you now see in dense, concentrated form, once poured from the Cosmos into the Earth in quite different conditions. The metals, as you know them today on the Earth, are the corpses of what they once were; they have remained as the corpse of the metal substance and metal nature which played a part on the Earth in her ancient form—during the Old Saturn period, and later on in a different stage during the Old Moon period. Tin played a part, together with gold, during the Old Sun period of the Earth, in an altogether different condition. And when you behold this condition in the spirit, then this statue becomes for you, in what meets you today, a true “Father statue”.’

And in the spirit—as it were in a real vision—the Father statue of the true Mysteries of Eleusis became alive, and handed to the female figure standing beside it the metals in the state they then were. In the vision seen by the pupil, the female figure received this ancient form of the metals and surrounded it with what the Earth could give out of her own being, when she became Earth. This wonderful process the pupil now beheld. Once upon a time, what the pupil now saw in a symbolic way had actually happened. The mass of metal streamed or rayed forth from the hand of the Father statue; and the Earth, with its chalk and other stones, came to meet that which streamed in, and surrounded these instreaming metals with earthly substance. A hand outstretched in love from the Mother statue came to meet the metal forces coming from the Father statue. This made a deep and powerful impression upon the pupil, for he saw how the Cosmos worked together with the Earth in the course of the aeons; and what the Earth has to offer—that he learned to perceive and understand in the right way.

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Look at the metal substance in the Earth today in all its variety! You find it crystallised and surrounded with a kind of crust which is from the Earth. The metal is from the Cosmos; and that which is of the Earth receives with love what comes from the Cosmos. You may see this all around you if you walk about in those parts of the Earth where metals are found, and interest yourself in them. That which came to meet the metal was called ‘Mother’.¹ The most important of these Earthly substances which, as it were, placed themselves there before the Heavenly metals in order to receive them, were called the Mothers. And this is also one aspect of the ‘Mothers’ to whom Faust descends. He descends at the same time into those pre-earthly periods of the Earth, in order to see there how the mother-like Earth takes into herself what is given, father-like, by the Cosmos.

Through all this a deep inner feeling was aroused in the pupil of the Eleusinian Mysteries. He felt that he was indeed sharing in the life of the Cosmos; he began to know, with a knowledge that is of the heart, the products and processes of Nature upon the Earth.

When a man of today observes the products and processes of Nature, it is all dead for him, it is nothing but a corpse. And when we occupy ourselves with physics or chemistry, are we really doing anything else with Nature than what the anatomist does when he dissects the dead body? The anatomist has before him the dead remains of what is made and intended for life. In the same way we with our chemistry and physics dissect a living Nature! A very different natural science was given to the pupil in Greece—a science of what is living, which enabled him to see, for example, our present lead as the corpse of lead. He had to go back into the times when lead was alive. And he learned to understand the mysterious relation of man to the Cosmos, the mysterious relation of man to all that is around him on the Earth. And now, after the pupil had experienced all this and it had been deepened in his soul by contemplation of the Father-like statue and the Mother-like statue, which made present for him in his soul the two opposing forces, the forces of the Cosmos and the forces coming from the Earth—after this experience he was led into the very holiest place of all. There he had before him the picture of the female figure suckling at her breast the Child. And he was introduced to the meaning of the words: ‘That is the God Jacchos who will one day come.’

Thus did the Greek disciple learn to understand beforehand the Mystery of Christ. Those who sought Initiation in Eleusis also had the Christ placed before them; and it was again in a spiritual way. At that time however, men could only learn of the Christ as of One Who was to come in the future, as of One who was still a child, a Cosmic Child, who must first grow up in the Cosmos. Those who were to be initiated were called Tellists—that is to say, those who have to look towards the end and goal of Earth evolution.

And now came the great turning-point. Now came the great change which finds such clear and even historic expression in the transition from Plato to Aristotle. It was indeed a remarkable happening. As the fourth century approached in the evolution of Greek culture and civilisation, human thought underwent the first ‘turn’ in the direction of becoming abstract. And then, at a time when Plato was already an old man and near the end of his life’s course, the following scene took place between him and Aristotle.

Plato spoke to Aristotle somewhat as follows. (I have to clothe it in words, but of course the whole event took place in a much more complicated way.) ‘Many things that I have said in my lectures have not seemed to you quite correct. All that I have taught to you and the other pupils is however nothing else than an extract from the ancient and holy Mystery wisdom. But a time will come in the course of evolution when human beings will acquire a nature and an inner organisation which will gradually lead them to a stage that is in truth higher than what is now represented in man; at the same time it will become impossible for them to accept natural science as it is current among the Greeks.’ (I have explained to you what this means. ... All this Plato made clear to Aristotle.) He continued: ‘Therefore I intend to withdraw for a time and leave you to yourself. In the world of thought for which you are specially endowed, and which is destined to be the world of thought for humanity for many centuries—in this world of thought try to build up and develop in thoughts what you have received here in my School.’

Plato and Aristotle then remained apart, and in this way Plato fulfilled, through Aristotle, a high spiritual mission.

I am obliged, my dear friends, to describe the scene as I have done. If you look in the history books, you will find the same scene described, and I will tell you how it is given there. Aristotle, so runs the story, was in reality always a headstrong pupil of Plato. Plato once said that Aristotle was indeed a gifted pupil, but was like a horse that has been trained and then turns and kicks its trainer. As time went on, the trouble between them led at last to this result, that Plato withdrew from Aristotle, was annoyed, and never again went into the Academy to teach. That is the account given in history books.

The one story is in the history books; the other, which I have related to you, is the truth. And it bears within it an impulse of great significance. For the writings of Aristotle were of two kinds. One set of writings contained an important natural science, which was the natural science of Eleusis, and which came to Aristotle indirectly through Plato. The other writings contained the abstract thoughts which it was Aristotle’s task to develop in pursuance of Plato’s instructions—in fulfilment, that is, of the mission that Plato had in his turn received from the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Now what Aristotle had to give to mankind, besides being of two kinds, followed also a twofold path. There were his so-called logical writings, which owe their most productive thoughts to the ancient Eleusinian wisdom. These writings, which contained only little natural science, Aristotle entrusted to his pupil, Theophrastus, through whom, as well as through many other channels, they came over to Greece and Rome, and formed throughout the Middle Ages the whole wisdom and learning of the teachers of philosophy in Central Europe, who in those days also participated actively in the civilisation of their time.

The development which I described in the last lecture came about because men were destined to reject and turn away from the Mystery wisdom of Hibernia and there was left for them only the tradition of the Event that had taken place in the physical world of the senses at the beginning of our era. With this was now united what had become separated out from the wisdom of Plato, that wisdom which existed still in Aristotle, and which was in reality the wisdom of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The true natural science, bearing within it still the spirit of the Chthonic Mysteries which flowed over into the Eleusinian Mysteries, this natural science which, in order to find an explanation for the Earth, reached out to the Heavens and soared aloft into the wide spaces of the Cosmos—for this the time was past in Greece. Only so much of it was saved as could be saved by Aristotle becoming the teacher of Alexander, who made his campaigns into Asia and did everything possible to introduce Aristotelian natural science to the East. In this way it passed over into Jewish and Arabian schools, whence it came back and across through Africa to Spain, and there, in a diluted form, had a certain influence upon those isolated individuals in Central Europe who, as I explained to you in the last lecture, still carried—within a newer civilisation—something of the impulse of the Hibernian Mysteries. Theophrastus had given his Aristotle to the teachers and fathers of the Church in the Middle Ages. Alexander the Great had carried the other Aristotle over to Asia. The Eleusinian wisdom which in a very much weakened and diluted form had made its way through Africa into Spain, lights up here and there in the Middle Ages; notwithstanding the utterly different general character of the civilisation, it was studied and cultivated in certain monasteries—for example, by Basil Valentine, who is looked upon in our time almost as a mythical personality. It lived on—hidden as it were within the general civilisation, under the surface; while on the surface prevailed that culture of which I spoke in the last lecture, a culture that had no place for such truth as could still be taught in the time of Aristotle. For even then it was taught that the Christ must be known and recognised. The third picture, the female form who carried at her breast the Child, the Jacchos Child, had also to be understood; but it was said that what would bring the understanding of this third figure was still to come in the evolution of humanity. This truth Aristotle made clear again and again to Alexander the Great, although he was not able to write it down.

So we see how there lies in the bosom of time the demand to understand in its pristine reality what has been so beautifully put before the world by the Christian painters—the Mother with the Child at her breast. It has not yet been fully understood, neither in the Madonnas of Raphael, nor in the Eastern Ikons. It still awaits understanding.

Something of what is necessary to acquire such understanding will be spoken of in the lectures to be given here in the near future. In the next lecture I will describe the path along which many occult secrets travelled, on their way from Arabia into Europe. This will help to place before your souls a certain great historical event; and in the course of lectures ² which will be given to the delegates at Christmas and are intended to show the occult foundation of the historical evolution of humanity, I shall have occasion to explain to you the full significance of the journeys of Alexander the Great, in their connection with the teachings of Aristotle.

• 1. In English still called the ‘Matrix’. (Note by Translator.)
• 2. The title of these eight lectures is, World History in the light of Anthroposophy. (English translation by George and Mary Adams, 1950) Rudolf Steiner Press.

A number of changes take place in our soul life when we esoterics move up from one step to the next. For one thing, one can no longer think the robust thoughts that an exoteric can. I'll give you an example. William Crookes thought a lot in his life. He may have accomplished more in the spiritist realm than others. No doubt one of his most interesting problems is that of microscopic man. He imagines how a man shrinks to a kind of a homunculus. Finally he's only as big as a beetle who crawls around on a cabbage leaf. This cabbage leaf is the world and the leaf's edges are like high mountains for him. They seem higher than the Himalayas are for ordinary men. People also imagined a man who lives very fast, whose life span—that's about 75 years today—is only two months. The world view of such a man must be quite different, since everything an ordinary man experiences in many years is compressed into 2 months. He doesn't get to know the transition from one season to another at all. He would see the sun like a fiery circle, [about] as if someone swung a glowing coal and saw a closed circle. Flowers shoot out of the earth for him and disappear again immediately. People also imagined a man with an 80,000 year life span. For him flower growth is like a modern investigation of geological evolution and the sun hardly seems to move from its place. Such images are of interest to an esoteric, to the extent that they show him how wild moderns' exoteric thinking can get. Of the three soul forces it's thinking that can go wild the most. An esoteric can't copy this; he lacks robustness for this kind of thinking. Why? Because images like those of microscopic man and the man who lives fast don't lie within the necessities and lawfulness's of world existence. The good Gods were certainly more concerned about a man's life than he is himself, but they created him not as a microcosmic man but as a macrocosmic one, for this alone fitted in the world existence that the Gods created. Now if Crookes could have become a God he might have created such a microscopic man—the good Gods didn't do it, they were too weak. But a modern exoteric is strong. He paints a thought picture like the one of a microscopic man. He's stronger in his thinking than angels are—of whom an ancient document says: And they covered their faces. Why do they do that? Out of embarrassment for men's errors. The Gods created man as a thinking being and the whole world is arranged the way it is because he's supposed to be a thinking being. But if a man believes that thinking could exist by itself when he lets it run wild, he must then fall prey to errors and lose the connection with universal thinking, the primal source of thinking. Then the angels cover their faces. That's how profound these old religious documents are. That's why the exercises that were given to you contain thought pictures like the ones that're contained in the great world plan. And an esoteric will reject ideas like the ones about microscopic or slow or fast-living men. Such thoughts give him a pain, because he feels that they're unhealthy and that they don't lie in the necessity of world existence. He feels something like a burning sensation with respect to microscopic man; he gets hot—as if everything streamed together into a point. Whereas a feeling of coldness comes over him, he freezes from everything that wants to spread out far into the world when he's supposed to imagine a man who gets to be 80,000 years old.

One can also have such a cold feeling with respect to various philosophers. One gets an icy feeling from Anaxagoras and to a lesser extent from Empedocles. Leibniz gives one a feeling of agreeable warmth. He's a pleasant philosopher if his way of expressing himself is understood properly. One also has a burning, hot feeling if one meditates on a point. This is also a good test for esoteric development. If it's easy for me to imagine a point, as it's taught to children today, then it's still not the right thing. But if an esoteric finds it hard to do this, if he has a hot, burning feeling, then this shows that he's making progress in his training.

An image that's good to meditate on is a bowl filled with oil in which a flame is burning and shining. The bowl stands there, the oil is consumed. This gives one a true image of a human being. The bowl is the physical body, the oil is the etheric body, the flame that consumes the oil is the astral body, the shining light is man's ego. This human being varies a great deal depending on climate and location. A man's etheric body expands if he travels to the northeast, as to Finland and it contracts on the way down to Sicily. Strong healing forces can be unleashed thereby, karma permitting.

When Rudolf Steiner, still a student and tutor in Vienna, published this terse little volume just after his twenty-fifth birthday, he concluded an intellectual struggle in which he had been engaged since childhood. He arrived at a solution of the problem: What is the relation between man's inner and his outer world?

For him the inner world had always been unmistakably a world of reality, not of mere reflections from without and subjective reactions within. His endeavor had been, not to establish the reality of either the inner or the outer world, but—through intense observation of the outer world and intense contemplation of his own mind in its activity—to discover the interrelationship between the mind and the world. Very early—perhaps, by his fifteenth year—he had rejected Kant's theory of the nature of human knowledge, saying to himself: “That may be true for him, but it is not true for me.” When he was later brought into contact with Goethe, first as poet and then as thinker, he discovered that, in the world of living things, Goethe's mode of contemplative, intuitive cognition was identical with his own; and that, through such a direct channel, Goethe had acquired knowledge essential to the innermost nature of plant, animal, and man. Hence, after editing one volume of Goethe's scientific writings, he paused in that task to build an adequate foundation upon which to base Goethe's mode of intuitive thinking and his own interpretation of Goethe.

But he not only solved the central problem with which he had been battling since youth. He also laid foundations deep in the human spirit for all his own creative thinking during the remaining thirty-nine years of his life. The whole wealth of his writings and lectures, dealing with so great a range of themes of deepest human concern, rests solidly upon this foundation. It rests upon this exposition of the reality, the spiritual nature, of human thinking: the truth he had apprehended in inner certitude of experience, and had confirmed under the rigid tests of the intellect, that “becoming aware of the Idea within reality is the true communion of man.” Later writings and lectures which set forth the potential and nascent capacity of the human spirit to rise above the low horizons of our every-day cognitions into a higher and clearer spiritual atmosphere of self-confirming intuitions rests, like everything else he has affirmed, upon the inherent nature of man's cognitive faculties as set forth, explicitly or implicitly, in this first published volume by the still youthful investigator. This compact volume represents a milestone in the history of the human mind, a crucial achievement in the struggle of man to know himself.

In essence, the argument is as follows:

One constituent of direct experience—thought, which appears before our inner activity of contemplation—is unique in manifesting immediately its essential nature and its interrelationships. It thus becomes the only key to disclose the hidden nature of all other experience.

Thought is not subjective in itself, but only as regards the prerequisite activity of our contemplation. This is evidenced by the clearly observable fact that we combine thoughts solely according to their inherent content. Our contemplation, as an organ of perception, only brings to manifestation in consciousness objectively real elements of the one thought content of the world. Through the intellectual cognition of single elements of this reality—concepts—and the rational combination of inherently related elements into harmonious complexes—ideas—we are capable of knowing gradually expanding aspects of the total reality. This knowledge is real, not a mere phantasm of the subjective mind.

But the mode of cognition suited to the inorganic is not suited to the organic. In relation to the inorganic, we possess truth when we grasp the cause of a phenomenon. In relation to the organic, we must apprehend the supersensible type, which manifests itself in the single members of a species of plant or animal. This requires direct, intuitive cognition: the mind must perceive in thinking and think in perceiving. Moreover, when we deal with the human being, we must apprehend the central reality—the ego—manifest as a self-sufficing spiritual being in its uniqueness in each single human personality.

Through this mode of intuitive cognition, we may attain to the knowledge that the universal Creative Spirit is in the single human being; that His highest manifestation is in human thought; that man is in harmony with this Guiding Power of the world when he follows freely, as an individual, the guidance of his own intuitions.

The heartfelt thanks of the translator are due to several competent specialists who have rendered important service in this difficult task: to Miss Ruth Hofrichter, of Vassar College, who painstakingly scrutinized the manuscript in its first form some years ago, in comparison with the German text, and pointed out a number of deficiencies; to Dr. Hermann Poppelbaum and Dr. Egbert Weber for very helpful detailed criticisms and suggestions.

O. D. W.
New York City
July 1940

The fact that Paul Asmus sought the secrets of existence at the ethereal height of pure thought is the defining characteristic of his research. What underlies things as their essence is revealed in the thinking human being. This fundamental view of German philosophical idealism is also Paul Asmus's. The thoughts that a person has about the starry sky are also the order, the inner lawfulness itself, on which this starry sky is based. When I think, it is not just me who speaks, but the things within me express their essence, that which they actually are. Sensuous things are, as it were, only parables of their ideal essence; and human thought grasps this essence. In his essay 'The Ego and the Thing in Itself', Paul Asmus writes: 'Let us imagine a lump of sugar; it is round, sweet, impenetrable, etc. These are all qualities that we comprehend; only one thing we have a notion of something absolutely other, something that is so different from us that we cannot penetrate it without losing ourselves; from whose mere surface thought recoils in awe. This one is the unknown carrier of all those qualities; the in itself, which constitutes the innermost self of this object. Thus, Hegel correctly says that the whole content of our representation is only an accident to that dark subject, and we, without penetrating into its depths, only attach determinations to this in itself – which, after all, because we do not know it ourselves, also have no truly objective value, are subjective. Comprehending thought, on the other hand, has no such unknowable subject to which its determinations are mere accidents, but the representational subject falls within the concept. When I comprehend something, it is present in its entire fullness in my concept; I am at home in the innermost sanctuary of its essence, not because it has no essence of its own, but because the necessity of the concept, which appears subjectively in me and objectively in the thing, compels me to reflect its essence after it. Through this re-flection, as Hegel says, the true nature of the object reveals itself to us at the same time, just as this is our subjective activity. —"

Anyone who expresses his or her belief in such a sentence has placed himself and his thinking in a true relationship to the world and reality. Through observation we get to know the periphery of the world; through thinking we penetrate to its center. Contemplation within ourselves solves the riddle of existence for us. The thought that flashes up in me is not only of concern to me, but also to the things about which it enlightens me. And my soul is only the arena in which things express themselves about themselves.

To understand this, however, man must have thought as an element of life, something that is as much a reality for him as the things that he encounters and can grasp with his hands are a reality for the undeveloped man. He who can grasp nothing in his ideas but shadowy after-images of what the senses tell him does not understand what thinking is. For in order to penetrate to the essence of things, thinking must be filled with a content that no external sense can provide, but that flows from the spirit itself. Thinking must be productive, intuitive. When it then lives not in fantastic creations, but in the bright clarity of inner vision, then the world law itself lives and moves in it. One could well say of such thinking: the world thinks itself in the thoughts of man. But for this it is necessary that man experiences within himself the eternal laws that thinking gives itself. What people usually call “thinking” is, after all, only a confused imagining.

The fact that Paul Asmus has risen to the point of view of pure thinking, living within itself and giving itself its own necessity, makes him a genuine philosopher. And the fact that he handles this self-directing thinking with such clarity and naturalness makes him a significant philosopher. The philosopher knows selflessness in thought; he knows what it means to let thought arise within. He knows that in so doing he rises above mere opinion, which originates in the arbitrariness of the human will, and that he ascends to the summit of intellectual necessity, through which he becomes the interpreter of world existence. Theosophy demands strict control of thought from its disciples, so that they strip away all arbitrariness, all erroneous thinking, so that no longer they, but rather the things speak through them. Hegel's school was also a school of thought control. And because so few people really practice thought control, and because even very few of those who call themselves philosophers know what it is about, so many must misunderstand Hegel. Paul Asmus is one of the very few who have understood Hegel. What he has said about Hegel are pearls of philosophical insight. Anyone who reads and understands Paul Asmus's short essay 'The I and the Thing in It' will gain more than he could from studying the bulky philosophical works of authors who talk about the fundamental questions of knowledge and have never acquired the basic condition for such participation: a strictly controlled, intuitive, productive thinking.

Seven states of consciousness develop one after the other. What develops and rises to higher degrees is the ego. What we study is what the I experiences. So that theosophy is: self-knowledge. We were there and participated in the life on all planets. On the first one was a peculiar state of consciousness, not spatially we have to think of the planets. They are states that emerge from each other, like the girl from the child - in between only pralaya states. Metamorphoses they are.

From distant states we come to the esoteric plan. Mars. - On it we lived and had a consciousness that was quite dull -, not yet dream consciousness - as it is today in the stones, mineral. - But it went into the vastness, an all-consciousness it was. Such a person knew /gap in transcript]

Now only to be artificially evoked in pathological states. There they begin to draw /unreadable] great world systems [...]. A dull trance consciousness, but extending over the earth with surrounding world bodies.

In each round it becomes brighter. Seven rounds, each in seven states. So that 7x7=49 states the consciousness has already gone through. - Materially, the planet dies, but all the plants pass over, like the lily from the seed.

On the second planet - Sun - a consciousness is formed which extends not so far, not over the dead, but over all living things, the consciousness which man has in dreams, where all vegetative functions continue to work; plant consciousness in 49 states. The planet is esoterically called the sun. Solarpitris, which here complete themselves high.

The third planet - Moon - develops a higher state of consciousness, dream trance, like the consciousness of the higher animals. Moon - again seven states: arupa, rupa, astral, physical, [illegible]

Fourth planet: earth. Now it comes over and becomes earth-development, which has to develop the bright day-consciousness.

Then passes over into the fifth state of consciousness - fifth planet: Mercury: psychic consciousness. To be distinguished by the fact that man will be brightly conscious not only in the physical but also in the astral. The desire nature of the other becomes transparent, his own he can direct like a force. Psychic consciousness.

On the sixth planet - Venus - more-than-psychic, super-psychic. Thought is conducted.

Seventh planet: On Jupiter spiritual consciousness; man will be all spirit.

343 states man thus undergoes. 7 x 7 on each planet. Thus we understand the seven principles that are in eternal formation. Four are formed in man, three in the plant. The earth is for man to be formed as he is now; because man is in the fourth round, he has also formed his fourth principle.

Important theosophical proposition that basically everything is one and we are connected with all beings - let us study.

In the great seed that arose as earth, as loud seeds were pitris that surrounded themselves with matter of various kinds, took bodies and lived out in seven principles. What happens on the earth is the means for man to reach his goal, to climb up the ladder. Man is the center and goal of the earthly development. There would be no /unreadable] if /gap in transcript]

The Pitris enter, find the earth quite undeveloped, must prepare the ground; form the mineral world. The human being has it in itself - bone structure is mineral -, even we have predisposed it, together with the formers. Not like today it was, a radiating system and germ of what should become. However, one had not been able to use everything, but had to separate out. From the rest dead bodies became, the nobler materials were taken away to living ones. So the human being came into being at the expense of the mineral kingdom. So that we can stand and develop further, we had to form it. Everything can be distributed only polar. If we climb up, we push the others down.

Now man got out of what he had already drawn to himself the vegetable and repels that which is useless for him.

During the third round, he does the same with the animal kingdom, but only as far as the fish-like creatures.

During the fourth round, the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms are there, and man first segregates what becomes amphibians, and also the birds. Within the animal kingdom he segregates the higher, so that he eliminates at their expense the very noblest parts to form himself. - Thus within the warm-blooded animals man arises.

Elohistic days - the rounds.

So the mineral kingdom arises in the first round, becomes properly finished in the fourth. The plant kingdom begins in the second, becomes finished in the fifth. The animal kingdom comes into being in the third, is completed in the sixth. Man comes into being in the fourth, and in the seventh becomes the image of God.

Fifth day: teeming [Mostly illegible and very fragmentary notes follow]

That man rules means that he has already sucked into himself.

You know the passage in the Gospel of John: “For the law was given through Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.” Consider further how Jesus Christ contrasts his mission with the events in the wilderness: “Your fathers ate manna in the wilderness and died. I give you another bread, I am the bread of life.

Let us recall once more how the four members of the human being developed at different times. The I only emerges as consciousness towards the end of the Atlantean period. The manasic abilities only arise in our fifth root race, and more specifically, manas arises inwardly in the sentient body in the primeval Indian epoch. In a higher form, Manas enters the sentient soul in the case of the ancient Persians. In the case of the Chaldeans and Egyptians, Manas enters the intellectual or mind soul.

Let us be clear about what this means. Unlike today's astronomers, the Chaldean-Babylonian priests viewed the stars differently. They saw in them living, spirit-filled worlds. When they spoke of the planet Mercury, they did not just mean a material thing, but the Mercury spirit – just as we do when we name a person. The movement of the stars, their starry writing, was an expression of something spiritual for them. This is manasic knowledge, a penetration of space with thoughts.

What their Chaldean predecessors limited to heavenly connections, the Egyptian sages drew into the service of more and more earthly matters and animal needs; they placed the manasic entity at the service of matter.

Please note this. An example of this is the construction of the artificial Lake Moris. The Egyptians created a reservoir to regulate the Nile flood. The development of all of Egypt was based on manasic knowledge. Manasic means purely spiritual. Manasic beings were placed in the service of the highest human needs. It is the very nature of the mind soul to use manasic wisdom to satisfy external needs and desires.

Today, this development, “Egyptian darkness,” the darkness of Manas, has progressed much further. But is it so crucial whether a person grinds his grain between two stones or orders it by cable in New York? Kama Manas is the name given in Theosophy to such a connection of higher consciousness with animal, earthly, material purposes. The ancient religions would have looked down on the achievements of all our technology, our communication and trade with very mixed feelings. They saw it as a defilement of sacred things when man put his higher mental capacity at the service of the lower natural needs. This was worse than when an animal uses its instincts, which are good for nothing better, to satisfy its needs. It was felt as a defection, an abuse of the manas called to higher tasks, a defection of the spirit from itself. This defection is expressed in a strange name: “Egypt”. This refers not only to the country, but the name is also the symbol for such apostasy; for it was in Egypt that it first happened on a large scale. The word Egypt is therefore not only meant as the name of the country here, but of the particular state of mind, the delusion of Manas, where the higher nature is placed in the service of the lower. This is not meant as a criticism, but as a description of the facts of spiritual-historical evolution.

This stage had to be passed through; Manas had to be submerged in lower forces during three sub-races in order to then arise from its own nature. Within Egypt, however, there arose the people who were called to purify Manas, so to speak, to raise it to a higher consciousness. The Israelite people were called upon to fulfill the task of working Manas out of their own people. And the great missionary for this is Moses. The Israelites were transplanted to Egypt, where they received the inspiration for Manas. The exodus from Egypt is at the same time the exodus from Manas into the higher reality.

To achieve this, something had to happen that would have a transforming effect on the ego. Moses first became the lawgiver of Israel. The Ten Commandments had to begin with the conscious I being worked towards. God must announce himself as the expression of the ego in man.

In the third chapter of the second book of Moses, it is related how Moses, while tending Jethro's sheep, sees a burning bush from which the voice of Yahweh resounds: “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.” This is the birth of Manas in self-awareness. Moses says to God: “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh and bring the children of Israel out of Egypt?” God replies to him: “I will be with you. And this shall be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you have brought my people out of Egypt, you will sacrifice to God on this mountain.” Moses asks further: “If I come to the children of Israel and say to them: The God of your fathers has sent me to you, and they will say, What is his name? what shall I say to them?” And God replies to him, ‘I am that I am. So you shall say to the children of Israel, I-Am has sent me to you.’ This is the birth of clear self-awareness, which was previously vague.

Now it will be a matter of grasping God in his spirituality; to keep the God who announces himself within, truly holy. The law applies namely already to something higher. Jehovah God says to the people: “I am the Lord thy God, who brought you out of Egypt. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” But the people made an image for themselves and worshipped the golden calf, although they were commanded not to make an image or to take the name in vain. But God, who is formless, wanted to be the formless God for them.

If we want to understand this process even more precisely, we must now point out another. The I has a long history of development in humanity. In order for the I to arise, the human body, which developed towards it, had to be transformed in many ways.

In the ancient Atlanteans, part of the etheric head was still outside the physical head. This part corresponds to our forebrain. The head had to grow towards the etheric body, it had to mature towards spirituality. This was the prerequisite for

self-awareness. Independence emerged at that moment in physical evolution when a bone system first developed in humans. The stability that humans thus acquired is connected to their predisposition for spirituality. And when we look at the future of humanity, it becomes all the more clear to us how important the formation of this bone system was. How will the human race change – in its body, not in its soul? It will become more and more solid. Just as the oyster masters its shell, man will master his body, his tool, from the outside. To understand this, you only need to start from the state of sleep, in which the soul masters the physical organism from the outside. In the times to come the soul will consciously control the body as its instrument from without. The formation of the bones is therefore the potential for something great and glorious. Hence the old religious injunctions: Keep your bone system. Do not break your bones. The symbolic expression of this was the sacrifice in Egypt in remembrance of the deliverance that took place there when the first-born of the Egyptians were strangled. As an outward sign, a lamb is to be enjoyed, and the words are therefore significant: “And you shall not break a bone in him!” Thus, at the point where Manas' liberation begins, this importance of bone formation is emphatically indicated in the ritual prescription for the Passover lamb. And with the great Lamb, the representative of humanity, with Christ Jesus, what was otherwise usual with all crucified people, the legs were not broken. “That the scripture might be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken.”

So the Jews were led out of Egypt. Let us see if our view is confirmed more precisely in the Bible. Yes, literally! It is one of the great achievements of spiritual science to be able to read the details of religious documents about ancient symbolic acts in their literal sense. The people of Israel go into the wilderness. What is the wilderness? When the self is absorbed in itself in order to seek the God within, then it must go into the wilderness, into solitude, and this wilderness man must then revive in himself after the awakening of the Manas in himself. When the children of Israel murmured because they were close to starvation, the Lord promised them that the next morning they would have plenty of bread. The next morning “it lay in the desert, round and small like the hoarfrost on the ground.” Then the Israelites asked each other, “Man hu - what is this?” That is the question that man asks himself when he is supposed to recognize something. They called the food that came from the shimmer manna. It is the same word as manas. Of course, philologists will object to this explanation, but that is how it is. The task of the Jewish people was to carry pure manas into the future.

To understand this better, we must step to the edge of a mystery, the fourth of the seven unspeakable mysteries. Yesterday we spoke of the mystery of numbers, today we will touch on the fourth, that of birth and death.

Birth and death, what are they in the occult sense? One must realize this. Are they always necessarily linked to life? Let us think back to pre-Lemurian times, before man descended into gross physical matter.

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He had a kind of light and fire body and was embodied in etheric matter. His contemporaries on earth are beings who are slightly higher than animals in physical bodies. In the animal body, a kind of cavity is formed. The etheric man descends into the cavity and fills the physical body. The man of light had condensed himself into an air man, who now moved into the physical body. This is the moment depicted in the history of creation with the words: “And God breathed into him the living breath, and he became a living soul.” With the breath we actually draw in our etheric body. The etheric man had condensed to the air when his connection with the earthly body could be made, and he entered the lungs. With each breath we actually draw our etheric body into us.

The entire way of life was different for early man than it was for later man. Parts were constantly being released from his etheric body, and new etheric substance was constantly being drawn into it: renewal and excretion were taking place. There were also constant intensive changes within it, corresponding to the higher subtlety of the etheric body; this happened continuously without the abrupt change of birth and death. So there was no birth and death, only a transformation occurred. Dying and being born could only take place after the etheric body had entered into matter.

Strictly speaking, birth and death are changes in the state of consciousness. Death can and must only occur where a soul dwells in a body that is actually foreign to it and uses foreign organs. The soul's previous purpose in life dissolves when the physical body is discarded. These two bodies are subject to two completely different laws and worlds, since the body belongs to the earth and the soul to the astral. The spiritual man who dwells in the body receives it when he enters the world, and the earth takes it away from him again. It is as if I live in the earth as a tenant: the tenement house is subject to the property laws and regulations - so is the earthly body. Through it, man can see outward. This looking outwards is a condition for knowledge; therefore birth and death are inseparable from the arising of knowledge. The Bible says this with the words: “Your eyes will be opened and you will know what is good and what is evil.”

Thus, since Lemuria, Manas has been prepared, organized in opposition to what was formed in the lower realms. Manas enters the physical body through the senses; death is conditioned by manas, without manas there would be no death. This is the passage in the Gospel of John: “Your fathers ate manna and died.” One cannot die from the bread of life. It is Christ who brings the etheric evolution again. The Christ impulse is the penetration of Budhi.

Manas is therefore a point of transition that took place when the etheric body entered the physical body in Lemuria. Budhi is brought into the etheric body from within through Christ, but from within. This principle of inward vitalization is brought by Christianity. “I am the bread of life.” As long as the world was bound to the physical body, the principle of heredity, man had no possibility of looking beyond death. But this happens at the moment when his life body, his ether body, can be enlivened from within through Budhi, when Manas receives Budhi. Moses is therefore the messenger for Manas, Christ the bringer for Budhi. At this stage, the initiate can be outside his body.

Now we ask ourselves one more question: a people is made the bearer of the development of Manas, the whole national consciousness is condensed in the one initiate. When the Jewish people were about to forfeit their mission, the Lord said: I will destroy them, but I will make you, Moses, a great nation. This passage is to be taken literally; it is a higher initiation of Moses. In this way, Moses is given his mission in such a way that he is made an initiate with a national consciousness.

Another deeply significant fact is the part played by blood in the process of Manas, for the higher process must naturally be reflected in the blood. Moses takes the sacrificial blood and sprinkles it over the people. This is the sign of the truth of the covenant through blood relationship. When Manas has absorbed the blood and so has Budhi, then we understand the passage in the Gospel of John: “He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him.” If Christ is to be able to work on humanity, He must make a covenant with it through His blood. Man must receive Christ's blood in the Lord's Supper if Christ is to implant Budhi in him.

Now we must consider some cosmic-human truths – the world is really very complicated. The entities that are stones, plants and animals today are closely related to human beings. Man is not the latest creature in creation, but the earliest. Today, let us disregard earlier earth embodiments and deal with man.

When the Earth emerged from the Pralaya and condensed to the etheric Earth, it actually consisted of nothing but etheric human bodies and can be compared figuratively to the shape of a giant blackberry. Man at that time was a completely spiritualized being, endowed only with an etheric body.

The next stage is that the etheric human beings divide into two currents, one ascending and one descending. From the descending current the animals emerge. Just as when we have two brothers, one of whom becomes more and the other less like the father, so men divide into two groups, men and degenerate men, the animals. Later, these two groups became three: the plants were added. Then a fourth group separates: the mineral.

Whenever a new element is added, the human being develops a different, new nature. At the moment when the animal separates, the human being develops an astral sense; at the moment when the plant separates, etheric growth. At the moment when the stones branch off, the microcosm forms bones. Every time a new nature develops, a corresponding correlate arises in man, so that one can say of every animal, every plant, every mineral what corresponds to them in man. The lion is also in man, but overcome. Hence the correspondences and analogies between bodily organs and earthly objects, be it a lion, deadly nightshade or asbestos. Paracelsus says: Outside in the earthly world there are nothing but letters; man is their coherent inner meaning, their word. All of nature is only man laid out; in man the word is formed.

Those driven away from the stream of human development have not remained without any development at all; on the contrary, they have even reached certain developmental goals earlier than the non-specialized human being. For example, the future hardness of the human body is being prepared; the woody plant has long since achieved this in its inferior nature. Certain poisons also represent a developmental advantage over humans. Poison that is found in a plant was once also in man. If man had developed in the same sense as these substances, then he could, for example, excrete arsenic from himself. If he contracts cholera, the same symptoms occur as if he had taken arsenic. That is why Paracelsus called the cholera patient an arsenicicum.

Just as with wood and poisons, so too with the plant sap, the wine, which is a substance that has rushed ahead of human development. This can be examined in more detail. The wine, the sap that flows through the grapevine, is a one-sided development of the blood. What the blood breathes gives carbonic acid, alcohol. Alcohol is, so to speak, future blood. The plant sap breathing out carbonic acid is related to the present blood as the blood of the future is to the blood of the present. From the cosmic knowledge we experience the relationship between wine and blood. Christ may say of the wine: This is my blood. For Christ is the representative of the future humanity. His teaching itself is a living source to which humanity develops. Let us think of the parable of the vine and the branches, of the transformation of water into wine. The vine is only a developmental anticipation, analogous to the anticipated hardening of the wood. Just as the plant today transforms its watery juices into wine, so man cannot do it today, but he will transform his blood later.

From this point of view, light is thrown on the mystery of the transformation of water into wine at the marriage at Cana. Why at Cana in Galilee? Galilee (el gojim) is the land of the mixed race, of the non-Aryans. There racial mixing had always been very strong, thus the removal of the barriers between peoples; there the marriage of different bloods took place. The mother of Jesus is also present, as she is later at the cross. She is never called “Mary” in the Gospel of John. On the contrary, the two other women at the cross are explicitly named “Mary”, and one of them is referred to as the sister of the mother of Jesus. Jesus' mother is not Mary.

Of course, it is not possible to cover this topic of logic as fully as one would wish in the time available. If you wanted to cover the subject exhaustively, you would have to hold a kind of course. Therefore, please take what is said here only as a few sketchy suggestions. I do not intend to proceed systematically either, but only to present some of the elementary logical truths to you, so that you may have something that you can perhaps make use of right now.

We have formed a concept of the concept itself, have heard what a judgment is and how a conclusion arises, namely through the connection of judgments. It has been said that there are certain inner laws of the technique of thinking that determine how to connect judgments if one wants to reach correct conclusions. We have given the original form of the conclusion in the first form of the conclusion using the example: All men are mortal. Caius is a man. Therefore Caius is mortal. In the major premise, “All men are mortal,” we have the first judgment; and in the minor premise, “Caius is a man,” we have a second judgment. The point now is to let a new judgment follow from the connection of these two judgments, through inner conformity to law: “Therefore Caius is mortal.” We call this last judgment the conclusion. We see what this concluding sentence is based on: we have two sentences that are given, that must be present; we know what they state. The point now is to omit the middle term from these two given sentences. The subject term of the antecedent was: “all men”, the predicate term “mortal”. In the consequent we had the subject term “Caius” and the predicate term “man”. In the final sentence, the two terms that were present in both sentences are omitted, namely the term “human”. The fact that we can form the final sentence depends on how this middle term “human” is included in the upper and lower sentences. Our scheme was: \(M = P\); \(S = M\); \(S = P\).

The fact that we are allowed to construct the conclusion in this way depends on the distribution of the concepts in the antecedents. If it were different, we would not be able to conclude as we did in the example given above: Photography resembles man (antecedent); photography is a mechanical product (subordinate clause). If we were to omit the middle term, which is contained in both sentences, then no valid conclusion could be formed here. This is because in both sentences the middle term is connected to the predicate in the same way as the subject. The middle term must be at the beginning in one case and at the end in the other; only then can we form a valid conclusion. Logic is a formal art of forming concepts. It is already evident in the arrangement of the concepts how one can arrive at valid conclusions. We must acquire as laws the way in which the concepts must be combined. We could also say that formal logic comprises the doctrine of concepts, judgments, and conclusions.

Now we will deal with judgments in a few remarks. Certain laws can be established about judgments. The laws of inference will only be understood once the tenets about the concepts and judgments have been established. So today we will first deal with the laws of judgments and concepts.

If we start with the law of concepts themselves, we can compare a concept such as “lion” with the concept of “mammal”. Both are concepts that we can form. They differ in the following ways. Think about what all falls under the concept of “mammal”. It is a large group of individual objects, for example, monkeys, lions, marsupials, and so on; that is much more than we summarize under the term “lion”, which gives us only a small part of the “mammal” concept. Thus, all concepts differ from each other in that some concepts cover a great deal and some only a small area. Here we say: The concepts differ in their scope; but they also differ in other respects. To define the concept of “lion”, many characteristics are needed, many features such as head, color, paws, teeth, and so on. All these things that are listed to get to the concept of “lion” are called the content of the concept. The concept of “mammal” has considerably fewer characteristics than the concept of “lion”. If you were to subsume animals with a certain hair color under the concept, that would no longer be correct. When you form the concept of “mammal”, you have to have as few characteristics as possible, a small content, for example, only the characteristic that it gives birth to live young and that it suckles them. Thus, in “mammal” we have a concept with little content and great scope, and in “lion” the opposite. There are therefore concepts with great scope and little content, and concepts with little scope and great content. The greater the scope of a concept, the smaller its content; the greater the content, the smaller the scope. Thus, concepts differ in content and scope.

Let us now consider judgments in a similar way. When you pronounce the judgment: All men are mortal, you have a different judgment than: The crocodile is not a mammal. The difference between the two is that in the first case something is affirmed, the concepts are brought together in such a way that they are compatible. In the second case, the concepts do not agree; they exclude each other; here we have a negative judgment. Thus, we distinguish between affirmative and negative judgment. There are still other differences with respect to judgment. All men are mortal - the judgment is such that something quite different is given with it than with: Some flowers are red. In the first case, the statement of the property applies to the entire scope of the subject concept; in the second case, other characteristics can be added. The latter judgment is called a particular judgment, in contrast to the first, a general judgment as opposed to a universal judgment. So we have affirmative and negative, universal and particular judgments. Other distinguishing features can also be found in judgments. For example, a judgment can be made in such a way that it is along the lines of “All men are mortal,” or a judgment can be pronounced in such a way as “When the sun shines, it is light.” The first judgment unites the subject and predicate concepts unconditionally, whereas the second unites the subject and predicate concepts not unconditionally, but only conditionally. It only states that the predicate term is there when the subject term is also there, nothing else. The first - All men are mortal - is an absolute or unconditional judgment, the second - When the sun shines, it is light - is a hypothetical judgment. So there are absolute or unconditional judgments and hypothetical or conditional judgments. Many more such characteristics of judgments could be cited; but the point is to show that some of the knowledge depends on these differences. One must master the technique of concepts in order to be able to draw correct conclusions.

If, for example, you take our conclusion after the first conclusion figure: All men are mortal. Caius is a man. Therefore Caius is mortal – we have a general judgment in the major premise and a singular judgment in the subordinate premise, because it is applied to only one individual, to Caius. This is a subform of the particular judgment. This arrangement of the judgments is permissible; it leads to a correct conclusion. But let us try a different arrangement. Take, for example, the proposition: Some women have red dresses – this is a particular judgment. And now let us say: Mrs. NN is a woman. – Now I must not conclude: Therefore Mrs. NN has a red dress. – I must not do that because it is impermissible to conclude according to this figure of speech when the antecedent contains a particular judgment. Only when the antecedent is a universal judgment is this figure of speech correct. Thus certain laws can be established here again. We could now also cite other properties of judgments. We have said that a judgment can be affirmative or negative. Let us take a negative judgment: The crocodile is not a mammal. This animal is a crocodile. Here we may conclude: Therefore this animal is not a mammal. The subordinate clause may thus be affirmative as well as negative.

So there is a certain technique of thinking, a law of thinking, which is formal, that is, quite independent of content. If we observe this formal technique, we think correctly, but otherwise we think incorrectly. We have to follow this technique of thinking, this law of thinking, in order to come to the right conclusions.

We now have a famous classification into analytical and synthetic judgments, which was originally proposed by Kant. Today, people who do a little philosophy can very often come across this classification. What is the difference in the Kantian sense? An analytic judgment is one in which the concept of the predicate is already contained in the concept of the subject. In a synthetic judgment, on the other hand, the concept of the subject does not necessarily contain the concept of the predicate. For example, the sentence “the body is extended” is an analytic judgment, because one cannot think of a body without also thinking of its extension. “Extended” is only one characteristic of the concept “body”. A synthetic judgment, however, is one in which the concept of the predicate is not yet contained in the concept of the subject. Subject and predicate are brought together by an external cause. For example: “The body is heavy” is, according to Kant, a synthetic judgment. For he believes that the concept of heaviness is connected with the concept of the body only through external reasons, through the law of attraction. In the synthetic judgment, therefore, the concepts are more loosely connected.

Much nonsense has been made of the concepts of analytical and synthetic judgments in recent philosophy. It always seemed to me that the most enlightening thing was the story that is said to have happened to an examinee at a German university. He came to a friend on the evening before the exam and asked him to quickly teach him a few more logic terms. But the friend realized the futility of such an undertaking and advised him to leave as he was and take his chances. The next day, the examinee was asked: Do you know what an analytical judgment is? The sad answer was: No. To which the professor replied: That's a very good answer, because I can't say either. And what is a synthetic judgment? The student, growing bolder, answered again: “I don't know.” The professor said, very pleased: “You have grasped the spirit of the matter. I congratulate you, you will get a good grade!” In a certain respect, the matter seems to me to be indeed shedding light. For the difference between the two types of judgment is indeed a floating one: it depends on what one has thought with the concept. For example, one person adds the concept of extension to the body; on the other hand, the person who adds the concept of gravity brings more to the concept from the outset than the other person. The point now is for us to recognize what is really real in the combination of concepts into judgments, or rather what the secret goal of all judgment is. Judgment is in fact purely formal at first.

But there is something connected with judging that will become clearest to you if you compare the following two judgments with each other. Let us assume – not that we are going to leave the physical plane – we have the judgment: The lion is yellow. When you form this judgment, it can be correct. But let us assume that someone imagines some concept out of his head, an animal half lion, a quarter whale and a quarter camel. He could quite well imagine it together; he calls it, let us say, “Taxu”. He could now form the judgment: This animal is beautiful. - This judgment is valid in a formal respect just as the judgment: The lion is yellow. - How do I distinguish valid judgment from invalid judgment? - Now we come to a chapter in which we have to find the criterion for the ability to form a judgment at all. You can change the judgment: “The lion is yellow” at any time, namely by saying, “A yellow lion” or “The yellow lion is”. - But we cannot say, “A beautiful taxu is”. This leads to a criterion for the validity of a judgment: one must be able to include the predicate concept in the subject concept and make an existential judgment out of it. The transformation of a formal judgment into an existential judgment by adding the predicate to the subject thus forms the criterion for validity. In the first case, [empirical] necessity unites the concept “yellow” with “lion”; in the second case, it is assumed when forming the concept that the subject has been taken from an existential judgment, whereas in fact it only arose from a formal judgment.

This is a criterion for the validity of every judgment. The formal correctness of a judgment depends only on the correct connection of the concepts, but the validity of a judgment depends on the existential judgment. A formal judgment is transformed into an existential judgment by adding the predicate to the subject; one enriches the subject. And that is precisely the goal of judging and also of concluding: the formation of such concepts that have validity. Form the judgment: A yellow lion is - then you have thought not only in terms of formal correctness, but also in terms of validity. Now you see that formal logic does indeed offer us the possibility of filling ourselves with correct concepts, so to speak, but that the formation of valid judgments is what we must have in mind; and valid judgments cannot be gained from mere formal logic. The existential judgment in our example – The yellow lion is – was gained from external sense observation. Formal logic gives us the possibility of arriving at correct concepts; with its help we can create quite fruitful concepts. But for the validity of judgments, logic will have to be fertilized by content-related aspects. People usually do not really realize what logic is at all. But if one has learned to grasp the concept correctly, independently of content, it is extremely important.

The validity and the formality of a judgment are two different things. Because people do not really understand the connection between these things, they spin out very grand theories, which some people regard as irrevocable, but which would collapse of their own accord if people were to realize the difference between “formal correctness” and “validity”. You know that there is a modern school of psychology that strictly denies the freedom of the human will. Every human action, it says, is strictly determined by previous events. There are certain methods of proving this, and these play a fateful role today in statistics, for example. For example, someone is investigating how many people in France die by suicide. That's easy, you don't even have to think about it; you just note the numbers over a period of about five years, then you examine it for another five years and so on. Then the person finds that there is a certain difference between these numbers. Now he takes larger numbers, compares twenty to twenty years and finds that here the suicide numbers are almost the same; of course not the same, because the circumstances change, - say, they increase in a certain proportion. A numerical law can be found according to which one can predict how many suicides will occur within a certain period, how many people will die by suicide in a certain period of time. Now there are people who say: if you can calculate in advance how many people would commit suicide, how can one still speak of human freedom? It is the same with estimating future crimes. According to an immutable causality - so they say - so many people would have to become criminals. It is not to be said here that the law is not valid. In a way, it is perfectly applicable in practice to certain cases. But the moment the law is applied, the worst misunderstanding will result, the essence of things or the human being will be investigated and fathomed.

Let us think of insurance companies that work with probability calculations. They arrive at very specific formulas by deducing from experience that a certain number of every hundred married twenty-year-olds will lose the other spouse to death over the course of thirty years. They check the percentage rate within a certain period of time and use it to determine the insurance premiums. It is quite practical to apply such laws in the insurance business; they are true, these laws; but they do not go to something deeper. The matter becomes strange when we take the laws more deeply! Let us imagine that someone is presented with the material of such an insurance company and finds: There is still a spouse alive who should have died by now; but this person is healthy and, according to his inner being, it does not even occur to him to die yet. Nevertheless, the insurance company still has a right to its money, because the formal laws apply very well in the world, but one cannot see into the inner being of a person through such laws. And so it is with all the laws of nature, which are only gained through the collection of external observations. One only gains a concept of the external course of events, but cannot draw conclusions about the inner essence of a thing or a person, for example, whether it is healthy or sick. In the same way, you can never gain a concept of the essence of light by observing its phenomena. You have to keep this in mind, otherwise you will come to results such as those of Exner in his last rectorate speech in Vienna.

External facts are not indicative of the inner essence of a thing. There is still a great deal of confusion in the thinking of humanity in this regard. It cannot be claimed that one can learn to think through logic; that is just as impossible as becoming a musician through the study of harmony. But logic is necessary for correct thinking, just as the study of harmony is necessary for composing for the right musician. One must know how judgments and conclusions are formed. But we must always remain in the same region if we want to make formally correct judgments. For example, the conclusion is: All men are mortal. I am a man. Therefore I am mortal - apparently no fallacy, because here we fall back on the subject. However, the laws of logic only apply if you stay on the same level. The conclusion “Therefore I am mortal” refers only to the body. However, our ego belongs to another level; it is not mortal. The conclusion: “Therefore the ego is mortal” is therefore false. Such formal errors are frequently found in the work of today's scholars.